The meaning of the symbols of dreams/ seen in a dream.


Menorrhagia

Excessive or prolonged menstruation... menorrhagia

Malignant

Threatening life or tending to cause death... malignant

Menopause

The several years, in the late forties or early fifties, when the great birth reservoir of potential ovarian follicles has been reduced to only a few, many with innately poor hormone-sensitivities (which is perhaps why they are still remaining...they never heard the clarion call of FSH). As fewer follicles are capable of fully- programmed function, corpus luteal fragilities start to show as diminished progesterone levels...later, even the pre-ovulatory estrogens start to diminish. The pituitary, sensing first the progesterone wobbles, then, maybe a year later, the erratic estrogens, tries to jump start the ovaries, sending increasing levels of Luteinizing Hormone (LH)...with diminishing results. Since the brain (hypothalamus) is actually controlling things, it is sending out higher levels of pituitary stimulating hormones, which the pituitary matches with its blood-carried trophic or gonadotropic hormones...in this case, LH. What the pituitary hears from the hypothalamus is TYPE of brain chemical, MAGNITUDE, and, as much of this is being pulsed, FREQUENCY of chemical. At a certain point, the gonadotropic-releasing-hormone sent out by the hypothalamus is so loud and frequent that the pituitary starts sending out things like TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) and somatotropins (growth hormone) as well ...hot flashes, changes in food cravings, sleep cycles...whatever. Like old partners in an ancient dance whose music is ending, the hormonal imbalances are the reverse of those experienced years ago in menarche. As above, so below. When the dust settles, the metabolic hormones have found a new interaction, anabolic functions have been transferred from the ovaries to the adrenal cortex, and that reservoir of stored estradiol present in the “Womanly Flesh” of the breasts, thighs, hips and Page 31buttocks, started many years ago, maintains a low blood level, diminishing over the following years, easing some of the estrogen-binding tissue into the change.... menopause

Mumps

Epidemic parotitis, an acute infectious disease caused by a virus... mumps

Myalgia

Muscular pain... myalgia

Malaria

A protozoan disease of humans caused by blood parasites of the species, Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale or P. malariae and transmitted by anopheline mosquitoes. P. falciparum is most likely to cause death, if untreated,. and can also be a great mimicker in its presentation. Malaria should be suspected in anyone with a fever or who is otherwise unwell and has returned from a malarious area.... malaria

Mania

A form of mental disorder characterised by great excitement. (See MENTAL ILLNESS.)... mania

Marigold

Calendula officinalis. N.O. Compositae.

Synonym: Calendula, Caltha officinalis, Marygold.

Habitat: Common in English gardens; native of South America.

Features ? Stem angular, hairy up to one foot high. Lower leaves stalked, spatulate, upper sessile, all hairy. Flower-heads yellow, the tubular florets sterile. Fruit semicircular, angular, rough, no pappus. Taste bitter, smell unpleasantly strong.

Part used ? Herb, flowers.

Action: Diaphoretic, stimulant, antispasmodic.

The infusion of 1 ounce of the flowers or herb to 1 pint boiling water is prescribed both for internal use in 1-2 tablespoonful doses, and externally as a lotion for chronic ulcers and varicose veins. The infusion is also given to children (in doses according to age) suffering from measles and other feverish and eruptive complaints. Sprained muscles gain relief from the hot fomentation. Marigold is frequently combined with Witch Hazel when a lotion is required.... marigold

Menarche

The beginning of the reproductive phase of a woman’s life. It usually begins withy night sweats, continues a few months later with estrogen, followed by ovulation, then the full cycle and the growth of secondary sexual characteristics...in various order. Also called adolescence or puberty, it is mirrored in reverse at the end of the reproductive years as menopause.... menarche

Metabolism

The sum total of changes in an organism in order to achieve a balance (homeostasis). Catabolic burns up, anabolic stores and builds up; the sum of their work is metabolism.... metabolism

Metrorrhagia

Uterine, bleeding, usually of normal amount occurring at completely irregular intervals, the period of flow sometimes being prolonged... metrorrhagia

Micturition

The act of passing urine... micturition

Morbidity

Any departure, subjective or objective, from a state of physiological or psychological well-being. In this sense, sickness, illness and morbid conditions are similarly defined and synonymous.... morbidity

Myrrh

Myrrh is a gum-resin obtained from Commiphora molmol, an Arabian myrtle tree. It stimulates the function of MUCOUS MEMBRANE with which it is brought in contact or by which it is excreted. Tincture of myrrh is used for a gargle in sore throat, as a toothwash when the gums are in?amed, and as an ingredient of cough mixtures.... myrrh

Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a condition characterised by a raised concentration of glucose in the blood due to a de?ciency in the production and/or action of INSULIN, a pancreatic hormone made in special cells called the islet cells of Langerhans.

Insulin-dependent and non-insulindependent diabetes have a varied pathological pattern and are caused by the interaction of several genetic and environmental factors.

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) (juvenile-onset diabetes, type 1 diabetes) describes subjects with a severe de?ciency or absence of insulin production. Insulin therapy is essential to prevent KETOSIS – a disturbance of the body’s acid/base balance and an accumulation of ketones in the tissues. The onset is most commonly during childhood, but can occur at any age. Symptoms are acute and weight loss is common.

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) (maturity-onset diabetes, type 2 diabetes) may be further sub-divided into obese and non-obese groups. This type usually occurs after the age of 40 years with an insidious onset. Subjects are often overweight and weight loss is uncommon. Ketosis rarely develops. Insulin production is reduced but not absent.

A new hormone has been identi?ed linking obesity to type 2 diabetes. Called resistin – because of its resistance to insulin – it was ?rst found in mice but has since been identi?ed in humans. Researchers in the United States believe that the hormone may, in part, explain how obesity predisposes people to diabetes. Their hypothesis is that a protein in the body’s fat cells triggers insulin resistance around the body. Other research suggests that type 2 diabetes may now be occurring in obese children; this could indicate that children should be eating a more-balanced diet and taking more exercise.

Diabetes associated with other conditions (a) Due to pancreatic disease – for example, chronic pancreatitis (see PANCREAS, DISORDERS OF); (b) secondary to drugs – for example, GLUCOCORTICOIDS (see PANCREAS, DISORDERS OF); (c) excess hormone production

– for example, growth hormone (ACROMEGALY); (d) insulin receptor abnormalities; (e) genetic syndromes (see GENETIC DISORDERS).

Gestational diabetes Diabetes occurring in pregnancy and resolving afterwards.

Aetiology Insulin-dependent diabetes occurs as a result of autoimmune destruction of beta cells within the PANCREAS. Genetic in?uences are important and individuals with certain HLA tissue types (HLA DR3 and HLA DR4) are more at risk; however, the risks associated with the HLA genes are small. If one parent has IDDM, the risk of a child developing IDDM by the age of 25 years is 1·5–2·5 per cent, and the risk of a sibling of an IDDM subject developing diabetes is about 3 per cent.

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes has no HLA association, but the genetic in?uences are much stronger. The risks of developing diabetes vary with di?erent races. Obesity, decreased exercise and ageing increase the risks of disease development. The risk of a sibling of a NIDDM subject developing NIDDM up to the age of 80 years is 30–40 per cent.

Diet Many NIDDM diabetics may be treated with diet alone. For those subjects who are overweight, weight loss is important, although often unsuccessful. A diet high in complex carbohydrate, high in ?bre, low in fat and aiming towards ideal body weight is prescribed. Subjects taking insulin need to eat at regular intervals in relation to their insulin regime and missing meals may result in hypoglycaemia, a lowering of the amount of glucose in the blood, which if untreated can be fatal (see below).

Oral hypoglycaemics are used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes in addition to diet, when diet alone fails to control blood-sugar levels. (a) SULPHONYLUREAS act mainly by increasing the production of insulin;

(b) BIGUANIDES, of which only metformin is available, may be used alone or in addition to sulphonylureas. Metformin’s main actions are to lower the production of glucose by the liver and improve its uptake in the peripheral tissues.

Complications The risks of complications increase with duration of disease.

Diabetic hypoglycaemia occurs when amounts of glucose in the blood become low. This may occur in subjects taking sulphonylureas or insulin. Symptoms usually develop when the glucose concentration falls below 2·5 mmol/l. They may, however, occur at higher concentrations in subjects with persistent hyperglycaemia – an excess of glucose – and at lower levels in subjects with persistent hypo-glycaemia. Symptoms include confusion, hunger and sweating, with coma developing if blood-sugar concentrations remain low. Re?ned sugar followed by complex carbohydrate will return the glucose concentration to normal. If the subject is unable to swallow, glucagon may be given intramuscularly or glucose intravenously, followed by oral carbohydrate, once the subject is able to swallow.

Although it has been shown that careful control of the patient’s metabolism prevents late complications in the small blood vessels, the risk of hypoglycaemia is increased and patients need to be well motivated to keep to their dietary and treatment regime. This regime is also very expensive. All risk factors for the patient’s cardiovascular system – not simply controlling hyperglycaemia – may need to be reduced if late complications to the cardiovascular system are to be avoided.

Diabetes is one of the world’s most serious health problems. Recent projections suggest that the disorder will affect nearly 240 million individuals worldwide by 2010 – double its prevalence in 1994. The incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes is rising in young children; they will be liable to develop late complications.

Although there are complications associated with diabetes, many subjects live normal lives and survive to an old age. People with diabetes or their relatives can obtain advice from Diabetes UK (www.diabetes.org.uk).

Increased risks are present of (a) heart disease, (b) peripheral vascular disease, and (c) cerebrovascular disease.

Diabetic eye disease (a) retinopathy, (b) cataract. Regular examination of the fundus enables any abnormalities developing to be detected and treatment given when appropriate to preserve eyesight.

Nephropathy Subjects with diabetes may develop kidney damage which can result in renal failure.

Neuropathy (a) Symmetrical sensory polyneuropathy; damage to the sensory nerves that commonly presents with tingling, numbness of pain in the feet or hands. (b) Asymmetrical motor diabetic neuropathy, presenting as progressive weakness and wasting of the proximal muscles of legs. (c) Mononeuropathy; individual motor or sensory nerves may be affected. (d) Autonomic neuropathy, which affects the autonomic nervous system, has many presentations including IMPOTENCE, diarrhoea or constipation and postural HYPOTENSION.

Skin lesions There are several skin disorders associated with diabetes, including: (a) necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum, characterised by one or more yellow atrophic lesions on the legs;

(b) ulcers, which most commonly occur on the feet due to peripheral vascular disease, neuropathy and infection. Foot care is very important.

Diabetic ketoacidosis occurs when there is insu?cient insulin present to prevent KETONE production. This may occur before the diagnosis of IDDM or when insu?cient insulin is being given. The presence of large amounts of ketones in the urine indicates excess ketone production and treatment should be sought immediately. Coma and death may result if the condition is left untreated.

Symptoms Thirst, POLYURIA, GLYCOSURIA, weight loss despite eating, and recurrent infections (e.g. BALANITIS and infections of the VULVA) are the main symptoms.

However, subjects with non-insulindependent diabetes may have the disease for several years without symptoms, and diagnosis is often made incidentally or when presenting with a complication of the disease.

Treatment of diabetes aims to prevent symptoms, restore carbohydrate metabolism to as near normal as possible, and to minimise complications. Concentration of glucose, fructosamine and glycated haemoglobin in the blood are used to give an indication of blood-glucose control.

Insulin-dependent diabetes requires insulin for treatment. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes may be treated with diet, oral HYPOGLYCAEMIC AGENTS or insulin.

Insulin All insulin is injected – mainly by syringe but sometimes by insulin pump – because it is inactivated by gastrointestinal enzymes. There are three main types of insulin preparation: (a) short action (approximately six hours), with rapid onset; (b) intermediate action (approximately 12 hours); (c) long action, with slow onset and lasting for up to 36 hours. Human, porcine and bovine preparations are available. Much of the insulin now used is prepared by genetic engineering techniques from micro-organisms. There are many regimens of insulin treatment involving di?erent combinations of insulin; regimens vary depending on the requirements of the patients, most of whom administer the insulin themselves. Carbohydrate intake, energy expenditure and the presence of infection are important determinants of insulin requirements on a day-to-day basis.

A new treatment for diabetes, pioneered in Canada and entering its preliminary clinical trials in the UK, is the transplantation of islet cells of Langerhans from a healthy person into a patient with the disorder. If the transplantation is successful, the transplanted cells start producing insulin, thus reducing or eliminating the requirement for regular insulin injections. If successful the trials would be a signi?cant advance in the treatment of diabetes.

Scientists in Israel have developed a drug, Dia Pep 277, which stops the body’s immune system from destroying pancratic ? cells as happens in insulin-dependent diabetes. The drug, given by injection, o?ers the possibility of preventing type 1 diabetes in healthy people at genetic risk of developing the disorder, and of checking its progression in affected individuals whose ? cells are already perishing. Trials of the drug are in progress.... diabetes mellitus

German Measles

See RUBELLA.... german measles

Herbal Medicine

The use of herbs as medicines is probably as old as mankind; every culture has its own traditions. Herbalism was formally established in England by an Act of Parliament during Henry VIII’s reign. Di?erent parts of a variety of plants are used to treat symptoms and to restore functions.... herbal medicine

Macrophage

This is a mature form of what is released from the marrow as a monocyte. A macrophage lives long, can digest much detritus, and is able to wear particles of odd food on its outer membrane. This allows T-cell and B-cell Iymphocytes to taste the particle (an epitope) and form an antibody response. Further, these macrophages, traveling as monocytes, will take up permanent residence in many tissues, providing them with immunity. They line the spleen, form the cleansing Kupffer cells in the liver, make up the “dust cells” that protect the lungs, protect the synovial fluids of the joints, and form the microglial cells that provide protection to the brain and nerve tissues. On and on, the macrophages clean up messes and acting as the intermediates between innate and acquired immunity.... macrophage

Magnesium

Magnesium is a light metallic element; it is one of the essential mineral elements of the body, without which the body cannot function properly. The adult body contains around 25 grams of magnesium, the greater part of which is in the bones. More than two-thirds of our daily supply comes from cereals and vegetables; as most other foods also contain useful amounts, there is seldom any di?culty in maintaining an adequate amount in the body. Magnesium is also an essential constituent of several vital enzymes (see ENZYME). De?ciency leads to muscular weakness and interferes with the e?cient working of the heart. The salts of magnesium used as drugs are the hydroxide of magnesium, the oxide of magnesium – generally known as ‘magnesia’ – and the carbonate of magnesium, all of which have an antacid action; also the sulphate of magnesium known as ‘Epsom salts’, which acts as a purgative.

Uses Compounds of magnesia are used to correct hyperacidity of the stomach and as a laxative (see LAXATIVES).... magnesium

Malaise

A fretful and low energy state, often considered an early sign of infection or low fever. Ask someone with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome or Multiple Chemical Sensitivities...they’ll tell you how it feels.... malaise

Malnutrition

The condition arising from an inadequate or unbalanced DIET. The causes may be a lack of one or more essential nutrients, or inadequate absorption from the intestinal tracts. A diet that is de?cient in CARBOHYDRATE usually contains inadequate PROTEIN, and this type of malnutrition occurs widely in Africa and Asia as a result of poverty, famine or war.... malnutrition

Manubrium

The tube between the stomach and the mouth of a jellyfish - equivalent to the oesophagus in humans.... manubrium

Marasmus

Progressive wasting, especially in young children, when there is no ascertainable cause. It is generally associated with defective feeding. (See also ATROPHY; INFANT FEEDING.)... marasmus

Marburg Disease

A serious African viral haemorrhagic fever harboured by monkeys. Named after the city of Marburg in Germany where a serious outbreak occurred amongst laboratory workers handling the tissues of African Green (Vervet) monkeys.... marburg disease

Massage

A method of treatment in which the operator uses his or her hands, or occasionally other appliances, to rub the skin and deeper tissues of the person under treatment. It is often combined with (a) passive movements, in which the masseur/masseuse moves the limbs in various ways, the person treated making no e?ort; or

(b) active movements, which are performed with the combined assistance of masseur/masseuse and patient. Massage is also often combined with baths and gymnastics in order to strengthen various muscles. It helps to improve circulation, prevent adhesions in injured tissues, relax muscular spasm, improve muscle tone and reduce any oedema. (See also CARDIAC MASSAGE.)

Massage for medical conditions is best done by trained practitioners. A complete list of members of the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy can be obtained on application to the Secretary of the Society.... massage

Mastectomy

A surgical operation to remove part or all of the breast (see BREASTS). It is usually done to treat cancer, when it is commonly followed by CHEMOTHERAPY or RADIOTHERAPY (see BREASTS, DISEASES OF). There are four types of mastectomy: lumpectomy, quandrantectomy, subcutaneous mastectomy and total mastectomy. The choice of operation depends upon several factors, including the site and nature of the tumour and the patient’s age and health. Traditionally, radical mastectomy was used to treat breast cancer; in the past three decades, however, surgeons and oncologists have become more selective in their treatment of the disease, bringing the patient into the decision-making on the best course of action. Lumpectomy is done where there is a discrete lump less than 2 cm in diameter with no evidence of glandular spread. A small lump (2–5 cm) with limited spread to the glands may be removed by quadrantectomy or subcutaneous mastectomy (which preserves the nipple and much of the skin, so producing a better cosmetic e?ect). Lumps bigger than 5 cm and ?xed to the underlying tissues require total mastectomy in which the breast tissue, skin and some fat are dissected down to the chest muscles and removed. In addition, the tail of the breast tissue and regional lymph glands are removed. In all types of mastectomy, surgeons endeavour to produce as good a cosmetic result as possible, subject to the adequate removal of suspect tissue and glands.

Breast reconstructive surgery (MAMMOPLASTY) may be done at the same time as the mastectomy – the preferred option – or, if that is not feasible, at a later date. Where the whole breast has been excised, some form of arti?cial breast (prosthesis) will be provided. This may be an external prosthesis ?tted into a specially made brassiere, or an internal implant – perhaps a silicone bag, though there has been controversy over the safety of this device. Reconstructive techniques involving the transfer of skin and muscle from nearby areas are also being developed. Post-operatively, patients can obtain advice from Breast Cancer Care.... mastectomy

Masturbation

The production of an ORGASM by self-manipulation of the PENIS or CLITORIS.... masturbation

Measles

Measles, formerly known as morbilli, is an acute infectious disease occurring mostly in children and caused by an RNA paramyxovirus.

Epidemiology There has been a dramatic fall in the number of sufferers from 1986, when more than 80,000 cases were reported. This is due to the introduction in 1988 of the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine (MMR VACCINE – see also IMMUNISATION); 1990, when the proportion of children immunised reached 90 per cent, was the ?rst year in which no deaths from measles were reported. Even so, fears of side-effects of the vaccine against measles – including scienti?cally unproven and discredited claims of a link with AUTISM – mean that some children in the UK are not being immunised, and since 2002 local outbreaks of measles have been reported in a few areas of the UK. Side-effects are, however, rare and the government is campaigning to raise the rate of immunisation, with GPs being set targets for their practices.

There are few diseases as infectious as measles, and its rapid spread in epidemics is no doubt due to the fact that this viral infection is most potent in the earlier stages. Hence the dif?culty of timely isolation, and the readiness with which the disease is spread, which is mostly by infected droplets. In developing countries measles results in the death of more than a million children annually.

Symptoms The incubation period, during which the child is well, lasts 7–21 days. Initial symptoms are CATARRH, conjunctivitis (see EYE, DISORDERS OF), fever and a feeling of wretchedness. Then Koplik spots – a classic sign of measles – appear on the roof of the mouth and lining of the cheeks. The macular body rash, typical of measles, appears 3–5 days later. Common complications include otitis media (see under EAR, DISEASES OF) and PNEUMONIA. Measles ENCEPHALITIS can cause permanent brain damage. A rare event is a gradual dementing disease (see DEMENTIA) called subacute sclerosing panenecephalitis (SSPE).

Treatment Isolation of the patient and treatment of any secondary bacterial infection, such as pneumonia or otitis, with antibiotics. Children usually run a high temperature which can be relieved with cool sponging and antipyretic drugs. Calamine lotion may alleviate any itching.... measles

Mebendazole

An effective and safe benzamidazole anthelmintic with a wide spectrum of action against intestinal nematodes including hookworms, Ascaris, Enterobius and Trichuris.... mebendazole

Medicine

(1) The skills and science used by trained practitioners to prevent, diagnose, treat and research disease and its related factors.

(2) A drug used to treat an individual with an illness or injury (see MEDICINES).

(3) The diagnosis and treatment of those diseases not normally requiring surgical intervention.

Defensive medicine Diagnostic or treatment procedures undertaken by practitioners in which they aim to reduce the likelihood of legal action by patients. This may result in requests for investigations that, arguably, are to provide legal cover for the doctor rather than more certain clinical diagnosis for the patient.... medicine

Melaena

Blood in the FAECES in which dark, tarry masses are passed from the bowel. It is due to bleeding from the stomach or from the higher part of the bowel, the blood undergoing chemical changes under the action of the secretions, and being ?nally converted in large part into sulphide of iron. It is a serious symptom meriting medical investigation. It can indicate peptic ulcer or carcinoma of the stomach.... melaena

Melancholia

A mental illness in which the predominant symptom is melancholy, depression of spirits, unhappiness and misery... melancholia

Melanoma

Any tumour of melanin-pigmented cells. Usually has highly malignant properties.... melanoma

Menstruation

A periodic change occurring in (female) human beings and the higher apes, consisting chie?y in a ?ow of blood from the cavity of the womb (UTERUS) and associated with various slight constitutional disturbances. It begins between the ages of 12 and 15, as a rule – although its onset may be delayed until as late as 20, or it may begin as early as ten or 11. Along with its ?rst appearance, the body develops the secondary sex characteristics: for example, enlargement of the BREASTS, and characteristic hair distribution. The duration of each menstrual period varies in di?erent persons from 2– 8 days. It recurs in the great majority of cases with regularity, most commonly at intervals of 28 or 30 days, less often with intervals of 21 or 27 days, and ceasing only during pregnancy and lactation, until the age of 45 or 50 arrives, when it stops altogether – as a rule ceasing early if it has begun early, and vice versa. The ?nal stoppage is known as the MENOPAUSE or the CLIMACTERIC.

Menstruation depends upon a functioning ovary (see OVARIES) and this upon a healthy PITUITARY GLAND. The regular rhythm may depend upon a centre in the HYPOTHALAMUS, which is in close connection with the pituitary. After menstruation, the denuded uterine ENDOMETRIUM is regenerated under the in?uence of the follicular hormone, oestradiol. The epithelium of the endometrium proliferates, and about a fortnight after the beginning of menstruation great development of the endometrial glands takes place under the in?uence of progesterone, the hormone secreted by the CORPUS LUTEUM. These changes are made for the reception of the fertilised OVUM. In the absence of fertilisation the uterine endometrium breaks down in the subsequent menstrual discharge.

Disorders of menstruation In most healthy women, menstruation proceeds regularly for 30 years or more, with the exceptions connected with childbirth. In many women, however, menstruation may be absent, excessive or painful. The term amenorrhoea is applied to the condition of absent menstruation; the terms menorrhagia and metrorrhagia describe excessive menstrual loss – the former if the excess occurs at the regular periods, and the latter if it is irregular. Dysmenorrhoea is the name given to painful menstruation. AMENORRHOEA If menstruation has never occurred, the amenorrhoea is termed primary; if it ceases after having once become established it is known as secondary amenorrhoea. The only value of these terms is that some patients with either chromosomal abnormalities (see CHROMOSOMES) or malformations of the genital tract fall into the primary category. Otherwise, the age of onset of symptoms is more important.

The causes of amenorrhoea are numerous and treatment requires dealing with the primary cause. The commonest cause is pregnancy; psychological stress or eating disorders can cause amenorrhoea, as can poor nutrition or loss of weight by dieting, and any serious underlying disease such as TUBERCULOSIS or MALARIA. The excess secretion of PROLACTIN, whether this is the result of a micro-adenoma of the pituitary gland or whether it is drug induced, will cause amenorrhoea and possibly GALACTORRHOEA as well. Malfunction of the pituitary gland will result in a failure to produce the gonadotrophic hormones (see GONADOTROPHINS) with consequent amenorrhoea. Excessive production of cortisol, as in CUSHING’S SYNDROME, or of androgens (see ANDROGEN) – as in the adreno-genital syndrome or the polycystic ovary syndrome – will result in amenorrhoea. Amenorrhoea occasionally follows use of the oral contraceptive pill and may be associated with both hypothyroidism (see under THYROID GLAND, DISEASES OF) and OBESITY.

Patients should be reassured that amenorrhoea can often be successfully treated and does not necessarily affect their ability to have normal sexual relations and to conceive. When weight loss is the cause of amenorrhoea, restoration of body weight alone can result in spontaneous menstruation (see also EATING DISORDERS – Anorexia nervosa). Patients with raised concentration of serum gonadotrophin hormones have primary ovarian failure, and this is not amenable to treatment. Cyclical oestrogen/progestogen therapy will usually establish withdrawal bleeding. If the amenorrhoea is due to mild pituitary failure, menstruation may return after treatment with clomiphene, a nonsteroidal agent which competes for oestrogen receptors in the hypothalamus. The patients who are most likely to respond to clomiphene are those who have some evidence of endogenous oestrogen and gonadotrophin production. IRREGULAR MENSTRUATION This is a change from the normal monthly cycle of menstruation, the duration of bleeding or the amount of blood lost (see menorrhagia, below). Such changes may be the result of an upset in the balance of oestrogen and progesterone hormones which between them control the cycle. Cycles may be irregular after the MENARCHE and before the menopause. Unsuspected pregnancy may manifest itself as an ‘irregularity’, as can an early miscarriage (see ABORTION). Disorders of the uterus, ovaries or organs in the pelvic cavity can also cause irregular menstruation. Women with the condition should seek medical advice. MENORRHAGIA Abnormal bleeding from the uterus during menstruation. A woman loses on average about 60 ml of blood during her period; in menorrhagia this can rise to 100 ml. Some women have this problem occasionally, some quite frequently and others never. One cause is an imbalance of progesterone and oestrogen hormones which between them control menstruation: the result is an abnormal increase in the lining (endometrium) of the uterus, which increases the amount of ‘bleeding’ tissue. Other causes include ?broids, polyps, pelvic infection or an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD – see under CONTRACEPTION). Sometimes no physical reason for menorrhagia can be identi?ed.

Treatment of the disorder will depend on how severe the loss of blood is (some women will become anaemic – see ANAEMIA – and require iron-replacement therapy); the woman’s age; the cause of heavy bleeding; and whether or not she wants children. An increase in menstrual bleeding may occur in the months before the menopause, in which case time may produce a cure. Medical or surgical treatments are available. Non-steroidal anti-in?ammatory drugs may help, as may tranexamic acid, which prevents the breakdown of blood clots in the circulation (FIBRINOLYSIS): this drug can be helpful if an IUD is causing bleeding. Hormones such as dydrogesterone (by mouth) may cure the condition, as may an IUD that releases small quantities of a PROGESTOGEN into the lining of the womb.

Traditionally, surgical intervention was either dilatation and curettage of the womb lining (D & C) or removal of the whole uterus (HYSTERECTOMY). Most surgery is now done using minimally invasive techniques. These do not require the abdomen to be cut open, as an ENDOSCOPE is passed via the vagina into the uterus. Using DIATHERMY or a laser, the surgeon then removes the whole lining of the womb. DYSMENORRHOEA This varies from discomfort to serious pain, and sometimes includes vomiting and general malaise. Anaemia is sometimes a cause of painful menstruation as well as of stoppage of this function.

In?ammation of the uterus, ovaries or FALLOPIAN TUBES is a common cause of dysmenorrhoea which comes on for the ?rst time late in life, especially when the trouble follows the birth of a child. In this case the pain exists more or less at all times, but is aggravated at the periods. Treatment with analgesics and remedying the underlying cause is called for.

Many cases of dysmenorrhoea appear with the beginning of menstrual life, and accompany every period. It has been estimated that 5–10 per cent of girls in their late teens or early 20s are severely incapacitated by dysmenorrhoea for several hours each month. Various causes have been suggested for the pain, one being an excessive production of PROSTAGLANDINS. There may be a psychological factor in some sufferers and, whether this is the result of inadequate sex instruction, fear, family, school or work problems, it is important to o?er advice and support, which in itself may resolve the dysmenorrhoea. Symptomatic relief is of value.... menstruation

Mental Illness

All forms of illness in which psychological, emotional or behavioural disturbances are the dominating feature. The term is relative and variable in different cultures, schools of thought and definitions. It includes a wide range of types and severities.... mental illness

Meningitis

In?ammation affecting the membranes of the BRAIN or SPINAL CORD, or usually both. Meningitis may be caused by BACTERIA, viruses (see VIRUS), fungi, malignant cells or blood (after SUBARACHNOID HAEMORRHAGE). The term is, however, usually restricted to in?ammation due to a bacterium or virus. Viral meningitis is normally a mild, self-limiting infection of a few days’ duration; it is the most common cause of meningitis but usually results in complete recovery and requires no speci?c treatment. Usually a less serious infection than the bacterial variety, it does, however, rarely cause associated ENCEPHALITIS, which is a potentially dangerous illness. A range of viruses can cause meningitis, including: ENTEROVIRUSES; those causing MUMPS, INFLUENZA and HERPES SIMPLEX; and HIV.

Bacterial meningitis is life-threatening: in the United Kingdom, 5–10 per cent of children who contract the disease may die. Most cases of acute bacterial meningitis in the UK are caused by two bacteria: Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus); other bacteria include Haemophilus in?uenzae (a common cause until virtually wiped out by immunisation), Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (see TUBERCULOSIS), Treponema pallidum (see SYPHILIS) and Staphylococci spp. Of the bacterial infections, meningococcal group B is the type that causes a large number of cases in the UK, while group A is less common.

Bacterial meningitis may occur by spread from nearby infected foci such as the nasopharynx, middle ear, mastoid and sinuses (see EAR, DISEASES OF). Direct infection may be the result of penetrating injuries of the skull from accidents or gunshot wounds. Meningitis may also be a complication of neurosurgery despite careful aseptic precautions. Immuno-compromised patients – those with AIDS or on CYTOTOXIC drugs – are vulnerable to infections.

Spread to contacts may occur in schools and similar communities. Many people harbour the meningococcus without developing meningitis. In recent years small clusters of cases, mainly in schoolchildren and young people at college, have occurred in Britain.

Symptoms include malaise accompanied by fever, severe headache, PHOTOPHOBIA, vomiting, irritability, rigors, drowsiness and neurological disturbances. Neck sti?ness and a positive KERNIG’S SIGN appearing within a few hours of infection are key diagnostic signs. Meningococcal and pneumococcal meningitis may co-exist with SEPTICAEMIA, a much more serious condition in terms of death rate or organ damage and which constitutes a grave emergency demanding rapid treatment.

Diagnosis and treatment are urgent and, if bacterial meningitis is suspected, antibiotic treatment should be started even before laboratory con?rmation of the infection. Analysis of the CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF) by means of a LUMBAR PUNCTURE is an essential step in diagnosis, except in patients for whom the test would be dangerous as they have signs of raised intracranial pressure. The CSF is clear or turbid in viral meningitis, turbid or viscous in tuberculous infection and turbulent or purulent when meningococci or staphylococci are the infective agents. Cell counts and biochemical make-up of the CSF are other diagnostic pointers. Serological tests are done to identify possible syphilitic infection, which is now rare in Britain.

Patients with suspected meningitis should be admitted to hospital quickly. General pracitioners are encouraged to give a dose of intramuscular penicillin before sending the child to hospital. Treatment in hospital is usually with a cephalosporin, such as ceftazidime or ceftriaxone. Once the sensitivity of the organism is known as a result of laboratory studies on CSF and blood, this may be changed to penicillin or, in the case of H. in?uenzae, to amoxicillin. Local infections such as SINUSITIS or middle-ear infection require treatment, and appropriate surgery for skull fractures or meningeal tears should be carried out as necessary. Tuberculous meningitis is treated for at least nine months with anti-tuberculous drugs (see TUBERCULOSIS). If bacterial meningitis causes CONVULSIONS, these can be controlled with diazepam (see TRANQUILLISERS; BENZODIAZEPINES) and ANALGESICS will be required for the severe headache.

Coexisting septicaemia may require full intensive care with close attention to intravenous ?uid and electrolyte balance, control of blood clotting and blood pressure.

Treatment of close contacts such as family, school friends, medical and nursing sta? is recommended if the patient has H. in?uenzae or N. meningitidis: RIFAMPICIN provides e?ective prophylaxis. Contacts of patients with pneumococcal infection do not need preventive treatment. Vaccines for meningococcal meningitis may be given to family members in small epidemics and to any contacts who are especially at risk such as infants, the elderly and immuno-compromised individuals.

The outlook for a patient with bacterial meningitis depends upon age – the young and old are vulnerable; speed of onset – sudden onset worsens the prognosis; and how quickly treatment is started – hence the urgency of diagnosis and admission to hospital. Recent research has shown that children who suffer meningitis in their ?rst year of life are ten times more likely to develop moderate or severe disability by the age of ?ve than contemporaries who have not been infected. (See British Medical Journal, 8 September 2001, page 523.)

Prevention One type of bacterial meningitis, that caused by Haemophilus, has been largely controlled by IMMUNISATION; meningococcal C vaccine has largely prevented this type of the disease in the UK. So far, no vaccine against group B has been developed, but research continues. Information on meningitis can be obtained from the Meningitis Trust and the Meningitis Research Foundation.... meningitis

Metaplasia

Change of a mature type of cell in a tissue to another mature type of cell usually present in another tissue; e.g., development of squamous epithelium in the trachea among the normal respiratory epithelium = squamous metaplasia.... metaplasia

Metastasis

The spread of cancer cells through the blood, lymphatics or directly and establishment of these newgroups of cells at locations distant from the original cancer.... metastasis

Metronidazole

An antibiotic used widely for anaerobic bacterial infections (including pseudomembranous colitis) and also for such protozoan infections as giardiasis, trichmoniasis and amoebiasis.... metronidazole

Microbe

See BACTERIA; MICROBIOLOGY.... microbe

Migraine

The word migraine derives from HEMICRANIA, the Greek for half a skull, and is a common condition characterised by recurring intense headaches. It is much more usual in women than in men and affects around 10 per cent of the population. It has been de?ned as ‘episodic headache accompanied by visual or gastrointestinal disturbances, or both, attacks lasting hours with total freedom between episodes’.

It usually begins at puberty – although young children can be affected – and tends to stop in middle age: in women, for example, attacks often cease after MENOPAUSE. It frequently disappears during pregnancy. The disorder tends to run in families. In susceptible individuals, attacks may be provoked by a wide variety of causes including: anxiety, emotion, depression, shock, and excitement; physical and mental fatigue; prolonged focusing on computer, television or cinema screens; noise, especially loud and high-pitched sounds; certain foods – such as chocolate, cheese, citrus fruits, pastry; alcohol; prolonged lack of food; irregular meals; menstruation and the pre-menstrual period.

Anything that can provoke a headache in the ordinary individual can probably precipitate an attack in a migrainous subject. It seems as if there is an inherited predispostion that triggers a mechanism whereby in the migrainous subject, the headache and the associated sickness persist for hours, a whole day or even longer.

The precise cause is not known, but the generally accepted view is that in susceptible individuals, one or other of these causes produces spasm or constriction of the blood vessels of the brain. This in turn is followed by dilatation of these blood vessels which also become more permeable and so allow ?uid to pass out into the surrounding tissues. This combination of dilatation and outpouring of ?uid is held to be responsible for the headache.

Two types of migraine have been recognised: classical and common. The former is relatively rare and the headache is preceded by a slowly extending area of blindness in one or both eyes, usually accompanied by intermittent ‘lights’. The phenomenon lasts for up to 30 minutes and is followed by a bad, often unilateral headache with nausea, sometimes vomiting and sensitivity to light. Occasionally, passing neurological symptoms such as weakness in a limb may accompany the attack. The common variety has similar but less severe symptoms. It consists of an intense headache, usually situated over one or other eye. The headache is usually preceded by a feeling of sickness and disturbance of sight. In 15–20 per cent of cases this disturbance of sight takes the form of bright lights: the so-called AURA of migraine. The majority of attacks are accompanied by vomiting. The duration of the headache varies, but in the more severe cases the victim is usually con?ned to bed for 24 hours.

Treatment consists, in the ?rst place, of trying to avoid any precipitating factor. Patients must ?nd out which drug, or drugs, give them most relief, and they must always carry these about with them wherever they go. This is because it is a not uncommon experience to be aware of an attack coming on and to ?nd that there is a critical quarter of an hour or so during which the tablets are e?ective. If not taken within this period, they may be ine?ective and the unfortunate victim ?nds him or herself prostrate with headache and vomiting. In addition, sufferers should immediately lie down; at this stage a few hours’ rest may prevent the development of a full attack.

When an attack is fully developed, rest in bed in a quiet, darkened room is essential; any loud noise or bright light intensi?es the headache or sickness. The less food that is taken during an attack the better, provided that the individual drinks as much ?uid as he or she wants. Group therapy, in which groups of around ten migrainous subjects learn how to relax, is often of help in more severe cases, whilst in others the injection of a local anaesthetic into tender spots in the scalp reduces the number of attacks. Drug treatment can be e?ective and those a?icted by migraine may ?nd a particular drug or combination of drugs more suitable than others. ANALGESICS such as PARACETAMOL, aspirin and CODEINE phosphate sometimes help. A combination of buclizine hydrochloride and analgesics, taken when the visual aura occurs, prevents or diminishes the severity of an attack in some people. A commonly used remedy for the condition is ergotamine tartrate, which causes the dilated blood vessels to contract, but this must only be taken under medical supervision. In many cases METOCLOPRAMIDE (an antiemetic), followed ten minutes later by three tablets of either aspirin or paracetamol, is e?ective if taken early in an attack. In milder attacks, aspirin, with or without codeine and paracetamol, may be of value. SUMATRIPTAN (5-hydroxytryptamine [5HT1] AGONIST – also known as a SEROTONIN agonist) is of value for acute attacks. It is used orally or by subcutaneous injection, but should not be used for patients with ischaemic heart disease. Naratriptan is another 5HT1 agonist that is an e?ective treatment for acute attacks; others are almotriptan, rizariptan and zolmitriptan. Some patients ?nd beta blockers such as propranolol a valuable prophylactic.

People with migraine and their relatives can obtain help and guidance from the Migraine Action Association.... migraine

Milk

The natural food of all mammalia for a considerable period following their birth. It is practically the only form of animal food in which protein, fat, carbohydrate and salt are all represented in su?cient amount, and it therefore contains all the constituents of a standard diet. Milk is important in human nutrition because it contains ?rst-class animal protein of high biological value; because it is exceptionally rich in calcium; and because it is a good source of vitamin A, thiamine and ribo?avine. It also contains a variable amount of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and of vitamin D – the amount of the latter being higher during the summer months than during the winter months. Raw milk yields 67 Calories (see CALORIE) per 100 millilitres, in which are present (in grams) 87·6 of water, 3·3 of protein, 3·6 of fat, 4·7 of carbohydrate, and 0·12 of calcium. Heat has no e?ect on the vitamin A or D content of milk, or on the ribo?avine content, but it causes a considerable reduction in the vitamin C and thiamine content.

Preparation of milk Milk may be prepared for food in various ways. Boiling destroys the bacteria, especially any Mycobacteria tuberculosis which the milk may contain. It also partly destroys vitamin C and thiamine, as does pasteurisation. Curdling of milk is e?ected by adding rennet, which carries out the initial stage of digestion and thus renders milk more suitable for people who could not otherwise tolerate it. Souring of milk is practised in many countries before milk is considered suitable for food; it is carried out by adding certain organisms such as the LACTIC ACID bacillus, the Bulgarian bacillus, and setting the milk in a warm place for several hours. Sterilisation, which prevents fermentation and decomposition, is usually carried out by raising the milk to boiling temperature (100 °C) for 15 minutes and then hermetically sealing it. Condensed, unsweetened milk – usually known as evaporated milk – is concentrated in vacuo at low temperature; the milk is then placed in tins, which are sealed, and is sterilised by heat at a temperature of 105 °C. This destroys 60 per cent of the vitamin C and 30–50 per cent of the thiamine. Sweetened condensed milk is not exposed to such a high temperature. The sugar, which prevents the growth of micro-organisms, is added before the condensing, and ?nally reaches a concentration of about 40 per cent.

Dried milk is prepared by evaporating all the ?uid so that the milk is reduced to the form of powder. Humanised milk is cow’s milk treated to render it closely similar to human milk.... milk

Miscarriage

See ABORTION.... miscarriage

Mitosis

The classic four-phased cellular division of somatic cells, wherein (when the dust settles) two new daughter cells contain full chromosomal information of the parent, complete nuclei, and half the cytoplasm. This is distinct from cloning (as in the bone morrow) and the chromosome splitting of miosis (ovum and sperm).... mitosis

Moniliasis

The infection caused by monilia, the genus of fungi now known as Candida albicans (see CANDIDA). The infection may occur in the mouth – where it is known as thrush – lungs, intestine, vagina, skin, or nails.... moniliasis

Mortality

Death. Used to describe the relation of deaths to the population in which they occur.... mortality

Mucilage

This is prepared from acacia or tragacanth gum, and is used as an ingredient of mixtures containing solid particles in order to keep the latter from settling, and also as a demulcent.... mucilage

Mugwort

Artemisia vulgaris. N.O. Compositae.

Synonym: Felon Herb.

Habitat: Hedgerows and about walls.

Features ? Stem up to four feet, angular, longitudinal channels. Leaves alternate, five to seven lobes, silvery-white down beneath, nearly smooth above. Flowers (July and August) ovoid, purplish, in clusters. Odour aromatic, leaves slightly bitter.

Part used ? Leaves.

Action: Emmenagogue, diuretic, diaphoretic.

In menstrual obstruction, usually with Pennyroyal and Southernwood. Infusion of 1 ounce to 1 pint boiling water, wineglass doses.... mugwort

Multiple Sclerosis

A chronic, usually progressive disease of the central nervous system, with the gradual patchy disorganization of the protective myelin cells. It is almost certainly an auto-immune disorder, although viral infections sometimes seem to initiate the condition, and physical trauma is often seen to anomalously precede the first symptoms.... multiple sclerosis

Muscular Dystrophy

See MUSCLES, DISORDERS OF – Myopathy.... muscular dystrophy

Mycoplasma

A genus of cell wall defective bacteria which includes the cause of primary atypical pneumonia, Mycoplasma pneumoniae.... mycoplasma

Mydriasis

Dilation of the pupil... mydriasis

Myiasis

Infection of mammals (including humans) by certain dipterous larvae (maggots). Various clinical forms recognised, including cutaneous myiasis, intestinal myiasis, ophthalmomyiasis, urinogenital myiasis and sanguinivorous myiasis.... myiasis

Myocarditis

In?ammation of the muscular wall of the HEART.... myocarditis

Preventive Medicine

The branch of medicine dealing with the prevention of disease and the maintenance of good health practices.... preventive medicine

Alternative Medicine

See COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE (CAM).... alternative medicine

Basal Metabolism

The basic rate of combustion by a person, usually measured after sleep and while resting.... basal metabolism

Body Mass Index

Body Mass Index (BMI) provides objective criteria of size to enable an estimation to be made of an individual’s level or risk of morbidity and mortality. The BMI, which is derived from the extensive data held by life-insurance companies, is calculated by dividing a person’s weight by the square of his or her height (kilograms/ metres2). Acceptable BMIs range from 20 to 25 and any ?gure above 30 characterises obesity. The Index may be used (with some modi?cation) to assess children and adolescents. (See OBESITY.)... body mass index

Contrast Medium

A material that is used to increase the visibility of the body’s tissues and organs during RADIOGRAPHY. A common example is the use of barium which is given by mouth or as an enema to show up the alimentary tract.... contrast medium

Forensic Medicine

That branch of medicine concerned with matters of law and the solving of crimes, for example, by determining the cause of a death in suspicious circumstances or identifying a criminal by examining tissue found at the scene of a crime. The use of DNA identi?cation to establish who was present at the ‘scene of the crime’ is now a widely used procedure in forensic medicine.... forensic medicine

Grey Matter

Those parts of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD that comprise mainly the interconnected and tightly packed nuclei of neurons (nerve cells). The tissue is darker than that of the white matter, which is made of axons from the nerve cells. In the brain, grey matter is mainly found in the outer layers of the cerebrum, which is the zone responsible for advanced mental functions. The inner core of the spinal cord is made up of grey matter.... grey matter

Hand, Foot And Mouth Disease

A contagious disease due to infection with coxsackie A16 virus (see COXSACKIE VIRUSES). Most common in children, the incubation period is 3–5 days. It is characterised by an eruption of blisters on the palms and the feet (often the toes), and in the mouth. The disease

has no connection with foot and mouth disease in cattle, deer, pigs and sheep.... hand, foot and mouth disease

Hydatidiform Mole

A rare complication of pregnancy, in which there is tremendous proliferation of the epithelium of the chorion (the outer of the two fetal membranes). It seldom occurs during a ?rst pregnancy. Treatment consists of immediate evacuation of the womb.... hydatidiform mole

Iceland Moss

Cetraria islandica

Description: This moss grows only a few inches high. Its color may be gray, white, or even reddish.

Habitat and Distribution: Look for it in open areas. It is found only in the arctic.

Edible Parts: All parts of the Iceland moss are edible. During the winter or dry season, it is dry and crunchy but softens when soaked. Boil the moss to remove the bitterness. After boiling, eat by itself or add to milk or grains as a thickening agent. Dried plants store well.... iceland moss

Infectious Mononucleosis

See MONONUCLEOSIS.... infectious mononucleosis

Evidence-based Medicine

The process of systematically identifying, appraising and using the best available research ?ndings, integrated with clinical expertise, as the basis for clinical decisions about individual patients. The aim is to encourage clinicians, health-service managers and consumers of health care to make decisions, taking account of the best available evidence, on the likely consequences of alternative decisions and actions. Evidence-based medicine has been developing internationally for the past 25 years, but since around 1990 its development has accelerated. The International COCHRANE COLLABORATION ?nds and reviews relevant research. Several other centres have been set up to look at the clinical application of research results, including the Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine in Oxford.... evidence-based medicine

Larva Migrans

A self-limiting, intensely itching skin eruption caused by nematode (roundworm) larvae, usually of the dog and cat hookworm (see ANCYLOSTOMIASIS). The migrating larvae leave red, raised, irregular tracks in the skin, often on the foot and less frequently elsewhere. The disease is usually acquired by people who take their holidays on tropical beaches. It can be cured by a three-day course of oral ALBENDAZOLE.... larva migrans

Maceration

Maceration is the softening of a solid by soaking in ?uid.... maceration

Macroglossia

An abnormally large TONGUE.... macroglossia

Macula

A spot or area of tissue that is di?erent from the surrounding tissue. An example is the macula letea, the yellow spot in the retina of the EYE.... macula

Magnesium Trisilicate

A white powder with mild antacid properties (see ANTACIDS) and a prolonged action, it is used for treating peptic ulceration – commonly combined with quickly acting antacids. It has a mild laxative e?ect (see LAXATIVES).... magnesium trisilicate

Malabsorption

Improper utilization of needed and available nutrients, either from impaired digestive function (such as B12 being unabsorbed because of gastritis), impaired absorption (poor Vitamin E absorption because of an inflamed ileum) or impaired transport (the diminished blood proteins of the advanced alcoholic). There are other causes as well, but you get the idea.... malabsorption

Malacia

Malacia is a term applied to softening of a part or tissue in disease: for example, OSTEOMALACIA or softening of the bones.... malacia

Malathion

Organophosphorus insecticide which is a preferred scabicide and pediculocide; applied externally; resistance is rare.... malathion

Malformation

See DEFORMITIES.... malformation

Malignant Melanoma

See MELANOMA.... malignant melanoma

Malingering

Malingering is a term applied to the feigning of illness. In the great majority of cases, a person who feigns illness has a certain amount of disability, but exaggerates the illness or discomfort for some ulterior motive – for example, to take time o? work or to obtain compensation.... malingering

Mallet Finger

Deformation of a ?nger due to sudden forced ?exion of the terminal joint, leading to rupture of the tendon. As a result the individual is unable to extend the terminal part of the ?nger, which remains bent forwards. The middle, ring and little ?ngers are most commonly involved. Treatment is by splinting the ?nger. The end result is satisfactory provided that the patient has su?cient patience.... mallet finger

Malleus

The hammer-shaped lateral bone of the group of three that form the sound-transmitting ossicles in the middle ear. (See EAR.)... malleus

Mallow

(Gaelic) Woman from the river; resembling the flowering plant Mallowe, Mallo, Malloe, Malow, Malowe, Maloe... mallow

Malpractice

Professional misconduct or failure to apply ordinary skill in the performance of a professional act.... malpractice

Malpresentation

A situation during childbirth in which a baby is not in the customary head-?rst position before delivery. The result is usually a complicated labour in which a caesarean operation may be necessary to e?ect the birth. (See PREGNANCY AND LABOUR.)... malpresentation

Malta Fever

See BRUCELLOSIS.... malta fever

Mammary Gland

See BREASTS.... mammary gland

Mammoplasty

A surgical operation to reconstruct a breast (see BREASTS) after part or all of it has been removed to treat breast cancer; to enlarge small breasts; or to reduce the size of overlarge breasts. The routine method for breast enlargement used to be the insertion of silicone (see SILICONES) implants under the skin; controversy about the long-term safety of silicone, however, has restricted their use mainly to women needing reconstruction of their breasts after cancer surgery. Side-effects have included hardening of breast tissue, leaking of implants and development of scar tissue. (See also MASTECTOMY.)... mammoplasty

Mammography

The special technique whereby X-rays are used to show the structure of the breast or any abnormalities in it (see BREASTS; BREASTS, DISEASES OF). It is an e?ective way of distinguishing benign from malignant tumours, and can detect tumours that are not palpable. In a multi-centre study in the USA, called the Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project and involving nearly 300,000 women in the 40–49 age group, 35 per cent of the tumours found were detected by mammography alone, 13 per cent by physical examination, and 50 per cent by both methods combined. The optimum frequency of screening is debatable: the American College of Radiologists recommends a baseline mammogram at the age of 40 years, with subsequent mammography at one- to two-year intervals up to the age of 50; thereafter, annual mammography is recommended. In the United Kingdom a less intensive screening programme is in place, with women over 50 being screened every three years. As breast cancer is the commonest malignancy in western women and is increasing in frequency, the importance of screening for this form of cancer is obvious.... mammography

Mandible

The bone of the lower JAW.... mandible

Manganese

A metal, oxides of which are found abundantly in nature. Permanganate of potassium is a well-known disinfectant. The body requires small amounts of the metal for normal growth and development. (See also TRACE ELEMENTS.)... manganese

Mannitol

An osmotic diuretic (see DIURETICS) given by a slow intravenous infusion to reduce OEDEMA of the BRAIN or raised intraocular pressure in GLAUCOMA.... mannitol

Manipulation

The passive movement (frequently forceful) of bones, joints, or soft tissues, carried out by orthopaedic surgeons, physiotherapists (see PHYSIOTHERAPY), osteopaths (see OSTEOPATHY) and chiropractors (see CHIROPRACTOR) as an important part of treatment – often highly e?ective. It may be used for three chief reasons: correction of deformity (mainly the reduction of fractures and dislocations, or to overcome deformities such as congenital club-foot – see TALIPES); treatment of joint sti?ness (particularly after an acute limb injury, or FROZEN SHOULDER); and relief of chronic pain (particularly when due to chronic strain, notably of the spinal joints – see PROLAPSED INTERVERTEBRAL DISC). Depending on the particular injury or deformity being treated, and the estimated force required, manipulation may be used with or without ANAESTHESIA. Careful clinical and radiological examination, together with other appropriate investigations, should always be carried out before starting treatment, to reduce the risk of harm, or disasters such as fractures or the massive displacement of an intervertebral disc.... manipulation

Mantoux Test

A test for TUBERCULOSIS. It consists in injecting into the super?cial layers of the skin (i.e. intradermally) a very small quantity of old TUBERCULIN which contains a protein ANTIGEN to TB. A positive reaction of the skin – swelling and redness – shows that the person so reacting has been infected at some time in the past with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, it does not mean that such a person is suffering from active tuberculosis.... mantoux test

March Fracture

A curious condition in which a fracture occurs of the second (rarely, the third) metatarsal bone in the foot without any obvious cause. The usual story is that a pain suddenly developed in the foot while walking or marching (hence the name), and that it has persisted ever since. The only treatment needed is immobilisation of the foot and rest, and the fracture heals satisfactorily. (For more information on fractures, see BONE, DISORDERS OF – Bone fractures.)... march fracture

Marijuana

Another term for CANNABIS, hemp, or hashish. (See also DEPENDENCE.)... marijuana

Mastalgia

The term applied to pain in the breast (see BREASTS; BREASTS, DISEASES OF).... mastalgia

Mastication

The act whereby, as a result of movements of the lower jaw, lips, tongue, and cheek, food is reduced to a condition in which it is ready to be acted on by the gastric juices in the process of DIGESTION. Adequate mastication before swallowing is an essential part of the digestive process.... mastication

Mastitis

The term applied to in?ammation of the breast (see BREASTS, DISEASES OF).... mastitis

Mastocytosis

A rare condition in which the primary abnormality is of MAST CELLS – a type of cell responsible for the storage and release of agents such as HISTAMINE, important in allergic states. Patients may present with an urticarial rash (urticaria pigmentosa) but may have symptoms referable to any part of the body, related to collections of active mast cells in these areas.... mastocytosis

Materia Medica

The branch of medical study which deals with the sources, preparations and uses of drugs. (See MEDICINES.)... materia medica

Maxilla

The name applied to the upper jawbones, which bear the teeth.... maxilla

Meadowsweet

Spiraea ulmaria. N.O. Rosaceae.

Synonym: Bridewort, Dolloft, Queen-of-the-Meadow.

Habitat: Low-lying meadows, sides of ditches.

Features ? Stem strong, woody, reddish hue, three or four feet high. Leaves in large and small pairs, alternate, serrate ; end leaf has three leaflets with longer one in middle ; dark green on top surface, white and downy underneath. Flowers small, creamy white, clustered in large, dense cymes.

Part used ? Herb.

Action: Astringent, diuretic, aromatic, tonic.

The 1 ounce to 1 pint infusion is taken in wineglassful doses for strangury

and dropsy. It is especially useful in infantile diarrhea.

Meadowsweet is included in recipes for many herb beers, its pleasantly aromatic, tonic and diuretic qualities making it particularly suitable for this purpose.... meadowsweet

Meatus

A term applied to any passage or opening: for example, external auditory meatus – the passage from the surface to the drum of the EAR.... meatus

Mebeverine

A direct relaxant of the smooth muscle in the INTESTINE, it may relieve pain in patients with IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS) or DIVERTICULAR DISEASE. Adverse effects are rare.... mebeverine

Meconium

The brown, semi-?uid material which collects in the bowels of a FETUS before birth, and which should be discharged either at the time of birth or shortly afterwards. It consists partly of BILE secreted by the liver before birth; partly of debris from the mucous membrane of the intestines.... meconium

Medial

Near the middle of tissue, organ or body.... medial

Median

A measure of central tendency. The median is found by arranging the values in order and then selecting the one in the middle. If the total number of values is even, then the median is the mean of the two middle numbers. The median is useful where the distribution has extreme values which otherwise skew the data.... median

Mediastinum

Mediastinum is the space in the chest which lies between the two lungs. It contains the heart and great vessels, the gullet, the lower part of the windpipe, the thoracic duct and the phrenic nerves, as well as numerous structures of less importance.... mediastinum

Medical Audit

A detailed review and evaluation of selected clinical records by qualified professional personnel for the purpose of evaluating the quality of medical care.... medical audit

Medroxyprogesterone

A PROGESTERONE (female sex hormone) preparation which is given intramuscularly in long-acting form as a PROGESTOGEN-only contraception; however, it should be given only with counselling and full details of its action. The drug is also used as second- or third-line treatment for patients with breast cancer and also in carcinoma of the kidney. Progestogens have been proposed for lessening premenstrual symptoms, but proof of their value in this role is not convincing.... medroxyprogesterone

Medulla

The inside part of an organ or tissue that is distinct from the outer part – for example, the marrow in the centre of a long bone, or the inner portion of the kidneys or adrenal glands.... medulla

Medulla Oblongata

The hindmost part of the BRAIN, continuing into the SPINAL CORD. In it are situated several of the nerve centres which are most essential to life, such as those governing breathing, the action of the heart and swallowing.... medulla oblongata

Mefenamic Acid

One of the NON-STEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS (NSAIDS) that is an analgesic (see ANALGESICS) for mild to moderate pain in RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, OSTEOARTHRITIS and other musculoskeletal disorders. Also used for DYSMENNORRHOEA and MENORRHAGIA. It must be used with care as it has several side-effects, in particular diarrhoea and occasional haemolytic ANAEMIA. It must not be used in patients with INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD).... mefenamic acid

Mefloquine

An antimalarial related to quinine, tetracycline and halofantrine used to suppress blood parasites, especially chloroquine resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. There has been increasing resistance to mefloquine reported in malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum.... mefloquine

Megacolon

A greatly enlarged colon that may be present at birth or develop later. It can occur in all age groups and the condition is typi?ed by severe chronic constipation. Megacolon is caused by obstruction of the colon which may be due to faulty innervation, or to psychological factors. Other causes are HIRSCHSPRUNG’S DISEASE or ULCERATIVE COLITIS. In old people the persistent use of powerful laxative drugs may cause the condition.... megacolon

Megalomania

A delusion of grandeur or an insane belief in a person’s own extreme greatness, goodness, or power.... megalomania

Medicolegal

A term that relates to the practice of medicine and law (see FORENSIC MEDICINE; MEDICAL LITIGATION; MEDICAL NEGLIGENCE).... medicolegal

Meiosis

Meiosis, or reduction division, is the form of cell division that only occurs in the gonads (see GONAD) – that is, the testis (see TESTICLE) and the ovary (see OVARIES) – giving rise to the germ cells (gametes) of the sperms (see SPERMATOZOON) and the ova (see OVUM).

Two types of sperm cells are produced: one contains 22 autosomes and a Y sex chromosome (see SEX CHROMOSOMES); the other, 22 autosomes and an X sex chromosome. All the ova, however, produced by normal meiosis have 22 autosomes and an X sex chromosome.

Two divisions of the NUCLEUS occur (see also CELLS) and only one division of the chromosomes, so that the number of chromosomes in the ova and sperms is half that of the somatic cells. Each chromosome pair divides so that the gametes receive only one member of each pair. The number of chromosomes is restored to full complement at fertilisation so that the zygote has a complete set, each chromosome from the nucleus of the sperm pairing up with its corresponding partner from the ovum.

The ?rst stage of meiosis involves the pairing of homologous chromosomes which join together and synapse lengthwise. The chromosomes then become doubled by splitting along their length and the chromatids so formed are held together by centromeres. As the homologous chromosomes – one of which has come from the mother, and the other from the father – are lying together, genetic interchange can take place between the chromatids and in this way new combinations of GENES arise. All four chromatids are closely interwoven and recombination may take place between any maternal or any paternal chromatids. This process is known as crossing over or recombination. After this period of interchange, homologous chromosomes move apart, one to each pole of the nucleus. The cell then divides and the nucleus of each new cell now contains 23 and not 46 chromosomes. The second meiotic division then occurs, the centromeres divide and the chromatids move apart to opposite poles of the nucleus so there are still 23 chromosomes in each of the daughter nuclei so formed. The cell divides again so that there are four gametes, each containing a half number (haploid) set of chromosomes. However, owing to the recombination or crossing over, the genetic material is not identical with either parent or with other spermatozoa.... meiosis

Melanin

Pigment which confers colour on the SKIN, hair and EYE. It is produced by cells called melanocytes interspersed along the basal layer of the EPIDERMIS. The maturation of the epidermis into stratum corneum cells packed with melanin granules confers an ultraviolet light barrier which protects the skin against the harmful effects resulting from continued solar exposure. The races do not di?er in the number of melanocytes in their skin, only in the rate and quantity of melanin production. Exposure to bright sunlight stimulates melanin production and distribution causing ‘suntan’. A hormone from the PITUITARY GLAND may stimulate melanin production on the face in pregnancy (see CHLOASMA).... melanin

Melanocyte

Clear branching cell in the epidermis of the SKIN that produces tyrosinase (an ENZYME) and MELANIN.... melanocyte

Melatonin

A hormone that plays a key role in the body’s diurnal (night and day) rhythms. Produced by the PINEAL GLAND and derived from SEROTONIN, it acts on receptors in an area of the brain above the OPTIC CHIASMA, synchronising them to the diurnal rhythm. Melatonin is under investigation as a possible agent to treat insomnia in the elderly, in shift workers and in those with severe learning disability (mental handicap). It may also help people with SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER SYNDROME (SADS) and those who suffer from jet lag.... melatonin

Melphalan

One of the ALKYLATING AGENTS, melphalan is used to treat certain forms of malignant disease including breast tumours (see BREASTS, DISEASES OF), MELANOMA and Hodgkin’s LYMPHOMA. It can be given orally or by injection. (See CYTOTOXIC.)... melphalan

Meninges

The membranes surrounding the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD. The membranes include the DURA MATER, a tough, ?brous membrane closely applied to the inside of the skull; the ARACHNOID MEMBRANE, a more delicate membrane, enveloping the brain but separated from its irregular surface by spaces containing ?uid; and the pia mater, a delicate network of ?bres containing blood vessels and uniting the arachnoid to the brain. The latter two are sometimes referred to as the pia-arachnoid.

These membranes bear the blood vessels which nourish the surface of the brain and the interior of the skull. Meningeal haemorrhage from these vessels forms one of the chief dangers arising from fracture of the skull.... meninges

Mental Handicap

See LEARNING DISABILITY.... mental handicap

Meningocele

Meningocele is a protusion of the MENINGES of the brain through a defect in the skull. (See SPINA BIFIDA.)... meningocele

Meningococcus

Neisseria meningitidis.... meningococcus

Meningomyelocele

A protrusion of the MENINGES of the spinal cord through a defect in the spine. (See SPINA BIFIDA.)... meningomyelocele

Meniscus

A crescentic ?bro-cartilage in a joint, such as the cartilages in the knee-joint.... meniscus

Morning Sickness

See: PREGNANCY.

MOTH REPELLENT. Sew into small linen bags any of the following: Cinnamon, Sandalwood chips, Camphor, Cloves. Add: sprinkle of Cedarwood for greater potency. MOTHER SEIGEL’S SYRUP. See: SHAKERS, The. ... morning sickness

Mouthwash

The protective influence of a mouth rinse or gargle are well-known. Not only the patient, but those in close proximity may find a mouth wash limits the virulence of infection by seasonal fevers, measles, etc two or more times daily. 3 drops of any one tincture: Myrrh, Cinnamon, Goldenseal, Marigold, Blood root, Thyme, Peppermint, Echinacea. OR: 5 drops fresh juice of Marigold petals, Horseradish or Marshmallow after passing fresh plant through a juicer – in warm water. ... mouthwash

Mercaptopurine

One of the antimetabolite group of drugs (see ANTIMETABOLITES), which includes methotrexate, ?uorouracil and thioguanine. These drugs are incorporated into new nuclear material in the cell or combine irreversibly with vital cellular enzymes, preventing normal cellular metabolism and division. Mercaptopurine is used mainly for the maintenance treatment of acute LEUKAEMIA, though it is increasingly proving valuable in the treatment of CROHN’S DISEASE. As with all CYTOTOXIC drugs, dosage must be carefully controlled; in particular it must be reduced if used concurrently with allopurinol. Side-effects include gastrointestinal upsets (including ulceration), and bone-marrow depression.... mercaptopurine

Mercury

Mercury is a heavy ?uid metal which, with its salts, has been used in medicine for many centuries.

Uses In the past, mercuric salts were used as ANTISEPTICS, anti-parasitic agents and fungicides. Mercury has been widely used in dental amalgams for ?lling teeth. Because of their toxicity, mercury compounds must not be taken internally.

Mercury has traditionally been used in thermometers for recording body temperature, and in sphygmomanometers for measuring a person’s BLOOD PRESSURE. These instruments have been largely replaced in the UK by electronic devices that do not require mercury.... mercury

Mesalazine

An aminosalicylate drug used for the treatment of mild to moderate ULCERATIVE COLITIS and the maintenance of remission. It should be used with caution by pregnant women.... mesalazine

Mescaline

Derived from the Mexican peyote cactus, Anhalonium lewinii, this is a hallucinogen used for many centuries by Indian tribes in Mexico as an intoxicant to produce ecstatic states for religious celebrations. In recent times its ability to produce temporary psychotic symptoms has been used to investigate the mechanism of PSYCHOSIS. Mescaline has similar effects to those of LSD: changes in mood and thought, illusions, self-absorption and an altered perception of time. Experience of the drug may subsequently provoke panic attacks, deliberate self-injury, real psychosis and sometimes addiction (see DEPENDENCE).... mescaline

Mesentery

Mesentery is the double layer of peritoneal membrane which supports the small INTESTINE. It is of a fan shape, and its shorter edge is attached to the back wall of the abdomen for a distance of about 15 cm (6 inches), while the small intestine lies within its longer edge, for a length of over 6 metres (20 feet). The terms mesocolon, mesorectum, etc., are applied to similar folds of PERITONEUM that support parts of the colon, rectum, etc.... mesentery

Mesothelioma

A malignant tumour of the PLEURA, the membrane lining the chest cavity. The condition is more common in people exposed to asbestos dust. It may be asymptomatic or cause pain, cough, and breathing troubles. Surgery or radiotherapy may be e?ective but often the disease has spread too far before it is discovered. Mesothelioma incurred as a result of contact with asbestos at work may attract industrial COMPENSATION.... mesothelioma

Meta-analysis

A statistical procedure to combine results from different studies on a similar topic. The combination of results from multiple studies may produce a stronger conclusion than can be provided by any singular study. Meta-analysis is generally most appropriate when there are no definitive studies on a topic and non-definitive studies are in some disagreement.... meta-analysis

Metatarsalgia

Pain affecting the metatarsal region of the foot. It is common in adolescents, and associated with FLAT-FOOT; in adults it may be a manifestation of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS. Morton’s metatarsalgia is a form associated usually with the nerve to the second toe cleft, often induced by the compression of tight shoes.... metatarsalgia

Meteorism

Also known as tympanites, this is a distension of the ABDOMEN from excess gas or air in the INTESTINE or peritoneal cavity. On percussion the abdomen sounds resonant, like a drum. Causes include obstruction of the intestines, aerophagy (the swallowing of air), and IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS). Treatment is of the underlying condition. (See also FLATULENCE.)... meteorism

Metformin

One of the BIGUANIDES, metformin lowers the blood sugar by increasing cellular uptake of glucose. It is active when taken by mouth and is used to treat some patients with DIABETES MELLITUS, usually in addition to another hypoglycaemic drug.... metformin

Methanol

A variety of ALCOHOL used as a solvent to remove paint or as a constituent of some antifreeze ?uids. It is poisonous: sometimes people drink it as a substitute for ethyl (ordinary) alcohol. Symptoms appear up to 24 hours after imbibing methanol and include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headache and sometimes unconsciousness. Treatment is to induce vomiting (in conscious victims) and to do a stomach washout (see GASTRIC LAVAGE), but such steps must be taken within two hours of ingestion. Hospital treatment is usually required, when intravenous infusion of sodium bicarbonate (and sometimes ethanol, which slows up breakdown of methanol by the liver) is administered.... methanol

Methylcellulose

A COLLOID which absorbs water to swell to about 25 times its original volume. It is used in the treatment of CONSTIPATION and also in the management of OBESITY. The rationale for its use in obesity is that by swelling up in the stomach, it reduces the appetite.... methylcellulose

Methotrexate

One of the ANTIMETABOLITES used to treat certain forms of malignant disease. Acting to inhibit the ENZYME dihydrofolate reductase, which is essential for purine and pyrimidine synthesis, it is given orally, intravenously, intramuscularly or intrathecally. Methotrexate is used as maintenance therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic LEUKAEMIA, while other uses include CHORIOCARCINOMA, nonHodgkin’s LYMPHOMA, and various solid tumours. Intrathecally, it is used in the prophylaxis of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, and as treatment for established meningeal cancer or lymphoma.

Side-effects include suppression of myelocytes in bone marrow, in?ammation of mucous membranes, and, rarely, PNEUMONITIS. It should be avoided whenever signi?cant renal impairment is present, while signi?cant pleural e?usion or ascites is also a contraindication. Blood counts should be carefully monitored whenever intrathecal methotrexate is given. Oral or parenteral folinic acid helps to prevent, or to speed recovery from, myelosuppression or mucositis.

Methotrexate is used in dermatology, where it may be indicated for cases of severe uncontrolled PSORIASIS unresponsive to conventional therapy; it may also be indicated for severe active RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS. Because of its potentially severe haematological, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and other toxicities it should be used only by specialists and appropriate renal and liver function tests carried out before and during treatment. It should be avoided in pregnancy, and conception should be avoided for at least six months after stopping, as should breast feeding. Concurrent administration of aspirin or other NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS (NSAIDS) reduces methotrexate excretion, increasing its toxicity, and should therefore be avoided whenever possible.... methotrexate

Methyldopa

A centrally acting anti-hypertensive (see HYPERTENSION) drug often used in conjunction with a diuretic (see DIURETICS). It can be e?ective in controlling high blood pressure in pregnancy. The drug is also safe to use in patients with ASTHMA or heart failure.... methyldopa

Methylphenidate

A drug that stimulates the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Its action is similar to DEXAMPHETAMINE. A controlled drug, one of its trade names is Ritalin® and it is (controversially) used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER (HYPERACTIVITY SYNDROME) in children, in conjunction with behavioural treatment and family support. Because of the potential for side-effects, its administration should be under specialist supervision.... methylphenidate

Methylprednisolone

A mineralcorticoid drug (see CORTICOSTEROIDS) with an action comparable to that of PREDNISOLONE, but e?ective at a somewhat lower dose.... methylprednisolone

Metolazone

A thiazide-type diuretic (see THIAZIDES; DIURETICS) which is particularly e?ective when combined with a loop diuretic (see LOOP DIURETICS), when it produces profound diuresis. The drug is also useful for treating kidney stones (see under KIDNEYS, DISEASES OF).... metolazone

Metoprolol

A beta-adrenergic-receptor blocking agent. (See ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.)... metoprolol

Metoclopramide

This drug antagonises the actions of DOPAMINE. Given orally, intramuscularly, or intravenously, it is used to treat nausea and vomiting, particularly in gastrointestinal disorders, or when associated with cytotoxics or radiotherapy. It is useful in the early treatment of MIGRAINE.

Caution is indicated in prescribing metoclopramide for elderly and young patients, and whenever hepatic or renal impairment is present, and it should be avoided in pregnancy or cases of PORPHYRIAS. Adverse effects include extrapyramidal effects (see under EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEM) and HYPERPROLACTINAEMIA with occasional TARDIVE DYSKINESIA on prolonged administration. There have also been occasional reports of drowsiness, restlessness, diarrhoea, depression and neuroleptic malignant syndrome, with rare cardiac conduction abnormalities following intravenous administration.... metoclopramide

Miconazole

One of the IMIDAZOLES group of antifungals which includes clotrimazole and ketoconazole. Active against a wide range of fungi and yeasts, their main indications are vaginal candidiasis and dermatophyte skin infections. Miconazole is used as a cream or ointment; it may also be given orally (for oral or gastrointestinal infections), or parenterally (for systemic infections such as aspergillosis or candidiasis). (See MYCOSIS.)... miconazole

Microangiopathy

Disease of the CAPILLARIES.... microangiopathy

Microbiology

The study of all aspects of micro-organisms (microbes) – that is, organisms which individually are generally too small to be visible other than by microscopy. The term is applicable to viruses (see VIRUS), BACTERIA, and microscopic forms of fungi, algae, and PROTOZOA.

Among the smallest and simplest microorganisms are the viruses. First described as ?lterable agents, and ranging in size from 20–30 nm to 300 nm, they may be directly visualised only by electron microscopy. They consist of a core of deoxyribonucleic or ribonucleic acid (DNA or RNA) within a protective protein coat, or capsid, whose subunits confer a geometric symmetry. Thus viruses are usually cubical (icosahedral) or helical; the larger viruses (pox-, herpes-, myxo-viruses) may also have an outer envelope. Their minimal structure dictates that viruses are all obligate parasites, relying on living cells to provide essential components for their replication. Apart from animal and plant cells, viruses may infect and replicate in bacteria (bacteriophages) or fungi (mycophages), which are damaged in the process.

Bacteria are larger (0·01–5,000 µm) and more complex. They have a subcellular organisation which generally includes DNA and RNA, a cell membrane, organelles such as ribosomes, and a complex and chemically variable cell envelope – but, unlike EUKARYOTES, no nucleus. Rickettsiae, chlamydia, and mycoplasmas, once thought of as viruses because of their small size and absence of a cell wall (mycoplasma) or major wall component (chlamydia), are now acknowledged as bacteria; rickettsiae and chlamydia are intracellular parasites of medical importance. Bacteria may also possess additional surface structures, such as capsules and organs of locomotion (?agella) and attachment (?mbriae and stalks). Individual bacterial cells may be spheres (cocci); straight (bacilli), curved (vibrio), or ?exuous (spirilla) rods; or oval cells (coccobacilli). On examination by light microscopy, bacteria may be visible in characteristic con?gurations (as pairs of cocci [diplococci], or chains [streptococci], or clusters); actinomycete bacteria grow as ?laments with externally produced spores. Bacteria grow essentially by increasing in cell size and dividing by ?ssion, a process which in ideal laboratory conditions some bacteria may achieve about once every 20 minutes. Under natural conditions, growth is usually much slower.

Eukaryotic micro-organisms comprise fungi, algae, and protozoa. These organisms are larger, and they have in common a well-developed internal compartmentation into subcellular organelles; they also have a nucleus. Algae additionally have chloroplasts, which contain photosynthetic pigments; fungi lack chloroplasts; and protozoa lack both a cell wall and chloroplasts but may have a contractile vacuole to regulate water uptake and, in some, structures for capturing and ingesting food. Fungi grow either as discrete cells (yeasts), multiplying by budding, ?ssion, or conjugation, or as thin ?laments (hyphae) which bear spores, although some may show both morphological forms during their life-cycle. Algae and protozoa generally grow as individual cells or colonies of individuals and multiply by ?ssion.

Micro-organisms of medical importance include representatives of the ?ve major microbial groups that obtain their essential nutrients at the expense of their hosts. Many bacteria and most fungi, however, are saprophytes (see SAPROPHYTE), being major contributors to the natural cycling of carbon in the environment and to biodeterioration; others are of ecological and economic importance because of the diseases they cause in agricultural or horticultural crops or because of their bene?cial relationships with higher organisms. Additionally, they may be of industrial or biotechnological importance. Fungal diseases of humans tend to be most important in tropical environments and in immuno-compromised subjects.

Pathogenic (that is, disease-causing) microorganisms have special characteristics, or virulence factors, that enable them to colonise their hosts and overcome or evade physical, biochemical, and immunological host defences. For example, the presence of capsules, as in the bacteria that cause anthrax (Bacillus anthracis), one form of pneumonia (Streptococcus pneumoniae), scarlet fever (S. pyogenes), bacterial meningitis (Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus in?uenzae) is directly related to the ability to cause disease because of their antiphagocytic properties. Fimbriae are related to virulence, enabling tissue attachment – for example, in gonorrhoea (N. gonorrhoeae) and cholera (Vibrio cholerae). Many bacteria excrete extracellular virulence factors; these include enzymes and other agents that impair the host’s physiological and immunological functions. Some bacteria produce powerful toxins (excreted exotoxins or endogenous endotoxins), which may cause local tissue destruction and allow colonisation by the pathogen or whose speci?c action may explain the disease mechanism. In Staphylococcus aureus, exfoliative toxin produces the staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome, TSS toxin-1 toxic-shock syndrome, and enterotoxin food poisoning. The pertussis exotoxin of Bordetella pertussis, the cause of whooping cough, blocks immunological defences and mediates attachment to tracheal cells, and the exotoxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae causes local damage resulting in a pronounced exudate in the trachea.

Viruses cause disease by cellular destruction arising from their intracellular parasitic existence. Attachment to particular cells is often mediated by speci?c viral surface proteins; mechanisms for evading immunological defences include latency, change in viral antigenic structure, or incapacitation of the immune system – for example, destruction of CD 4 lymphocytes by the human immunode?ciency virus.... microbiology

Microcephaly

Abnormal smallness of the head, usually associated with LEARNING DISABILITY. It may occur as a result of infection of the fetus by, for example, RUBELLA (German measles) or from hypoxic damage to the brain before or during birth.... microcephaly

Microscope

An optical instrument comprising adjustable magnifying lenses that greatly enlarge a small object under study – for example, an insect, blood cells, or bacteria. Some microscopes use electron beams to magnify minute objects such as chromosomes, crystals, or even large molecules. Optical microscopes are also used for MICROSURGERY when the area being operated on is otherwise inaccessible: for example, in eye and inner ear surgery; for the removal of tumours from the brain or spinal cord; and for resuturing damaged blood vessels and nerves.... microscope

Microsurgery

The conduct of very intricate surgical operations using specially re?ned operating microscopes (see MICROSCOPE) and miniaturised precision instruments – for example, forceps, scalpels, scissors, etc. Microsurgery is used in previously inaccessible areas of the brain, eye, inner ear and spinal cord, as well as in the suturing of severed nerves and small blood vessels following traumatic injuries to the limbs or ?ngers. The technique is also used to reverse VASECTOMY.... microsurgery

Middle Ear

That portion of the EAR lying between the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE and the INNER EAR. It contains the ossicles, the three small bones that transmit sound.... middle ear

Midwifery

See MIDWIFE; PREGNANCY AND LABOUR.... midwifery

Milk Teeth

The temporary teeth of children. (For the time of their appearance, see under TEETH.)... milk teeth

Minocycline

One of the tetracycline broad-spectrum antibiotic drugs (see TETRACYCLINES). Minocycline has a broader spectrum than the others and is e?ective against Neisseria meningitidis, which causes bacterial MENINGITIS. It should not be prescribed for patients with kidney disease.... minocycline

Minoxidil

A vasodilator drug taken orally to treat people with serious HYPERTENSION. Minoxidil is also used as a lotion to treat male-pattern baldness (in both sexes). The drug can cause ?uid retention, weight gain and excessive growth of the hair.... minoxidil

Miosis

Condition of constriction (reduction in size) of the pupil (see EYE). It may be the result of disease affecting the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM. Bright light causes miosis and some drugs

– for example, PILOCARPINE or OPIUM – have the same e?ect.... miosis

Misoprostol

A PROSTAGLANDIN analogue used to treat duodenal and gastric ulcers, and those induced by NON-STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS (NSAIDS). It should not be taken by pregnant or breast-feeding women.... misoprostol

Mistletoe

Viscum album. N.O. Loranthaceae.

Synonym: European Mistletoe, Birdlime Mistletoe.

Habitat: Parasitic on the Oak, Hawthorn, Apple and many other trees.

Features ? This familiar evergreen is a true parasite, receiving no nourishment from the soil, nor even from the decaying bark. The leaves are obtuse lance-shaped, broader towards the end, sessile, and grow from a smooth-jointed stem about a foot high. The flower-heads are yellowish and the berries white. The plant is tasteless and without odour.

Part used ? Leaves.

Action: Highly valued as a nervine and antispasmodic.

Mistletoe leaves are given in hysteria, epilepsy, chorea and other diseases of the nervous system. As an anti-spasmodic and tonic it is used in cardiac dropsy.

Culpeper is at his most "Culpeperish" in discussing this plant, as witness:

"The birdlime doth mollify hard knots, tumours and imposthumes, ripeneth and discuteth them; and draweth thick as well as thin humours from remote parts of the body, digesting and separating them. And being mixed with equal parts of resin and wax, doth mollify the hardness of the spleen, and healeth old ulcers and sores. Being mixed with Sandarack and Orpiment, it helpeth to draw off foul nails; and if quicklime and wine lees be added thereunto it worketh the stronger. Both the leaves and berries of Mistletoe do heat and dry, and are of subtle parts."

While some truth may be hidden behind all this quaint terminology, it is feared that the modern herbal consultant would encounter serious difficulties if he attempted to follow the Culpeperian procedure too literally—although certain people still believe, or affect to believe, that he does so!

The birdlime mentioned in the quotation and also in the synonyms is the resin viscin, from the Latin viscum, birdlime.

MOUNTAIN FLAX.

Linum cartharticum. N.O. Linaceae

Synonym: Purging Flax.

Habitat: Heaths, moorlands; occasionally meadows and pastures.

Features ? Stem simple, up to eight inches high. Leaves opposite, small, lower obovate, higher lanceolate, entire. Flowers small, white (June to September), five-parted with serrate sepals, pointed petals. Taste, bitter and acrid.

Part used ? Herb.

Action: Laxative, cathartic.

In constipation, action similar to Senna, and sometimes preferred to the latter; rarely gripes. Occasionally prescribed with diuretics, etc., for gravel and dropsy. Combined with tonics and stomachics such as Gentian and Calumba root, makes a first-rate family medicine. Dose, wineglass of the ounce to pint infusion.... mistletoe

Mitral Valve

The mitral valve, so-called because of its resemblance to a bishop’s mitre, is the valve which guards the opening between the ATRIUM and VENTRICLE on the left side of the HEART.... mitral valve

Mittelschmerz

Abdominal pains that occur midway between menstrual periods and which are caused either by ovulation or the normal short pre-ovulatory surge of estrogen.... mittelschmerz

Mobilization

One of the functions in the financing of health systems which aims at identifying and acquiring the money required to meet the health needs of the people, individually and collectively, in a given health system.... mobilization

Moclobemide

A reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS (MAOIS)), this drug is used as second-line treatment for patients with severe DEPRESSION. As with all MAOIs, those taking moclobemide should avoid too much tyramine-rich food – mature cheese, yeast extracts, fermented soya-bean products – and they should not take the drug with another antidepressant (see ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUGS).... moclobemide

Molluscum Contagiosum

Common papular eruption of the skin caused by a virus. Most common in children, it is highly contagious and often transmitted in swimming pools and sauna baths. Mollusca are often multiple and persistent in children with atopic eczema (see DERMATITIS), and epidemics may occur in boarding schools. The typical molluscum is 2–3 mm in diameter, skincoloured and translucent, with a dimpled centre. The armpits and adjacent chest, upper inner thighs and genital areas are common sites in young children. In adults the infection is usually transmitted sexually and affects the pubic area and lower belly. Mollusca eventually disappear spontaneously, but cure can be expedited by curettage (removal with a CURETTE) under surface anaesthesia.... molluscum contagiosum

Mongolism

See DOWN’S (DOWN) SYNDROME.... mongolism

Monocyte

A type of white blood cell which has a single kidney-shaped nucleus. Present in the tissues and lymphatic system as well as in the circulation, it ingests foreign particles such as tissue debris and bacteria. Monocytes are about 20 µm in diameter and 1 mm3 of blood contains around 7,500 of them, many times fewer than the ?ve million erythrocytes (red blood cells).... monocyte

Mononucleosis

Properly, infectious mononucleosis, a viral infection of the lymph pulp most frequently caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. The spleen, lymph nodes, and (sometimes) the liver are involved. The general symptoms are fever, sore throat, exhaustion, and abnormal white blood cells.... mononucleosis

Monorchism

The absence of one testis, usually the result of the failure of one TESTICLE to drop down into the SCROTUM before birth. Monorchism is sometimes used to describe the condition when one testicle has been destroyed by disease or injury, or has been surgically removed – when, for example, the man has developed cancer of the testicle.... monorchism

Morbilli

Another name for MEASLES.... morbilli

Morphine

Morphine is the name of the chief alkaloid (see ALKALOIDS) upon which the action of OPIUM depends. A traditional and invaluable opioid analgesic (see ANALGESICS) used to control severe pain, it is the standard against which other opioid analgesics are measured. Used widely in patients with post-operative pain or those in PALLIATIVE care who have severe pain, it produces a sense of EUPHORIA. A serious side-e?ect is that morphine can cause nausea and vomiting. The drug may also cause DEPENDENCE. Morphine is a Class A controlled drug and is classifed in Schedule II of the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 1985 (see CONTROLLED DRUGS; MEDICINES; MISUSE OF DRUGS).... morphine

Morphoea

A form of circumscribed SCLERODERMA.... morphoea

Mortality Rate

See “death rate”.... mortality rate

Mosaicism

If non-dysjunction occurs after the formation of a ZYGOTE – that is, during a mitotic cell division and not a meiotic cell division (see MITOSIS; MEIOSIS) – some of the cells will have one chromosome constitution and others another. The term mosaicism describes a condition in which a substantial minority of cells in an individual’s body di?er from the majority in their chromosome content. How substantial this minority is will depend upon how early during cleavage the zygote undergoes nondysjunction. Mosaicism can cause disorders such as DOWN’S (DOWN) SYNDROME and TURNER’S SYNDROME. The proportion and type of abnormal cells affect the physical appearance of the affected individual. This may range from normal to the features typical of people with a chromosomal-abnormality syndrome.... mosaicism

Mountain Sickness

See ALTITUDE SICKNESS.... mountain sickness

Mucolytic

The term used to describe the property of destroying, or lessening the tenacity of, MUCUS. It is most commonly used to describe drugs which have this property and are therefore used in the treatment of BRONCHITIS. The inhalation of steam, for example, has a mucolytic action.... mucolytic

Mucosa

A term for MUCOUS MEMBRANE.... mucosa

Mucous Membrane

The general name given to the membrane which lines many of the hollow organs of the body. These membranes vary widely in structure in di?erent sites, but all have the common character of being lubricated by MUCUS – derived in some cases from isolated cells on the surface of the membrane, but more generally from de?nite glands placed beneath the membrane, and opening here and there through it by ducts. The air passages, the gastrointestinal tract and the ducts of glands which open into it, and also the urinary passages, are all lined by mucous membrane.... mucous membrane

Mucoviscidosis

See CYSTIC FIBROSIS.... mucoviscidosis

Mucus

The general name for the slimy secretion derived from mucous membranes. It is mainly composed of a substance called mucin, which varies according to the particular mucous membrane from which it is derived, and it contains other substances, such as cells cast o? from the surface of the membrane, enzymes, and dust particles. Mucin has the following characteristics: it is viscid, clear and tenacious; when dissolved in water it can be precipitated by addition of acetic acid; and when not in solution already, it is dissolved by weak alkalis, such as lime-water.

Under normal conditions the surface of a mucous membrane is lubricated by only a small quantity of mucus; the appearance of large quantities is a sign of in?ammation.... mucus

Multidisciplinary Team

Consists of members of different disciplines, involved in the same task (assessing people, setting goals and making care recommendations) and working along side each other, but functioning independently. Each member undertakes his or her own tasks without explicit regard to the interaction. These teams are traditionally led by the highest ranking team member.... multidisciplinary team

Mullein

Verbascum thapsus. N.O. Scrophulariaceae.

Synonym: Great Mullein, Blanket Herb, or Candle Flower.

Habitat: Flourishes in sandy and gravelly waste ground, and is sometimes noticed under garden cultivation.

Features ? Reaching a height of four feet, the thick, erect, un-branched stem is

heavily coated with hairs. The large, flannel-like leaves are lanceolate-oblong below, the upper ones becoming decurrent, smaller, and more ovate in shape. Characteristic of the plant, leaves narrow at the base into two wings which pass down the stem, this feature enabling the medicinal Mullein to be distinguished from Verbascum nigrum and various other Mulleins. The flowers, which bloom in July and August, are built of five golden-yellow, rounded petals, and are densely packed on a woolly spike some foot or more in length.

Part used ? Leaves and flowers.

Action: Demulcent, pectoral and astringent.

A medicine is made by infusing 1 ounce in 1 pint of boiling water, the usual dose being a wineglassful, taken frequently. This is recommended mainly for chest coughs and certain other pulmonary complaints. Mullein has been considered a pile cure for several hundred years, and is still used for this purpose both internally and as a fomentation.

Culpeper preferred the root to the leaves and flowers, and advised it to be taken in wine. He tells us that this "is commended by Dioscorides against lasks and fluxes of the belly."... mullein

Murmur

The uneven, rustling sound heard by AUSCULTATION over the HEART and various blood vessels in abnormal conditons. For example, murmurs heard when the stethoscope is applied over the heart are highly characteristic of valvular disease of this organ.... murmur

Mushroom Poisoning

See FUNGUS POISONING.... mushroom poisoning

Muscle

Muscular tissue is divided, according to its function, into three main groups: voluntary muscle, involuntary muscle, and skeletal muscle – of which the ?rst is under control of the will, whilst the latter two discharge their functions independently. The term ‘striped muscle’ is often given to voluntary muscle, because under the microscope all the voluntary muscles show a striped appearance, whilst involuntary muscle is, in the main, unstriped or plain. Heart muscle is partially striped, while certain muscles of the throat, and two small muscles inside the ear, not controllable by willpower, are also striped.

Structure of muscle Skeletal or voluntary muscle forms the bulk of the body’s musculature and contains more than 600 such muscles. They are classi?ed according to their methods of action. A ?exor muscle closes a joint, an extensor opens it; an abductor moves a body part outwards, an adductor moves it in; a depressor lowers a body part and an elevator raises it; while a constrictor (sphincter) muscle surrounds an ori?ce, closing and opening it. Each muscle is enclosed in a sheath of ?brous tissue, known as fascia or epimysium, and, from this, partitions of ?brous tissue, known as perimysium, run into the substance of the muscle, dividing it up into small bundles. Each of these bundles consists in turn of a collection of ?bres, which form the units of the muscle. Each ?bre is about 50 micrometres in thickness and ranges in length from a few millimetres to 300 millimetres. If the ?bre is cut across and examined under a high-powered microscope, it is seen to be further divided into ?brils. Each ?bre is enclosed in an elastic sheath of its own, which allows it to lengthen and shorten, and is known as the sarcolemma. Within the sarcolemma lie numerous nuclei belonging to the muscle ?bre, which was originally developed from a simple cell. To the sarcolemma, at either end, is attached a minute bundle of connective-tissue ?bres which unites the muscle ?bre to its neighbours, or to one of the connective-tissue partitions in the muscle, and by means of these connections the ?bre affects muscle contraction. Between the muscle ?bres, and enveloped in a sheath of connective tissue, lie here and there special structures known as muscle-spindles. Each of these contains thin muscle ?bres, numerous nuclei, and the endings of sensory nerves. (See TOUCH.) The heart muscle comprises short ?bres which communicate with their neighbours via short branches and have no sarcolemma.

Plain or unstriped muscle is found in the following positions: the inner and middle coats of the STOMACH and INTESTINE; the ureters (see URETER) and URINARY BLADDER; the TRACHEA and bronchial tubes; the ducts of glands; the GALL-BLADDER; the UTERUS and FALLOPIAN TUBES; the middle coat of the blood and lymph vessels; the iris and ciliary muscle of the EYE; the dartos muscle of the SCROTUM; and in association with the various glands and hairs in the SKIN. The ?bres are very much smaller than those of striped muscle, although they vary greatly in size. Each has one or more oval nuclei and a delicate sheath of sarcolemma enveloping it. The ?bres are grouped in bundles, much as are the striped ?bres, but they adhere to one another by cement material, not by the tendon bundles found in voluntary muscle.

Development of muscle All the muscles of the developing individual arise from the central layer (mesoderm) of the EMBRYO, each ?bre taking origin from a single cell. Later on in life, muscles have the power both of increasing in size – as the result of use, for example, in athletes – and also of healing, after parts of them have been destroyed by injury. An example of the great extent to which unstriped muscle can develop to meet the demands made on it is the uterus, whose muscular wall develops so much during pregnancy that the organ increases from the weight of 30–40 g (1–1••• oz.) to a weight of around 1 kg (2 lb.), decreasing again to its former small size in the course of a month after childbirth.

Physiology of contraction A muscle is an elaborate chemico-physical system for producing heat and mechanical work. The total energy liberated by a contracting muscle can be exactly measured. From 25–30 per cent of the total energy expended is used in mechanical work. The heat of contracting muscle makes an important contribution to the maintenance of the heat of the body. (See also MYOGLOBIN.)

The energy of muscular contraction is derived from a complicated series of chemical reactions. Complex substances are broken down and built up again, supplying each other with energy for this purpose. The ?rst reaction is the breakdown of adenyl-pyrophosphate into phosphoric acid and adenylic acid (derived from nucleic acid); this supplies the immediate energy for contraction. Next phosphocreatine breaks down into creatine and phosphoric acid, giving energy for the resynthesis of adenyl-pyrophosphate. Creatine is a normal nitrogenous constituent of muscle. Then glycogen through the intermediary stage of sugar bound to phosphate breaks down into lactic acid to supply energy for the resynthesis of phosphocreatine. Finally part of the lactic acid is oxidised to supply energy for building up the rest of the lactic acid into glycogen again. If there is not enough oxygen, lactic acid accumulates and fatigue results.

All of the chemical changes are mediated by the action of several enzymes (see ENZYME).

Involuntary muscle has several peculiarities of contraction. In the heart, rhythmicality is an important feature – one beat appearing to be, in a sense, the cause of the next beat. Tonus is a character of all muscle, but particularly of unstriped muscle in some localities, as in the walls of arteries.

Fatigue occurs when a muscle is made to act for some time and is due to the accumulation of waste products, especially sarcolactic acid (see LACTIC ACID). These substances affect the end-plates of the nerve controlling the muscle, and so prevent destructive overaction of the muscle. As they are rapidly swept away by the blood, the muscle, after a rest (and particularly if the rest is accompanied by massage or by gentle contractions to quicken the circulation) recovers rapidly from the fatigue. Muscular activity over the whole body causes prolonged fatigue which is remedied by rest to allow for metabolic balance to be re-established.... muscle

Mutagen

A chemical or physical agent that has the property of increasing the rate of MUTATION among CELLS. A mutagen does not usually increase the range of mutations. Chemicals, ionising radiation, and viruses may act as mutagens.... mutagen

Mutism

See under VOICE AND SPEECH.... mutism

Mutation

A change occurring in the genetic material (DNA) in the CHROMOSOMES of a cell. It is caused by a fault in the replication of a cell’s genetic material when it divides to form two daughter cells. Mutations may occur in somatic cells which may result in a local growth of the new type of cells. These may be destroyed by the body’s defence mechanism or they may develop into a tumour. If mutation occurs in a germ cell or gamete – the organism’s sex cells – the outcome may be a changed inherited characteristic in succeeding generations. Mutations occur rarely, but a small steady number are caused by background radiation in the environment. They are also caused by mutagens (see MUTAGEN). (See also GENETIC DISORDERS.)... mutation

Myasthenia Gravis

A serious disorder in which the chief symptoms are muscular weakness and a special tendency for fatigue to come on rapidly when e?orts are made. The prevalence is around 1 in 30,000. Two-thirds of the patients are women, in whom it develops in early adult life. In men it tends to develop later in life.

It is a classical example of an autoimmune disease (see AUTOIMMUNITY). The body develops ANTIBODIES which interfere with the working of the nerve endings in muscle that are acted on by ACETYLCHOLINE. It is acetylcholine that transmits the nerve impulses to muscles: if this transmission cannot be e?ected, as in myasthenia gravis, then the muscles are unable to contract. Not only the voluntary muscles, but those connected with the acts of swallowing, breathing, and the like, become progressively weaker. Rest and avoidance of undue exertion are necessary, and regular doses of neostigmine bromide, or pyridostigmine, at intervals enable the muscles to be used and in some cases have a curative e?ect. These drugs act by inhibiting the action of cholinesterase – an ENZYME produced in the body which destroys any excess of acetylcholine. In this way they increase the amount of available acetylcholine which compensates for the deleterious e?ect of antibodies on the nerve endings.

The THYMUS GLAND plays the major part in the cause of myasthenia gravis, possibly by being the source of the original acetylcholine receptors to which the antibodies are being formed. Thymectomy (removal of the thymus) is often used in the management of patients with myasthenia gravis. The incidence of remission following thymectomy increases with the number of years after the operation. Complete remission or substantial improvement can be expected in 80 per cent of patients.

The other important aspect in the management of patients with myasthenia gravis is IMMUNOSUPPRESSION. Drugs are now available that suppress antibody production and so reduce the concentration of antibodies to the acetylcholine receptor. The problem is that they not only suppress abnormal antibody production, but also suppress normal antibody production. The main groups of immunosuppressive drugs used in myasthenia gravis are the CORTICOSTEROIDS and AZATHIOPRINE. Improvement following steroids may take several weeks and an initial deterioration is often found during the ?rst week or ten days of treatment. Azathioprine is also e?ective in producing clinical improvement and reducing the antibodies to acetylcholine receptors. These effects occur more slowly than with steroids, and the mean time for an azathioprine remission is nine months.

The Myasthenia Gravis Association, which provides advice and help to sufferers, was created and is supported by myasthenics, their families and friends.... myasthenia gravis

Mycosis

The general term applied to diseases due to the growth of fungi in the body. Among some of the simplest and commonest mycoses are RINGWORM, FAVUS, and thrush (CANDIDA). The MADURA FOOT of India, ACTINOMYCOSIS, and occasional cases of PNEUMONIA and suppurative ear disease are also due to the growth of moulds in the bodily tissues. Other forms of mycosis include ASPERGILLOSIS, candidiasis (see CANDIDA), CRYPTOCOCCOSIS and HISTOPLASMOSIS.... mycosis

Mycosis Fungoides

An old term for a chronic eruption of the skin characterised by erythematous (see ERYTHEMA) itching plaques (raised patches on the skin resulting from the merging or enlargement of papules – see PAPULE), which, if left untreated, eventually form tumours and ulcers. The disease is now known to be a form of cancer of lymphocytes (see LYMPHOCYTE) called T-cell LYMPHOMA. It may be responsive to PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY in its early stages and to RADIOTHERAPY when more advanced.... mycosis fungoides

Myectomy

Removal of all or part of a muscle by surgery. It may be used to correct a SQUINT (caused by unbalanced eye muscles) or to remove a FIBROID from the muscular wall of the UTERUS.... myectomy

Myelin

A substance made up of protein and phospholipid that forms the sheath surrounding the axons of some neurons (see NEURON(E)). These are described as myelinated or medullated nerve ?bres, and electric impulses pass along them faster than along non-myelinated nerves. Myelin is produced by Schwann cells which occur at intervals along the nerve ?bre. (See MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS).)... myelin

Myelitis

Myelitis is in?ammation of the SPINAL CORD.... myelitis

Myelography

The injection of a radio-opaque substance into the central canal of the SPINAL CORD in order to assist in the diagnosis of diseases of the spinal cord or spine using X-ray examination. Because of the high risk of causing damage to the spinal cord (arachnoiditis), it has been largely superceded by MRI.... myelography

Myeloma

See MYELOMATOSIS.... myeloma

Myocardial Infarction

See HEART, DISEASES OF – Coronary thrombosis.... myocardial infarction

Myelomatosis

A MALIGNANT disorder of PLASMA cells, derived from B-lymphocytes (see LYMPHOCYTE). In most patients the BONE MARROW is heavily in?ltrated with atypical, monoclonal plasma cells, which gradually replace the normal cell lines, inducing ANAEMIA, LEUCOPENIA, and THROMBOCYTOPENIA. Bone absorption occurs, producing di?use osteoporosis (see under BONE, DISORDERS OF). In some cases only part of the immunoglobulin molecule is produced by the tumour cells, appearing in the urine as Bence Jones PROTEINURIA.

The disease is rare under the age of 30, frequency increasing with age to peak between 60 and 70 years. There may be a long preclinical phase, sometimes as long as 25 years. When symptoms do occur, they tend to re?ect bone involvement, reduced immune function, renal failure, anaemia or hyperviscosity of the blood. Vertebral collapse is common, with nerve root pressure and reduced stature. The disease is eventually fatal, infection being a common cause of death. Local skeletal problems should be treated with RADIOTHERAPY, and the general disease with CHEMOTHERAPY

– chie?y the ALKYLATING AGENTS melphalan or cyclophosphamide. Red-blood-cell TRANSFUSION is usually required, together with plasmapheresis (see PLASMA EXCHANGE), and orthopaedic surgery may be necessary following fractures.... myelomatosis

Myocardium

The middle, muscular layer of the heart.... myocardium

Myoclonus

A brief, twitching muscular contraction which may involve only a single muscle or many muscles (see MUSCLE). It may be too slight to cause movement of the affected limb, or so violent as to throw the victim to the ?oor. The cause is not known, but in some cases may be a form of EPILEPSY. A single myoclonic jerk in the upper limbs occasionally occurs in minor motor epilepsy (petit mal). The myoclonic jerks which many people experience on falling asleep are a perfectly normal phenomenon.... myoclonus

Myoglobin

The protein which gives MUSCLE its red colour. It has the property of combining loosely and reversibly with OXYGEN; this means that it is the vehicle whereby muscle extracts oxygen from the HAEMOGLOBIN in the blood circulating through it, and then releases the oxygen for use in muscle METABOLISM.... myoglobin

Myoma

The term applied to a TUMOUR, almost invariably of a simple nature, which consists mainly of muscle ?bres (see MUSCLE – Structure of muscle). These muscle tumours often occur in the UTERUS.... myoma

Myomectomy

Removal by surgery of ?broids (see FIBROID) from the muscular wall of the UTERUS.... myomectomy

Myopathy

See under MUSCLES, DISORDERS OF.... myopathy

Myopia

Sort-sightedness (see under EYE, DISORDERS OF – Errors of refraction).... myopia

Myositis

In?ammation of a muscle. (See also MUSCLES, DISORDERS OF – In?ammation (myositis)).... myositis

Myotonia

A condition in which the muscles (see MUSCLE), though possessed of normal power, contract only very slowly. The sti?ness disappears as the muscles are used.... myotonia

Myringitis

Inflation of the tympanic membrane... myringitis

Myringoplasty

The sealing by a surgical tissue-graft of a hole or perforation in the drum (tympanum) which separates the middle and outer sections of the EAR. It is aimed at improving the subject’s hearing (see DEAFNESS); sometimes the operation is done to stop persistent DISCHARGE.... myringoplasty

Myringotomy

An operation to cut open the drum of the EAR to provide drainage for an infection of the middle ear. It is now done mainly in children with persistent glue ear (see under EAR, DISEASES OF – Diseases of the middle ear).... myringotomy

Myrtle

(Latin) Of the sacred evergreen shrub

Myrtilla, Myrtisa, Myrtis, Mertice, Mertis, Mertle, Mirtie, Myrta, Myrtia, Myrtice, Myrtie, Myrtiece, Myrteace, Myrtee... myrtle

Myxoedema

See under THYROID GLAND, DISEASES OF – Hypothyroidism.... myxoedema

Myxoma

A benign TUMOUR comprising gelatinous CONNECTIVE TISSUE, most commonly occurring beneath the SKIN – although the condition may develop in the ABDOMEN, URINARY BLADDER, BONE and, rarely, the HEART. Treatment involves surgery, which is usually successful.... myxoma

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

... nuclear magnetic resonance

Nuclear Medicine

The branch of medicine concerned with the use of radioactive material in the diagnosis, investigation and treatment of disease.... nuclear medicine

Otitis Media

Inflammation, infectious or sterile, of the middle ear. In children this is often complicated by fluid buildup behind the eardrum. This raises the anxiety levels of conscious parents, debating the three-decade-old question, “Antibiotics?”. They may fear the realistic (and unrealistic) effects of the drug, weighed against the anguish of a center-of-attention complaining child and the knee-jerk agitation they feel (particularly the mother...see OXYTOCIN). Then, when three months of antibiotic therapy doesn’t work for some children (and they now show the brand-new signs of having become allergic...”No connection with the antibiotics at all” sez the pediatrician), the parents have descended to another level of Parent Bardo...”Tubes in his ears?!” You can guess my feelings. I am not, however, suggesting ignoring your pediatrician. There are presently strong, if minority, medical currents against these approaches...you may have a Ped. that starts with antibiotics the first day and practically pre-schedules a three-month-away intubation visit...Let Your Fingers Do The Walking (see YELLOW PAGES). Another BabyDoc may not want to use antibiotics UNLESS other measures have failed and there is the extended presence of pus behind the eardrum. Turning away from such conservative an approach can hurt the kid...and is giving the careful physician a session in Negative Reinforcement Therapy. “Antibiotics Ÿber alles!” proclaims a banner in the waiting room next visit, and there may be a case displaying the newest line of Swatch Eartubes.... otitis media

Rhythm Method

A method of CONTRACEPTION which attempts to prevent conception by avoiding intercourse during the fertile part of the menstrual cycle. (See MENSTRUATION; SAFE PERIOD.)... rhythm method

Risk Management

The function of identifying and assessing problems that could occur and bring about losses legally, clinically or financially.... risk management

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

A fever of the typhus group (see TYPHUS FEVER). It received its name from the fact that it was ?rst reported in the Rocky Mountain States of the United States; these are still the most heavily infected areas, but the fever is now found in all parts of the US. The causative organism is Rickettsia rickettsi, which is transmitted to humans by tics.... rocky mountain spotted fever

Tropical Medicine

In simple terms, tropical medicine is the medicine practised in the tropics. It arose as a discipline in the 19th century when physicians responsible for the health of colonists and soldiers from the dominant, European countries were faced with diseases not encountered in temperate climates. With extensive worldwide travel possible today, tropical diseases are now being widely seen in returning travellers and expatriates.... tropical medicine

Tympanic Membrane

The ear-drum, which separates the external and middle ear. (See EAR.)... tympanic membrane

Sports Medicine

The ?eld of medicine concerned with physical ?tness and the diagnosis and treatment of both acute and chronic sports injuries sustained during training and competition. Acute injuries are extremely common in contact sports, and their initial treatment is similar to that of those sustained in other ways, such as falls and road traf?c incidents. Tears of the muscles (see MUSCLES, DISORDERS OF), CONNECTIVE TISSUE and LIGAMENTS which are partial (sprains) are initially treated with rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE) of the affected part. Complete tears (rupture) of ligaments (see diagrams) or muscles, or fractures (see BONE, DISORDERS OF – Bone fractures) require more prolonged immobilisation, often in plaster, or surgical intervention may be considered. The rehabilitation of injured athletes requires special expertise

– an early graded return to activity gives the best long-term results, but doing too much too soon runs the risk of exacerbating the original injury.

Chronic (overuse) injuries affecting the bones (see BONE), tendons (see TENDON) or BURSAE of the JOINTS are common in many sports. Examples include chronic INFLAMMATION of the common extensor tendon where it

attaches to the later EPICONDYLE of the humerus – common in throwers and racquet sportspeople – and stress fractures of the TIBIA or METATARSAL BONES of the foot in runners. After an initial period of rest, management often involves coaching that enables the athlete to perform the repetitive movement in a less injury-susceptible manner.

Exercise physiology is the science of measuring athletic performance and physical ?tness for exercise. This knowledge is applied to devising and supervising training regimens based on scienti?c principles. Physical ?tness depends upon the rate at which the body can deliver oxygen to the muscles, known as the VO2max, which is technically di?cult to measure. The PULSE rate during and after a bout of exercise serves as a good proxy of this measurement.

Regulation of sport Sports medicine’s role is to minimise hazards for participants by, for example, framing rule-changes which forbid collapsing the scrum, which has reduced the risk of neck injury in rugby; and in the detection of the use of drugs taken to enhance athletic performance. Such attempts to gain an edge in competition undermine the sporting ideal and are banned by leading sports regulatory bodies. The Olympic Movement Anti-Doping Code lists prohibited substances and methods that could be used to enhance performance. These include some prohibited in certain circumstances as well as those completely banned. The latter include:

stimulants such as AMPHETAMINES, bromantan, ca?eine, carphedon, COCAINE, EPHEDRINE and certain beta-2 agonists.

NARCOTICS such as DIAMORPHINE (heroin), MORPHINE, METHADONE HYDROCHLORIDE and PETHIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE.

ANABOLIC STEROIDS such as methandione, NANDROLONE, stanazol, TESTOSTERONE, clenbuterol, androstenedone and certain beta-2 agonists.

peptide HORMONES, mimetics and analogues such as GROWTH HORMONE, CORTICOTROPHIN, CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIC HORMONE, pituitary and synthetic GONADOTROPHINS, ERYTHROPOIETIN and INSULIN. (The list produced above is not comprehen

sive: full details are available from the governing bodies of relevant sports.) Among banned methods are blood doping (pre-competition administration of an athlete’s own previously provided and stored blood), administration of arti?cial oxygen carriers or plasma expanders. Also forbidden is any pharmacological, chemical or physical manipulation to affect the results of authorised testing.

Drug use can be detected by analysis of the URINE, but testing only at the time of competition is unlikely to detect drug use designed to enhance early-season training; hence random testing of competitive athletes is also used.

The increasing professionalism and competitiveness (among amateurs and juveniles as well as professionals) in sports sometimes results in pressures on participants to get ?t quickly after injury or illness. This can lead to

players returning to their activity before they are properly ?t – sometimes by using physical or pharmaceutical aids. This practice can adversely affect their long-term physical capabilities and perhaps their general health.... sports medicine

Test Meal

(1) The name given to a gastric-function test, involving injection of HISTAMINE – a powerful stimulator of gastric juice, or pentagastin. After the stimulant has been injected, the digestive juices are withdrawn through a stomach tube (inserted through the nose and throat) and their volume and chemistry measured. A similar test is used to assess the working of the PANCREAS.

(2) The second meaning (also called test feed) applies to a diagnostic procedure for congenital PYLORIC STENOSIS, whereby a paediatrician feels over the baby’s abdomen while he or she is feeding. The pyloric mass can be felt as a ?rm swelling with the consistency of a squash ball, which comes and goes under the examiner’s ?ngers.... test meal

Marfan’s Syndrome

A collagen disease in infants (hereditary) with lax joints permitting easy dislocation and strain.

Features: long fingers and arm span, high palate, kyphosis, etc.

Symptoms. Backache, pain in joints, dislocations.

Alternatives. Alfalfa, Fenugreek, Irish Moss, Kelp, Horsetail, Marshmallow, Bamboo gum.

Teas. Alfalfa, Comfrey leaves, Horsetail, Plantain, Silverweed. Any one: 1 heaped teaspoon to each cup boiling water; infuse 10-15 minutes. 1 cup thrice daily.

Decoction. Fenugreek seeds 2; Horsetail 1; Bladderwrack 1; Liquorice half. Prepare: 3 heaped teaspoons to 1 pint (500ml) water gently simmered 10 to 20 minutes. 1 wineglass thrice daily. Fenugreek seeds decoction.

Diet. High protein, oily fish.

Supplements. Calcium, Dolomite, Zinc. ... marfan’s syndrome

Mastoiditis

An infection of the mastoid bone behind the ear, with possible destruction of bone. Usually due to extension of infection (streptococcal, etc) from the middle ear (otitis media) when that condition is wrongfully or neglectfully treated.

Symptoms: Mastoid bone behind the ear is tender to touch. Feverishness, red flush over mastoid area, deafness with throbbing earache, malaise, heavy discharge from the ear through perforated eardrum. Diagnostic sign: pinna (external ear) is displaced.

Treatment. Indicated: anti-microbials, anti-bacterials, alteratives with nervines as supportives. Yarrow tea.

Decoction. Combine: Echinacea 3; Wild Indigo 2; Poke root 1. 1 teaspoon to each cup water gently simmered 20 minutes. Half-1 cup every 2 hours with pinch of Cayenne.

Formula. Echinacea 2; Wild Indigo 1; Pulsatilla 1; few grains of Cayenne or Tincture Capsicum drops. Dose: Liquid Extracts: 30-60 drops (2-4ml). Tinctures: 4-8ml. Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one- third teaspoon). Every 2 hours according to age. Children under 5 years – one-quarter dosage; under 12 years – half dosage.

Vitamin C. Copious fluids: fruit juices. Yarrow tea.

Topical. Goldenseal Ear Drops. Oil of Mullein, Sage or Lavender. Gentle massage with Tea Tree oil or Rosemary oil around the mastoid bone and in front of the ear 3/4 times daily.

Treatment by or in liaison with a general medical practitioner. ... mastoiditis

Meniere’s Disease

Inner ear disorder. Constriction of cerebral blood vessels (vasospasm) increases pressure of fluids in the balancing mechanism. Ages 40-60; more in men.

Etiology. Obscure; though cases may be traced to auto-toxaemia, Vitamin B deficiency, menstruation, malaria drugs (chloroquine).

Symptoms: dizziness, nausea, vomiting, tinnitus, sound distortions, heavy sweating, loss of hearing; usually in one ear only. Early diagnosis essential for effective treatment. This may mean reference to a department of otolaryngology or otoneurology.

Treatment. Antispasmodics. Nervines. Sometimes a timely diuretic reduces severity – Uva Ursi, Dandelion root, Wild Carrot.

Alternatives. Current European practice: Betony, German Chamomile, Passion flower, Hawthorn, Hops, Feverfew, White Willow.

Tea. Combine, equal parts: Valerian, Wild Carrot, Agrimony. 2 teaspoons to each cup boiling water; infuse 15 minutes. Half-1 cup every 2 hours during attack; thrice daily thereafter.

Decoction. Mistletoe: 2 teaspoons to each cup cold water steeped overnight. Bring to boil. Allow to cool. Half-1 cup, as above.

Tablets/capsules. Feverfew, Mistletoe, Prickly Ash.

Formula. Ginkgo 2; Dandelion 1; Black Cohosh 1. Dose: Liquid Extracts: 1 teaspoon. Tinctures: 2 teaspoons. Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon). Thrice daily.

Feverfew tincture. See: FEVERFEW.

Dr J. Christopher: inject into ears, at night, few drops oil of Garlic (or contents of Garlic capsule).

Cider vinegar. 2 teaspoons to glass water: as desired.

Aromatherapy. Inhalants: Eucalyptus or Rosemary oils.

Diet: gluten-free, low salt; good responses observed. High fibre. Avoid dairy products and chocolate. Vitamins: B-complex, B1; B2; B6; E; F. Brewer’s yeast, Niacin.

Minerals: Calcium. Magnesium. Phosphorus. Dolomite. ... meniere’s disease

Motion Sickness

Nausea and vomiting caused by lack of air and restricted vision upsetting the balance of the inner ear.

Cup of Chamomile, Balm, or Meadowsweet tea. Liquorice helpful, but most popular is Ginger taken in the form of Ginger wine, or powdered root (quarter to half a teaspoon). Chrystalised Ginger from sweetshop is one of the safest and cheapest: 2-3 pieces sucked or chewed half hour before journey and at intervals thereafter.

Avoid tobacco which reduces oxygen count. Potter’s Ginger root capsules.

Peppermint. Before travelling, glass water with 2 drops.

Aromatherapy. Inhalant. 2-3 drops Peppermint oil on tissue.

Diet. No alcohol or fatty foods. Accept Papaya fruit, Lemons or Lemon juice, Honey, Acidophilus. Supplements. Alternatives to the above. Seven days before journey: B-complex, magnesium 200mg, calcium 400mg. ... motion sickness

Bitter Melon

See Cundeamor.... bitter melon

Bone Marrow

Bone marrow is the soft substance occupying the interior of bones. It is the site of formation of ERYTHROCYTES, granular LEUCOCYTES and PLATELETS.... bone marrow

Cardiac Muscle

The muscle, unique to the heart, which comprises the walls of the atria and ventricles. It consists of long broadening cells (?bres) with special physiological characteristics which enable them to keep contracting and expanding inde?nitely.... cardiac muscle

Carneous Mole

An ovum which has died in the early months of pregnancy. It usually requires no treatment and evacuates itself.... carneous mole

Club Moss

Protection, Power... club moss

Community Medicine

The study of health and disease in the population of a defined community or group and the practice of medicine concerned with groups or populations rather than individual patients.... community medicine

Bone Marrow Transplant

The procedure by which malignant or defective bone marrow in a patient is replaced with normal bone marrow. Sometimes the patient’s own marrow is used (when the disease is in remission); after storage using tissue-freezing technique (cryopreservation) it is reinfused into the patient once the diseased marrow has been treated (autologous transplant). More commonly, a transplant uses marrow from a donor whose tissue has been matched for compatibility. The recipient’s marrow is destroyed with CYTOTOXIC drugs before transfusion. The recipient is initially nursed in an isolated environment to reduce the risk of infection.

Disorders that can be helped or even cured include certain types of LEUKAEMIA and many inherited disorders of the immune system (see IMMUNITY).... bone marrow transplant

Burr Marigold

Bidens tripartite. N.O. Compositae.

Synonym: Water Agrimony.

Habitat: Ditches, by waterways, and in wet places generally; also cultivated in gardens.

Features ? Erect, smooth, angular, brown-spotted stem, two to three feet high. Leaves opposite, stalked, smooth, serrate, usually in three or five segments. Flowers (July to September) in terminal heads, small, tawny. Numerous seeds, four-cornered, reflexed prickles. Root tapering, many-fibred.

Part used ? Whole plant.

Action: Astringent, diuretic, diaphoretic.

Dropsy, gout and bleeding of the urinary and respiratory organs, as well as uterine hemorrhage. 1 ounce to 1 pint infusion, in wineglass doses, three or four times daily. Ginger is usually added to this herb. Hool recommends 2 ounces Burr Marigold to 1 of crushed Ginger in 3 pints of water simmered down to 1 quart, given in the above quantity five times daily, or oftener if necessary.... burr marigold

Dreams

See SLEEP.... dreams

Dura Mater

The outermost and strongest of the three membranes or meninges which envelop the brain and spinal cord. In it run vessels which nourish the inner surface of the skull. (See BRAIN.)... dura mater

Dystrophia Myotonica

A type of muscular dystrophy (see MUSCLES, DISORDERS OF) in which the affected person has weakness and wasting of the muscles, particularly those in the face and neck. Other effects are CATARACT, ptosis (see EYE, DISORDERS OF), baldness and malfunctioning of the endocrine system (see ENDOCRINE GLANDS). Both sexes may be affected by this inherited disorder.... dystrophia myotonica

Electron Microscope

See MICROSCOPE.... electron microscope

Cardiac Massage

The procedure used to restart the action of the heart if it is suddenly arrested. In many cases the arrested heart can be made to start beating again by rhythmic compression of the chest wall. This is done by placing the patient on a hard surface – a table or the ?oor – and then placing the heel of the hand over the lower part of the sternum and compressing the chest wall ?rmly, but not too forcibly, at the rate of 60–80 times a minute. At the same time arti?cial respiration must be started by the mouth-tomouth method. (See APPENDIX 1: BASIC FIRST AID.) Open heart massage is sometimes undertaken if an arrest occurs during a chest operation – the heart being directly handled by the resuscitator.... cardiac massage

Environmental Medicine

The study of the consequences for people’s health of the natural environment. This includes the effects of climate, geography, sunlight and natural vegetation.... environmental medicine

Fringe Medicine

See COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE (CAM).... fringe medicine

Genito-urinary Medicine

The branch of medicine that deals with the effects of SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STDS) on the URINARY TRACT, REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM and other systems in the body. The specialty overlaps with GYNAECOLOGY (women’s urinary and reproductive systems) and UROLOGY (men’s urinary and reproductive system).... genito-urinary medicine

Geriatric Medicine

The branch of medicine specializing in the health and illnesses of old age and the appropriate care and services.... geriatric medicine

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

An X-linked recessive disorder (that is, the abnormal gene is carried on the X chromosome). This means that the disease occurs almost exclusively in males, as its presence in a female is counteracted by the normal gene likely to be in her other X chromosome. The disorder is characterised by progressive muscular weakness and wasting. It is the most common form of muscular dystrophy, ocurring in 30 per 100,000 live male births, often – but not always – in families with other members having the disorder.

The disease usually appears within the ?rst three years of life, beginning in the pelvic girdle and lower limbs and later spreading to the shoulder girdle. The calf muscles become bulky (pseudohypertrophy). The weakness gives rise to a characteristic waddling gait and, when rising from the supine position, the child rolls on to his face and then uses his arms to push himself up. Death usually occurs by the middle of the second decade from respiratory infections. Prenatal screening of female carriers using gene probes is increasingly available. (See DYSTROPHY; MUSCLES, DISORDERS OF – Myopathy.)... duchenne muscular dystrophy

Internal Medicine

Generally, that branch of medicine concerned with diseases that do not require surgery, specifically the study and treatment of internal organs and body systems; it encompasses many subspecialties.... internal medicine

Involuntary Muscle

Muscle that does not operate under a person’s conscious control. Involuntary muscle – also called smooth muscle, because the cells do not contain the striations that occur in VOLUNTARY MUSCLE – is found in blood vessels, the heart, stomach, and intestines. (See PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM.)... involuntary muscle

Irish Moss

Money, Luck, Protection... irish moss

Heart-lung Machine

A device that temporarily takes over the function of the heart and lungs. It is used in certain operations in the chest, giving the surgeon more time for operations such as open-heart surgery, heart transplants and heart-lung transplants. The machine also ensures an operating area largely free of blood, which helps the surgeon to work more quickly. A pump replaces the heart and an oxygenator replaces the lungs. When connected up, the machine in e?ect bypasses normal cardiopulmonary activity. It also contains a heat exchanger to warm or cool the patient’s blood according to the requirements of the operation. The patient is given an anticoagulant (HEPARIN) to counteract clotting which may occur when blood cells get damaged during the machine’s use. Patients are on the machine for a few hours only, because blood supply to vital organs begins to be reduced.... heart-lung machine

Mace

Psychic Powers, Mental Powers... mace

Hyaline Membrane Disease

A form of ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS) found in premature infants and some of those born by CAESAREAN SECTION, characterised by the onset of di?culty in breathing a few hours after birth. Most require extra oxygen and many need mechanical ventilation for a few days or even weeks. Recovery is the rule, although the most severely affected may die or suffer damage from oxygen lack. In this condition the ALVEOLITIS and the ?ner BRONCHIOLES of the lungs are lined with a dense membrane. The cause of the condition is a de?ciency of SURFACTANT in the lung passages which adversely affects gas exchanges in the alveoli.

Treatment includes the full gamut of neonatal intensive care, as well as speci?c therapy with PULMONARY SURFACTANT.... hyaline membrane disease

Macrocyte

Macrocyte is an unusually large red blood cell (see ERYTHROCYTES) especially characteristic of the blood in PERNICIOUS ANAEMIA.... macrocyte

Macrocytosis

This condition is particularly associated with PERNICIOUS ANAEMIA but can also be caused by a number of other things, such as alcohol, pregnancy, myxoedema (see THYROID GLAND, DISEASES OF – Hypothyroidism) and MYELOMATOSIS, and also by vitamin B12 de?ciency: this occurs sometimes in vegans (see VEGANISM) as well as in patients with CROHN’S DISEASE.... macrocytosis

Macropsia

Condition in which objects appear larger than normal. It can be due to disease of the MACULA

– see also EYE.... macropsia

Maculopapular

A skin rash that is made up of macules (discoloration of the skin) and papules (raised abnormalities of the skin).... maculopapular

Madura Foot

Tropical infection of the foot by deeply invasive fungi which cause chronic swelling and suppuration with multiple discharging sinuses. Antibiotics are of limited value and advanced disease may require amputation of the affected foot.... madura foot

Magnolia

(French) Resembling the flowering tree

Magnoliya, Magnoliah, Magnolea, Magnoleah, Magnoliyah, Magnolya, Magnolyah... magnolia

Maguey

Agave, tequila plant (Agave species).

Plant Part Used: Leaf, husk/bark, root.

Dominican Medicinal Uses: Leaf: tea, orally, for stomach ache, ulcers; fresh juice added to mixture for asthma, lung infection; applied externally for headache, sprains and muscle strain; alcohol tincture for sexually transmitted infections; decoction, douche for vaginal infection. Bark/husk: decoction, orally for arthritis, joint pain and to cleanse the blood; multi-herb internal mixture for cysts, fibroids, tumors.

Safety: Little data on toxicity; contact dermatitis reported due to oxalate crystals in leaves.

Contraindications: Pregnancy.

Laboratory & Preclinical Data: In vivo: anti-inflammatory (plant extract).

In vitro: inhibition of cell division and capillary permeability (plant extracts and constituents).

* See entry for Maguey in “Part 3: Dominican Medicinal Plant Profiles” of this book for more information, including references.... maguey

Malabsorption Syndrome

This term includes a multiplicity of diseases, all of which are characterised by faulty absorption from the INTESTINE of essential foodstu?s such as fat, vitamins and mineral salts. Among the conditions in this syndrome are COELIAC DISEASE, SPRUE, CYSTIC FIBROSIS and pancreatitis (see PANCREAS, DISORDERS OF). Surgical removal of the small intestine also causes the syndrome. Symptoms include ANAEMIA, diarrhoea, OEDEMA, vitamin de?ciencies, weight loss and, in severe cases, MALNUTRITION.... malabsorption syndrome

Male Fern

Luck, Love... male fern

Malignant Hypertension

Malignant hypertension has nothing to do with cancer; it derives its name from the fact that, if untreated, it runs a rapidly fatal course. (See HYPERTENSION.)... malignant hypertension

Malleolus

Name of either of the two bony prominences at the ANKLE.... malleolus

Managed Care

A health care delivery system which entails interventions to control the price, volume, delivery site and intensity of health services provided, the goal of which is to maximize the value of health benefits and the coordination of health care management for a covered population.... managed care

Mandrake, American

Podophyllum peltatum. N.O. Berberidaceae.

Synonym: May Apple, Racoonberry, Wild Lemon.

Habitat: A common plant in the United States and Canada, the root is imported into this country in large quantities for medicinal purposes.

Features ? The rhizome (as the part used should more strictly be termed) is reddish- brown in colour, fairly smooth, and has knotty joints at distances of about two inches. The fracture shows whitish and mealy.

American Mandrake is an entirely different plant from White Bryony or English Mandrake, dealt with elsewhere. Preparations of the rhizome of the American Mandrake are found in practice to be much more effective than those of the resin. This is one of the many confirmations of one of the basic postulates of herbal medicine—the nearer we can get to natural conditions the better the results. Therapeutic principles are never the same when taken from their proper environment.

Podophyllum is a very valuable hepatic, and a thorough but slow-acting purgative. Correctly compounded with other herbs it is wonderfully effective in congested conditions of the liver, and has a salutary influence on other parts of the system, the glands in particular being helped to normal functioning. Although apparently unrecognised in Coffin's day, the modern natural healer highly appreciates the virtues of this medicine and has many uses for it.

As American Mandrake is so powerful in certain of its actions, and needs such skillful combination with other herbs, it should not be used by the public without the advice of one experienced in prescribing it to

individual needs.... mandrake, american

Manic Depression

Manic depression, or CYCLOTHYMIA, is a form of MENTAL ILLNESS characterised by alternate attacks of mania and depression.... manic depression

Manometer

An instrument for measuring the pressure or tension of liquids or gases. (See BLOOD PRESSURE.)... manometer

Marginal Benefit

The additional benefit (e.g. in units of health outcome) produced by an additional resource use (e.g. another health care intervention).... marginal benefit

Marjoram

Protection, Love, Happiness, Health, Money, Healing... marjoram

Marriage Guidance

See RELATE MARRIAGE GUIDANCE.... marriage guidance

Marrow

See BONE MARROW.... marrow

Marshmallow

Althea officinalis. N.O. Malvaceae.

Synonym: Guimauve, Mallards, Schloss Tea.

Habitat: Marshes near the sea.

Features ? This erect plant grows to a height of three feet, and is distinguishable from the Common Mallow by the velvety down covering the stem and leaves. Stems are round, the soft leaves being five-lobed below and three-lobed above. The pinkish- blue flowers appear in luxuriant axillar panicles between July and September. Roots are thick and fleshy, resembling those of the parsnip, and greyish-white outside, white and fibrous internally. The taste is mucilaginous and unpleasant, with only a very slight odour. The roots should be stored in a very dry place, or a yellowish matter of disagreeable smell will form.

Part used ? Root and leaves.

Action: The root is preferred, as the demulcent, emollient, diuretic and expectorant properties are present here in greater strength.

Marshmallow, usually in combination with other remedies, is taken

internally for coughs, colds and bronchitis. Its diuretic and emollient qualities adapt it to urinary complaints and, as there is no astringent action (indeed, there appears to be some relaxing effect) it is particularly suitable in the treatment of nephritis, cystitis and gravel.

The powdered or crushed fresh roots make a first-rate poultice, and the leaves also are used as a fomentation in inflammation. The addition of Slippery Elm powder improves the poultice, and the two remedies are frequently made up into an ointment for skin diseases, boils and ulcers.

The leaves are taken as an infusion of 1 ounce to 1 pint of boiling water frequently, in wineglass doses.

Culpeper relates a personal story about this herb:

"You may remember that not long since there was a raging disease called the bloody flux ; the College of Physicians not knowing what to make of it, called it The Plague in the Guts, for their wits were at ne plus ultra about it. My son was taken with the same disease ; myself being in the country, was sent for ; the only thing I gave him was Mallow bruised and boiled both in milk and drink ; in two days it cured him, and I have here to shew my thankfulness to God in communicating it to his creatures, leaving it to posterity."... marshmallow

Masochism

A condition in which a person gets pleasure from physical or emotional pain in?icted by others or themselves. The term is often used in the context of achieving sexual excitement through in?icted pain. Masochism may be a conscious or subconscious activity.... masochism

Masseter

An important muscle of MASTICATION that extends from the zygomatic arch in the cheek to the mandible or jawbone. It acts by closing the jaw.... masseter

Mast Cells

These are a group of cells that line the capillaries of tissues that come in contact with the outside, like skin, sinuses, and lung mucosa. They, like their first cousin basophils, are produced in the red bone marrow and migrate to the appropriate tissues, where they stay. They bind IgE, supply the histamine and heparin response that gives you a healing inflammation, and cause allergies.... mast cells

Mastic

Psychic Powers, Manifestations, Lust ... mastic

Mastoid Process

The large process of the temporal bone of the SKULL which can be felt immediately behind the ear. It contains numerous cavities, one of which – the mastoid antrum – communicates with the middle ear, and is liable to suppurate when the middle ear is diseased. (See under EAR, DISEASES OF.)... mastoid process

Matrix

The intercellular substance of a tissue. It forms the primary mass in some cartilage, bones, and the lens of the eye...where living cells are so separated they communicate with e-mail.... matrix

Meals On Wheels

A service which provides nutritious meals at a nominal fee to people in their homes who are homebound and/or disabled or would otherwise be unable to maintain their dietary needs.... meals on wheels

Meat

See PROTEIN.... meat

Media

The middle layer of an organ or tissue, but more usually applied to the wall of an artery or vein, where the media comprises layers of elastic and smooth muscle ?bres.... media

Medicaid

A joint state and federal health insurance scheme in the United States that provides cover for poorer people in the population.... medicaid

Medical Record

A file kept for each patient, maintained by the hospital (medical practitioners also maintain medical records in their own practices), which documents the patient’s problems, diagnostic procedures, treatment and outcome. Related documents, such as written consent for surgery and other procedures, are also included in the record. In addition to facts about a patient’s illness, medical records nearly always contain other information such as clinical, demographic, sociocultural, sociological, economic, administrative and behavioural data. The record may be on paper or computerized.... medical record

Medicare

A health insurance scheme in the United States, managed by the federal government, that provides cover for Americans over the age of 65 who have certain disabilities.... medicare

Medicated

Description of a substance that contains a medicinal drug, commonly applied to items such as sweets and soaps.... medicated

Medical Negligence

Under the strict legal de?nition, negligence must involve proving a clearly established duty of care which has been breached in a way that has resulted in injury or harm to the recipient of care. There does not need to be any malicious intention. Whether or not a particular injury can be attributed to medical negligence, or must simply be accepted as a reasonable risk of the particular treatment, depends upon an assessment of whether the doctor has fallen below the standard expected of practitioners in the particular specialty. A defence to such a claim is that a respected body of practitioners would have acted in the same way (even though the majority might not) and in doing so would have acted logically.... medical negligence

Medical Research Council

A statutory body in the United Kingdom that promotes the balanced development of medical and related biological research and aims to advance knowledge that will lead to improved health care. It employs its own research sta? in more than 40 research establishments. These include the National Institute for Medical Research, the Laboratory of Molecular Biology, and the Clinical Sciences Centre. Grants are provided so that individual scientists can do research which complements the research activities of hospitals and universities. There are several medical charities and foundations – for example, the Imperial Cancer Research Fund, the British Heart Foundation, the Nu?eld Laboratories and the Wellcome Trust which fund and foster medical research.... medical research council

Medusa

The adult, recognisable stage of a free-swimming jellyfish.... medusa

Meibomian Glands

Numerous glands within the tarsal plates of the eyelids. Their secretions form part of the tears. (See EYE.)... meibomian glands

Melilot

Melilotus officinalis. N.O. Leguminosae.

Synonym: King's Clover.

Habitat: Waste places.

Features ? Stem erect, two or three feet high. Leaves in threes, ovate-truncate, serrate, two horns at base of leaf stalk. Flowers small, yellow, in one-sided clusters. Hay-like taste and scent.

Part used ? Herb.

Action: Carminative, emollient.

The 1 ounce to 1 pint infusion in wineglass doses as needed, to relieve flatulence. Sometimes used in fomentations and poultices.... melilot

Melioidosis

An infectious disease caused by a soil bacterium, Burkholderia pseudomallei, seen in many areas of the tropics and is particularly prevalent during the wet season. The illness may present in a number of ways including life threatening acute septicaemia as well as pneumonia and chronic suppuration, which has a lower mortality.... melioidosis

Melissa

(Greek) Resembling a honeybee; in mythology, a nymph Malissa, Mallissa, Mel, Melesa, Melessa, Melisa, Melise, Melisse, Melitta, Meliza, Mellie, Mellisa, Melly, Melosa, Milisa... melissa

Memory

The capacity to remember. It is a complex process and probably occurs in many areas of the BRAIN including the LIMBIC SYSTEM and the temporal lobes. There are three main steps: registration, storage, and recall.

During registration, information from the sense organs and the cerebral cortex is put into codes for storage in the short-term memory system. The codes are usually acoustic (based on the sounds and words that would be used to describe the information) but may use any of the ?ve senses. This system can take only a few chunks of information at a time: for example, only about seven longish numbers can be retained and recalled at once – the next new number displaces an earlier one that is then forgotten. And if a subject is asked to describe a person just met, he or she will recall only seven or so facts about that person. This depends on attention span and can be improved by concentration and rehearsal – for example, by reciting the list of things that must be remembered.

Material needing storage for several minutes stays in the short-term memory. More valuable information goes to the long-term memory where it can be kept for any period from a few minutes to a lifetime. Storage is more reliable if the information is in meaningful codes – it is much easier to remember people’s names if their faces and personalities are memorable too. Using techniques such as mnemonics takes this into account.

The ?nal stage is retrieval. Recognising and recalling the required information involves searching the memory. In the short-term memory, this takes about 40-thousandths of a second per item – a rate that is surprisingly consistent, even in people with disorders such as SCHIZOPHRENIA.

Most kinds of forgetting or AMNESIA occur during retrieval. Benign forgetfulness is usually caused by interference from similar items because the required information was not clearly coded and well organised. Retrieval can be improved by recreating the context in which the information was registered. This is why the police reconstruct scenes of crimes, and why revision for exams is more e?ective if facts are learnt in the form of answers to mock questions.

Loss of memory or amnesia mainly affects long-term memory (information which is stored inde?nitely) rather than short-term memory which is measured in minutes. Short-term memory may, however, be affected by unconsciousness caused by trauma. Drivers involved in an accident may be unable to recall the event or the period leading up to it. The cause of amnesia is disease of or damage to the parts of the brain responsible for memory. Degenerative disorders such as ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE, brain tumours, infections (for example, ENCEPHALITIS), STROKE, SUBARACHNOID HAEMORRHAGE and alcoholism all cause memory loss. Some psychiatric illnesses feature loss of memory and AGEING is usually accompanied by some memory loss, although the age of onset and severity vary greatly.... memory

Mendelism

The term applied to a law enunciated by G. J. Mendel that the o?spring is not intermediate in type between its parents, but that the type of one or other parent is predominant. Characteristics are classed as either dominant or recessive. The o?spring of the ?rst generation tend to inherit the dominant characteristics, whilst the recessive characteristics remain latent and appear in some of the o?spring of the second generation. If individuals possessing recessive characters unite, recessive characters then become dominant characters in succeeding generations. (See GENETICS.)... mendelism

Mendelson Syndrome

Inhalation of regurgitated stomach contents, usually as a complication of general ANAESTHESIA. It may cause death from ANOXIA or result in extensive lung damage.... mendelson syndrome

Meningism

A condition with symptoms and signs closely resembling those of MENINGITIS. Most commonly occurring in children, it is usually a symptom of chest infection or of in?ammation in the upper respiratory tract. Given the serious implications of meningitis, medical advice should be sought. Examination of the CEREBROSPINAL FLUID may be necessary: in meningism the ?uid is normal.... meningism

Mental Impairment

A disorder characterized by the display of an intellectual defect, as manifested by diminished cognitive, interpersonal, social and vocational effectiveness and quantitatively evaluated by psychological examination and assessment.... mental impairment

Meningoencephalitis

Meningoencephalitis is the term applied to infection of the membranes, or MENINGES, of the brain and the underlying brain matter. In practically all cases of MENINGITIS there is some involvement of the underlying brain, and it is when this involvement is considerable that the term, meningoencephalitis, is used. One form that has attracted attention in recent years is that caused by amoebae (see AMOEBA), particularly that known as Naegleria fowleri, in which the infection is acquired through bathing in contaminated water. E?ective chlorination of swimming baths kills this micro-organism.... meningoencephalitis

Mercury Poisoning

The toxic effect of mercury has been known since days of the medieval alchemists. Charles II presented all the symptoms we now recognise as mercurial poisoning, presumably the result of medication received over many years. Its symptoms simulate multiple sclerosis, when chronic. They are: constant fatigue, pins and needles in the limbs, resting tremor, nausea, dizziness, ataxia, pains in the bones and joints, drooling (excessive salivation), blue line along the gums. In children they may include all kinds of vague aches and pains, chorea, hyperthyroidism and facial neuralgia. Weakness, walking difficulties, metallic taste in the mouth, thirst, mental deterioration. It is now known to cause a number of serious nerve dystrophies.

Mercury has an affinity for the central nervous system. Soon it concentrates in the kidney causing tubular damage. A common cause is the mercurial content (50 per cent) in the amalgam fillings in teeth which, under certain conditions, release a vapour. Fortunately, its use in dentistry is being superceded by an alternative composite filling.

A common cause of poisoning was demonstrated in 1972 when 6,000 people became seriously ill (600 died) from eating bread made from grain treated with a fungicide containing methylmercury. For every fungus in grain there is a mercuric compound to destroy it. The seed of all cereal grain is thus treated to protect its power of germination.

Those who are hypersensitive to the metal should as far as possible avoid button cells used in tape recorders, cassette players, watch and camera mechanisms. As the mercury cells corrode, the metal enters the environment and an unknown fraction is converted by micro organisms to alkylmercury compounds which seep into ground waters and eventually are borne to the sea. When cells are incinerated, the mercury volatilises and enters the atmosphere. (Pharmaceutical Journal, July 28/1984)

Mercury poisoning from inhalation of mercury fumes goes directly to the brain and pituitary gland. Autopsies carried out on dentists reveal high concentrations of mercury in the pituitary gland. (The Lancet, 5-27-89,1207 (letter))

Treatment. For years the common antidote was sulphur, and maybe not without reason. When brought into contact sulphur and mercury form an insoluble compound enabling the mercury to be more easily eliminated from the body. Sulphur can be provided by eggs or Garlic.

Old-time backwoods physicians of the North American Medical School used Asafoetida, Guaiacum and Echinacea. German pharmacists once used Bugleweed and Yellow Dock. Dr J. Clarke, USA physician recommends Sarsaparilla to facilitate breakdown and expulsion from the body.

Reconstructed formula. Echinacea 2; Sarsaparilla 1; Guaiacum quarter; Asafoetida quarter; Liquorice quarter. Dose: Liquid Extracts: 1 teaspoon. Tinctures: 2 teaspoons. Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon). Thrice daily.

Chelation therapy.

Formula. Tinctures. Skullcap 2-15 drops; Pleurisy root 20-45 drops; Horehound 5-40 drops. Mercurial salivation. Thrice daily. (Indian Herbology of North America, by Alma Hutchens) Dental fillings: replace amalgam with safe alternative – ceramic, etc. Evidence of a link between tooth fillings containing mercury and ME has caused the use of dental amalgam to be banned in Sweden. ... mercury poisoning

Meralgia Paraesthetica

A condition characterised by pain and PARAESTHESIA on the front and outer aspect of the thigh. It is more common in men than in women, and the victims are usually middle-aged, overweight and out of condition. It is due to compression of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh, and exacerbated by an uncomfortable driving position when motoring long distances. Reduction in weight, improvement in general ?tness and correction of faulty posture usually bring relief. If these fail, surgical decompression of the nerve may help.... meralgia paraesthetica

Mesa

(Spanish) From the flat-topped hill

Mesah, Messa, Messah... mesa

Mesencephalon

The small section of brain stem – excluding the pons and medulla – linking the hindbrain to the forebrain. (See BRAIN.)... mesencephalon

Mesmerism

See HYPNOTISM.... mesmerism

Mesocolon

The double fold of PERITONEUM by which the large INTESTINE is suspended from the back wall of the abdomen.... mesocolon

Mesoderm

The middle layer of the three germ layers of the EMBRYO during its early development. It develops into cartilage, bone, blood, muscle, kidneys, testes and connective tissue.... mesoderm

Metabolites

A by-product, waste product, or endotoxin produced as the result of metabolism, both normal and defensive.... metabolites

Metamyelocyte

An immature granulocyte (white blood cell) usually found in the bone marrow’s blood-making tissue. It can, however, appear in the blood in a range of diseases, including infection.... metamyelocyte

Metaphysis

The extremity of a long bone where it joins the epiphysis (see BONE – Growth of bones).... metaphysis

Metatarsus

Metatarsus is the group name of the ?ve metatarsal bones in the foot. Metatarsus varus is the condition characterised by deviation of the forefoot towards the other foot. It is a common condition in newborn babes and almost always corrects itself spontaneously. Only in the rare cases in which it is due to some deformity of the bones or muscles of the foot is any treatment required.... metatarsus

Metabolic Disorders

A collection of disorders in which some part of the body’s internal chemistry (see METABOLISM; CATABOLISM) is disrupted. Some of these disorders arise from inherited de?ciencies in which a speci?c ENZYME is absent or abnormal, or does not function properly. Other metabolic disorders occur because of malfunctions in the endocrine system (see ENDOCRINE GLANDS). There may be over- or underproduction of a hormone involved in the control of metabolic activities: a prime example is DIABETES MELLITUS – a disorder of sugar metabolism; others include CUSHING’S SYNDROME; hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism (see THYROID GLAND, DISEASES OF); and insulinoma (an insulin-producing tumour of the pancreas). The bones can be affected by metabolic disorders such as osteoporosis, osteomalacia (rickets) and Paget’s disease (see under BONE, DISORDERS OF). PORPHYRIAS, HYPERLIPIDAEMIA, HYPERCALCAEMIA and gout are other examples of disordered metabolism.

There are also more than 200 identi?ed disorders described as inborn errors of metabolism. Some cause few problems; others are serious threats to an individual’s life. Individual disorders are, fortunately, rare – probably one child in 10,000 or 100,000; overall these inborn errors affect around one child in 1,000. Examples include GALACTOSAEMIA, PHENYLKETONURIA, porphyrias, TAY SACHS DISEASE and varieties of mucopolysaccharidosis, HOMOCYSTINURIA and hereditary fructose (a type of sugar) intolerance.... metabolic disorders

Methaemoglobin

A derivative of HAEMOGLOBIN in which the iron has been oxidised from ferrous to ferric form. It does not combine with oxygen and therefore plays no part in oxygen transport. Normal concentration of methaemoglobin in red blood cells is less than 1 per cent of the total haemoglobin. When a large concentration of the haemoglobin is in the form of methaemoglobin, the patient will suffer from HYPOXIA and will be cyanosed (see CYANOSIS). Most cases of METHAEMOGLOBINAEMIA are due to chemical agents.... methaemoglobin

Methane

An odourless, colourless, highly ?ammable gas. It occurs naturally in gas from coal mines and oil wells, where it is a hazard because of its explosive properties. ‘Natural’ gas supplied to homes and industries is almost 100 per cent methane. Unlike coal gas, it is not poisonous unless present in large amounts, when it may displace oxygen and thus asphyxiate (su?ocate) anyone exposed to it. Decomposition of organic matter produces methane.... methane

Methionine

Methionine is an essential amino acid (see AMINO ACIDS; INDISPENSABLE AMINO ACIDS) that contains sulphur; it is necessary for normal growth in infants and to maintain nitrogen balance in adults.... methionine

Methyl Salicylate

Also called oil of Wintergreen, the liquid has analgesic (see ANALGESICS) and counter-irritant properties. Rubbed into the skin, the oil helps to relieve pain in LUMBAGO, SCIATICA and ‘rheumatic conditions’.... methyl salicylate

Methylene Blue

Methylene blue, or methylthionin chloride, is used in a dose of 75–100 mg, as a 1-per-cent intravenous injection, in the treatment of METHAEMOGLOBINAEMIA, which may occur following high doses of local anaesthetics such as prilocaine.... methylene blue

Methysergide

A drug used to prevent attacks of MIGRAINE. The drug requires hospital supervision, as it has to be used with care because of the toxic effects it sometimes produces – for example, nausea, drowsiness and retroperitoneal FIBROSIS.... methysergide

Metre

The basic unit of length in the modern version of the metric system, known as the International System of Units (SI). It is equivalent to 39·37 inches.... metre

Metritis

In?ammation of the uterus (see UTERUS, DISEASES OF).... metritis

Metyrapone

Metyrapone is a drug that inhibits the production of CORTISOL in the adrenal cortex, which results in an increase in ACTH production and (completing the feedback control cycle) thus greater synthesis of the chemical precursors of cortisol. Metyrapone is used to treat patients with CUSHING’S SYNDROME (a condition caused by excess amounts of corticosteroid hormones in the body) where surgery is not possible.... metyrapone

Microcyte

A small red blood cell.... microcyte

Microdissection

The technique of dissecting very small structures under a microscope. Miniature surgical instruments are manipulated via geared connections that convert the coarse movements of the surgeon’s ?ngers into miniscule movements, making it possible to dissect and separate even individual CHROMOSOMES.... microdissection

Micrococcus

A spherical gram-positive bacterium (see BACTERIA; GRAM’S STAIN). It occurs in colonies and is usually harmless in humans. However, micrococcus can become pathogenic and cause abscesses (see ABSCESS), ARTHRITIS, ENDOCARDITIS or MENINGITIS.... micrococcus

Microgram

Microgram is the 1/1,000th part of a milligram. The abreviation for it is µg. (See APPENDIX 6: MEASUREMENTS IN MEDICINE.)... microgram

Micrometer

A unit of measurement. 1 um = 1 thousandth of a mm.... micrometer

Micrometre

The 1/1,000th part of a millimetre. The abbreviation for it is µm. (See APPENDIX 6: MEASUREMENTS IN MEDICINE.)... micrometre

Micropsia

Condition in which objects appear smaller than normal. It can be due to disease of the macula of the EYE.... micropsia

Microsporum

One of the three genera of dermatophytes (fungi) which cause tinea (see RINGWORM). Microsporum of human or animal origin is an important cause of tinea capitis, or ringworm of the scalp.... microsporum

Microtome

A laboratory instrument for cutting sections of biological tissues for study under a MICROSCOPE. It is widely used in biological and PATHOLOGY laboratories.... microtome

Milia

These are small keratin cysts appearing as white papules on the cheek and eyelids.... milia

Miliaria

Also known as prickly heat. An intensely itchy vesicular and erythematous rash induced by intense heat and humidity. It is caused by a disturbance of sweat-gland function.... miliaria

Miliary

A term, expressing size, applied to various disease products which are about the size of millet seeds: for example, miliary aneurysms, miliary tuberculosis.... miliary

Milium

Milium is a pinhead white cyst of the skin of the face containing corneal cells. It can be removed on the point of a sterile needle.... milium

Milk Thistle

When consumed as a tea, milk thistle herb, (not as in dairy milk) is a gentle liver cleanser. It contains properties that help the liver to regenerate and function at a higher capacity. “Milk Thistle can also assist in the production of bile, which can help with our digestive process.... milk thistle

Millilitre

Millilitre is the 1,000th part of 1 litre. It is practically the equivalent of a cubic centimetre (1 cm3 = 0·999973 ml); ml is the usual abbreviation.... millilitre

Mimosa

Protection, Love, Prophetic Dreams, Purification... mimosa

Mind

(1) The seat of consciousness of the human BRAIN. The mind understands, reasons and initiates action and is also the source of emotions. This is a simplistic de?nition for a concept that has been and continues to be the subject of vigorous debate among theologians, philosophers, biologists, psychologists, psychiatrists and other doctors, their arguments being too complex for inclusion in a dictionary’s de?nition.

(2) MIND: The National Association for Mental Health, a voluntary charitable body that works in the interests of those with MENTAL ILLNESS, advising, educating and campaigning for and supporting them.... mind

Minim

A ‘pre-metric’ unit of measurement of volume. It is about one-60th part of a ?uid drachm and is used in pharmacy.... minim

Minimum Standard

A level of quality that all health plans and providers are required to meet in order to offer services to clients/consumers.... minimum standard

Mint

See Hierbabuena.... mint

Mitochondria

The rod-like bodies in the CELLS of the body which contain the enzymes (see ENZYME) necessary for the activity of the cell. They have been described as the ‘power plant of the cell’... mitochondria

Mitral Incompetence

A defect in the MITRAL VALVE of the HEART which allows blood to leak from the left VENTRICLE into the left ATRIUM. It is also known as mitral regurgitation; incompetence may occur along with MITRAL STENOSIS. The left ventricle has to work harder to compensate for the faulty valve, so it enlarges, but eventually the ventricle cannot cope with the extra load and left-sided heart failure may develop. A common cause of mitral incompetence is RHEUMATIC FEVER or damage following a heart attack. The condition is treated with drugs to help the heart, but in severe cases heart surgery may be required.... mitral incompetence

Mitral Stenosis

Narrowing of the opening between the left ATRIUM and left VENTRICLE of the HEART as a result of rigidity of, and adhesion between, the cusps of the MITRAL VALVE. It is due, almost invariably, to the infection RHEUMATIC FEVER. The atrium has to work harder to force blood through the narrowed channel. The effects are similar to those of MITRAL INCOMPETENCE. Shortness of breath and palpitations and irregular beating (?brillation) of the atrium are common consequences in adults. Drug treatment with DIGOXIN and DIURETICS helps, but surgery to dilate or replace the faulty valve may be necessary.... mitral stenosis

Mode

A measure of central tendency. The most frequently occurring value in a set of observations.... mode

Mole

(1) A term used to describe the common pigmented spots which occur on human SKIN. It arises from a collection of abnormal melanocytes (see MELANOCYTE) in the dermis adjacent to the epidermodermal junction. Moles are usually not present at birth, and appear in childhood or adolescence. Most moles are less than 5 mm in diameter and are macular at ?rst, becoming raised later. Rarely, moles are present at birth and may occasionally be massive. There is a substantial risk of future malignancy (see MALIGNANT) in massive congenital moles and prophylactic surgical removal is advised if feasible. All humans have moles, but their number varies from ten or fewer to 100 or more. The members of some families are genetically predisposed to large numbers of moles, some of which may be large and irregular in shape and colour. This ‘atypical mole syndrome’ is associated with an increased risk of future malignant MELANOMA.

(2) An internationally agreed unit (see SI UNITS) for measuring the quantity of a substance at molecular level.... mole

Molecular Biology

The study of molecules (see MOLECULE) that are part of the structure of living organisms.... molecular biology

Molecule

The smallest possible amount of a substance comprising two or more linked atoms which retains the chemical characteristics of that substance. Molecules vary greatly in their size and complexity, ranging from oxygen (two linked oxygen atoms) and water (two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen) to large complex molecules such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) comprising thousands of atoms of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus that form the double-helix structure which helps to form GENES, the basic building blocks of the hereditary material of living things.... molecule

Mona

(Gaelic) One who is born into the nobility

Moina, Monah, Monalisa, Monalissa, Monna, Moyna, Monalysa, Monalyssa... mona

Mongolian Blue Spots

Irregularly shaped areas of bluish-black pigmentation found occasionally on the buttocks, lower back or upper arms in newborn infants of African, Chinese and Japanese parentage, and sometimes in the babies of black-haired Europeans. They measure from one to several centimetres in diameter, and usually disappear in a few months. They are commonly mistaken for bruises.... mongolian blue spots

Monoplegia

PARALYSIS of a single limb or part.... monoplegia

Monosaccharide

A sugar having six carbon atoms in the molecule, such as glucose, galactose, and laevulose.... monosaccharide

Monozygotic Twins

Twins who develop from a single OVUM fertilised by a single SPERMATOZOON. Also known as identical or uniovular twins (see MULTIPLE BIRTHS).... monozygotic twins

Morbid

Relating to disease... morbid

Morbid Anatomy

The study of the structural changes that diseases cause in the body, in particular those which can be seen with the naked eye at POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION.... morbid anatomy

Morbus

Morbus, the Latin word for disease, is used in such terms as morbus cordis (heart disease), morbus coxae (hip-joint disease).... morbus

Moribund

In a state of dying.... moribund

Morning-after Pill

See CONTRACEPTION.... morning-after pill

Morphology

The type of form or structure of a plant or animal.... morphology

Motilin

Motilin is a hormone (see HORMONES) formed in the DUODENUM and the JEJUNUM which plays a part in controlling the movements of the stomach and the gut.... motilin

Motor

A term usually applied to nerves, used to describe anything that results in movement. Motor nerves stimulate muscles to contract, producing movement. (See also SENSORY.)... motor

Motor Neurone Disease (mnd)

A group of disorders of unknown origin. Certain cells in the neurological system’s MOTOR nerves degenerate and die. Upper and lower motor neurones may be affected but sensory cells retain their normal functions. Three types of MND are identi?ed: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (AML – 50 per cent of patients); progressive muscular atrophy (25 per cent), in which the prognosis is better than for AML; and bulbar palsy (25 per cent). Men are affected more than women, and the disorder affects about seven people in every 100,000. Those affected develop progressive weakness and wasting of their muscles. The diagnosis is con?rmed with various tests including the measurement of electrical activity in muscles, electromyography, muscle BIOPSY, blood tests and X-ray examination of the spine. There is no medical treatment: patients need physical and psychological support with aids to help them overcome disabilities. The Motor Neurone Disease Association provides excellent advice and help for sufferers and their relatives. (See APPENDIX 2: ADDRESSES: SOURCES OF INFORMATION, ADVICE, SUPPORT AND SELF-HELP.)... motor neurone disease (mnd)

Mucopurulent

A discharge of mixed mucus and pus, usually from congested and moderately infected membranes.... mucopurulent

Mrsa

See METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS (MRSA).... mrsa

Mucocoele

An abnormally dilated cavity in the body due to the accumulation of MUCUS; such a ‘cyst’ may therefore form wherever there is mucous membrane.... mucocoele

Mulberry

Morus species

Description: This tree has alternate, simple, often lobed leaves with rough surfaces. Its fruits are blue or black and many seeded.

Habitat and Distribution: Mulberry trees are found in forests, along roadsides, and in abandoned fields in Temperate and Tropical Zones of North America, South America, Europe, Asia, and Africa.

Edible Parts: The fruit is edible raw or cooked. It can be dried for eating later.

CAUTION

When eaten in quantity, mulberry fruit acts as a laxative. Green, unripe fruit can be hallucinogenic and cause extreme nausea and cramps.

Other Uses: You can shred the inner bark of the tree and use it to make twine or cord.... mulberry

Multigravida

A pregnant woman who has had more than one pregnancy.... multigravida

Multipara

A woman who has borne several children.... multipara

Multiple Personality Disorder

The individual with this psychiatric disorder has two or more di?erent personalities, often contrasting. The dominant personality at the time determines the behaviour and attitude of the individual, who customarily seems not to know about the other personality – or personalities. The switch from one personality to another is abrupt and the mental condition of the di?ering personalities is usually normal. It is possible that child abuse is a factor in the disorder, which is treated by psychotherapy. The classic multiple personality was the ?ctional form of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde.... multiple personality disorder

Muira Puama

Muira puama is one of the most popular and widely consumed herbs. It grows in the northern Amazon river basin. This herb has been used to enhance libido for a long time, making the harvest and sale of the herb a large business throughout Brazil.... muira puama

Multivariate Analysis

A set of techniques used when the variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, any analytic method that allows the simultaneous study of two or more independent variables.... multivariate analysis

Musculoskeletal

An adjective that relates to muscle and/or bone. The musculoskeletal system comprises the bones of the skeleton and all the muscles attached to them.... musculoskeletal

Mustard

Fertility, Protection, Mental Powers ... mustard

Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (me)

A syndrome in which various combinations of extreme fatiguability, muscle pain, lack of concentration, panic attacks, memory loss and depression occur. Its existence and causes have been the subject of controversy re?ected in the variety of names given to the syndrome: CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME (CFS), post-viral fatigue syndrome, Royal Free disease, epidemic neuromyasthenia and Icelandic disease. ME often follows virus infections of the upper respiratory tract or gut, but it is not clear whether this is an association or cause-ande?ect. It may occur in epidemics or as individual cases. Physical examination shows no evidence of diagnosable disease and there is no diagnostic test – diagnosis usually being made by excluding other possible disorders. The sufferer usually recovers in time, although sometimes recovery may take many months or even years. The most severely affected may be bedridden and may need tube-feeding. There is no speci?c curative treatment, but symptomatic treatment such as resting in the early stages may help. Some experts believe that the illness has a psychological element, and sufferers have been treated with COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPY. In 1998 the Chief Medical O?cer set up a multidisciplinary working group, including patients, to consider possible cures and treatments for ME/CFS. The report (2002) concluded that the disorder should be recognised as chronic and treatable, but there was no clear agreement on cause(s) and treatment(s). Meanwhile research continues, including a programme by the Centre of Disease Control in Atlanta, USA. Su?erers may ?nd it helpful to consult the ME Association.... myalgic encephalomyelitis (me)

Mycobacterium

A gram-positive (see GRAM’S STAIN) rod-like genus of aerobic BACTERIA, some species of which are harmful to humans and animals. For example, M. tuberculosis (Koch’s bacillus) and

M. leprae cause, respectively, TUBERCULOSIS and LEPROSY.... mycobacterium

Mydriatic

A drug that dilates the pupil... mydriatic

Myeloblast

Present in the blood-producing tissue in the BONE MARROW, this is a cell with a large nucleus and scanty cytoplasm. It is the precursor cell of a granulocyte (see GRANULOCYTES). Myeloblasts sometimes appear in the blood of patients with various diseases including acute myeloblastic LEUKAEMIA.... myeloblast

Myelocyte

The name given to one of the cells of BONE MARROW from which the granular white cells of the blood are produced. They are found in the blood in certain forms of LEUKAEMIA.... myelocyte

Myeloid

An adjective that relates to the granulocyte (see GRANULOCYTES) precursor cell in the BONE MARROW. For example, myeloid LEUKAEMIA, which arises from abnormal growth in the blood-forming tissue of the bone marrow.... myeloid

Myelosuppression

A fall in the production of blood cells in the BONE MARROW. This fall often occurs after CHEMOTHERAPY for cancer. ANAEMIA, infection and abnormal bleeding are symptomatic of myelosuppression.... myelosuppression

Myoglobinuria

The occurrence of MYOGLOBIN in the URINE. This is the oxygen-binding pigment in muscle and mild myoglobinuria may occur during exercise. Severe myoglobinuria will result from serious injuries, particularly crushing injuries, to muscles.... myoglobinuria

Myometrium

The muscular coat of the UTERUS.... myometrium

Operating Microscope

A binocular MICROSCOPE used for MICROSURGERY on, for example, the EYE and middle EAR; this microscope is also used for suturing nerves and blood vessels damaged or severed by trauma and for rejoining obstructed FALLOPIAN TUBES in the treatment of INFERTILITY in women.... operating microscope

Passive Movement

A movement induced by someone other than the patient. Physiotherapists (see PHYSIOTHERAPY) manipulate joints by passive movement in order to retain and encourage function of a nerve or muscle that is not working normally because of injury or disease.... passive movement

Peak Flow Meter

A device that measures the rate at which an individual can expel air from the LUNGS. This is an indication of the reserve in the capacity of the lungs. Narrowed airways (bronchospasm) slow the rate at which air can be expelled; the peak ?ow meter can assess the severity of the condition. ASTHMA causes bronchospasm and the device can measure the e?ectiveness of treatment with BRONCHODILATOR drugs; this should be done regularly to monitor the progress of the disease.... peak flow meter

Periodontal Membrane

See TEETH.... periodontal membrane

Physical Medicine

A medical specialty founded in 1931 and recognised by the Royal College of Physicians of London in 1972. Physical-medicine specialists started by treating rheumatic diseases; subsequently their work developed to include the diagnosis and rehabilitation of people with physical handicaps. The specialty has now been combined with that of RHEUMATOLOGY. (See also PHYSIOTHERAPY.)... physical medicine

Pia Mater

The membrane closely investing the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD, in which run blood vessels for the nourishment of these organs.... pia mater

Rosa Macrophylla

Lindl.

Ayurvedic: Taruni-Kantaka (non- classical). (Flowers—crimson or pink.)

Unani: Chini Gulaab.

Folk: Kaantaa-Gulaab.

Action: Hips—applied to wounds, injuries, sprains and foul ulcers.

R. chinensis Jacq. and R. borboni- ana Desp. are synonyms of Rosa indica, found and cultivated throughout India. This variety is also known as Edward Rose or Kat Gulaab.... rosa macrophylla

Serous Membranes

Membranes that line many internal organs and cavities, secreting a thin, lymph-like fluid, that lubricates and slowly circulates.... serous membranes

Skeletal Muscle

Muscle under a person’s voluntary control (see MUSCLE; VOLUNTARY MUSCLE).... skeletal muscle

Smooth Muscle

Muscle under the ‘involuntary’ control of the autonomic nervous system (see MUSCLE; NERVOUS SYSTEM).... smooth muscle

Social Medicine

See PUBLIC HEALTH.... social medicine

Space Medicine

A medical specialty dealing with the physiological, PSYCHOLOGICAL and pathological consequences of space ?ight in which the body has to cope with unusual variations in gravitational forces, including weightlessness, a constricted environment, prolonged close contact with work colleagues in very demanding technical circumstances, and sustained periods of emotional pressure including fear. Enormous progress has been made in providing astronauts with as normal an environment as possible, and they have to undergo prolonged physical and mental training before embarking on space travel.... space medicine

Synovial Membrane

This forms the lining of the soft parts that enclose the cavity of a joint. (See JOINTS.)... synovial membrane

Travel Medicine

That aspect of public health which seeks to prevent illnesses and injuries occurring to travellers, especially those going abroad, and manages problems arising in travellers coming back or from abroad. It is also concerned about the impact of tourism on health and the provision of health and safetyservices for tourists.... travel medicine

Voluntary Muscle

Also known as skeletal muscle, this forms the muscles which are under a person’s conscious control. Muscles that control walking, talking and swallowing are examples of those under such control (see INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE; MUSCLE; NERVOUS SYSTEM).... voluntary muscle

Tropical Medicinal Plants

Tropical countries are a treasure house of a wide variety of medicinal plants. Some species are found wild, while a number of species have been domesticated by the farmers. Many species have been grown in homesteads and become part of traditional home remedies. A limited number of species are commercially cultivated though a few more have potential for large-scale production. The important tropical and subtropical medicinal plants are discussed here highlighting the importance, medicinal and other uses, distribution, botany, agrotechnology, chemical constituents and activity. For practical convenience of the discussion in this book, they are classified under the following four broad groups.

a) Medicinal herbs

b) Medicinal shrubs

c) Medicinal climbers

d)Medicinal trees... tropical medicinal plants

Meditation

Essential oils are used in prayer, zen, yoga or meditation to induce rest and reflection. Bergamot, Balm (Melissa), Sage, Lavender, Orange Blossom. Any one used as an inhalant or to anoint the forehead with a smear. ... meditation

Mediterranean Fever

An intermittent fever related to brucellosis. Colchicum. (Martindale 27th Ed. p.370)

See: BRUCELLOSIS. ... mediterranean fever

Menses

Suppression of. See: AMENORRHOEA. ... menses

Miso

Rich vegetable source of Vitamin B12, protein, fats, carbohydrates and minerals. After the atom bomb was dropped in Japan during World War II it was discovered that those who included Miso in the diet did not suffer from radiation trauma. ... miso

Carbon Monoxide

(CO) A colourless, odourless, poisonous gas present in motor exhaust fumes and produced by inefficient burning of coal, gas, or oil.

Carbon monoxide binds with haemoglobin and prevents the transportation of oxygen to body tissues.

The initial symptoms of acute high-level carbon monoxide poisoning are dizziness, headache, nausea, and faintness.

Continued inhalation of the gas may lead to loss of consciousness, permanent brain damage, and even death.

Low-level exposure to carbon monoxide over a period of time may cause fatigue, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and general malaise.... carbon monoxide

Complementary Medicine

A group of therapies, often described as “alternative”, which are now increasingly used to complement or to act as an alternative to conventional medicine. They fall into 3 broad categories: touch and movement (as in acupuncture, massage, and reflexology); medicinal (as in naturopathy, homeopathy. and Chinese medicine); and psychological (as in biofeedback, hypnotherapy, and meditation).... complementary medicine

Chinese Medicine

Modern Chinese medicine has rejected entirely the conception of disease due to evil spirits and treated by exorcism. Great advances in scientific knowledge in China have been made since 1949, removing much of the superstitious aspect from herbal medicine and placing it on a sound scientific basis. Advances in the field of Chinese Herbal Medicine are highlighted in an authoritative work: Chinese Clinical Medicine, by C.P. Li MD (Pub: Fogarty International Centre, Bethseda, USA).

Since the barefoot doctors (paramedics) have been grafted into the public Health Service, mass preventative campaigns with public participation of barefoot doctors have led to a reduction in the mortality of infectious disease.

Chinese doctors were using Ephedra 5000 years ago for asthma. For an equal length of time they used Quinghaosu effectively for malaria. The Chinese first recorded goose-grease as the perfect base for ointments, its penetrating power endorsed by modern scientific research.

While Western medicine appears to have a limited capacity to cure eczema, a modern Chinese treatment evolved from the ancient past is changing the lives of many who take it. The treatment was brought to London by Dr Ding-Hui Luo and she practised it with crowded surgeries in London’s Chinatown.

Chinese herbalism now has an appeal to general practitioners looking for alternative and traditional therapies for various diseases where conventional treatment has proved to be ineffective.

See entry: BAREFOOT DOCTOR’S MANUAL.

Address. Hu Shilin, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China. ... chinese medicine

Heimlich Manoeuvre

A first-aid treatment for choking. The sole aim of the Heimlich manoeuvre is to dislodge the material that is causing the blockage by placing one fist, covered by the other, just below the victim’s rib cage, and pulling sharply inwards and upwards to give an abdominal thrust.... heimlich manoeuvre

Methyl Alcohol

An alternative name for methanol.... methyl alcohol

Mianserin

An antidepressant drug used to treat severe depression, especially that accompanied by anxiety or insomnia. Mianserin usually takes several weeks to become fully effective. Possible adverse effects include dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, dizziness, and drowsiness. Rarely, prolonged use may reduce blood cell production; regular blood counts are therefore carried out during treatment.... mianserin

Microdiscectomy

Surgery to relieve pressure on the spinal cord, or a nerve root emerging from it, that is caused by protrusion of the soft core of an intervertebral disc (see disc prolapse). The procedure is performed under general anaesthesia and involves removing the protruding tissue via a small incision in the outer coat of the disc.... microdiscectomy

Microorganism

A tiny, single-celled living organism.

Most microorganisms are too small to be seen by the naked eye.... microorganism

Microphthalmos

A rare congenital disorder of the eye. Affected children are born with an abnormally small eye on one or both sides.... microphthalmos

Midazolam

A benzodiazepine drug used as premedication.

Adverse effects include confusion, drowsiness, and dizziness.

If benzodiazepines are taken for a long period, dependence may result.... midazolam

Midbrain

The top part of the brainstem, situated above the pons.

The midbrain is also called the mesencephalon.... midbrain

Mifepristone

A sex hormone drug used to induce medical termination of a pregnancy (see abortion, induced). Possible adverse effects include malaise, faintness, nausea, rash, and, rarely, uterine bleeding. Women over 35 who smoke should not be given the drug.... mifepristone

Minamata Disease

The name given to a severe form of mercury poisoning that occurred in the mid-1950s, in people who had eaten polluted fish from Minamata Bay, Japan.

Many people suffered severe nerve damage and some died.... minamata disease

Minimally Invasive Surgery

Surgery using a rigid endoscope passed into the body through a small incision. Further small openings are made for surgical instruments so that the operation can be performed without a long surgical incision. Minimally invasive surgery may be used for many operations in the abdomen (see laparoscopy), including appendicectomy, cholecystectomy, hernia repair, and many gynaecological procedures. Knee operations (see arthroscopy) are also often performed by minimally invasive surgery.... minimally invasive surgery

Macular Degeneration

A progressive, painless disorder affecting the macula. The result is a roughly circular area of blindness that increases in size until it is large enough to obscure 2 or 3 words at reading distance. Macular degeneration does not cause total blindness as vision is retained around the edges of the visual fields. This condition is a common disorder in elderly people.

Of the 2 types of macular degeneration that may occur, one type is usually remedied by laser treatment.

There is no treatment for the other form, although the affected person may benefit from aids such as magnifying instruments.... macular degeneration

Macule

A spot that is level with the skin’s surface and discernible only by difference in colour or texture.... macule

Magnesium Sulphate

A magnesium compound used as a laxative drug and an anticonvulsant drug.... magnesium sulphate

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

See MRI.... magnetic resonance imaging

Malocclusion

An abnormal relationship between the upper and lower sets of teeth when they are closed, affecting the bite (see occlusion) or appearance.

Malocclusion usually develops during childhood. It is inherited, or is caused by thumb-sucking or a mismatch betweenthe teeth and jaws – for example, the combination of large teeth and a small mouth (see overcrowding, dental).

Orthodontic appliances (braces) may be used to move teeth into the proper position, and if there is dental overcrowding, some teeth may be extracted. Orthognathic surgery is used to treat severe recession or protrusion of the lower jaw. Treatment is best carried out in childhood or adolescence.... malocclusion

Manometry

The measuring of pressure (of either a liquid or a gas) by means of an instrument called a manometer. Manometry is used to measure blood pressure using an instrument called a sphygmomanometer.... manometry

Marble Bone Disease

See osteopetrosis.... marble bone disease

Marsupialization

A surgical procedure used to drain some types of abscess or cyst and to prevent further abscesses.

Marsupialization is used to treat certain types of cysts affecting the pancreas and liver, and cysts affecting the Bartholin’s glands at the entrance to the vagina.... marsupialization

Masculinization

See virilization.... masculinization

Mast Cell

A type of cell that plays an important part in allergy.

In an allergic response, mast cells release histamine.... mast cell

Mcardle’s Disease

A rare genetic disorder characterized by muscle stiffness and painful cramps that increase during exertion and afterwards. The cause is a deficiency of an enzyme in muscle cells that stimulates breakdown of the carbohydrate glycogen into the simple sugar glucose. The result is a build-up of glycogen and low levels of glucose in the muscles. Damage to the muscles occurs, causing myoglobinuria (muscle-cell pigment in the urine), which may lead to kidney failure. There is no treatment, but symptoms may be relieved by eating glucose or fructose before exercise.... mcardle’s disease

Meckel’s Diverticulum

A common problem, present at birth, in which a small, hollow, wide-mouthed sac protrudes from the ileum. Symptoms only occur when the diverticulum becomes infected, obstructed, or ulcerated. The most common symptom is painless bleeding, which may be sudden and severe, making immediate blood transfusion necessary. Inflammation may cause symptoms very similar to those of acute appendicitis. Meckel’s diverticulum occasionally causes intussusception or volvulus of the small intestine. Diagnosis of Meckel’s diverticulum may be made by using technetium radionuclide scanning. If complications occur, they are treated by surgical removal of the diverticulum.... meckel’s diverticulum

Mediastinoscopy

Investigation of the mediastinum by means of an endoscope inserted through an incision in the neck. Mediastinoscopy is used mainly to perform a biopsy of a lymph node. The sample is removed by tiny blades on the endoscope.... mediastinoscopy

Medication

Any substance prescribed to treat disease. (See also drug; medicine.)... medication

Medulloblastoma

A type of cancerous brain tumour that occurs mainly in children.

The tumour usually arises from the cerebellum, which is concerned with posture, balance, and coordination.

It grows rapidly and may spread to other parts of the brain and to the spinal cord.

A morning headache, repeated vomiting, and a clumsy gait develop.

There are also frequent falls.

The tumour is diagnosed by CT scanning or MRI and often responds to radiotherapy.

Surgery and anticancer drugs may also be needed.... medulloblastoma

Mega-

A prefix meaning very large, as in megacolon, a condition in which the colon is greatly enlarged.

The prefix megalo- has the same meaning.... mega-

Megaly

A suffix meaning enlargement, as in acromegaly, a condition in which there is enlargement of the skull, jaw, hands, and feet due to excess production of growth hormone.... megaly

Megestrol

A progestogen drug used to treat certain types of breast cancer and uterine cancer (see uterus, cancer of). It may be prescribed when a tumour cannot be removed by surgery, if a tumour has recurred after surgery, or when other anticancer drugs or radiotherapy prove ineffective.

Possible adverse effects of megestrol include swollen ankles, weight gain, nausea, dizziness, headache, rash, and, rarely, raised blood calcium level. ... megestrol

Meibomian Cyst

See chalazion.... meibomian cyst

Melasma

See chloasma.... melasma

Membrane

A layer of tissue that covers or lines a body surface or forms a barrier.... membrane

Meningioma

A rare, noncancerous tumour of the meninges of the brain that arises from the arachnoid mater (middle layer) and usually becomes attached to the dura mater (outer layer). The tumour slowly expands and may become very large before any symptoms appear. Symptoms can include headache, vomiting, and impaired mental function.

There may also be speech loss or visual disturbance. If the tumour invades the skull bone, there may be thickening and bulging of the skull.

Meningiomas can be detected by X-ray or CT scanning, and MRI of the skull, and can often be completely removed by surgery. Otherwise, treatment is by radiotherapy.... meningioma

Mental Age

A measurement of the intellectual development of a person, with regard to the normal age at which that level of achievement is attained.

For example, a 13 year-old child with learning difficulties may have a mental age of 5.... mental age

Mental Health Act

The Mental Health

Act (1983) details the rights of patients with mental illness and the grounds for detaining mentally ill people against their will. It also outlines forms of legal guardianship for such patients.

When a person is endangering his or her own or other people’s health or safety (for example, threatening harm or suicide) because of a recognized mental illness, he or she may be compulsorily taken into hospital to be given treatment.

If a person breaks the law because of a mental disorder, the courts may remand him or her to hospital.... mental health act

Meniscectomy

A surgical procedure in which all or part of a damaged meniscus (cartilage disc) is removed from a joint, almost always from the knee. Meniscectomy may be carried out when damage to the meniscus causes the knee to lock or to give way repeatedly. The procedure cures these symptoms and reduces the likelihood of premature osteoarthritis in the joint.

Arthroscopy may be carried out to confirm and locate the damage, and the damaged area removed by instruments passed through the arthroscope.

Alternatively, the meniscus may be removed through an incision at the side of the patella (kneecap).

In either case, there may be an increased risk of osteoarthritis in later life, but this is less than if the damaged meniscus had been left in place.... meniscectomy

Mental Retardation

See Learning difficulties.... mental retardation

Mesothelium

A type of epithelium covering the peritoneum, the pleura, and the pericardium.... mesothelium

Mestranol

An oestrogen drug used in some oral contraceptives.... mestranol

Metabolite

Any substance involved in a metabolic reaction (a biochemical reaction in the body). The term metabolite is sometimes used to refer only to the products of a metabolic reaction. (See also metabolism.)... metabolite

Methadone

A synthetic opioid analgesic drug that resembles morphine.

Methadone is used under supervision to relieve withdrawal symptoms in people undergoing a heroin or morphine detoxification programme.

Side effects may include nausea, vomiting, constipation, dizziness, and dry mouth.... methadone

Molar

See teeth.... molar

Monitor

To maintain a constant watch on the condition of a patient. Also, any device used to carry out monitoring.... monitor

Monoarthritis

Inflammation of a single joint, causing pain and stiffness. Common causes of monoarthritis include osteoarthritis, gout, and infection.... monoarthritis

Monoclonal Antibody

See antibody, monoclonal.... monoclonal antibody

Montelukast

A specific leukotriene receptor antagonist drug that is used in the management of asthma. It is not used to treat acute attacks.... montelukast

Moon Face

Rounded facial appearance that is a feature of Cushing’s syndrome.... moon face

Morula

A stage in the development of an embryo after fertilization. The fertilized egg divides repeatedly as it travels down the fallopian tube. When it forms a ball of cells, it is called a morula.... morula

Motor Neuron Disease

A group of disorders in which there is degeneration of the nerves in the central nervous system that control muscular activity. This causes weakness and wasting of the muscles. The cause is unknown.

The most common type of motor neuron disease is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( or Lou Gehrig’s disease). It usually affects people over the age of 50 and is more common in men. Some cases run in families. Usually, symptoms start with weakness in the hands and arms or legs, and muscle wasting. There may be irregular muscle contractions, and muscle cramps or stiffness. All four extremities are soon affected.

Progressive muscular atrophy and progressive bulbar palsy both start with patterns of muscle weakness different from but usually develop into.There are 2 types of motor neuron disease that first appear in childhood or adolescence. In most cases, these conditions are inherited. Werdnig–Hoffman disease affects infants at birth or soon afterwards. In almost all cases, progressive muscle weakness leads to death within several years. Chronic spinal muscular atrophy begins in childhood or adolescence, causing progressive weakness but not always serious disability.

There are no specific tests for motor neuron disease. Diagnosis is based on careful clinical examination by a neurologist. Tests including EMG, muscle biopsy, blood tests, myelography, CT scanning, or MRI may be performed.

The disease typically goes on to affect the muscles involved in breathing and swallowing, leading to death within 2–4 years. However, about 10 per cent of sufferers survive for 10 years.

Nerve degeneration cannot be slowed down, but physiotherapy and the use of various aids may help to reduce disability. The drug riluzole is used to extend life (or the time until mechanical ventilation is required).... motor neuron disease

Mould

Any of a large group of fungi that exist as many-celled, filamentous colonies. Some moulds are the source of antibiotic drugs. Others can cause diseases such as aspergillosis.... mould

Mouth-to-mouth Resuscitation

See artificial respiration.... mouth-to-mouth resuscitation

Moxibustion

A form of treatment, often used in conjunction with acupuncture, in which a cone of wormwood leaves (moxa) or certain other plant materials is burned just above the skin to relieve internal pain.... moxibustion

Mucopolysaccharidosis

A group of rare inherited metabolic disorders (see metabolism, inborn errors of) of which Hurler’s syndrome is the best known. All mucopolysaccharidoses are genetic disorders in which there is an abnormality of a specific enzyme. This leads to the accumulation within body cells of substances called mucopolysaccharides.

Features may include abnormalities of the skeleton and/or the central nervous system, with learning difficulties and, in some cases, a characteristic facial appearance. There may also be clouding of the cornea, liver enlargement, and joint stiffness. No specific treatment is available. However, a bone marrow transplant may successfully be used to treat Hurler’s syndrome.

Mild forms of mucopolysaccharidoses allow a child to have a relatively normal life.

More severe types usually cause death during childhood or adolescence.... mucopolysaccharidosis

Munchausen’s Syndrome

A chronic factitious disorder in which the sufferer complains of physical symptoms that are pretended or self-induced in order to play the role of patient. Most afflicted people are repeatedly hospitalized.

The usual complaints are abdominal pain, bleeding, neurological symptoms, rashes, and fever. Sufferers typically invent dramatic histories and behave disruptively in hospital. Many have detailed medical knowledge and scars from self-injury or previous treatment. In Munchausen’s syndrome by proxy, parents cause factitious disorders in their children.

Treatment consists of protecting sufferers from unnecessary operations and drug treatments.... munchausen’s syndrome

Myalgic Encephalomyelitis

Also known as (see chronic fatigue syndrome).... myalgic encephalomyelitis

Mycetoma

An uncommon tropical infection affecting skin and bone and caused by fungi or by actinomycetes (bacteria that form long chain-like colonies).

It usually occurs on one limb, producing a hard swelling and a discharge of pus.

Infections caused by actinomycetes are treated with antibiotic drugs.

Surgical removal of diseased tissue may be necessary for a fungal infection.... mycetoma

Mycology

The study of fungi.... mycology

Myelocele

Another name for myelomeningocele (see neural tube defect).... myelocele

Myelofibrosis

An alternative term for myelosclerosis.... myelofibrosis

Myelomeningocele

A protrusion of the spinal cord and its meninges (protective membranes) under the skin due to a congenital defect (see neural tube defect).... myelomeningocele

Myosin

A major protein component of muscle fibres. Together with actin, it provides the mechanism for muscles to contract. The myosin molecules slide along the actin filaments to make the muscle fibres shorter.... myosin

Myositis Ossificans

A congenital or acquired condition in which bone is deposited in muscles. The congenital form is rare. The first symptoms are painful swellings in the muscles, which gradually harden and extend until the affected child is encased in a rigid sheet. There is no treatment, and death results.

The acquired form may develop after a bony injury, especially around the elbow; it causes severe pain and a swelling, which hardens. Treatment with diathermy, coupled with gentle, active movements, may be helpful.... myositis ossificans

Myotomy

A surgical procedure that involves cutting into a muscle.... myotomy

Occupational Mortality

Death due to work-related disease or injuries.

Annual death rates (deaths per million at risk) vary widely between occupations, ranging from 5 in clothing and footwear manufacture to about 1,650 in offshore oil and gas industries.

More than 1,000 per year are due to work-related diseases, mainly pneumoconiosis and cancers.... occupational mortality

Rigor Mortis

The stiffening of muscles that starts 3–4 hours after death.

It is usually complete after about 12 hours; the stiffness then disappears over the next 48–60 hours.

Physical exertion before death makes rigor mortis begin sooner.

The sooner rigor mortis begins, the quicker it passes.

These facts are used to help assess the time of death.... rigor mortis

Valsalva’s Manoeuvre

A forcible attempt to breathe out when the airway is closed.

The manoeuvre occurs naturally when an attempt is made to breathe out while holding the vocal cords tightly together.

This happens, for example, at the beginning of a sneeze.

When performed deliberately by pinching the nose and holding the mouth closed, the manoeuvre can prevent pressure damage to the eardrums (see barotrauma).... valsalva’s manoeuvre

White Matter

Tissue in the nervous system composed of nerve fibres (axons). White matter makes up the bulk of the cerebrum (the 2 large hemispheres of the brain) and continues down into the spinal cord; its main role is to transmit nerve impulses. (See also grey matter.)... white matter

Malt

n. a mixture of carbohydrates, predominantly maltose, produced by the breakdown of starch contained in barley or wheat grains. As well as its use in brewing and distilling, malt has been used as a source of nutrients in wasting diseases.... malt

Accident And Emergency Medicine

Accident and Emergency Medicine is the specialty responsible for assessing the immediate needs of acutely ill and injured people. Urgent treatment is provided where necessary; if required, the patient’s admission to an appropriate hospital bed is organised. Every part of the UK has nominated key hospitals with the appropriately trained sta? and necessary facilities to deal with acutely ill or injured patients. It is well-recognised that prompt treatment in the ?rst hour or so after an accident or after the onset of an acute illness – the so-called ‘golden hour’ – can make the di?erence between the patient’s recovery and serious disability or death.

A&E Medicine is a relatively new specialty in the UK and there are still inadequate numbers of consultants and trainees, despite an inexorable rise in the number of patients attending A&E departments. With a similar rise in hospital admissions there is often no bed available immediately for casualties, resulting in backlogs of patients waiting for treatment. A major debate in the specialty is about the likely need to centralise services by downgrading or closing smaller units, in order to make the most e?cient use of sta?.

See www.baem.org.uk... accident and emergency medicine

Achillea Millefolium

Linn.

Synonym: A. lanulosa Nutt.

Family: Compositae; Asteraceae.

Habitat: The western Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon.

English: Milfoil, Yarrow, Thousand Leaf.

Unani: Biranjaasif. National Formulary of Unani Medicine also equates Leonurus cardica Linn. (Labiatae) with Biranjaasif.

Folk: Gandana, Rojmari.

Action: Anti-inflammatory, anti- spasmodic (used in cold, flatulent colic, heartburn), emmenagogue, cicatrizant, antidysenteric, anti- haemorrhagic, antipyretic, diaphoretic, diuretic, urinary antiseptic.

Key application: In dyspeptic ailments, such as mild, spastic discomforts of the gastrointestinal tract. As astringent, antispasmodic, choleretic, antibacterial. (German Commission E.) As diaphoretic. (The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia.) Internally for feverish conditions, common cold and digestive complaints; topically for slow-healing wounds and skin inflammations. (The British Herbal Compendium.)

The plant contains flavonoids, alkaloids (achilleine), polyacetylenes, triterpenes, coumarins, tannins, salicylic acid, a volatile oil containing linalool, camphor, sabinene, chamazu- lene and other azulenes.

Sesquiterpene lactones are bitter and tonic. Achilleine helps arrest internal and external bleeding. Flavonoids contribute to the antispasmodic action.

The flavonoid apigenin is anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet and spasmolytic. Alkaloids and bases are anti- inflammatory. Alkaloid betoncine is haemostatic. Salicylic acid is anti- inflammatory. Chamazulene is anti- inflammatory and antiallergenic. (Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 2007.)

An extract of the plant was found to be rich in luteolin or luteolin 7- glucoside and can be used for the treatment of hyperpigmentation of skin.... achillea millefolium

Adenitis Means Inflammation Of A Gland.

... adenitis means inflammation of a gland.

Adrenal Medulla

The inner part of the adrenals, derived embryonically from spinal nerve precursors, they secrete epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine; used locally as neurotransmitters, sensitive receptors can be mobilized totally by the adrenal medullas.... adrenal medulla

Adult Mosquito

The adult (imago) is a slender, delicate insect with six comparatively long, thin legs. The outer covering of the body is composed of a tough substance called chitin. The body is divided into three distinct parts: head, thorax and abdomen.... adult mosquito

Advance Statements About Medical Treatment

See LIVING WILL.... advance statements about medical treatment

Aegle Marmelos

(L.) Correa ex Roxb.

Family: Rutaceae.

Habitat: The plains and submountain regions of India, ascending to an altitude of 1,200 m in the western Himalayas; cultivated all over India.

English: Bael tree, Bengal Quince.

Ayurvedic: Bilva, Shriphala, Shaandilya, Shailuusha, Shalya, Sadaaphala, Mahaakapitha (Kapitha is equated with Feronia limonia), Maaluura, Rudrajataa, Rudranir- maalya, Shivajataakhya.

Unani: Bael.

Siddha/Tamil: Vilvam, Koovilam.

Action: Stomachic, antimicrobial (specific for diarrhoea, colitis, dysentery and enteric infections), digestive, astringent, spasmolytic, hypoglycaemic.

Key application: As antidiarrhoeal. (Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia.) Along with other therapeutic applications, The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India indicates the use of root in dysuria; stembark in diabetes and lipid disorders.

A number of coumarins (including xanthotoxol and alloimperatorin methyl ether), flavonoids (including rutin and marmesin), alkaloids (including alpha-fagarine), sterols and essential oils have been isolated from plant parts. Pectin is an important constituent of the fruit.

Alkaloid aegeline, present in the leaves, is efficacious in asthma. The active principle in aqueous extract of leaf shows hypoglycaemic activity similar to insulin. Leaves are also given in jaundice. Alcoholic extract of seeds shows antiallergic activity.

Marmin, a coumarin isolated from the roots, shows anti-inflammatory effects experimentally. Marmin also inhibited gastric haemorrhagic lesions in rats and exhibited antiulcer effects. Seed oil showed beneficial effects in regeneration of tumour cells.

Aurapten is found to be the most potent inhibitor of heart rate. Rootbark is used for palpitation of the heart.

Dosage: Pulp of unripe or half ripe fruit—3 g powder. Root—6 g powder. (API Vols. I, III.)... aegle marmelos

Allium Macleanii

Baker.

Family: Liliaceae, Alliaceae.

Habitat: Native to Afghanistan. (A bulbous plant related to onion.)

English: Oriental Royal Salep.

Unani: Baadshaahi Saalab.

Action: Anabolic and gastrointestinal tonic.... allium macleanii

Aframomum Melegueta

(Rosc.) K. Schum.

Synonym: Amomum melegueta Rosc.

Family: Zingiberaceae.

Habitat: Native to tropical Africa; cultivated in Indian gardens.

English: Grains of Paradise, Alligator pepper, Meleguetta pepper.

Unani: Heel Habshi.

Action: Roots possess cardamomlike tasteand aregivenasadecoction for constipation; also as a vermifuge for tapeworms. Juice of young leaves—styptic. The seeds contain an alkaloid, piperine; also gingerol, paradol, shogaol and zingerone.

Gingerol and shogaol suppress gastric contractions; also have sedative and analgesic actions. Pungency of the grains is due to paradol.

A decoction of the whole plant is taken internally as a febrifuge.

High oxalic acid content in the fruit may cause reduced function of the heart.

Aframomum korarima K. Schum., native to tropical Africa, known as... aframomum melegueta

Agaricus Tea: A Mushroom Tea

Agaricus tea is the beverage resulting from brewing the dried Agaricus mushrooms. Cultivated for culinary purposes, this tea has healing properties which enable it to be an important ingredient in the pharmaceutical industries. About Agaricus Tea Agaricus is a species of mushroom, growing locally in Asia, Europe and South America. It is also known as the “mushroom of life” or “God’s mushroom” and is appreciated for its health properties. The Agaricus mushroom is bulbous at the base, its flesh has a nut-like taste while its scent is akin to almonds. It is regularly added to salads, stir fries, pastas, sauces, soups, pies and breakfasts. Agaricus Tea is obtained by brewing the above mentioned mushroom. Brewing Agaricus Tea When brewing Agaricus Tea, it is recommended to use a non aluminum pot or teapot. 750ml is enough for 3 cups taken throughout the day: 1 cup in the morning, 1 cup in the afternoon and 1 cup in the evening.
  • place about 5 grams of mushrooms in 1 liter of cold water
  •  let the mushrooms soak in 1 liter of water until they are re-hydrated
  • when the mushrooms are dry and you start to boil the water, they will just float on top and will not extract as quickly
  • bring the mixture to a boil
  • once it starts to boil, reduce the flame and let it simmer at low flame for about 20 to 30 minutes until the mixture has been reduced about 1/4 or when you have about 750ml of liquid left
  • let the mixture cool
Agaricus Tea could be served cold or hot. Agaricus Tea benefits Agaricus Tea is a great source of nutrition, providing a full range of vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates and proteins, important for human health. It has been acknowledged that Agaricus tea may reduce the risk of tumors and cancer due to the antioxidant action which enhance the immune system. Agaricus tea is part of the anti-cancer treatment regimen in both Brazil and Japan. This tea is successfully used as a helping tool in:
  • lowering the diabetes risk
  • lowering the risk of cardiovascular ailments
  • mitigating stomach ulcers and ulcerative colitis
  • fighting against osteoporosis
  • reducing digestive ailments
  • fighting against diseases affecting the bloodstream
Agaricus tea is believed to help in reducing radiation damage. Agaricus Tea side effects Agaricus tea is considered safe, non-toxic and well tolerated by the majority of the population. Further studies should be conducted in order to establish if Agaricus tea can actually cause liver damage when taken in clinical doses. Agaricus tea is an important immune enhancer and energy booster. It provides the needed help in weight management and could be successfully included in diets through tasty salads or sauces.... agaricus tea: a mushroom tea

Ailanthus Malabarica

DC.

Synonym: A. triphysa (Dennst.) Alston.

Family: Simaroubaceae.

Habitat: The evergreen forests of western Ghats from Konkan southwards.

Siddha: Perumaram.

Folk: Guggul-dhuupa. (Maharashtra.)

Action: Bark—febrifuge, carminative (given in typhoid, dyspepsia and constipation). Oleo resin— used for dysentery and bronchitis.

The bark and roots give a number of beta-carboline alkaloids. The resin- uous exudates from trunk give several triterpenoids, including malabaricol and malabaricanediol.... ailanthus malabarica

Alpinia Malaccensis

Rosc.

Family: Zingiberaceae.

Habitat: Eastern Himalayas, Assam, Khasi Hills, Meghalaya, up to 1,500 m, and western Ghats of Kerala.

Folk: Saliyeridumpa (Tamil).

Action: Rhizome—employed to cure sores. Fruits—emetic (used with salt).

The rhizomes yield essential oil consisting of methyl cinnamate as chief constituent.... alpinia malaccensis

Alternative And Complementary Health Care / Medicine / Therapies

Health care practices that are not currently an integral part of conventional medicine. The list of these practices changes over time as the practices and therapies are proven safe and effective and become accepted as mainstream health care practices. These unorthodox approaches to health care are not based on biomedical explanations for their effectiveness. Examples include homeopathy, herbal formulas, and use of other natural products as preventive and treatment agents.... alternative and complementary health care / medicine / therapies

Alternative Medical System

A complete system of theory and practices that has evolved independently of, and often prior to, the conventional biological approach. Many are traditional systems of medicine that are practised by individual cultures throughout the world. Traditional Oriental medicine and Ayurveda, India’s traditional system of medicine, are two examples.... alternative medical system

Aleurities Moluccana

(Linn.) willd.

Synonym: A. triloba J. R. and G. Forst.

Family: Euphorbiaceae.

Habitat: Native to China; now mostly grown on the tea estates of Kangra Valley in Himachal Pradesh, and also in Assam and Bengal to provide shade for tea bushes.

English: Candlenut tree.

Ayurvedic: Akshota, Jangali Akharot.

Siddha/Tamil: Naatuakrottu.

Action: Oil from seeds—purgative; employed externally in rheumatism; ulcers; also as a hair tonic. Leaves— applied in acute rheumatism. Fruit—carminative and expectorant. Bark and flowers—used for asthma.

Aleurites fordii Hemsl., Tung Oil tree, native to China, is also equated with Jangali Akharot.

The tree was introduced on the tea estates of Assam, Bengal, Bihar, Coorg and Mysore.... aleurities moluccana

Amanita Muscaria

Linn.

Family: Agaricaceae; Amanitaceae.

English: Fly Agaric (mushroom), Aga, Soma.

Ayurvedic: Identified as Soma of Rigveda (controversial). (Sushruta described 24 varieties of Soma and 18 other drugs as its substitutes.) Intensely poisonous; used for intoxication.

The fungus has been used in Russia for preparing an intoxicating drink.

Toxic principles arecholine, mus- carine and mycetoatropine (muscari- dine). Muscarine stimulates postgan- glionic, cholinergic and neuroeffector junctions. The isoxazole constituents are psychoactive.

2-4 Fly Agaric (more than 10 g fresh) are toxic; 20 (more than 100 g fresh) are lethal. (Francis Brinker.)

A. pantherina is used in Japan for intoxication.

Aga is not a true hallucinogen. The illusions are a misinterpretation of sensory stimuli due to isoxazole, ibotenic acid, muscimol, muscazone and traces of muscarine. (Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 2007.)... amanita muscaria

Ammi Majus

Linn.

Family: Umbelliferae; Apiaceae.

Habitat: Cultivated in Jammu and Himachal Pradesh.

English: Biship's Weed-Amee, Greater Ammi.

Unani: Itarilaal, Khalah.

Action: Source of xanthotoxin, a drug employed in the treatment of leucoderma. Dried fruit powder or extract of the plant is used topically in vitiligo.

The fruits contain ammoidin (xan- thotoxin), ammidin (imperatorin) and majudin (bergapten). All the three compounds are used in leucoderma. Maximum xanthotoxin content (1%) is found in green fruits from Jammu.

The 8-MOP, methoxypsoralen constituent of the weed is one of the first agents used along with UVA radiation to treat psoriasis. (Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 2007.)... ammi majus

Andropogon Muricatus

Retz.

Synonym: Vetiveria zizanioides (Linn.) Nash.

Family: Poaceae.

Habitat: All over India.

English: Vetiver, Cuscus.

Ayurvedic: Ushira.

Unani: Khas.

Siddha: Vettiveru.

Action: Roots—refrigerant, febrifuge, diaphoretic, stimulant, stomachic and emmenagogue; used in strangury, colic, flatulence, obstinate vomiting; paste used as a cooling application in fevers.

Major constituents of the essential oil are vetiselinenol and khusimol. Several sesquiterpenoids, including vetid- iol, are also present. The two types of oils, laevorotatory and dextrorotatory, from northern India and southern India, respectively, are biochemically different.

Andropogon sp.: see Cymbopogon sp.... andropogon muricatus

Arachnoid Membrane

One of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord (see BRAIN). Arachnoiditis is the name applied to in?ammation of this membrane.... arachnoid membrane

Ashdown’s Medium

A differential selective culture medium for Burkholderia pseudomallei, devised by Dr LesleyRichard Ashdown (1943-93), Townsville, Australia. B. pseudomallei grows as distinctive purple rugose colonies on this medium.... ashdown’s medium

Atypical Mycobacteria

A group of mycobacteria which differ in their growth characteristics from Mycobacterium tuberculosis but which they resemble in being acid-fas t. The atypical mycobacteria are also known as the PotentiallyPathogenic Environmental Mycobacteria (P.P.E.M.). They can cause a spectrum of human disease which in some cases can resemble tuberculosis. Mostly they cause disease in immunologically compromi sed humans such as those suffering from AIDS.... atypical mycobacteria

Bacterial Meningitis

See MENINGITIS.... bacterial meningitis

Birth Marks

Birth marks are of various kinds; the most common are port-wine marks (see NAEVUS). Pigment spots are found, very often raised above the skin surface and more or less hairy, being then called moles (see MOLE).... birth marks

Blue Mallow

Malva sylvestyis. N.O. Malvaceae.

Synonym: Cheese Flower, Common Mallow, Mauls.

Habitat: Around ledges and roadsides.

Features ? Several erect, hairy stems, two to three feet high. Leaf and flower stalks also hairy. Roundish leaf has five to seven lobes, middle one longest. Numerous flowers (June-September), large reddish-purple, clustered four or five together on axillary stalk.

Part used ? Flowers, herb.

Action: Demulcent, mucilaginous, pectoral.

1 ounce to 1 pint infusion makes a popular cough and cold remedy.... blue mallow

Anisomeles Malabarica

(Linn.) R. Br. ex Sims

Family: Labiatae; Lamiaceae.

Habitat: The western Ghats from Maharashtra to Karnataka; Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

English: Malabar Catmint.

Ayurvedic: Sprikkaa.

Siddha/Tamil: Irattaipeyameratti.

Action: Antispasmodic (used in dyspepsia, colic), antipyretic, diaphoretic, antiperiodic, emme- nagogue, antirheumatic. The oil is used externally as an embrocation in rheumatic arthritis.

The plant contains beta-sitosterol, letulinic acid, ovatodiolide and ani- somelic acid. The essential oil from tops and flowers yield a terpene hydrocarbon, citral and geranic acid.... anisomeles malabarica

Approved Names For Medicines

The term used for names devised or selected by the British Pharmacopoeia Commission for new drugs. European Union law (1992) requires the use of a Recommended International Non-proprietary Name (rINN) for medicinal substances. In most cases the British Approved Name (BAN) and rINN were the same when the legislation was introduced; where there were di?erences, the BAN was modi?ed to meet the new requirements.

Pharmaceutical manufacturers usually give proprietary (brand) names to the drugs they develop, though doctors in the NHS are expected to prescribe using approved – nonproprietary or generic – titles. Most nonproprietary titles are those in the European Pharmacopoeia, British Pharmacopoeia Commission or the British Pharmaceutical Codex. The USA has its own legislation and arrangements covering the naming and prescribing of medicines. (See PROPRIETARY NAME; GENERIC DRUG; PATENT.)... approved names for medicines

Argemone Mexicana

Linn.

Family: Papaveraceae.

Habitat: Native to America; naturalized throughout India.

English: Prickly Poppy, Mexican Poppy.

Ayurvedic: Katuparni, Svarnkshiri, Kaanchan-kshiri, Pitadugdhaa. Hemaahvaa, Himaavati, Hemavati. (Not to be equated with Brah- madandi—Tricholepis glaberrima.)

Unani: Satyaanaashi.

Siddha/Tamil: Piramathandu, Kudiyotti.

Action: Seed—responsible for epidemic dropsy. Causes diarrhoea and induces toxicity. Oil, leaf juice and root—used externally for indolent ulcers and skin diseases.

The herb contains isoquinoline alkaloids. The fresh latex contains protein- dissolving constituents and is used externally to treat warts, tumours and cancer. Latex contains alkaloid berberine (0.74%), protopine (0.36%) and free amino acids. Sanguinarine is the toxic factor in seeds.... argemone mexicana

Artemisia Maritima

Linn.

Family: Compositae; Asteraceae.

Habitat: The western Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon.

English: Wormseed, Santonica.

Ayurvedic: Chauhaara, Kirmaani Yavaani, Chuhaari Ajawaayin; not related to Ajawaayin.

Unani: Dirmanah, Kirmaalaa, Afsanteen-ul-bahar. (Dirmanah Turki is equated with A. stechmani- ana Besser.)

Folk: Kirmaani Ajawaayin, Kirmaani-owaa, Kirmaani-ajmo.

Action: Deobstructant, stomachic, anthelmintic (effective against roundworms), antifungal.

A decoction of the fresh plant is given in cases of intermittent and remittent fever.

A. maritima var. thomsoniana C. B. Clarke is a santonin-yielding var.; A. maritima var. fragrans (Willd.) Ledeb. is a non-santonin var.

Immature flowerheads and leaves contain santonin. Roots, stems and twigs are devoid of santonin. Santonin, a sesquiterpene lactone, is used for the treatment of ascaris and oxyuris infections. Large doses (0.3 g is adults and 0.06 in children) are toxic.

Beta-santonin is less anthelmintic in action than santonin; pseudosantonin is devoid of anthelmintic property.

Studies is albino mice revealed that santonin had no androgenic, estro- genic, antiestrogenic, progestational and antiprogestational effects.

Santonin is toxic at 60 mg in children; 200 mg in adults. (Francis Brinker.)

Dosage: Whole plant—3-6 g powder. (CCRAS.)... artemisia maritima

British Medical Association (bma)

See APPENDIX 8: PROFESSIONAL ORGANISATIONS.

British National Formulary (BNF)

A pocket-book for those concerned with the prescribing, dispensing and administration of medicines in Britain. It is produced jointly by the Royal Pharmaceutical Society and the British Medical Association, is revised twice yearly and is distributed to NHS doctors by the Health Departments. The BNF is also available in electronic form.... british medical association (bma)

Bruit And Murmur

Abnormal sounds heard in connection with the heart, arteries and veins on AUSCULTATION.... bruit and murmur

Caput Medusae (medusa’s Head)

The term describing the abnormally dilated veins that form around the umbilicus in CIRRHOSIS of the liver.... caput medusae (medusa’s head)

Atalantia Monophylla

(L.) Correa.

Synonym: A. floribunda Wt.

Family: Rutaceae.

Habitat: Throughout India, especially in Assam, Meghalaya and Andaman Islands.

English: Wild Lime.

Siddha/Tamil: Kattu Narangam, Kattu Elumichai.

Folk: Jungli Nimbu.

Action: Oil from leaves and berry— antibacterial, antifungal. Leaves— a decoction is applied to cutaneous affections. Fruit—juice, antibilious.... atalantia monophylla

Bacopa Monnieri

(Linn.) Penn.

Synonym: Herpestis monnieria (Linn.) H. B. & K. Moniera cuneifolia Michx.

Family: Scrophulariaceae.

Habitat: Throughout the plains of India in damp marshy areas.

English: Thyme-leaved Gratiola.

Ayurvedic: Braahmi, Aindri, Nir- braahmi, Kapotavankaa, Bhaarati, Darduradalaa, Matsyaakshaka, Shaaluraparni, Mandukaparni (also equated with Centella asiatica Linn., synonym Hydrocotyle asiatica Linn. Umbelliferae, Apiaceae).

Unani: Brahmi.

Siddha/Tamil: Piramivazhukkai, Neerbrami.

Folk: Jalaneem, Safed-Chammi.

Action: Adaptogenic, astringent, diuretic, sedative, potent nervine tonic, anti-anxiety agent (improves mental functions, used in insanity, epilepsy), antispasmodic (used in bronchitis, asthma and diarrhoea).

Key application: In psychic disorders and as a brain tonic. (The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia.)

B. monnieri has been shown to cause prolonged elevated level of cerebral glutamic acid and a transient increase in GABA level. It is assumed that endogenous increase in brain glutamine maybe helpful in the process oflearn- ing.

The herb contains the alkaloids brahmine, herpestine, and a mixture of three bases. Brahmine is highly toxic; in therapeutic doses it resembles strychnine. The herb also contains the saponins, monnierin, hersaponin, bacosides A and B. Bacosides A and B possess haemolytic activity. Her- saponin is reported to possess car- diotonic and sedative properties. It was found, as in case of reserpene, to deplete nor-adrenaline and 5-HT content of the rat brain.

An alcoholic extract of the plant in a dose of 50 mg/kg produced tranquil- izing effect on albino rats and dogs, but the action was weaker than that produced by chlorpromazine.

Dosage: Whole plant—1-3 g powder. (API Vol. II.)... bacopa monnieri

Baliospermum Montanum

(Willd.) Muell.-Arg.

Synonym: B. axillare Bl. B. polyandrum Wt. Croton polyandrus Roxb.

Family: Euphorbiaceae.

Habitat: The Himalayas, Assam, Khasi Hills, Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Peninsular India, ascending to 1,800 m.

Ayurvedic: Danti, Nikumbha, Udumbarparni, Erandphalaa, Shighraa, Pratyak-shreni, Vishaalya. Baliospermum calycinum Muell- Arg. is considered as Naagadanti.

Siddha/Tamil: Neeradimuthu, Danti.

Folk: Jangli Jamaalgotaa.

Action: Seed—purgative. Leaves— purgative (also used in dropsy), antiasthmatic (decoction is given in asthma). Latex—used for body ache and pain of joints. Root and seed oil—cathartic, antidropsical.

Along with other therapeutic applications, The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India indicated the use of dried root in jaundice, abdominal lump and splenomegaly.

The presence of steroids, terpenoids and flavonoids is reported in the leaves. The root contains phorbol derivatives. EtOH extract of roots showed in vivo activity in P-388 lymphocytic leukaemia.

Dosage: Root—103 g powder. (API Vol. III.)... baliospermum montanum

Care Management

See “case management”.... care management

Case Management

A continuous process of planning, arranging and coordinating multiple health care services across time, place and discipline for persons with high-risk conditions or complex needs in order to ensure appropriate care and optimum quality, as well as to contain costs.... case management

Cell-mediated Immunity

A defence mechanism involving the coordinated activity of two subpopulations of TLymphocytes, helper T-Cells and killer T-Cells. Helper T-Cells produce a variety of substances that stimulate and regulate other participants in the immune response. Killer T-Lymphocytes destroy cells in the body that bear foreign antigens (e.g. cells that are infected with viruses or other microorganisms).... cell-mediated immunity

Clinical Performance Measure

An instrument that estimates the extent to which a health care provider delivers clinical services that are appropriate for each patient’s condition; provides them safely, competently and in an appropriate time-frame; and achieves desired outcomes in terms of those aspects of patient health and patient satisfaction that can be affected by clinical services.... clinical performance measure

Balsamodendron Mukul

Hook. ex Stocks

Synonym: Commiphora mukul (Hook. ex Stocks) Engl. C. wightii (Arn.) Bhandari.

Family: Burseraceae.

Habitat: Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka.

English: Indian Bdellium, Gum Guggul.

Ayurvedic: Guggul, Devadhoop, Kaushika, Pur, Mahishaaksha, Palankash, Kumbha, Uluukhala.

Unani: Muqallal yahood, Muql, Bu-e-Jahudaan

Siddha/Tamil: Erumaikan Kungiliyam.

Action: Oleo-gum-resin—used for reducing obesity and in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, sciatica.

Key application: In the treatment of hyperlipidemia, hypercholestero- laemia and obesity. (WHO.)

Guggulipid is hypocholesteremic. Guggul resin contains steroids—gug- glsterones Z and E, guggulsterols IV, diterpenoids; volatile oil, including other constituents, contains a terpene hydrocarbon cembrene A. E- and Z- guggulsterones are characteristic constituents, which distinguish C. mukul from other Commiphore sp.

Guggul resin increases catechola- mine biosynthesis and activity in cholesterol-fed rabbits, inhibits platelet aggregation, exhibits anti-inflammatory activity and appears to activate the thyroid gland in rats and chicken. Z- guggulsterone may increase uptake of iodine by thyroid gland and increase oxygen uptake in liver and bicep tissues. (Planta Med 1984,1, 78-80.)

The gum is also used in hemiplegia and atherosclerotic disorders; as a gargle in pyrrhoea aveolaris, chronic tonsilitis and pharyngitis. Fumes are recommended in hay fever, chronic bronchitis and nasal catarrh.

Oleo-gum resin of Balsamodendron caudatum is also equated with Guggul in Siddha medicine.

Dosage: Oleo-gum-resin—2-4 g (API Vol. I.) 500 mg to 1 g (CCRAS.)... balsamodendron mukul

Balsamodendron Myrrha

Nees.

Synonym: Commiphora molmol Engl.

C. abyssinica (Berg.) Engl.

Family: Burseraceae.

Habitat: Arabia, Somaliland.

Ayurvedic: Bola, Hiraabola, Surasa, Barbara, Gandharasa.

Unani: Murmakki, Bol.

Siddha/Tamil: Vellaibolam.

Action: Oleo-gum-resin—em- menagogue (used for irregular menstruation and painful periods), anti-inflammatory (on pharyngitis and gingivitis), antiseptic, bacteriostatic, antiviral, astringent, stimulant, expectorant, stomachic, carminative (in dyspepsia), a leuco- cytogenic agent (increases number of white cells in the blood). Used externally for treating acne, boils and pressure sores, internally as a blood purifier.

Key application: In topical treatment of mild inflammations of the oral and pharyngeal mucosa. (German Commission E.) As a gargle or mouth rinse for the treatment of aphthous ulcers, tonsillitis, common cold and gingivitis. (The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia, ESCOP.)

The gum (30-60%) contains acidic polysaccharides, volatile oil (2-10%) including other constituents, heer- abolene, eugenol, furanosequiterpenes and monoterpenes.

Myrrh is taken as a powder or a tincture, rather than as an infusion; used generally externally or as a gargle.

Aqueous suspension of the gum resin decreased ethanol-induced and indomethacin-induced ulcer in rats. (JEthnopharmacol, 1997, Jan 55(2), 141150.)

Dosage: Gum-resin—3-5 g (CCRAS.)... balsamodendron myrrha

Bauhinia Malabarica

Roxb.

Family: Caesalpiniaceae.

Habitat: South India, Assam and Bengal.

English: Malabar Mountain Ebony.

Ayurvedic: Ashmantaka var., Kaanchanaara var. (in the South).

Siddha/Tamil: Malaiyatti.

Folk: Aapataa (Maharashtra), Amli, Amlosaa.

Action: Antidysenteric.

The plant contains flavonoid gly- cosides—quercitroside, iso-quercitro- side, rutoside, taxifoline rhamnoside, kaempferol glycosides and quercetol glycoside.... bauhinia malabarica

Co-morbid Condition

Conditions that exist at the same time as the primary condition in the same patient (e.g. hypertension is a co-morbidity of many conditions, such as diabetes, ischemic heart disease, end-stage renal disease, etc.). Two or more conditions may interact in such a way as to prolong a stay in hospital or hinder successful rehabilitation.... co-morbid condition

Committee On Safety Of Medicines (csm)

An independent advisory committee – launched in 1971 in the United Kingdom – composed of doctors, pharmacists and other specialists. It advises the MEDICINES CONTROL AGENCY in the UK on the safety, e?cacy and pharmaceutical quality of MEDICINES for which licences are sought and also reviews reports of ADVERSE REACTIONS TO DRUGS, including spontaneous ‘Yellow Card’ reports from doctors or pharmacists who suspect that a patient has suffered an adverse reaction from a medicine. Its predecessor, the Committee for Safety of Drugs, was set up in 1963 in response to the THALIDOMIDE disaster.... committee on safety of medicines (csm)

Community Mental Health Centre

An entity which provides comprehensive mental health services (principally ambulatory), primarily to individuals residing or employed in a defined catchment area.... community mental health centre

Congregate Meals Programme

Delivery of meals and socialization activities to older adults in a designated location.... congregate meals programme

Benefits Of Meadowsweet Tea

Meadowsweet tea is one of the many herbal teas with plenty of health benefits. It is made from the meadowsweet herb, which can be found in Europe and Western Asia. The plant, as well as the tea, helps you stay healthy. Find out more information about meadowsweet tea! About Meadowsweet Tea Meadowsweet tea’s main ingredient is meadowsweet, a perennial herb that grows in moist meadows. It is found in Europe and Western Asia; it has also been introduced and naturalized in North America. The stems are 1-2m tall, with dark-green leaves and delicate, white flowers called cymes, which grow in clusters. The flowers bloom from June to early September, and have a strong, sweet smell. The plant has a rich history. The flowers of the plant were found in a Bronze Age cairn in Carmarthenshire, along with the cremated remains of three people. They were also found inside a Beaker from Ashgrove, Fife, and a vessel from North Mains, Strathallan. In Chaucer’s “The Knight’s tale”, it is called Meadwort, representing one of the ingredients for a drink called “save”. Also, during the 16th century, it was Queen Elizabeth I’s favorite herb for strewing the floors in her chambers. The plant can be used as a strewing herb, thanks to its strong, pleasant aroma, as well as to flavor wine, beer, and other vinegars. The flowers are used with jams, to give them a subtle almond flavor. How to prepare Meadowsweet Tea It isn’t difficult to make a cup of meadowsweet tea. Just add one teaspoon of dried meadowsweet herbs (usually the leaves of the plant) to a cup of boiling water and let it steep for about 10 minutes. Once the steeping time is done, strain to remove the herbs. You can add lemon and/or honey, based on your taste. Health Benefits of Meadowsweet Tea The meadowsweet tea comes with many health benefits, thanks to its main ingredient, the meadowsweet herb. The herb is known to include, among other substances, salicylic acid, essential oils, and tannins. The plant also contains the chemicals necessary to make aspirin, and from its roots you can obtain a natural black dye. The health benefits of the meadowsweet tea are just as important. First of all, it helps you with digestion. It protects the mucous membranes of the digestive tract by reducing excess acidity and easing nausea. It also helps with diarrhea. Meadowsweet teais often recommended when dealing with colds and the flu. It helps reduce the fever, as well as with headaches; it also treats coughs. Meadowsweet tea is used to treat heartburn, gastritis, peptic ulceration, and hyperacidity. It also helps relieve rheumatism-induced pain in muscles and joints. Side-effects of Meadowsweet Tea If you know that aspirin is not good for your health, be careful when drinking meadowsweet tea. As meadowsweet is one of the ingredients of aspirin, it might affect you to some extent. For example, in the case of about one out of five persons suffering from asthma, aspirin induced asthma symptoms. Those suffering from asthma need to keep in mind the fact that meadowsweet teamay induce asthma symptoms, as well. Meadowsweet tea might not be good for you if you’ve got internal bleeding problems. The herb might cancel the effects of prescribed blood thinners, therefore causing more harm than helping you. Also, don’t drink meadowsweet tea if you’re pregnant, as it might cause miscarriages. If you drink too much meadowsweet tea, you might get the following symptoms: blood in the stool, vomiting, or ringing in the ears; it might even lead to kidney problems. Plus, it is not recommended to drink more than six cups of tea a day, no matter the tea. If you drink too much, you’ll get headaches, dizziness, insomnia, irregular heartbeats, vomiting, diarrhea and loss of appetite. Meadowsweet tea is definitely good for your body! Having all these health benefits, you won’t regret including it in your daily diet. If you’re sure you won’t get any side effects, then you’re free to enjoy a cup of aromatic tea!... benefits of meadowsweet tea

Bitter Mellon Tea Against Diabetes

Bitter Melon tea is a bitter beverage, very useful in treating a large array of diseases such as diabetes, but not only. Bitter Melon Tea description Bitter Melon is an herbaceous tendril-bearing vine that grows in parts of East Africa, Asia, the Caribbean islands, and parts of South America. It has dainty yellow flowers, bearing an oblong-shaped fruit that has a pockmarked and warty exterior which turns yellow when ripe. Its flesh is crunchy and watery in texture whereas its skin is tender and edible. The taste of the fruit is very bitter. Bitter Melon tea is the resulting beverage from brewing the abovementioned plant, best known for its efficiency against diabetes. The plant is also added to several types of food, as a culinary ingredient. Bitter Melon Tea brewing To prepare Bitter Melon tea:
  • Place a handful of leaves in a pot of boiling water
  • Boil the mix until the water turns green
  • Let the mix steep for about 5 minutes
The taste is quite bitter. Also, the Bitter Melon fruit can also be made into a tea. The majority of cultures prefer to use the leaves for making tea while the fruit is consumed as an addition to dishes. Bitter Melon Tea benefits Bitter Melon tea has proved its efficiency in treating:
  • abdominal gas and colic
  • liver problems
  • ulcers in different parts of the body
  • digestion (It may also help ease symptoms of dyspepsia and constipation)
Bitter Melon tea is said to help in regulating blood sugar levels, being widely used as a herbal remedy by diabetes patients. Bitter Melon tea can be used in the treatment of HIV. Bitter Melon Tea side effects Bitter Melon tea should never be taken in conjuncture with any form of diabetes medication. Pregnant and nursing women should also avoid this tea. Bitter Melon Tea is a natural remedy against type 1 and type 2 of diabetes. It is also consumed for its healing properties when dealing with abdominal gas and colic.... bitter mellon tea against diabetes

Continence Management

The practice of promoting and maintaining continence and the assessment, evaluation and action taken to support this.... continence management

Benefits Of Mistletoe Tea

For a healthy beverage, try the mistletoe tea! You should already know the plant thanks to its association with the Christmas traditions. However, there’s more to mistletoe than just being a decorative plant. Find out about the health benefits ofmistletoe tea! About the Mistletoe Tea The main ingredient of the mistletoe tea is the hemi-parasitic plant, the mistletoe. It is an evergreen plant that usually grows on the branches of various trees, such as elms, pines or oak. The mistletoe can be found in Europe, Australia, North America, and some parts of North Asia. The woody stem has oval, evergreen leaves, and waxy, white berries. The berries are poisonous; the leaves are the ones used to produce themistletoe tea. Mistletoe is often used as a Christmas decoration. It is hung somewhere in the house, and remains so during next Christmas, when it gets replaced. It is said that it protects the house from lightning or fire. Also, legends say that a man and a woman who meet under a hanging of mistletoe are obliged to kiss. The origin of this custom may be Scandinavian, and the first documented case of a couple kissing under the mistletoe dates from 16th century England. There are two types of mistletoe that matter: the European mistletoe and the American mistletoe. Regarding their appearance, they look pretty similar. The difference is that the American mistletoe has shorter leaves, and longer clusters of 10 or more berries. Other differences between the two are related to health benefits. How to prepare Mistletoe Tea Properly preparing a cup of mistletoe tea takes some time. First, you add a teaspoon of the dried mistletoe herb to a cup of cold water. Let the cup stay overnight at room temperature. On the next day, heat the mix before drinking. To enjoy its rich flavor, don’t skip any of these steps! Benefits of Mistletoe Tea The mistletoe tea has many health benefits thanks to its main ingredient, the mistletoe. The herb includes various active constituents, such as amines, caffeic and myristic acids, mucilage, terpenoids, and tannins. Mistletoe is also an essential ingredient of the European anti-cancer extract called Iscador, which helps stimulate the immune system and kill cancer cells. Therefore, it’s said that mistletoe teahelps you fight against cancer. Another health benefit of the mistletoe tea is that it reduces symptoms associated with high blood pressure, such as irritability, dizziness, headaches, and loss of energy. This, however, applies to the mistletoe tea made leaves of European mistletoe. The leaves of the American mistletoe is said to raise blood pressure. Another health-related difference between the European and the American mistletoe is related to uterine and intestinal contractions. The European mistletoe acts as an antispasmodic and calming agent, while the American mistletoe increases uterine and intestinal contractions. Be careful with the type of mistletoe tealeavesyou use. Mistletoe tea can also help with relieving panic attacks, nervousness, and headaches. It is a useful treatment against hysteria, epilepsy, and tinnitus. It is also recommended in the treatment of type 1 and 2 diabetes, breast cancer, and to support HIV patients. Drinking mistletoe teahelps with diarrhea, as well. It is useful when it comes to menopause and pre-menstrual syndrome. It is also useful when dealing with respiratory ailments such as coughs and asthma. Side effects of Mistletoe Tea First of it, it is recommended not to have children drink mistletoe tea. Also, if you are pregnant or breast feeding, it is best that you stop drinking mistletoe tea. If you have hepatitis, you need to stay away from mistletoe tea. Consumption of mistletoe tea will only cause more damage to the liver. Also, despite being useful when treating diabetes, mistletoe tea mayinterfere with the action of anti-diabetic medications. It is best that you check with your doctor, to make sure it doesn’t cancel the effects of the medication. Cancer patients should also consult with their doctors first, before adding mistletoe tea to their daily diet. Other side effects that you might experience because of mistletoe tea are flu-like symptoms, including fever, nausea, abdominal pain, and various allergy-type symptoms. Lastly, don’t drink more than 6 cups of mistletoe tea a day. If you do, it might cause you more harm than good. You might get some of the following symptoms: headaches, dizziness, insomnia, irregular heartbeats, vomiting, diarrhea and loss of appetite. If you get any of these symptoms, reduce the amount of mistletoe tea you drink. Also, this can apply to all types of tea, not only mistletoe tea.   Don’t just think of Christmas when you hear someone talking about mistletoe. Remember the many health benefits of mistletoe tea. Check for side effects and if it’s all safe, feel free to include mistletoe teain your daily diet. It will definitely help you stay healthy!... benefits of mistletoe tea

Conventional Medicine

Medicine as practised by holders of a medical degree and their allied health professionals, some of whom may also practise complementary and alternative medicine. See “alternative and complementary health care”.... conventional medicine

Cost Minimization Analysis

A determination of the least costly among alternative interventions that are assumed to produce equivalent outcomes.... cost minimization analysis

Council For Nursing And Midwifery

See APPENDIX 7: STATUTORY ORGANISATIONS.... council for nursing and midwifery

Cutaneous Larva Migrans

A cutaneous eruption resulting from exposure of the skin the infective filariform larva of non-human hookworms, Ancylostoma braziliense, A. caninum and some Strongyloides spp (especially S. procyormis of the raccoon and S. myopotami of the nutria).... cutaneous larva migrans

Cutaneous Means Belonging To The Skin.

... cutaneous means belonging to the skin.

De Morgan’s Spots

De Morgan’s spots are a type of small HAEMANGIOMA occuring in the skin of middle-aged people. No more than 3 mm in diameter, they are rarely widespread and are not malignant.... de morgan’s spots

Delivered Meals

See “meals on wheels”.... delivered meals

Benefits Of Muira Puama Tea

For a sweet tea, try the muira puama tea. As an herbal tea, it has many health benefits, especially for men. Read the article and find out more about the muira puama tea! About Muira Puama Tea The main ingredient of the muira puama tea is, of course, the muira puama herbal plant. It is a flowering plant with two species (Benth and Anselmino). Its origin can be found in the Amazonian rainforests, although at present it is grown in Europe, as well. The trees grow up to 4 meters, sometimes even taller. They have short-petioled leaves which are light green on upper surface and dark brown on lower surface. It has small, white flowers that have a similar scent to those of jasmine. How to prepare Muira Puama Tea In order to drink a cup of muira puama tea, pour boiling water in a cup that contains one teabag or a teaspoon of dried herbs. Cover the cup and let it steep for 2-4 minutes. Next, remove the teabag or tea herbs. If you want, you can add milk and honey to your cup of tea, to sweeten the taste. Muira Puama Iced Tea You can also enjoy muira puama tea during summertime, by preparing it as an iced tea. For 1 liter, you mainly need 5 teabags, 2 cups of boiling water, and a similar amount of cold water. Place the teabags into a teapot or a heat resistant pitcher, then pour the boiling water. Let it steep for about 5 minutes, while you fill a serving pitcher with cold water. Remove the tea bags and pour the tea into the serving pitcher. Add ice and more cold water to the serving pitcher. Sweeten it with honey, sugar or anything else that comes to your mind. Components of Muira Puama Tea Muira Puama tea’s components come from the herb with the same name. There are two medically active ones: long-chain fatty acids and alkaloid chemicals. Also, the bark and roots of the plant (which are used to make the tea) contain some of the following constituentsg: alpha-pinene, alpha-terpinene, beta-sitosterol, camphor, eugenol, imonene, linalool, stigmasterols, and various acids and essential oils. Muira Puama Tea Benefits The most important benefit of the muira puama tea is for men. After all, the muira puama herb is also known as the “Viagra of the Amazon”. That is because it helps with sexual impotence, by increasing the blood flow to the genital areas. It also helps in the treatment of male pattern baldness. Muira puama tea can be used as a tonic for nervous conditions and depressions. It is useful when it comes to improving one’s memory, especially among elders. The tea also increases your energy level, and improves mental focus and clarity. It is often used in the treatment for rheumatism and indigestion. It also helps women with treating the discomforts of menopause, as well as lessening the pain that comes with menstrual cramps. Muira Puama Tea side effects It is considered best to avoid drinking muira puama tea during pregnancy or when you are breast feeding. In both cases, it can affect the baby.The teaalsoincludes some enzymes which are harmful if you’re suffering from peptic ulcers. In this case, it is recommended that you not consume this type of tea. Consumption of muira puama tea can also lead to an increase in the blood pressure levels. For most people, it is only temporary, but it can be harmful for people with existing complications of blood pressure levels. If this is your case, it’s best that you consult your doctor first before you start drinking this tea. As muira puama acts as a stimulant, drinking too much muira puama tea may lead to anxiety and insomnia. It is generally advised that you not drink more than six cups of tea a day, no matter the type of tea. Other symptoms that you might get are headaches, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, and irregular heartbeats.   Muira puama tea is clearly full of health benefits, especially for men. It is good for women, as well, as long as it is not consumed during pregnancy or breast feeding periods. Be careful not to get any side effects and you can enjoy this type of tea with no worries.... benefits of muira puama tea

Black Cohosh Tea: Benefic In Menopause

Black Cohosh tea is recommended to people who want to prevent bone ailments or just to enhance their immune system. Black Cohosh Tea description Black Cohosh is a woodland plant, found in the New England region of the United States, as well as eastern Canada. Its roots and rhizomes are used for medicinal properties, particularly for female hormonal balance and arthritis. It also has acknowledged anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic properties. Black cohosh can be consumed as a fresh or dry root or as a supplement in liquid or tablet forms. The daily dosage should not exceed 80 mg Black cohosh in tablet form or 2 to 4 ml Black Cohosh tincture two to three times a day. Black Cohosh tea is the resulting beverage from brewing the abovementioned plant. Black Cohosh Tea brewing To make Black Cohosh tea, use the roots of the plant. Black Cohosh roots should be boiled for about 20 to 30 minutes in water. Strain it and drink it slowly. Black Cohosh Tea benefits Studies revealed Black Cohosh tea to be efficient in treating:
  • the symptoms of menopause and menstrual discomfort (hot flashes, mood swings and vaginal dryness)
  • infertility
  • rheumatism
  • cough
  • high cholesterol levels, as well as hardening of the arteries
  • osteoporosis
  • muscle aches
Black Cohosh side effects Black Cohosh tea is not recommended during pregnancy, as large doses may induce a miscarriage. An overdose can cause dizziness, nausea and increased perspiration. Also, Black Cohosh tea may cause gastrointestinal pain, diarrhea, vomiting and nausea. People intaking  this type of tea may experience dizziness, headaches, tremors and a slow heart rate. Individuals with an allergy to buttercup or crowfoot should avoid Black Cohosh tea because they are from the same plant family. People who are allergic to aspirin should not consume the tea because it contains small amounts of salicylic acid, the active ingredient in aspirin. Also people with a history of blood clots, seizures and high blood pressure should avoid Black Cohosh tea. Black Cohosh tea is known for its anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic action, being successfully used to treat women health issues such as menopause and menstrual discomfort.... black cohosh tea: benefic in menopause

Disease Management

The process of identifying and delivering, within selected populations (e.g. people with asthma or diabetes), the most efficient, effective combination of resources, interventions or pharmaceuticals for the treatment or prevention of a disease. Disease management could include team-based care, where medical practitioners and/or other health professionals participate in the delivery and management of care. It also includes the appropriate use of pharmaceuticals.... disease management

Bridelia Montana

Willd.

Family: Euphorbiaceae.

Habitat: The sub-Himalayan tract from Kashmir eastwards to Assam, and in Bihar, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh.

Ayurvedic: Ekaviraa.

Siddha/Tamil: Venge-maram.

Folk: Gondni, Asaanaa (Maharashtra).

Action: Bark and Root—astringent, anthelmintic. Used in the treatment of bone fracture.

The root contains 5.7% tannins.

The leaves contain beta-sitosterol, its beta-D-glucoside and a triterpe- noid. Fructose, glucose and sucrose were identified as the components of the glycoside.... bridelia montana

Butea Monosperma

(Lam.) Taub.

Synonym: B. frondosa Koenig ex Roxb.

Family: Papilionaceae; Fabaceae.

Habitat: Throughout India, up to 1,200 m except in very arid regions.

English: Flame of the Forest, Butea Gum, Bengal Kino.

Ayurvedic: Paalasha, Kimshuka, Raktapushpaka, Kshaarshreshtha, Brahmavriksha, Samidvar.

Unani: Dhaak, Samagh Dhaak, Kamarkas.

Siddha/Tamil: Palasam, Purasus.

Folk: Tesu.

Action: Bark—astringent, styptic (prescribed in bleeding piles, ulcers, haemorrhages, menstrual disorders), anthelmintic. Flowers— astringent, diuretic, emmenagogue (also given for leucorrhoea). A decoction of flowers is given in diarrhoea and haematuria, also to puerperal women. Seeds—clinical use of seeds as an anthelmintic drug is not considered safe in humans.

Leaves—antibacterial. Stem bark— antifungal.

An aqueous extract of flowers has shown hepatoprotective activity against CCl4-induced liver injury in albino rats.

Extracts of flowers have exhibited significant anti-oestrogenic activity in mice. The seed suspension, on oral administration to albino rats (175 and 350 mg/kg body weight), showed 38.46 and 68.75% cases, respectively, where pregnancy was not interrupted but foetus was malformed.

Alcoholic extract of the whole plant produced persistent vasodepression in cats.

The plant contains flavonoids and glucosides—butin, butrin, isobutrin and palastrin. Flowers contain butrin, coreopsin, monospermoside and their derivatives and sulphurein; also chal- cones.

Dosage: Stem bark—5-10 g powder (API Vol. II); flower—3-6 g powder; seed—3 g powder; gum—0.5-1.5 g (API Vol. IV.)... butea monosperma

Dracunculus Medinensis

The Guineaworm of parts of Africa, the Middle East and Asia. A nematode wormcausing painful subcutaneous lesions.... dracunculus medinensis

Drug Metabolism

A process by which the body destroys and excretes drugs, so limiting their duration of action. Phase 1 metabolism consists of transformation by oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis. In phase 2 this transformed product is conjugated (joined up) with another molecule to produce a water-soluble product which is easier to excrete.... drug metabolism

Ebed-melech

(Hebrew) A servant in the king’s house... ebed-melech

Carbon Monoxide (co)

This is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, nonirritating gas formed on incomplete combustion of organic fuels. Exposure to CO is frequently due to defective gas, oil or solid-fuel heating appliances. CO is a component of car exhaust fumes and deliberate exposure to these is a common method of suicide. Victims of ?res often suffer from CO poisoning. CO combines reversibly with oxygen-carrying sites of HAEMOGLOBIN (Hb) molecules with an a?nity 200 to 300 times greater than oxygen itself. The carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) formed becomes unavailable for oxygen transportation. In addition the partial saturation of the Hb molecule results in tighter oxygen binding, impairing delivery to the tissues. CO also binds to MYOGLOBIN and respiratory cytochrome enzymes. Exposure to CO at levels of 500 parts per million (ppm) would be expected to cause mild symptoms only and exposure to levels of 4,000 ppm would be rapidly fatal.

Each year around 50 people in the United Kingdom are reported as dying from carbon monoxide poisoning, and experts have suggested that as many as 25,000 people a year are exposed to its effects within the home, but most cases are unrecognised, unreported and untreated, even though victims may suffer from long-term effects. This is regrettable, given that Napoleon’s surgeon, Larrey, recognised in the 18th century that soldiers were being poisoned by carbon monoxide when billeted in huts heated by woodburning stoves. In the USA it is estimated that 40,000 people a year attend emergency departments suffering from carbon monoxide poisoning. So prevention is clearly an important element in dealing with what is sometimes termed the ‘silent killer’. Safer designs of houses and heating systems, as well as wider public education on the dangers of carbon monoxide and its sources, are important.

Clinical effects of acute exposure resemble those of atmospheric HYPOXIA. Tissues and organs with high oxygen consumption are affected to a great extent. Common effects include headaches, weakness, fatigue, ?ushing, nausea, vomiting, irritability, dizziness, drowsiness, disorientation, incoordination, visual disturbances, TACHYCARDIA and HYPERVENTILATION. In severe cases drowsiness may progress rapidly to COMA. There may also be metabolic ACIDOSIS, HYPOKALAEMIA, CONVULSIONS, HYPOTENSION, respiratory depression, ECG changes and cardiovascular collapse. Cerebral OEDEMA is common and will lead to severe brain damage and focal neurological signs. Signi?cant abnormalities on physical examination include impaired short-term memory, abnormal Rhomberg’s test (standing unsupported with eyes closed) and unsteadiness of gait including heel-toe walking. Any one of these signs would classify the episode as severe. Victims’ skin may be coloured pink, though this is very rarely seen even in severe incidents. The venous blood may look ‘arterial’. Patients recovering from acute CO poisoning may suffer neurological sequelae including TREMOR, personality changes, memory impairment, visual loss, inability to concentrate and PARKINSONISM. Chronic low-level exposures may result in nausea, fatigue, headache, confusion, VOMITING, DIARRHOEA, abdominal pain and general malaise. They are often misdiagnosed as in?uenza or food poisoning.

First-aid treatment is to remove the victim from the source of exposure, ensure an e?ective airway and give 100-per-cent oxygen by tight-?tting mask. In hospital, management is largely suppportive, with oxygen administration. A blood sample for COHb level determination should be taken as soon as practicable and, if possible, before oxygen is given. Ideally, oxygen therapy should continue until the COHb level falls below 5 per cent. Patients with any history of unconsciousness, a COHb level greater than 20 per cent on arrival, any neurological signs, any cardiac arrhythmias or anyone who is pregnant should be referred for an expert opinion about possible treatment with hyperbaric oxygen, though this remains a controversial therapy. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy shortens the half-life of COHb, increases plasma oxygen transport and reverses the clinical effects resulting from acute exposures. Carbon monoxide is also an environmental poison and a component of cigarette smoke. Normal body COHb levels due to ENDOGENOUS CO production are 0.4 to

0.7 per cent. Non-smokers in urban areas may have level of 1–2 per cent as a result of environmental exposure. Smokers may have a COHb level of 5 to 6 per cent.... carbon monoxide (co)

Electronic Monitoring Devices

Electronically driven equipment that will constantly monitor the physiological status of patients and the effects of medical intervention on that status. Such devices should relieve hospital sta? of time-consuming ‘human monitoring’ procedures and in some instances will enable patients to carry monitoring devices during their daily living activities. An example would be the regular assessment of blood-sugar concentration in subjects with DIABETES MELLITUS or the routine checking on the blood or tissue concentrations of administered drugs.... electronic monitoring devices

Empirical Methods

Research based on critical evaluation through observation or experimentation, not opinion or speculation.... empirical methods

Environmental Manipulation

Making temporary changes to the environment with the objective of reducing vector abundance.... environmental manipulation

Environmental Modification

Making permanent changes to the environment with the objective of reducing vector abundance.... environmental modification

Eva Marie

(American) A gracious giver of life

Eva Maria, Eva Mary, Eva Mariah... eva marie

Chonemorpha Macrophylla

(Roxb.) G. Don.

Synonym: C. fragrans (Moon) Alston.

Family: Apocynaceae.

Habitat: Dense moist forests throughout India up to 1,500 m altitude.

English: Wood Vine.

Ayurvedic: Used in the Southern states as Muurvaa.

Action: Powdered root and stems— laxative, antibilious.

A lignan derivative has been isolated from the stem. It accelerated uptake of low density lipoprotein by Hep G2 cell by 67.0%.

The root bark contains 3.03% of total alkaloids consisting mainly of chonemorphine. Chonemorphine di- hydrochloride is an anti-amoebic principle. It showed in vitro activity against Entamoeba histolytica and trichomo- nas vaginalis. It proved efficacious against hepatic amoebiasis in golden hamsters and intestinal amoebiasis in Wister rats.... chonemorpha macrophylla

Citrus Maxima

(Burm.) Merrill.

Synonym: C. decumana Watt. C. grandis (L.) Osbeck

Family: Rutaceae.

Habitat: North-eastern region up to 1,500 m in Assam and Tripura.

English: Pummelo, Shaddock.

Ayurvedic: Madhukarkatikaa.

Unani: Chakotra.

Siddha/Tamil: Pambalimasu.

Folk: Mahaa-nibu, Sadaaphal.

Action: Fruit—cardiotonic. Leaves, flowers and rind—used as a sedative in nervous affections. Leaves— used in convulsive cough, chorea, epilepsy, also in the treatment of haemorrhagic diseases. A lotion of boiled leaves used hot in painful swellings. The essential oil from fresh leaves exhibits dermatophytic, and fungistatic activity.

The root-bark contains beta-sitos- terol and acridone alkaloids. It also contains several coumarins. The alkaloids and coumarins show antimicrobial acitivity.

The essential oil from the leaves and unripe fruits contain 20% limonin, 30% nerolol, 40% nerolyl acetate and 3% geraniol. diosmin, beta-sitosterol and beta-D- glucoside. The roots contain campes- terol, stigmasterol, sitosterol and cholesterol.

Aqueous extract of the peel showed hypotensive action in dogs.

The fruits and seeds are a cardioton- ic; found useful in palpitation.

Dosage: Fruit—10-20 ml juice. (API Vol. III.) Leaf, flower, fruit, root— 50-100 ml decoction. (CCRAS.)... citrus maxima

Clinical Risk Management

Initially driven by anxiety about the possibility of medical negligence cases, clinical risk management has evolved into the study of IATROGENIC DISEASE. The ?rst priority of risk managers is to ensure that all therapies in medicine are as safe as possible. Allied to this is a recognition that errors may occur even when error-prevention strategies are in place. Lastly, any accidents that occur are analysed, allowing a broader understanding of their cause. Risk management is generally centred on single adverse events. The threat of litigation is taken as an opportunity to expose unsafe conditions of practice and to put pressure on those with the authority to implement change. These might include senior clinicians, hospital management, the purchasing authorities, and even the Secretary of State for Health. Attention is focused on organisational factors rather than on the individuals involved in a speci?c case.... clinical risk management

Club Moss Tea

The benefits of Club Moss tea are known for centuries. It was used by the ancient Druids and Chinese people as a homeopath remedy for various conditions. About Club Moss tea Botanically called Lycopodium clavatum, Club Moss is also found under the name of Wolf’s Claw. It is an evergreen plant that looks similar to a pine tree with small needles creeping along the forest floor and can be found in almost every continent in the world. It contains radium, alkaloids, polyphenolic acids, flavonoids and minerals. Some studies conducted in China have showed that “huperzine”, one of Club Moss tea’s constituents may improve the cognitive function raising its popularity as a memory enhancement supplement. It may also have a significant impact on amnesia and the effects of Alzheimer’s disease. Brew Club Moss tea Club Moss tea is prepared from one teaspoon of small cut pieces added to half a liter of boiled water. It is left like that for about 5 minutes. Never boil the plant, just pour the water over it. It is recommended to consume a cup per day, slowly, in the morning, on an empty stomach, half an hour before breakfast. Club Moss tea Benefits Club Moss tea has many health benefits. Find below a short list. Club Moss tea is a tonic for the liver, kidneys, bladder, urinary tract, and reproductive organs. According to the traditional Chinese medicine, Club Moss tea has been used for centuries to treat fever and inflammation. It has diuretic, anti-alcoholic, anti-tobacco, anti-cirrhotic, and purgative properties. If you also have a stomach that is easily irritated or chronic diarrhea, Club Moss tea can also help you feel relief. Club Moss Tea is said to help cleanse the kidney and may alleviate urinary tract infections like cystitis. When applied topically, this tea may help in the healing of wounds or other skin conditions and it can help stop the bleeding. Club Moss tea Side Effects Club Moss tea is mostly safe in the right amounts; do not drink more than 2 cups a day as it is not recommended for a long term-use. Overuse may cause griping or grumbling pains in the intestinal tract. Pregnant women should avoid drinking it. Also, people who suffer from diarrhea should use the tea only with the greatest caution as cramps in the intestines could develop. Club Moss tea is mostly safe and you can drink it without any problem as long as you keep in mind its precautions and you do not take more than 2 cups a day for a long period of time. So use it only when you need it.... club moss tea

Evidence-based Decision-making

In a policy context, evidence-based decision-making is the application of the best available scientific evidence to policy decisions about specific treatments or care, as well as changes in the delivery system.... evidence-based decision-making

Community Mental Health Teams

Intended as a key part of the NHS’s local comprehensive mental health services serving populations of around 50,000, these multidisciplinary, multi-agency teams have been less e?ective than expected, in part due to varying modes of operation in di?erent districts. Some experts argue that the services they provide – for example, crisis intervention, liaison with primary care services and continuing care for long-term clients – could be delivered more e?ectively by several specialist teams rather than a single, large generic one comprising psychiatrists, psychologists, community mental health nurses, occupational therapists, support and (sometimes) social workers.... community mental health teams

Complementary And Alternative Medicine (cam)

This is the title used for a diverse group of health-related therapies and disciplines which are not considered to be a part of mainstream medical care. Other terms sometimes used to describe them include ‘natural medicine’, ‘nonconventional medicine’ and ‘holistic medicine’. CAM embraces those therapies which may either be provided alongside conventional medicine (complementary) or which may, in the view of their practitioners, act as a substitute for it. Alternative disciplines purport to provide diagnostic information as well as o?ering therapy. However, there is a move now to integrate CAM with orthodox medicine and this view is supported by the Foundation for Integrated Medicine in the UK in its report, A way forward for the next ?ve years? – A discussion paper (1997).

The University of Exeter Centre for Complementary Health Studies report, published in 2000, estimated that there are probably more than 60,000 practitioners of complementary and alternative medicine in the UK. In addition there are about 9,300 therapist members of organisations representing practitioners who have statutory quali?cations, including doctors, nurses (see NURSING), midwives, osteopaths and physiotherapists; chiropractors became fully regulated by statute in June 2001. There are likely to be many thousands more health sta? with an active interest or involvement in the practice of complementary medicine – for example, the 10,000 members of the Royal College of Nursing’s Complementary Therapy Forum. It is possible that up to 20,000 statutory health professionals regularly practise some form of complementary medicine including half of all general practices providing access to CAMs – most commonly manipulation therapies. The report from the Centre at Exeter University estimates that up to 5 million patients consulted a practitioner specialising in complementary and alternative medicine in 1999. Surveys of users of complementary and alternative practitioners show a relatively high satisfaction rating and it is likely that many patients will go on to use such therapists over an extended period. The Exeter Centre estimates that, with the increments of the last two years, up to 15–20 million people, possibly 33 per cent of the population of the country, have now sought such treatment.

The 1998 meeting of the British Medical Association (BMA) agreed to ‘investigate the scienti?c basis and e?cacy of acupuncture and the quality of training and standards of con?dence in its practitioners’. In the resulting report (July 2000) the BMA recommended that guidelines on CAM use for general practitioners, complementary medicine practitioners and patients were urgently needed, and that the Department of Health should select key CAM therapies, including acupuncture, for appraisal by the National Institute for Clinical Medicine (NICE). The BMA also reiterated its earlier recommendation that the main CAM therapies, including acupuncture, should be included in familiarisation courses on CAM provided within medical schools, and that accredited postgraduate education should be provided to inform GPs and other clinicians about the possible bene?ts of CAM for patients.... complementary and alternative medicine (cam)

Conium Maculatum

Linn.

Family: Umbelliferae; Apiaceae.

Habitat: North temperate regions.

English: Spotted Hemlock, Poison Hemlock.

Unani: Khardmaanaa, Shuk.

Action: Sedative, anodyne, antispasmodic. Used for relief in whooping cough, asthma; paralysis; epilepsy. Antidote to strichnine poisoning and other poisons of the same class. Highly toxic. Mother tincture of Hemlock is used in homoeopathy for prevention of immature cataract.

All parts of the plant contain alkaloids—highest in aerial parts (1.77%) and lowest in stems. Gamma-conice- ine is the principal alkaloid in the leaves, whereas N-methylconiine is the major alkaloid in mature fruits. Beside the alkaloids, a flavone glycoside, dios- min and chlorogenic acid have been reported in the leaves and inflorescence. Ripe seeds yield coumarins, bergapten and xanthotoxin. Experimentally, the plant exhibited teratogenic properties. (Rarely used today.)

Berries are toxic at 10 g, leaves at 30 g and coniine at 150 mg. (Francis Brinker.)... conium maculatum

Extracto De Malta

Malt extract; contains alcohol; sometimes added to herbal preparations.... extracto de malta

False-memory Syndrome

See REPRESSED MEMORY THERAPY.... false-memory syndrome

Feedback Mechanism

Many glands which produce HORMONES are in?uenced by other hormones, particularly those secreted by the HYPOTHALAMUS (a controlling centre in the brain) and the PITUITARY GLAND. If the amount of hormone produced by a gland rises, negative feedback mechanisms operate by instructing the pituitary gland, via the hypothalamus, to produce less of the stimulating hormones. This cuts activity in the target gland. Should the amount of hormone produced fall, the feedback mechanism weakens with the result that the output of stimulating hormones increases.... feedback mechanism

Female Genital Mutilation (fgm)

See CIRCUMCISION.... female genital mutilation (fgm)

Cordia Myxa

Roxb. noncLinn.

Synonym: C. dichotoma Forst. f. C. obliqua Willd.

Family: Boraginaceae.

Habitat: Throughout India, wild and often planted.

English: Sabestan Plum.

Ayurvedic: Shleshmaataka, Shelu, Bahuvaara, Bahuvaaraka, Bhutvrk- shak, Uddaalaka Shita, Picchila, Lisodaa.

Unani: Sapistaan, Lasodaa.

Siddha/Tamil: Naruvili.

Action: Fruit—astringent, demulcent, expectorant, diuretic, anthelmintic, mucilaginous. Used in the diseases of the chest and urinary passage. Bark—used in dyspepsia and fevers. Kernels— externally applied to ringworm. Leaf—decoction used in cough and cold.

The fruits contain Ca 55, P 275, Zn 2, Fe 6, Mn 2, Cr 0.2 and Cu 1.6 mg/100 g (Chromium is of therapeutic value in diabetes).

Antinutritional factors are—phytic acid 355, phytate phosphorus 100 and oxalic acid 250 mg/100 g.

The seeds contain alpha-amyrin and taxifolin-3, 5-dirhamnoside, which showed significant anti-inflammatory activity. EtOH (50%) of leaves and stems—antimicrobial; aerial parts— diuretic and hypothermic.... cordia myxa

Cucumis Melo

Linn. var. utilissimus Duth. & Fuller.

Synonym: C. utilissimus Roxb.

Family: Cucurbitaceae.

Habitat: Cultivated in Punjab and Uttar Pradesh.

English: Snake Cucumber.

Ayurvedic: Ervaaru, Ervaaruka, Urvaaru, Bahukanda, Karkati.

Unani: Kakari.

Siddha/Tamil: Kakkarikkay, Vellarikkai.

Action: Seeds—cooling, diuretic; used in painful micturition and suppression of urine.

The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India recommends the seed in dysuria and lithiasis.

Dosage: Seed—3-6 g. (API Vol. II.)... cucumis melo

Cucurbita Maxima

Duchesne.

Habitat: Cultivated throughout India.

English: Red Gourd, Red Pumpkin.

Ayurvedic: Peeta Kuushmaanda, Kuushmaandaka, Kuusmaandi, Karkaaruka, Seetaaphal.

Unani: Kaddu-e-Sheerin, Aqteen.

Siddha/Tamil: Parangikayi.

Action: Fruit pulp—sedative, emollient and refrigerant; used as poultice, applied to burns, inflammations, boils, and burns. Seeds—diuretic, anthelmintic (for tapeworm). Because of their zinc content and antimitotic effect, seeds are used to arrest enlargement of prostate gland. Also used in cystitis and minor kidney dyfunction.

Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima and C. pepo) seeds contain B vitamins, Vitamin A; minerals—calcium, iron, phosphorus, zinc; cucurbitacins; linonelic acid. An infusion of seeds (2-3 teaspoons) is taken as a diuretic and in hypertrophy of prostate.

Seeds of C. maxima contain sterol glycosides and sterol fatty acid esters which showed antitumour activity in mice.

The leaves contain calcium 36.38; magnesium 38.80; iron 2.04; zinc 0.76; and copper 0.42 (mg/100 g).

The seed oil contains sterols and tri- terpenoids. The oil is used in migraine and neuralgia.... cucurbita maxima

Cucurbita Moschata

Duch. ex Poir.

Habitat: Native to Central America. Cultivated in warmer climate than that required for C. maxima.

English: Squash.

Ayurvedic: Kumshmaanda.

Action: Fruit—used in headache, bronchitis, asthma; as diuretic in genitourinary disorders; as anthelmintic against tapeworms. Dried pulp is administered in haemptysis.

The lipids isolated from the seeds included glycerides, sterol esters, phos- phatidylcholine and phosphatidylinos- itol. The aqueous extract of seeds showed potent gastroprotective activity against ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats.

In Chinese medicine, Cucurbita mo- schata flower is used in jaundice, dysentery and cough; the root in jaundice, strangury, galactostasis and dysentery; the stem in irregular menstruation and scalds.... cucurbita moschata

Game Meat

(Bison, rabbit, venison)

Nutritional Profile Energy value (calories per serving): Moderate Protein: High Fat: Low Saturated fat: High Cholesterol: Moderate Carbohydrates: None Fiber: None Sodium: Low Major vitamin contribution: B vitamins Major mineral contribution: Iron, zinc

About the Nutrients in This Food Like other animal foods, game meat has high-quality proteins with suf- ficient amounts of all the essential amino acids. Some game meat has less fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol than beef. All game meat is an excellent source of B vitamins, plus heme iron, the form of iron most easily absorbed by your body, and zinc. For example, one four-ounce serving of roast bison has 28 g protein, 2.7 g fat (1.04 g saturated fat), 93.7 mg cholesterol, 3.88 mg iron (25.8 percent of the R DA for a woman of childbearing age), and 4.1 mg zinc (27 percent of the R DA for a man). The Nutrients in Roasted Game Meat (4-ounce serving)

The Most Nutritious Way to Serve This Food With a food rich in vitamin C. Vitamin C increases the absorption of iron.

Diets That May Restrict or Exclude This Food Low-protein diet (for kidney disease)

Buying This Food In American markets, game meats are usually sold frozen. Choose a package with no leaks or stains to suggest previous defrosting.

Storing This Food Keep frozen game meat well wrapped in the freezer until you are ready to use it. The packaging protects the meat from oxygen that can change its pigments from reddish to brown. Freezing prolongs the freshness of the meat by slowing the natural multiplication of bacteria that digest proteins and other substances on the surface, converting them to a slimy film. The bacteria also change the meat’s sulfur-containing amino acids methionine and cystine into smelly chemicals called mercaptans. When the mercaptans combine with myoglobin, they produce the greenish pigment that gives spoiled meat its characteristic unpleasant appearance. Large cuts of game meat can be safely frozen, at 0°F, for six months to a year.

Preparing This Food Defrost the meat in the refrigerator to protect it from spoilage. Trim the meat to dispose of all visible fat, thus reducing the amount of fat and cholesterol in each serving. When you are done, clean all utensils thoroughly with hot soap and hot water. Wash your cutting board, wood or plastic, with hot water, soap, and a bleach-and-water solution. For ultimate safety in preventing the transfer of microorganisms from the raw meat to other foods, keep one cutting board exclusively for raw meats, fish, and poultry, and a second one for everything else. Finally, don’t forget to wash your hands.

What Happens When You Cook This Food Cooking changes the way meat looks and tastes, alters its nutritional value, makes it safer, and extends its shelf life. Browning meat before you cook it does not “seal in the juices,” but it does change the flavor by caramelizing proteins and sugars on the surface. Because meat’s only sugars are the Game Meat  

63 small amounts of glycogen in muscle tissue, we add sugars in marinades or basting liquids that may also contain acids (vinegar, lemon juice, wine) to break down muscle fibers and tenderize the meat. (NOTE : Browning has one minor nutritional drawback. It breaks amino acids on the surface of the meat into smaller compounds that are no longer useful proteins.) When meat is heated, it loses water and shrinks. Its pigments, which combine with oxygen, are denatured (broken into fragments) by the heat. They turn brown, the natural color of well-done meat. At the same time, the fats in the meat are oxidized, a reaction that produces a characteristic warmed-over flavor when the cooked meat is refrigerated and then reheated. Cooking and storing the meat under a blanket of antioxidants—catsup or a gravy made of tomatoes, peppers and other vitamin-C rich vegetables—reduces fat oxidation and lessens the warmed-over flavor. Meat reheated in a microwave oven is also less likely to taste warmed-over.

How Other Kinds of Processing Affect This Food Aging. Hanging fresh meat exposed to air in a cold room evaporates moisture and shrinks the meat slightly. At the same time, bacterial action on the surface of the meat breaks down proteins, producing an “aged” flavor. (See below, Food/drug interactions.) Curing. Salt-curing preserves meat through osmosis, the physical reaction in which liquids flow across a membrane, such as the wall of a cell, from a less dense to a more dense solu- tion. The salt or sugar used in curing dissolve in the liquid on the surface of the meat to make a solution that is more dense than the liquid inside the cells of the meat. Water flows out of the meat and out of the cells of any microorganisms living on the meat, killing the micro-organisms and protecting the meat from bacterial damage. Salt-cured meat is higher in sodium than fresh meat. Smoking. Hanging fresh meat over an open fire slowly dries the meat, kills microorgan- isms on its surface, and gives the meat a rich, smoky flavor. The flavor varies with the wood used in the fire. Meats smoked over an open fire are exposed to carcinogenic chemicals in the smoke, including a-benzopyrene. Artificial smoke flavoring is commercially treated to remove tar and a-benzopyrene.

Medical Uses and/or Benefits Treating and/or preventing iron deficiency. Without meat in the diet, it is virtually impossible for an adult woman to meet her iron requirement without supplements.

Adverse Effects Associated with This Food Increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Like all foods from animals, game meats are a source of cholesterol. To reduce the risk of heart disease, the National Cholesterol Education Project recommends following the Step I and Step II diets. The Step I diet provides no more than 30 percent of total daily calories from fat, no more than 10 percent of total daily calories from saturated fat, and no more than 300 mg of cholesterol per day. It is designed for healthy people whose cholesterol is in the range of 200 –239 mg/dL. The Step II diet provides 25– 35 percent of total calories from fat, less than 7 percent of total calories from saturated fat, up to 10 percent of total calories from polyunsaturated fat, up to 20 percent of total calories from monounsaturated fat, and less than 300 mg cho- lesterol per day. This stricter regimen is designed for people who have one or more of the following conditions: •  Existing cardiovascular disease •  High levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs, or “bad” cholesterol) or low levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs, or “good” cholesterol) •  Obesity •  Type 1 diabetes (insulin-dependent diabetes, or diabetes mellitus) •  Metabolic syndrome, a.k.a. insulin resistance syndrome, a cluster of risk fac- tors that includes type 2 diabetes (non-insulin-dependent diabetes) Food-borne illness. Improperly cooked meat contaminated with E. coli O157:H7 has been linked to a number of fatalities in several parts of the United States. In addition, meat con- taminated with other bacteria, viruses, or parasites poses special problems for people with a weakened immune system: the very young, the very old, cancer chemotherapy patients, and people with HIV. Cooking meat to an internal temperature of 140°F should destroy Salmo- nella and Campylobacter jejuni; to 165°F, E. coli, and to 212°F, Listeria monocytogenes. Decline in kidney function. Proteins are nitrogen compounds. When metabolized, they yield ammonia that is excreted through the kidneys. In laboratory animals, a sustained high-pro- tein diet increases the flow of blood through the kidneys, accelerating the natural age-related decline in kidney function. Some experts suggest that this may also occur in human beings.

Food/Drug Interactions Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors. Meat “tenderized” with papaya or a papain powder can interact with the class of antidepressant drugs known as monoamine oxidase inhibi- tors. Papain meat tenderizers work by breaking up the long chains of protein molecules. One by-product of this process is tyramine, a substance that constructs blood vessels and raises blood pressure. M AO inhibitors inactivate naturally occurring enzymes in your body that metabolize tyramine. If you eat a food such as papain-tenderized meat, which is high in tyramine, while you are taking an M AO inhibitor, you cannot effectively eliminate the tyramine from your body. The result may be a hypertensive crisis.... game meat

Good Medical Practice

Guidelines for doctors on the provision of good medical care laid down by the GENERAL MEDICAL COUNCIL (GMC).... good medical practice

Haemic Murmur

Unusual sounds heard over the heart and large blood vessels in severe cases of ANAEMIA. They disappear as the condition improves.... haemic murmur

Cymbopogon Martinii

(Roxb.) Wats.

Andropogon martinii

Family: Poaceae.

Habitat: In drier parts of India; in Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. The most important centers of Rosha Grass oil production are Betul and Mimar in Madhya Pradesh and Nasik in Maharashtra.

English: Rosha Grass, Palmarosa.

Ayurvedic: Rohisha-trn, Dhyaama- ka.

Siddha/Tamil: Kavathampillu.

Action: Essential oil is used externally for stiff joints and lumbago, skin diseases, and in the treatment of baldness. Given internally in small doses in bilious complaints.

The essential oil obtained from mo- tia var. is rich in geraniol (79-95%).

The oil is known as Palmarosa, also

Rusa. Sofia var. yields an oil with lesser geraniol. It is known as Gingergrass Oil.... cymbopogon martinii

Datura Metel

Linn.

Synonym: D. fastuosa Linn.

Family: Solanaceae.

Habitat: Throughout India, particularly in waste place.

English: Thornapple, Downy Datura.

Ayurvedic: Dhattuura, Dhuurta, Dhastura, Unmatta, Shivapriya, Harapriya, Hema, Haatta, Dhustuu- ra, Dhustuuraka, Kanaka, Maatula. Also equated with Raaj-dhatuura. (white var.)

Unani: Dhaturaa.

Siddha/Tamil: Oomatthai, Karu- voomatthai.

Action: Various plant parts are used in headache, hemiplegia, epilepsy, delirium, convulsions, cramps, rigid thigh muscles, rheumatism. Leaf— antitumour, antirheumatic. Leaf and corolla—anti-inflammatory. Flower—antiasthmatic. Seed, leaf and root—anticatarrhal, febrifuge, antidiarrhoeal, antidermatosis; also used in cerebral complications. Seeds—used in asthma. Limited use in kinetosis (excessive salivation, nausea and vomiting).

Along with other therapeutic applications, The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia ofIndia indicated the use of the whole plant in dysuria and alopecia.

The plant accumulates more hyos- cine than hyoscyamine. Hyoscine content of dried leaves and flowering tops—between 0.02-0.55%. Alkaloid content of leaves—0.55%; stem—0.4%; seeds—0.19%; pericarps—0.8%; root at flowering of the plant—0.77%.

Hyoscine in large doses causes delirium and coma.

Dosage: Seed—30-60 mg. (API Vol. III.)... datura metel

Digera Muricata

(Linn.) Mart.

Synonym: D. arvensis Forsk. Desmochaeta muricata (L.) DC.

Family: Amaranthaceae.

Habitat: Throughout the plains of India, as a weed in cultivated fields.

Ayurvedic: Katthinjara, Kunanjara.

Siddha/Tamil: Thoyya-keerai.

Folk: Lat-mahuriaa, Lahsuvaa.

Action: Astringent, antibilious. Laxative in large doses. Flowers and seeds—diuretic; given for urinary discharges.

The plant contains alpha-and beta- spinasterol.... digera muricata

Diospyros Melanoxylon

Roxb.

Synonym: D. dubia Wall. ex A. DC.

Family: Ebenaceae.

Habitat: Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and West Peninsula.

English: Coromandel Ebony, Persimmon.

Ayurvedic: Tinduka (var.), Dirgha- patrakaa.

Siddha/Tamil: Karum Dumbi, Thumbi, Beedi-elai.

Action: Leaves—carminative, laxative, diuretic, styptic. Bark— astringent. Used in dyspepsia and diarrhoea. Unripe fruit— carminative and astringent. Ripe fruit—antibilious. Dried flowers— used in anaemia, inflammation of spleen, also in leucorrhoea. Leaf and dried flower—used in dyspepsia and diarrhoea, topically in scabies. Aerial parts—hypotensive.

Half-ripe fruit contains 23, ripe fruit 15 and bark 19% tannin.

The bark and sapwood extracts yield beta-sitosterol, lupeol, betulin and be- tulinic acid. Leaves contain hentria- contane, hentriacontanol, alpha-amy- rin, baurenol, ursolic, oleanolic and be- tulinic acids.... diospyros melanoxylon

Health Maintenance Organization (hmo)

An organized system providing health care in a geographic area to an enrolled group of persons who pay a predetermined fixed, periodic prepayment made by, or on behalf of, each person or family unit enrolled, irrespective of actual service use.... health maintenance organization (hmo)

Health-related Quality-of-life (hrql) Measure

Individual outcome measure that extends beyond traditional measures of mortality and morbidity to include such dimensions as physiology, function, social activity, cognition, emotion, sleep and rest, energy and vitality, health perception and general life satisfaction (some of these are also known as health status, functional status or quality-of-life measures).... health-related quality-of-life (hrql) measure

Herbal Manual

Herbal Manual

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... herbal manual

Diet - Macrobiotic

A plant-based diet with small amounts of poultry, fish or meat for non- vegetarians. A return to the traditional diet of local natural foods as found in some primitive communities and which is believed to increase immunity against degenerative diseases of the civilised world.

The average macrobiotic diet is made up approximately of the proportions: whole grains 45 per cent; vegetables 25 per cent; beans, legumes and seeds 10 per cent; nuts 5 per cent; fruit 5 per cent; seaweeds 5 per cent; poultry 2.5 per cent; fish 2.5 per cent.

Whole grains: wheat, barley, rye, oats, brown rice, buckwheat, millet, corn. Vegetables: green leaves and roots – grown organically. Beans, legumes and seeds: all beans, aduki, lentils, chickpeas. Seeds: sesame, sunflower, etc. Seaweeds: hiziki, wakama, dulse, Carragheen moss, kelp. Very low sugar. Moderate fats and oils. ... diet - macrobiotic

Eclectic Medicine

The eclectics were a group of North American physicians who selected from various systems of medicine such principles as they judged to be rational. Their materia medica was based almost entirely on herbal medicine. Part of their knowledge was acquired from the native Indian population and they enjoyed an extraordinary degree of success in the treatment of some of the deeper disturbances of the human race. However, their work was eclipsed by the advance of science and the medical revolution with its brilliant discoveries that have long since been adopted by the orthodox profession. Impressive results were reported in their professional magazine, Ellingwood’s Therapeutist, which continued in publication from the turn of the century until 1920. The recorded experiences of those early pioneers awaken renewed interest today. ... eclectic medicine

Eyes  - Macular Degeneration

Zinc and selenium, supported by doses of Vitamin E and amino acid taurine produced dramatic results in some cases; effect said to be due to antioxidant activity mopping up free radicals associated with degenerative diseases (Journal of Nutritional Medicine)

A preliminary therapeutic trial in patients with ageing macular degeneration or diabetic retinopathy showed that supplementation with Beta-carotene, Vitamin C, Vitamin E and Selenium halted the progression of degenerative changes and in some cases even brought some improvement. (Age and Ageing 1991, 20(1) 60-9). Bilberries.

Referral to a consultant ophthalmologist. ... eyes  - macular degeneration

Heavy Metal Toxicity

Pollution of the blood and tissues by environmental poisons and traces of chemicals is a source of chronic disease. The most common toxic metals are lead, aluminium, cadmium, mercury and arsenic in that order. Copper is also toxic but is essential in small amounts.

Lead disrupts neurotransmitters in the brain and disposes to nervous excitability, aggression and hyperactivity. Aluminium is associated with senile dementia and Alzheimer’s disease, accumulating in the brain. Cadmium induces changes in behaviour with reduced mental ability. Mercury is present in the amalgam used in dental surgery as part-filling for teeth. Arsenical poisoning may occur in food contamination or paints.

An internal chelating or cleansing of tissues of the lungs, urinary system, blood and lymph may be assisted by a combination of relative expectorants, diuretics, hepatics and adaptogens among which are: Barberry, Blue Flag root, Chaparral, Burdock, Echinacea, Red Clover, Yellow Dock. To bind with metals and assist their passage through the intestinal canal to the outside of the body: Irish Moss, Iceland Moss or Slippery Elm. Garlic.

The Medicines Control Agency of the Ministry of Health (UK) has given consideration to the content of heavy metal impurities and rules that a limit of 75 micrograms of total heavy metals shall be the acceptable maximum daily intake.

Licence-holders are required to carry out tests on all incoming material. Some seaweeds may be heavily polluted with mercury, arsenic and radioactive particles as a result of micro-biological contamination. The MCA requires Bladderwrack and other seaweeds to contain minimum levels. ... heavy metal toxicity

Lady’s Mantle

Lion’s foot. Alchemilla vulgaris L. Dried herb (oral), root (topical). Keynote: bleeding.

Constituents: tannins.

Action: powerful styptic and astringent because of its high tannin content. Haemostatic. Alterative. Drying and binding. Menstrual regulator.

Uses: Excessive menstruation. Non-menstrual bleeding of the womb between periods. Children’s summer diarrhoea, colitis with bleeding. Gastric and duodenal ulcer. Children’s convulsions. (Swedish traditional)

Not used in pregnancy.

Combinations. (1) with Avens for gastritis and mucous colitis. (2) with Agnus Castus for menstrual disorders.

Preparations: Average dose: 2-4g. Thrice daily. Tea: 1-2 teaspoons to each cup boiling water; infuse 15 minutes. One cup.

Liquid extract BHP (1983) 1:1 in 25 per cent alcohol. Dose: 2-4ml.

Powdered root. Dose, 2-4g.

Vaginal douche: 2oz to 2 pints (60g to 1 litre) boiling water. Infuse 30 minutes. Inject warm for leucorrhoea, Candida, inflammation; or as a lotion for pruritus.

Decoction (roots) offer a powerful deterrant to passive bleeding. ... lady’s mantle

Madder

Rubia tinctorum, L.

Of historic interest only, as a cholagogue, emmenagogue and diuretic. No longer used in medicine.

Used in the dyeing industry as Turkey Red. ... madder

Maidenhair Tree

See: GINKGO TREE. ... maidenhair tree

Manager’s Stress

All in charge of other people are subject to a wide range of environmental stress, working conditions, conflict with superiors. Some are more predisposed to stress than others. Alternatives. Ginseng, Valerian, Skullcap, Oats, Gotu Kola.

Tea. Skullcap 1; Oats 2; Valerian half. Mix. 1 teaspoon to each cup boiling water. 1 cup as desired.

Life Drops. Few drops in tea.

Lime flower tea, at night.

Ginkgo. For brain fatigue.

Diet. Avoid strong tea, coffee, alcohol. ... manager’s stress

Mango Leaves

Part used: leaves. Contains Mangiferin. Action: anti-viral.

Uses: Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1). ... mango leaves

Diospyros Montana

Roxb. var. cordifolia Hiem.

Habitat: Throughout the greater part of India.

English: Mountain persimmon.

Ayurvedic: Visha-tinduka, Kaaka- tinduka.

Siddha/Tamil: Vakkanai, Vakkanatan.

Folk: Timru.

Action: Various plant parts are used in fever, puerperal fever, neuralgia, pleurisy, pneumonia, menorrhagia, dysurea. Fruits are applied externally to boils.

Bark extract—anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic. Leaves and seeds—antibacterial.

Diospyrin occurs in the bark and wood. Leaves contain hentriacon- tane, hentriacontanol, beta-sitosterol, alpha-and beta-amyrin, lupeol, taraxe- rol and ursolic acid.

Alcoholic extract of the plant showed CNS depressant and spasmolytic activity and also produced bradycardia and hypertension.... diospyros montana

Discover Marjoram Tea

Marjoram tea has been known for a very long time for its diuretic and antispasmodic actions. Marjoram is a perennial herb that grows in North Africa, the Middle East and India. Its leaves are small, roundish and fuzzy-haired, having a sweet and spicy flavor in the same time. It is believed that marjoram plant was cultivated by Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love. The herb is still placed in hope chests and under women’s pillow to ensure a happy marriage. The constituents of marjoram tea are oleic acids, essential oils, tannins, ursolic acid, vitamin C and zinc. How To Make Marjoram Tea To brew marjoram tea, you will need to place 1 teaspoon of marjoram herb in 8 ounces of cold water. Bring the mix to a boil and just when the water reaches the boiling point, reduce the heat and let it steep for 15-20 minutes. Strain the tea into your cup and enjoy! Marjoram Tea Benefits
  • Helps relieve dry cough.
  • May help in the treatment of epilepsy and rheumatism.
  • Can be used as a remedy for asthma.
  • Relieves indigestion and flatulence.
  • Prevents spasm in the digestive tract.
Marjoram Tea Side Effects So far, no side effects have been noticed when consuming marjoram tea. However, pregnant women should not consume large amounts of marjoram because it can cause uterine contractions. Infants and children should not drink marjoram tea. If you are experiencing nausea, diarrhea or vomiting, reduce your dose of marjoram tea or stop drinking it! If these symptoms last more than a few days, consult your doctor. Marjoram tea may interfere with the action of certain drugs, so make sure you consult your doctor before drinking any herbal tea. Marjoram tea is a healthy choice, having many health benefits. Do not drink more than 3 cups per day in order not to experience any of the side effects listed above!... discover marjoram tea

Dracocephalum Moldavica

Linn.

Family: Lamiaceae.

Habitat: The temperate Western Himalaya in Kashmir from 2,1002,400 m.

Ayurvedic: Raam Tulasi.

Unani: Feranjmushk

Action: Seeds—Febrifuge, carminative, astringent, demulcent, vulnerary. Used is cephalalgia, neurological disorders, as a cardiac tonic, brain tonic and deobstruent in Unani medicine.

Citral and geranyl acetate are major constituents of the essential oil. Others include alpha-pinene, nerol, cit- ronellol, linalool, geraniol, limonene and caproic acid. Flavonoids, including moldavoside, have been isolated from the plant.... dracocephalum moldavica

Herbal Medical

Herbal Medical

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... herbal medical

Home Medical Equipment

Equipment, such as hospital beds, wheelchairs and prosthetics, provided by an agency and used at home.... home medical equipment

Hugonia Mystax

Linn.

Family: Linaceae.

Habitat: Konkan and North Kanara, throughout dry forests of Tamil Nadu.

Folk: Kaakibeeraa, Kansamaara.

Siddha/Tamil: Agori. Motirakkanni.

Action: Root—anti-inflammatory, febrifuge; disperses swellings.... hugonia mystax

Discover Mullein Tea

One type of herbal tea is the mullein tea. Despite its slightly bitter taste, it has plenty of health benefits, and it is quite easy to prepare, too. Read this article to find out more about mullein tea’s health benefits and side effects. About Mullein Tea The main ingredient of the mullein tea is the mullein plant. It includes about 250 species of flowering plants that grow in Europe (especially in the Mediterranean region) and Asia. Recently, various species were introduced and even naturalized in America, Australia and Hawaii. The shorter stems of the plant grow up to half a meter, while the tallest can reach 3 meters. There are spirally arranged and often densely hairy leaves in the lower half, while the upper half has five-petal flowers of various colors: yellow, orange, red-brown, purple, blue, or white; the yellow ones are most common. The fruit is a small capsule which contains numerous minute seeds. How to prepare Mullein Tea It only takes a few minutes to prepare a cup of mullein tea. Boil some water, then pour it in a cup, over the mullein dried herbs. Let it steep for about 5 minutes before removing the herbs. If you think the taste is too bitter for you, you can sweeten it with honey, sugar or lemon. Components of Mullein Tea Dried leaves and flowers of the plant are used to make the mullein tea. This way, many components of the plant are transferred to the mullein tea. The components include mucilage, rotenone, flavonoids, iridoids, sterols, and sugars. Mullein Tea Benefits Mullein tea is quite useful when it comes to treating chronic bronchitis, coughs, asthma, pneumonia, congestion, and other respiratory problems. It relaxes the muscles within the chest, loosens the mucus, and helps with expectoration. Also, when you’ve dealing with a sore throat, it helps soothe the throat and chest. Drinking mullein tea helps treat diarrhea and works to expel intestinal parasites, such as worms. It is useful when treating bladder and urinary tract infections, for example hematuria (bloody urine). Also, consumption of mullein tea lessens the pain from hemorrhoids. Mullein tea can also help you if you’re suffering from insomnia, or when you’re dealing with anxiety or high levels of stress. It is good for cleansing the blood, and it can treat various forms of allergies. Also, mullein tea is useful when treating earaches, eczema, inflammations, acne and minor wounds. Mullein Tea Side Effects If you’re preparing the mullein tea on your own, using the leaves of the plant, be careful with the little hairs found on the leaves. When they come in contact with your skin, they can lead to red, itchy or inflamed skin. Despite the fact that it’s used to treat respiratory problems, mullein tea can lead to breathing problems. Although rare, the symptoms in this case include chest wall inflammation, difficulty in inhaling, tightness in the chest, and tightness of the throat. If you experience any of these symptoms, stop drinking mullein tea and go visit your doctor. Also, mullein seeds contain rotenone, which is a potentially toxic substance that, if ingested, may cause severe side effects. Make sure you check to see if the mullein tea you drink is made from mullein seeds. It is generally recommended that you not drink mullein tea if you are pregnant or breast feeding, as it might affect the baby. Don’t drink more than six cups of mullein tea a day. If you do, it won’t be that good for your health anymore. You might experience some of the following symptoms: headaches, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, insomnia, dizziness, and irregular heartbeats. Although bitter, mullein tea is still a delicious type of herbal tea. It comes with many health benefits, as well. Just make sure you won’t experience any side effects. Once it’s all safe, you’re free to enjoy your daily cup of this type of tea.... discover mullein tea

Erythroxylum Monogynum

Roxb.

Synonym: E. indicum (DC.) Bedd.

Family: Erythroxylaceae.

Habitat: South India, up to 1,000 m.

English: Bastard Sandal, Red Cedar.

Ayurvedic: Kattuchandanam (Kerala).

Siddha/Tamil: Devadaram.

Folk: Gandh-giri (Maharashtra).

Action: Leaf—diaphoretic, stimulant, diuretic, stomachic. A decoction is used for malarial fever. Bark and wood—febrifuge.

The wood yields diterpenes, including monogynol, OH-ogynol, devada- rool; d-hibaene, its epoxide and an olefinic hydrocarbon.

Biological activity of the plant is hypothermic and CNS active.... erythroxylum monogynum

Incidence Monitoring And Reporting

The reporting and tracking of adverse incidents by care providers.... incidence monitoring and reporting

Index Medicus

A monthly publication produced by the National Library of Medicine in the USA. The publication indexes leading biomedical literature from throughout the world. Indexing is by author and by subject.... index medicus

Indian Medicinal Plants

Indian Medicinal Plants

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... indian medicinal plants

Information Management

Decision processes oriented towards the creation or acquisition of information and knowledge, the design of information storage and flow, and the allocation and utilization of information in organizational work processes. See also “health information system”.... information management

Discover The Milk Thistle Tea

Milk Thistle tea is a type of herbal tea made from the plant with the same name: milk thistle. The plant has many health benefits, therefore making the tea good for your body. Find out more about the milk thistle tea in this article. About Milk Thistle Tea The main ingredient of the milk thistle tea is, of course, the milk thistle; it is made from the seeds of the plant. The milk thistle is a flowering plant of the daisy family, an annual or biennial herb which grows in the Mediterranean regions of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. The stem is tall, branched but with no spines, and has large, alternate leaves. At the end of the stem, there are large flower heads, disk-shaped and pink-purple in color. The fruit of the plants consists of a black achene with a white pappus. The name of the plant comes from the way its leaves look. The edges of the leaves are streaked with milky-white veins. How to prepare Milk Thistle Tea You can easily prepare a cup of milk thistle tea in no more than 10 minutes. First, boil the water necessary for a cup of milk thistle tea. Add one teaspoon of milk thistle tea seeds and then, add the hot water. Let it steep for 4-7 minutes, depending on how strong you want the flavor of the tea to be. During summer, you can also try the iced tea version of the milk thistle tea. Place 6 teaspoons into a teapot or a heat resistant pitcher and then pour one and a half cups of boiled water. Let it steep for 5 minutes. Meanwhile, get a serving pitcher and fill it with cold water. Once the steeping time is done, pour the tea over the cold water, add ice, and then pour more cold water. Add sugar, honey or anything else you want to sweeten the taste. Benefits of Milk Thistle Tea The main health benefit of the milk thistle tea is related to its effectiveness in protecting the liver, thanks to one of its components, Silymarin. Silymarin is the main active ingredient of the milk thistle tea, working both as an anti-inflammatory and as an antioxidant. It helps with cirrhosis, jaundice, hepatitis, and gallbladder disorders. It also detoxifies the liver, as well as helping it by cleansing the blood. If you’ve got type 2 diabetes, drinkingmilk thistle tea might help you a lot, as well. Some of the benefits of milk thistle tea, related to diabetes, are:decrease in blood sugar levels, improvement in cholesterol and improvement in insulin resistance.  Also, by lowering the LDL “bad” cholesterol levels, milk thistle tea can help lower the chances of developing heart diseases. Other health benefits of milk thistle tea involve increasing the secretion of the bile in order to enhance the flow in the intestinal tract, helping to ease kidney and bladder irritations, and helping to remove obstructions in the spleen. Milk Thistle Tea side effects Despite its important health benefits, don’t forget that there are also a few side effects you might experience when drinking milk thistle tea. If you regularly drink milk thistle teafor a long period of time, it might end up having laxative effects. That can easily lead to diarrhea and, in some rare cases, it can also lead to nausea, gases, and an upset and bloating stomach. You should avoid drinking milk thistle tea if you know that you have a ragweed allergy. In this case, it can cause a rash or lead to more severe allergic reactions. Milk thistle tea also isn’t recommended to women who are pregnant or breast feeding. The main ingredient of milk thistle tea, the milk thistle herb, may mimic the effects of estrogen. Because of this, some women should avoid drinking milk thistle tea. This refers to women who have fibroid tumors or endometriosis, as well as women who are suffering from breast, uterine, and/or ovarian cancer. Also, don’t drink more than six cups of milk thistle tea (or any other type of tea) a day. Otherwise, it won’t be as helpful as it should be. The symptoms you might get are headaches, dizziness, insomnia, irregular heartbeats, vomiting, diarrhea and loss of appetite. Try the milk thistle tea! As an herbal tea, it helps you stay healthy, especially by protecting your liver. Still, don’t forget about the few side effects.... discover the milk thistle tea

Information Technology In Medicine

The advent of computing has had widespread effects in all areas of society, with medicine no exception. Computer systems are vital – as they are in any modern enterprise – for the administration of hospitals, general practices and health authorities, supporting payroll, ?nance, stock ordering and billing, resource and bed management, word-processing correspondence, laboratory-result reporting, appointment and record systems, and management audit.

The imaging systems of COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (see MRI) have powerful computer techniques underlying them.

Computerised statistical analysis of study data, population databases and disease registries is now routine, leading to enhanced understanding of the interplay between diseases and the population. And the results of research, available on computerised indexes such as MEDLINE, can be obtained in searches that take only seconds, compared with the hours or days necessary to accomplish the same task with its paper incarnation, Index Medicus.

Medical informatics The direct computerisation of those activities which are uniquely medical – history-taking, examination, diagnosis and treatment – has proved an elusive goal, although one hotly pursued by doctors, engineers and scientists working in the discipline of medical informatics. Computer techniques have scored some successes: patients are, for example, more willing to be honest about taboo areas, such as their drug or alcohol consumption, or their sexual proclivities, with a computer than face to face with a clinician; however, the practice of taking a history remains the cornerstone of clinical practice. The examination of the patient is unlikely to be supplanted by technological means in the foreseeable future; visual and tactile recognition systems are still in their infancy. Skilled interpretation of the result by machine rather than the human mind seems equally as remote. Working its way slowly outwards from its starting point in mathematical logic, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE that in any way mimics its natural counterpart seems a distant prospect. Although there have been successes in computer-supported diagnosis in some specialised areas, such as the diagnosis of abdominal pain, workable systems that could supplant the mind of the generalist are still the dream of the many developers pursuing this goal, rather than a reality available to doctors in their consulting rooms now.

In therapeutics, computerised prescribing systems still require the doctor to make the decision about treatment, but facilitate the process of writing, issuing, and recording the prescription. In so doing, the system can provide automated checks, warning if necessary about allergies, potential drug interactions, or dosing errors. The built-in safety that this process o?ers is enhanced by the superior legibility of the script that ensues, reducing the potential for error when the medicine is dispensed by the nurse or the pharmacist.

Success in these individual applications continues to drive development, although the process has its critics, who are not slow to point to the lengthier consultations that arise when a computer is present in the consulting room and its distracting e?ect on communication with the patient.

Underlying these many software applications lies the ubiquitous personal computer – more powerful today than its mainframe predecessor of only 20 years ago – combined with networking technology that enables interconnection and the sharing of data. As in essence the doctor’s role involves the acquisition, manipulation and application of information – from the individual patient, and from the body of medical knowledge – great excitement surrounds the development of open systems that allow di?erent software and hardware platforms to interact. Many problems remain to be solved, not least the fact that for such systems to work, the whole organisation, and not just a few specialised individuals, must become computer literate. Such systems must be easy to learn to use, which requires an intuitive interface between user(s) and system(s) that is predictable and logical in its ordering and presentation of information.

Many other issues stand in the way of the development towards computerisation: standard systems of nomenclature for medical concepts have proved surprisingly di?cult to develop, but are crucial for successful information-sharing between users. Sharing information between existing legacy systems is a major challenge, often requiring customised software and extensive human intervention to enable the previous investments that an organisation has made in individual systems (e.g. laboratory-result reporting) to be integrated with newer technology. The beginnings of a global solution to this substantial obstacle to networking progress is in sight: the technology that enables the Internet – an international network of telephonically linked personal computers – also enables the establishment of intranets, in which individual servers (computers dedicated to serving information to other computers) act as repositories of ‘published’ data, which other users on the network may ‘browse’ as necessary in a client-server environment.

Systems that support this process are still in early stages of development, but the key conceptualisations are in place. Developments over the next 5–10 years will centre on the electronic patient record available to the clinician on an integrated clinical workstation. The clinical workstation – in essence a personal computer networked to the hospital or practice system – will enable the clinician to record clinical data and diagnoses, automate the ordering of investigations and the collection of the results, and facilitate referral and communication between the many professionals and departments involved in any individual patient’s care.

Once data is digitised – and that includes text, statistical tables, graphs, illustrations and radiological images, etc. – it may be as freely networked globally as locally. Consultations in which live video and sound transmissions are the bonds of the doctor-patient relationship (the techniques of telemedicine) are already reality, and have proved particularly convenient and cost-e?ective in linking the patient and the generalist to specialists in remote areas with low population density.

As with written personal medical records, con?dentiality of personal medical information on computers is essential. Computerised data are covered by the Data Protection Act 1984. This stipulates that data must:

be obtained and processed fairly and lawfully.

be held only for speci?ed lawful purposes.

•not be used in a manner incompatible with those purposes.

•only be recorded where necessary for these purposes.

be accurate and up to date.

not be stored longer than necessary.

be made available to the patient on request.

be protected by appropriate security and backup procedures. As these problems are solved, concerns about

privacy and con?dentiality arise. While paper records were often only con?dential by default, the potential for breaches of security in computerised networks is much graver. External breaches of the system by hackers are one serious concern, but internal breaches by authorised users making unauthorised use of the data are a much greater risk in practice. Governing network security so that clinical users have access on a need-to-know basis is a di?cult business: the software tools to enable this – encryption, and anonymisation (ensuring that clinical information about patients is anonymous to prevent con?dential information about them leaking out) of data collected for management and research processes – exist in the technical domain but remain a complex conundrum for solution in the real world.

The mushroom growth of websites covering myriad subjects has, of course, included health information. This ranges from clinical details on individual diseases to facts about medical organisations and institutes, patient support groups, etc. Some of this information contains comments and advice from orthodox and unorthodox practitioners. This open access to health information has been of great bene?t to patients and health professionals. But web browsers should be aware that not all the medical information, including suggested treatments, has been subject to PEER REVIEW, as is the case with most medical articles in recognised medical journals.... information technology in medicine

Intersectoral Action / Multisectoral Action

A recognized relationship between part or parts of different sectors of society which has been formed to take action on an issue to achieve health outcomes or intermediate health outcomes in a way which is more effective, efficient or sustainable than might be achieved by the health sector acting alone. For practical purposes, intersectoral action and multisectoral action are synonymous terms, the former perhaps emphasizing the element of coordination, the latter the contribution of a number of sectors.... intersectoral action / multisectoral action

Jasminum Malabaricum

Wight.

Family: Oleaceae.

Habitat: Deccan, West Coast, Western Ghats and in the Nilgiris.

Ayurvedic: Mudgara.

Folk: Mogaraa (var.), Ran-mogaraa.

Action: See Jasminum sambac.... jasminum malabaricum

Discover The Myrtle Tea!

If you’re a fan of herbal teas, you have to try myrtle tea. It has a refreshing taste, slightly fruity and sweet. It also brings plenty of health benefits in just a cup of tea. Read to find out more about the myrtle tea. About Myrtle Tea The main ingredient of the myrtle tea is myrtle, the herbal plant. It is a type of flowering plant belonging to the Myrtaceae family, with one or two species. It can be found in the Mediterranean regions of both Europe and Africa. The plant is an evergreen shrub or small tree, which can grow up to 5 meters tall. The leaves are 3-5cm long, with a fragrant essential oil. It also has a star-like flower with five white petals and sepals, and numerous stamens. The fruit of the plant is a round berry, most commonly blue-black in color; it contains several seeds. The plant has been known since ancient times. It is found in the Greek mythology, where it is known to be sacred to Aphrodite and Demeter. Also, many Greek writers have mentioned it in their works; some of them are Hippocrates, Pliny and Dioscorides. How to prepare Myrtle Tea It doesn’t take long to prepare a cup of myrtle tea. While you wait for the water to boil, add a few leaves to your cup. Pour the water in the cup and let it steep for 3-5 minutes. After you remove the leaves, you can enjoy your cup of myrtle tea. Benefits of Myrtle Tea Just like many herbal teas, the myrtle tea is also good for your health. Read to find out more about its health benefits. Drinking myrtle tea can help you if you’ve got throat problems. It is quite useful in the treatment of dry coughing. Myrtle tea is also helpful if you’re suffering from bronchial congestion, sinusitis, or other respiratory problems. Myrtle tea is well-known for promoting a good digestion, by helping you combat various digestive problems and disorders. It is used in the treatment of urinary tract disorders, and may also help in the treatment for cerebral infections and epilepsy. Also, you can use myrtle tea topically. It can be applied on fresh wounds and bruises in order to prevent infections. Side effects of Myrtle Tea Check if myrtle tea contains myrtle oil. The oil contains a chemical that might do you harm, by causing asthma-like attacks and lung failure. You should avoid drinking myrtle tea if you’re pregnant or breast feeding. In both cases, it can be harmful to the baby. It is also recommended that you not give myrtle tea to small children, as it might lead to breathing problems. Also, don’t drink too much myrtle tea. Generally, it is recommended that you not drink more than six cups of tea a day, no matter what type of tea. Otherwise, you might get some of the following symptoms: headaches, dizziness, insomnia, irregular heartbeats, vomiting, diarrhea and loss of appetite. Myrtle tea is a delicious, slightly sweet herbal tea which can easily be included in your daily diet. Thanks to its many health benefits, it is even recommended that you drink it daily. As long as you’re not pregnant, it will only do you good.... discover the myrtle tea!

Ficus Microcarpa

Linn. f.

Synonym: F. retusa auct. non Linn.

Family: Moraceae.

Habitat: West Bengal, Bihar, Central and Peninsular India and Andaman Islands. Grown in gardens, and as an avenue tree. Quite common in New Delhi.

Ayurvedic: Plaksha (related sp.).

Siddha/Tamil: Kal Ichi.

Folk: Itti.

Action: Bark—antibilious. Leaf— antispasmodic. Root bark and leaf— used in preparations of oils and ointments for ulcers, skin diseases, oedema and inflammations.... ficus microcarpa

Futile Medical Treatment

Treatment that is usually considered unable to produce the desired benefit either because it cannot achieve its physiological aim or because the burdens of the treatment are considered to outweigh the benefits for the particular individual. There are necessary value judgements involved in coming to an assessment of futility. These judgements must consider the individual’s, or proxy’s, assessment of worthwhile outcome. They should also take into account the medical practitioner or other provider’s perception of intent in treatment. They may also take into account community and institutional standards, which in turn may have used physiological or functional outcome measures.... futile medical treatment

Joint-mouse

A popular term for a loose body in a joint. It is found especially in the knee. (See JOINTS, DISEASES OF.)... joint-mouse

Ladys Mantle

Love ... ladys mantle

Lamprachaenium Microcephalum

Benth.

Family: Compositae; Asteraceae.

Habitat: Deccan, Konkan and Karnataka.

Unani: Brahmdandi. (Tricholepis angustifolia DC. of the same family has also been equated with Brahmdandi in National Formulary of Unani Medicine.)

Folk: Brahmdandi (Maharashtra), Ajadandi.

Action: Antiseptic, bitter tonic.... lamprachaenium microcephalum

Launaea Mucronata

(Forsk.) Muschler.

Synonym: L. chondrilloides Hook. f.

Family: Compositae; Asteraceae.

Habitat: Western India, Punjab and Sind.

Folk: Dudh-phad (Rajasthan).

Action: Plant—galactagogue. A decoction is administered in constipation.... launaea mucronata

Garcinia Mangostana

Linn.

Family: Guttiferae; Clusiaceae.

Habitat: Native to Malaysia. Now cultivated mainly on lower slopes of the Nilgiris.

English: Mangosteen, Dodol.

Siddha/Tamil: Sulambuli, Mangusta.

Folk: Mangustaan.

Action: Fruit—antileucorrhoeic, astringent, antifungal, antibacterial; used in cystitis, diseases of the genitourinary tract, diarrhoea, tropical dysentery and fevers. Pericarp—used externally for eczema and other skin diseases. Leaves—anti-inflammatory, anti- immunosuppressive, antiprotozoal, antimicrobial.

The plant contains anthocyanin gly- cosides, a benzophenone, maclurin and several prenylated and related xan- thones. The leaves contain terpenoids, xanthones and long chain hydrocarbons.

The pericarp (fruit hull) contains the xanthone derivatives, mangostin, nor- mangostin, beta-mangostin, gamma- mangostin, isomangostin as major constituents.

Mangostin, isolated from the rind of fruit, inhibited primary and secondary responses to adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. Mangostin, isoman- gostin and mangostin triacetate exhibited pronounced anti-inflammatory activity in rats both by i.p. and oral routes.

Mangostin also produced antiulcer activity in rats.

Mangostin and some of its derivatives produced CNS depression, characterized by ptosis, sedation and decreased motor activity.

Gamma-mangostin showed more potent radical scavenging and antioxi- dant activity than BHA.... garcinia mangostana

Garcinia Morella

(Gaertn) Desv.

Synonym: G. pictoria Roxb.

Family: Guttiferae; Clusiaceae.

Habitat: Throughout southern India, also in Assam and West Bengal, up to 1,000 m

English: Indian Gamboge.

Ayurvedic: Kankushtha, Tamaal, Taapichha, Ushaare-revand.

Siddha/Tamil: Iravakhinni.

Action: Gum-resin—hydragogue, cathartic, anthelmintic. Used in dropy and amenorrhoea. Causes nausea, vomiting and griping in large doses.

The gum contains morellin, neo- morellin, beta-guttiferin and alpha- guttiferin and their derivatives. The heartwood gave morelloflavone. Seed coat gave morellin, isomorellin and their neo derivatives which exhibited antibacterial and antiprotozoal activity.

Dosage: Gum-resin—50-125 mg. (CCRAS.)... garcinia morella

General Medical Council (gmc)

A statutory body of elected and appointed medical practitioners and appointed lay members with the responsibility of protecting patients and guiding doctors in their professional practice. Set up by parliament in 1858 – at the request of the medical profession, which was concerned by the large numbers of untrained people practising as doctors – the GMC is responsible for setting educational and professional standards; maintaining a register of quali?ed practitioners; and disciplining doctors who fail to maintain appropriate professional standards, cautioning them or temporarily or permanently removing them from the Medical Register if they are judged un?t to practise.

The Council is funded by doctors’ annual fees and is responsible to the Privy Council. Substantial reforms of the GMC’s structure and functions have been and are still being undertaken to ensure that it operates e?ectively in today’s rapidly evolving medical and social environment. In particular, the Council has strengthened its supervisory and disciplinary functions, and among many changes has proposed the regular revalidation of doctors’ professional abilities on a periodic basis. The Medical Register, maintained by the GMC, is intended to enable the public to identify whom it is safe to approach to obtain medical services. Entry on the Register shows that the doctor holds a recognised primary medical quali?cation and is committed to upholding the profession’s values. Under revalidation requirements being ?nalised, in addition to holding an initial quali?cation, doctors wishing to stay on the Register will have to show their continuing ?tness to practise according to the professional attributes laid down by the GMC.

Once revalidation is fully established, there will be four categories of doctor:

Those on the Register who successfully show their ?tness to practise on a regular basis.

Those whose registration is limited, suspended or removed as a result of the Council’s disciplinary procedures.

Those who do not wish to stay on the Register or retain any links with the GMC.

Those, placed on a supplementary list, who do not wish to stay on the main Register but who want to retain a formal link with the medical profession through the Council. Such doctors will not be able to practise or prescribe.... general medical council (gmc)

Leea Macrophylla

Roxb.

Family: Vitaceae.

Habitat: Throughout hotter parts of India.

Ayurvedic: Hastikanda, Hasti-karna Palaasha; Kekidandaa.

Folk: Hatkan, Dholsamudra, Haath, Kaan.

Action: Astringent, anodyne, styptic, antiseptic. Root tubers— astringent, mucilaginous; applied to wounds and sores; used for ringworm and guineaworm.... leea macrophylla

Leucas Martinicensis

R. Br.

Family: Labiatae; Lamiaceae.

Habitat: Bihar and South India.

Folk: Guumaa (var.). Sugandhak is a doubtful synonym.

Action: Plant—an infusion is given for colds and gastrointestinal troubles.... leucas martinicensis

Lifestyle Medicines

Drugs used for non-health problems or for disorders that are in the grey area between a genuine health need and a desire to change a ‘lifestyle failing’ by the use of medication. Examples are: SILDENAFIL CITRATE, which is prescribed for men unable to achieve penile erection (erectile dysfunction); and ORLISTAT, a drug used to combat OBESITY.... lifestyle medicines

Gnetum Montanum

Markgraf.

Synonym: G. scandens Roxb. in part.

Family: Gnetaceae.

Habitat: Tropical Himalayas from Nepal to Bhutan, Assam and Meghalaya.

English: Joint Fir.

Siddha/Tamil: Anapendu, Peiodal (G. ula.)

Action: Seed oil—antirheumatic. Plant— antiperiodic. Leaves— piscic.

The stem-wood yielded bergenin, acetophenone and stilbene derivatives.

G. ula Brongn. non-Karst is found in evergreen forests of Western and Eastern Ghats up to 1,800 m.... gnetum montanum

Golden Monkey Tea

Golden Monkey tea is a rare and savourless type of black tea, benefic in treating diseases and maintaining a good physical and mental shape. Golden Monkey Tea description Golden Monkey tea is a type of black tea, originating from the Chinese provinces Fujian and Yunnan. It is considered to be the finest black tea from the abovementioned provinces, due to its chocolate flavor, and honey peach notes. According to the legend, its name is related to its appearance: the leaves resemble monkey paws. In ancient times, Golden Monkey tea was consumed by local overlords and Taipans. This tea was rare and the Taipans drank every ounce of tea claiming that it provided them “the agility and sexual prowess of the patriarch of a golden monkey troop”. Golden Monkey Tea brewing Golden Monkey tea could be brewed in two ways: hot or cold. Hot tea brewing method:
  • Bring cold water to a rolling boil.
  • Place 1 teaspoon of tea for each cup into the teapot.
  • Pour the boiling water into the teapot.
  • Cover the teapot and let it steep between 3 and 7 minutes according to taste (the longer the soaking time the stronger the tea). Milk and sugar could be added.
Cold tea brewing method  (to prepare 1 liter/quart):
  • Place 6 teaspoons of tea into a teapot or heat resistant pitcher.
  • Pour 1 1/4 cups of boiled water over the tea. Steep it for about 5 minutes.
  • Quarter fill a serving pitcher with cold water.
  • Pour the tea into the serving pitcher straining the leaves.
  • Add ice and top up the pitcher with cold water.
  • Sugar could be added.
Golden Monkey Tea benefits Like any type of black tea, Golden Monkey tea contains a high content of antioxidants, benefic in fighting free radicals which are responsible for tumors growth and cancer spreading. But also, Golden Monkey tea has a good proven action over:
  • digestive system
  • stressful moods
  • senses
  • metabolic processes
Golden Monkey Tea side effects Golden Monkey tea has few acknowledged side effects. The majority are related to its content of caffeine, which may rarely cause diarrhea or the syndrome of upset stomach. In case of medication intaking, it is advisable to speak with the physician regarding the safety usage and recommended daily allowance of this tea. It is indicated that pregnant women drink Golden Monkey tea in small quantities, so as not to consume more than 300 mg of caffeine per day. Golden Monkey tea, part of the black teas family, is successfully preserving their health benefits and could be easily included in the daily health ritual to gain an impressive stamina.... golden monkey tea

Grangea Maderaspatana

Poir.

Synonym: Artemisia maderaspatana Linn.

Family: Compositae; Asteraceae.

Habitat: Throughout the greater part of India.

Ayurvedic: Aakaarakarabha substitute (doubtful).

Siddha/Tamil: Maasipathri.

Folk: Mastaru, Mukhatari, Maachipatri (Maharashtra).

Action: Leaf—stomachic, antispas- modic, sedative, emmenagogue, deobstruent, antiseptic. Used in amenorrhoea.

Aerial parts of the plant afforded clerodane derivatives. Presence of phytol, lupeol, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, a phenylalanine derivative, hardwicki- ic acid, strictic acid and butenolides, is reported. Aura amide was also isolated from the aerial parts.

A mixture of flavonoids extracted from the aerial parts exhibited oestro- genicity and anti-implantation activity in mice. A crude extract of the plant exhibited strong cytotoxic activity.... grangea maderaspatana

Lion’s Mane

A colloquial term for Cyanea - used in many countries other than Australia.... lion’s mane

Little Mauve Stinger

Colloquial term for Pelagia noctiluca.... little mauve stinger

Ma’sma

(Arabic) One who is innocent Maa’sma... ma’sma

Maachah

(Hebrew) One who has been oppressed; in the Bible, one of David’s wives Maacha... maachah

Maarath

(Hebrew) From the desolate land Maaratha, Marath, Marathe, Maratha, Maarathe... maarath

Maarii

(German) Resembling a dragonfly... maarii

Maasiai

(Hebrew) One who does God’s work Masiai, Maasai, Masai... maasiai

Maat

(Egyptian) In mythology, the goddess of truth, order, and justice... maat

Maata

(Australian) A highborn lady... maata

Maath

(Hebrew) A petite woman; small Maathe, Maatha... maath

Mabel

(English) One who is lovable Mabelle, Mable, Maible, Maybel, Maybell, Maybelle, Mayble, Mablean, Mabelean, Mabeleen, Moibeal... mabel

Gymnema Montanum

Hook. f.

Guizotia abyssinica Cass.

Family: Compositae; Asteraceae.

Habitat: Native to tropical Africa. Cultivated in Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Orissa.

English: Nigerseed.

Family: Asclepidaceae.

Habitat: Western Ghats from Konkan southwards.

Folk: Gurmaar (related species).

Action: See G. sylvertre.

The leaves contain gymnemic acid.... gymnema montanum

Health-service Management

The administrative machinery for planning, delivering and monitoring health care provided by health professionals and their supporting sta?. This may range from running a small primary-care centre to organising a large hospital or being responsible for meeting the health needs of a region or a nation. Whether the overall structure for proving care is state-funded, insurance-based, private-practice or a mixture of these, health-service management is essential in an era of rapidly evolving and expensive scienti?c medicine. Health-service managers are administrators with special training and skills in managing health care; sometimes they are doctors, nurses or other health professionals, but many have been trained in management in commercial, civil service or industrial environments.... health-service management

Hibiscus Mutabilis

Linn.

Family: Malvaceae.

Habitat: Native to China; planted in the hedges of gardens.

English: Cotton-Rose, ChineseRose, Confederate Rose.

Ayurvedic: Sthala-Padam, Sthal- Kamal.

Siddha/Tamil: Irratai-vellaichemba- rattam, Sembarattai.

Action: Flower—used in pectoral and pulmonary affections. Leaf and flower—expectorant, bechic, anodyne. Used in menorrhagia, dysuria, swellings, fistulae, wounds and burns.

The flowers contain quercetin, kaempferol, betulinic acid, hexyl stearate, tetratriacontanol, nonacosane, stigmasta-3, 7-dione, stigmasta-4-ene- one and beta-sitosterol. Flowers collected in the morning gave no an- thocyanin; maximum anthocyanin is found in the afternoon.... hibiscus mutabilis

Hierba Mora

Black nightshade (Solanum americanum; also, Solanum nigrescens).

Plant Part Used: Leaf.

Dominican Medicinal Uses: Leaf: decoction, orally, for allergies, vaginal infections, cysts, fibroids, cancer (early stages), blood-cleansing, childbirth and postpartum recovery.

Safety: Leaf extracts in moderate amounts have shown relatively low toxicity; in excess, can cause adverse reactions; fruits contain toxic alkaloids.

Clinical Data: Human clinical trials: treatment of vaginal candidiasis (plant extract).

Laboratory & Preclinical Data: In vivo: immunomodulatory (leaf extract).

In vitro: antidermatophytic, antifungal (plant extract); antimicrobial (leaf extract); antitrypanosomal (plant extract).

* See entry for Hierba mora in “Part 3: Dominican Medicinal Plant Profiles” of this book for more information, including references.... hierba mora

Mabina

(Celtic) One who is nimble Mabbina, Mabene, Mabine, Mabena, Mabyna, Mabinah, Maeveen, Maevina, Maeveena, Maevine, Mabeana, Mabeena... mabina

Mabli

(Welsh) The beautiful one Mablie, Mably, Mabley, Mablee, Mableigh, Mablea... mabli

Mabyn

(Welsh) One who is forever young Mabyne, Mabin, Maben, Maban, Mabon... mabyn

Macanta

(Gaelic) A kind and gentle woman Macan, Macantia, Macantea, Macantah... macanta

Macaria

(Spanish) One who is blessed Macarisa, Macarria, Maccaria, Makaria, Makarria, Macarea, Macareah... macaria

Macha

(Native American / Irish / Scottish) Aurora / goddess of war / woman from the plains

Machara, Macharia, Macharea... macha

Machi

(Taiwanese) A good friend Machie, Machy, Machey, Machee, Machea... machi

Machiko

(Japanese) A beautiful child; one who is taught the truth Machika, Machyko, Machyka... machiko

Machpelah

(Hebrew) From the double

caves

Machpela, Machpellah, Machpella... machpelah

Mackenna

(Gaelic) Daughter of the handsome man

Mackendra, Mackennah, McKenna, McKendra, Makenna, Makennah... mackenna

Mackenzie

(Gaelic) Daughter of a wise ° leader; a fiery woman; one who is fair Mackenzey, Makensie, Makenzie, M’Kenzie, McKenzie, Meckenzie, Mackenzee, Mackenzy, Mackenzi, Mackenzea... mackenzie

Hyoscyamus Muticus

Linn.

Family: Solanaceae.

Habitat: North-western Himalayas. Cultivated on limited scale in North Indian plains.

English: Egyptian Henbane.

Ayurvedic: Paarsika-yavaani (related species), Turushkaa.

Unani: Ajwaayin Khuraasaani, Shuukraan, Tukhm-bang.

Folk: Vajra-bhang.

Action: Sedative.

The leaves and flowering tops contain higher concentration of tropane alkaloids than other species of Hyoscy- amus, used as a source of hyoscine.... hyoscyamus muticus

Iceland Moss Tea

Iceland Moss Tea is known by the people from Iceland, Finland, Norway, Russia and Sweden as being a remedy for disorders of the respiratory system. The Iceland moss grows mainly in the tree barks of Iceland and most Scandinavian countries and reaches a height of almost 4 inches. You can distinguish the plant by its curled leaves and unique spiny margins. The constituent of Iceland Moss Tea is the lichenin, a type of starch. It also contains polysaccharides that strengthen your immune system. How To Make Iceland Moss Tea To make Iceland Moss Tea you will need to place a teaspoon of dried Iceland moss herbs in a kettle of boiling water. Let it boil for about 3 minutes and after that let the mix stand for 10 minutes. It is advised to drink 2 cups of Iceland Moss Tea per day, one in the morning and one in the afternoon. Iceland Moss Tea Benefits
  • Helps treating bronchitis.
  • Cough remedy.
  • Helps combat irritable bowel infections, gastritis and dysentery.
  • Prevents congestion.
  • Fights infestation of intestinal worms.
Iceland Moss Tea Side Effects
  • Over consumption can be unsafe, because the dried Iceland moss plant can be contaminated with lead.
  • Pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid drinking Iceland Moss Tea. During pregnancy, it can be harmful to the mother and to the unborn child.
  • It can cause ulcers in the stomach or small intestine.
  • Iceland Moss Tea may interact with the effects of some medications, so make sure you always consult your doctor before drinking Iceland Moss Tea or any kind of herbal tea.
  • It can cause nausea and liver problems.
Iceland Moss Tea is a healthy herbal tea known for its medicinal properties. Try not to drink more than 1-2 cups per day of Iceland Moss Tea in order not to experience its side effects!... iceland moss tea

Infant Mortality Rate (imr)

The number of deaths of infants under one year of age. The IMR in any given year is calculated as the number of deaths in the ?rst year of life in proportion to every 1,000 registered live births in that year. Along with PERINATAL MORTALITY, it is accepted as one of the most important criteria for assessing the health of the community and the standard of the social conditions of a country.

The improvement in the infant mortality rate has occurred mainly in the period from the second month of life. There has been much less improvement in the neonatal mortality rate – that is, the number of infants dying during the ?rst four weeks of life, expressed as a proportion of every 1,000 live births. During the ?rst week of life the main causes of death are asphyxia, prematurity, birth injuries and congenital abnormalities. After the ?rst week the main cause of death is infection.

Social conditions also play an important role in infant mortality. In England and Wales the infant mortality rate in 1930–32 was: Social Class I (professional), 32·7; Social Class III (skilled workers), 57·6; Social Class V (unskilled workers), 77·1. Many factors come into play in producing these social variations, but overcrowding is undoubtedly one of the most important.

1838–9 146 1950–52 30 1851–60 154 1960–62 22 1900–02 142 1970–72 18 1910–12 110 1980–82 12 1920–22 82 1990–92 7 1930–32 67 1996 6·2 1940–42 59 1999 5.8 2000 5.6

It is thus evident that for a reduction of the infant mortality rate to the minimum ?gure, the following conditions must be met. Mothers and potential mothers must be housed adequately in healthy surroundings, particularly with regard to safe water supplies and sewage disposal. The pregnant and nursing mother must be ensured an adequate diet. E?ective antenatal supervision must be available to every mother, as well as skilled supervision during labour (see PREGNANCY AND LABOUR). The newborn infant must be adequately nursed and fed and mothers encouraged to breast feed. Environmental and public-health measures must be taken to ensure adequate housing, a clean milk supply and full availability of medical care including such protective measures as IMMUNISATION against diphtheria, measles, poliomyelitis and whooping-cough. (See also PERINATAL MORTALITY.)... infant mortality rate (imr)

Macr-/macro

Pre?x denoting large-sized cell – for example, a MACROPHAGE is a large PHAGOCYTE.... macr-/macro

Intensive Care Medicine

The origin of this important branch of medicine lies in the e?ective use of positive-pressure VENTILATION of the lungs to treat respiratory breathing failure in patients affected by POLIOMYELITIS in an outbreak of this potentially fatal disease in Denmark in 1952. Doctors reduced to 40 per cent, the 90 per cent mortality in patients receiving respiratory support with the traditional cuirass ventilator by using the new technique. They achieved this with a combination of manual positive-pressure ventilation provided through a TRACHEOSTOMY by medical students, and by looking after the patients in a speci?c area of the hospital, allowing the necessary sta?ng and equipment resources to be concentrated in one place.

The principle of one-to-one, 24-hours-a-day care for seriously ill patients has been widely adopted and developed for the initial treatment of many patients with life-threatening conditions. Thus, severely injured patients – those with serious medical conditions such as coronary thrombosis or who have undergone major surgery, and individuals suffering from potentially lethal toxic affects of poisons – are treated in an INTENSIVE THERAPY UNIT (ITU). Patients whose respiratory or circulatory systems have failed bene?t especially by being intensively treated. Most patients, especially post-operative ones, leave intensive care when their condition has been stabilised, usually after 24 or 48 hours. Some, however, need support for several weeks or even months. Since 1952, intensive medicine has become a valued specialty and a demanding one because of the range of skills needed by the doctors and nurses manning the ITUs.... intensive care medicine

Ipomoea Marginata

(Desr.) Verdc.

Family: Convolvulaceae.

Habitat: Throughout India in the plains, especially on the bank of stream and rivers.

Ayurvedic: Lakshmanaa (Also equated with Ipomoea obscura (Linn.) Ker-Gawler.), Putradaa, Putrajanani.

Folk: Tirutaalli (Kerala).

Action: Used as a single drug for curing sterility in women, and for promoting fertility and virility.

The seeds of Ipomoea obscura contain non-ergolin type indole alkaloids, ipobscurine A and B and serotonin also alkaloid ipobscurine C.... ipomoea marginata

Ipomoea Muricata

(Linn.) Jacq., non-Cav.

Synonym: I. turbinata Lag. Convolvulus muricatus Linn.

Family: Convolvulaceae.

Habitat: The Himalayas, West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Maharashtra and South India.

English: Traveller’s Midnight Lilies.

Ayurvedic: Krishnabija (related species). (Sold as Kaalaadaanaa, seeds of Ipomoea nil.)

Siddha/Tamil: Kattu Talai.

Folk: Michaai.

Action: Purgative, febrifuge. Seeds—cardiac depressant, spasmolytic, hypotensive, antibacterial, antifungal. Plant juice destroys bedbugs.

The seeds contain resin glycosides which are laxative. Lysergol is also present in the seeds. It exhibits hypotensive, psychotropic, analgesic, and uterus and intestine-stimulating properties. The presence of indole alkaloids is reported in the seed.... ipomoea muricata

Jasminum Multiflorum

(Burm. f.) Andr.

Synonym: J. pubescens Willd. J. hirsutum Willd. J. bracteatum Roxb.

Family: Oleaceae.

Habitat: Sub-Himalayan tract and in moist forests of Western Ghats.

English: Downy Jasmine.

Ayurvedic: Kunda, Kasturi Mogaraa.

Siddha/Tamil: Magarandam, Malli.

Folk: Kasturi Mogaraa.

Action: Diuretic, emetic. Boiled bark—applied on burns.

Ethanolic extract of fresh leaves and flowers contain the secoiridoid lactones, jasmolactone A, B, C and D; and secoiridoid glycosides. Jas- molactone B and D and the secoiri- doid glycosides (multifloroside and 10-hydroxyoleuropein) exhibited va- sodilatory and cardiotropic activities.... jasminum multiflorum

Macules

Areas of small, ?at or slightly raised skin discoloration which may occur in a wide range of conditions such as many viral infections, eczema (DERMATITIS), PSORIASIS, SYPHILIS and after burns (see BURNS AND SCALDS), as well as in pregnancy.... macules

Macy

(French) One who wields a weapon Macee, Macey, Maci, Macie, Maicey, Maicy, Macea, Maicea, Maecy, Maecey, Maeci, Maecie, Maecee, Maecea, Maici, Maicie, Maicee... macy

Mada

(Arabic) One who has reached the end of the path Madah... mada

Madana

(Ethiopian) One who heals others Madayna, Madaina, Madania, Madaynia, Madainia... madana

Maddox

(English) Born into wealth and prosperity

Madox, Madoxx, Maddoxx... maddox

Madeira

(Spanish) From the place of sweet wine

Madiera, Madera, Madira, Madyra, Madeera, Madeara... madeira

Jatropha Multifida

Linn.

Family: Euphorbiaceae.

Habitat: Native to South America. Naturalized in various parts of India.

English: Coral plant, Physic Nut.

Ayurvedic: Brihat-Danti (bigger var. of Danti, also equated with Baliospermum montanum).

Folk: Danti (var.).

Action: Seeds—purgative, emetic. Fruits—poisonous. Leaves—used for scabies. Latex—applied to wounds and ulcers.

The latex from the plant showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococ- cus aureus. It contains immunologi- cally active acylphloroglucinols, mul- tifidol, phloroglucinol and multifidol beta-D-glucopyranoside. The latex also contains an immunologically active, cyclic decapeptide, labaditin.

J. panduraefolia Andr. (native to America), widely grown in Indian gardens, is known as Fiddle-leaved Jat- ropha. The latex from the plant shows fungitoxic activity against ringworm fungus, Microsporum gypseum.... jatropha multifida

Jurinea Macrocephala

Benth.

Synonym: J. dolomiacea Boiss.

Family: Compositae; Asteraceae.

Habitat: The Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon.

Ayurvedic: Jaatukanda, Gugguluka.

Folk: Guugal, Dhuup.

Action: Roots—used as incense. Stimulant, given in colic, also in fever after child birth. Bruised roots are applied to eruptions.

The alcoholic extract of the root inhibits about 50% growth of NK65 strain of Plasmodium berghei at a dose of 2 g/kg per day in 4 days.... jurinea macrocephala

Ladies' Mantle

Alchemilla vulgaris. N.O. Rosaceae.

Synonym: Lion's Foot.

Habitat: Hedgerows and waysides.

Features ? Whole plant covered with silky hairs. Leaves rounded, about two inches across, nine blunt, serrate lobes, on long stalks. Greenish flowers, without petals, bloom in small clusters from forked stem. Astringent, saliva-drying taste.

Part used ? Herb.

Action: Astringent, nervine, antispasmodic.

In excessive menstruation and flooding, as well as spasmodic nervous complaints. Decoction of 1 ounce to 1 1/2 pints water simmered to 1 pint is used as an injection in the menstrual disorders. The 1 ounce to 1 pint infusion may be taken internally in teacupful doses as required.... ladies' mantle

Lady`s Mantle Tea

Lady’s Mantle Tea is a popular tea known especially for its astringent properties. Lady’s Mantle, also known as alchemilla vulgaris, is a perennial herb that grows in North America, Europe and Asia. It has pleated leaves that look like the cloak ladies used to wear during the medieval era. The constituents of lady’s mantle herb are tannins and various flavonoids such as quercetin. How to Make Lady’s Mantle Tea To make Lady’s Mantle Tea you have to infuse 3-4 grams of dried lady’s mantle stems, leaves and flowers, in about 5 ounces of boiling water. Reduce the heat and let the mix stand for 10 minutes. After that, strain and pour the tea into your cup. Lady’s Mantle Tea Benefits
  • Relieves menstrual cramps and discomfort during menopause.
  • When applied on skin, it can heal wounds, cuts, burns or other skin conditions.
  • Helps relieving nausea.
  • Effective in treating diarrhea and gastroenteritis.
  • May heal bleeding gums.
Lady’s Mantle Side Effects
  • Do not drink Lady’s Mantle Tea if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
  • Stop drinking Lady’s Mantle tea if you experience weakness or fatigue.
  • It may interact with the effects of some medications, so always consult your doctor before drinking any herbal tea, including Lady’s Mantle Tea.
Lady’s Mantle Tea is a wonderful tea with many benefits for your body and general well-being. Just try not to drink too much of this tea in order to not experience any of its side effects.... lady`s mantle tea

Madelhari

(German) A counselor to the troops

Madelharie, Madelhary, Madelharey, Madelharee, Madelharea... madelhari

Madeline

(Hebrew) Woman from Magdala Mada, Madalaina, Madaleine, Madalena, Madalene, Madalyn, Madalynn, Maddelena, Maddie, Maddy, Madel, Madelaine, Madelayne, Madeleine, Madelena, Madelene, Madelina, Madella, Madelle, Madelon, Madelyn, Madelyne, Madelynn, Madelynne, Madena, Madilyn, Madina, Madlen, Madlin, Madlyn, Mady, Madzia, Magda, Magdala, Magdalen, Magdalena, Magdalene, Magdalina, Magdaline, Magdalini, Magdeleine, Magdelina, Magdolna, Maidel, Maighdlin, Madalen, Madelia, Magdiel, Maialen, Makda, Malena, Malene, Malin, Matxalen, Modlen... madeline

Madge

(English) Form of Margaret, meaning “resembling a pearl / the child of light”... madge

Madhavi

(Indian) Feminine form of Madhav; born in the springtime Madhavie, Madhavee, Madhavey, Madhavy, Madhavea... madhavi

Madhu

(Indian) As sweet as honey Madhul, Madhula, Madhulika, Madhulia, Madhulea... madhu

Madhur

(Indian) One who is gentle and kind Madhuri, Madhurie, Madhura, Madhuria, Madhurea... madhur

Madihah

(Arabic) One who is praiseworthy Madeeha, Madiha, Madyha, Madyhah, Madeehah, Madeaha, Madieha, Madeiha... madihah

Madini

(Swahili) As precious as a gemstone Madinie, Madiny, Madiney, Madinee, Madyny, Madyni, Madinea, Madynie, Madyney, Madynee, Madynea... madini

Madison

(English) Daughter of a mighty warrior

Maddison, Madisen, Madisson, Madisyn, Madyson... madison

Litsea Monopetala

(Roxb.) Pers.

Synonym: L. polyantha Juss.

Family: Lauraceae.

Habitat: Assam and Eastern Himalayas, also Tamil Nadu.

Ayurvedic: Maidaa-lakdi (var.).

Siddha/Tamil: Maidalagadil, Picin- pattai.

Action: Bark—stimulant, astringent, spasmolytic, stomachic, antidiarrhoeal. Root—applied externally for pains, bruises and contusions.

The bark contains beta-sitosterol and an aporphine alkaloid, actino- daphnine.... litsea monopetala

Lodoicea Maldivica

(Poir.) Pers.

Family: Arecaceae; Palmae.

Habitat: A dioecious palm, cultivated in gardens as an ornamental.

English: Double Coconut Palm, Sea Coconut Palm.

Ayurvedic: Samudra-naarikela, Dariyaayee Naariyal.

Unani: Naarjeel-e-Daryaayee, Naarjeel-e-Bahari.

Siddha/Tamil: Kadalthengai, Aklaari.

Action: The water of the green fruit and its soft kernel—antacid and antibilious.

A decoction of the fibrous husk is reported to bring down urinary sugar level in diabetic patients (the effect is temporary).

The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia ofln- dia recommends dried endosperm in gastroenteritis.

Dosage: Dried endosperm—5-10 g powder. (API, Vol.IV.)... lodoicea maldivica

Maba Nigrescens

Dalz. & Gibs.

Family: Ebenaceae.

Habitat: Gujarat.

Folk: Ragat-Rohido (Gujarat), Rakta-Rohido.

Action: Used for diseases of liver and spleen. In folk medicine, as a substitute for Rakta-Rohitaka. (Rohitaka is equated with Tecomel- lia undulata Seem., synonym Tecoma undulata G. Don, Bignoni- aceae.)

In Gujarat, Polygonum glabrum Willd. (Polygonaceae) and Myristica attenuta Wall., synonym Knema atten- uata (Wall.) Warb. (Myristicaceae) are also known as Rakta Rohido, and are used for diseases of liver and spleen.

In Mumbai, Rhamnus wightii Wight & Arn. (Rhamnaceae) is known as Rakta-Rohidaa. The bark is used as astringent and deobstruent.

Folk: Phulwaaraa, Maakhaniaa Mahuaa.

Action: Fat used as ointment in rheumatism, for chapped hands and feet during winter.

The flowers contain beta-amyrin acetate, friedelin, erythrodiol monopal- mitate, beta—sitosterol and apha-spi- nasterol. The seeds contain triterpe- noid saponins, butyroside C and buty- roside D. A triterpenoidal sapogenin, butyraceol, has been isolated from the seed. The leaves contain butyracic acid. Defatted seed flour contains 10.4% saponins.

Administration of acute dose of saponins to albino rats caused severe diarrhoea and histopathological changes in liver and kidney and altered, particularly in female rats, levels of serum alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol and proteins.... maba nigrescens

Maca (lepidium Meyenii)

Maca is a native plant of Peru and is used to increase libido, strength, stamina, and energy (I know, right? It’s like the perfect herb. Time to bake it into some cookies and deliver them to that co-worker/friend/neighbor you’ve had your eye on…). Further, maca can normalize all the sex hormones: testosterone, progesterone, and estrogen (i.e. a great option for combating the natural hormonal downslide that occurs with aging). If fertility issues are on your radar, maca is a great herb to include, as it regulates menstrual cycles and eases cycle pain. For menopause? Again, spotlight on hormones. Maca can ease this transition as well. It also decreases stress which, as we know, is a major downer to any sexual liaison. How to take maca? Well, you can buy it in supplement form, but you’re going to need a lot of it. I don’t care what the bottle says, you want to aim for 6-10 500mg capsules per day (at least!). Or, you can buy the powdered herb and blend a tablespoon into a smoothie or juice every day. The more you take? The better. There are no toxic side effects to this herb.... maca (lepidium meyenii)

Madoline

(English) One who is accomplished with the stringed instrument Mandalin, Mandalyn, Mandalynn, Mandelin, Mandellin, Mandellyn, Mandolin, Mandolyn, Mandolynne... madoline

Madonna

(Italian) My lady; refers to the Virgin Mary

Madonnah, Madona, Madonah... madonna

Madora

(Greek) A great ruler Madorah, Madorra, Madorrah... madora

Madra

(Spanish) One who is motherly Madre, Madrina, Madrena, Madrona, Madryna... madra

Madri

(Indian) In mythology, the second wife of Pandu

Madrie, Madry, Madrey, Madree, Madrea... madri

Maeko

(Japanese) A truthful child Maekiko, Maekiyo, Masako, Maseko... maeko

Maemi

(Japanese) Having a truthful smile Maemie, Maemee, Maemy, Maemey, Maemea... maemi

Maera

(Greek) In mythology, the daughter of Atlas... maera

Maertisa

(English) One who is well-known... maertisa

Maeve

(Irish) An intoxicating woman Mave, Meave, Medb, Meabh... maeve

Maca Tea - A Libido Enhancer

Maca tea has been recognized for its nutritional properties and for being a libido enhancer. Maca plant, also known as the “Peruvian ginseng”, is an herb that grows in the high Andes of Bolivia and Peru for thousands of years. It is related to the turnip and the radish, having green and fragrant tops that lie along the ground. Maca has been used in Peru as a remedy to enhance energy and sexual function. The constituents of maca root are basically minerals such as calcium, potassium, magnesium, zinc, phosphorus and iron; sterols, lipids, carbohydrates, fiber, proteins and amino acids. How To Make Maca Tea Maca tea has a sweet taste, similar to butterscotch. To brew maca tea you will need an herbal tea of your choice to combine it with the maca powder. Prepare the herbal tea and after 1-2 minutes, add a teaspoon of maca powder and stir the mixture. To really enhance the flavor, you can add milk or honey. Tea connoisseurs recommend Soya milk. Maca Tea Benefits
  • Helps providing energy without over-stimulating the body’s systems.
  • Enhances libido and helps in the treatment of erectile dysfunction.
  • Increases the production of sperm.
  • Helps relieving the symptoms of menopause.
  • Strengthens your immune system.
  • Balances and stabilizes the body’s cardiovascular, nervous, muscular and lymphatic systems.
Maca Tea Side Effects In toxicity studies, maca tea showed no adverse pharmacological effects. However, maca root contains iodine, which can lead to side effects such as thyroid disease. Maca root is also high in glucosinolates and in case of over consumption, combined with low-iodine diet, can cause goiter. It can also cause hives and fatigue to people that are allergic to the constituents of maca tea. Maca Tea is a wonderful tea with many health benefits. It is ideal for incresing your libido and boosting your immune system! Try to avoid over consumption in order not to experience any of its side effects!... maca tea - a libido enhancer

Macrolides

A group of ANTIBIOTICS. The original macrolide, ERYTHROMYCIN, was discovered in the early 1950s and used successfully as an alternative to PENICILLIN. The name ‘macrolide’ derives from the molecular structure of this group, three others of which are clarithromycin, azithromycin and spiramycin. Macrolides check PROTEIN synthesis in BACTERIA and the latest ones are, like erythromycin, active against several bacterial species including gram-positive COCCI and rods. In addition, they act against Haemophilus in?uenzae. Clarithromycin is potent against Helicobacter pylori; azithromycin is e?ective against infections caused by Legionella spp. (see LEGIONNAIRE’S DISEASE) and GONOCOCCI. Spiramycin is a restricted-use macrolide prescribed for pregnant patients with TOXOPLASMOSIS.... macrolides

Madhuca Indica

J. F. Gmel.

Madhuca butyracea Macr.

Synonym: Aisandra butyracea (Roxb.) Baehni.

Family: Sapotaceae.

Habitat: Found in sub-Himalayan tract from Kumaon to Bhutan.

Ayurvedic: Madhuuka (related species).

Synonym: M. longifolia (Koen.) Macb. var. latifolia (Roxb.) Cheval. Bassia latifolia Roxb.

Family: Sapotaceae.

Habitat: A large tree, cultivated mainly in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar.

English: Mahua tree, Moha.

Ayurvedic: Madhuuka, Madhu- pushpa, Madhusrav, Gudapushpa.

Unani: Mahuaa.

Siddha/Tamil: Ieluppai.

Action: Flowers—stimulant, demulcent, laxative, anthelmintic, bechic. Seed oil—galactogenic, anticephalgic, emetic. Used in pneumonia, skin diseases, piles. Bark—astringent, emollient. Used for tonsilitis, gum troubles, diabetes, ulcers. Bark, seed oil and gum— antirheumatic.

The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India recommends the flower without stalk or calyx in asthma and pthisis.

The fruit pulp yielded a number of triterpenoids (including alpha- and beta-amyrin acetate); also n-hexaco- sanol, beta-D-glucoside of beta-sitos- terol and free sitosterol.

Nut shell gave beta-sitosterol gluco- side, quercetin and dihydroquercetin.

The carollas are rich source of sugars, vitamins, phosphorus, calcium and iron; magnesium and copper are also present. The sugars identified are sucrose, maltose, glucose, fructose, ara- binose and rhamnose.

The seeds yielded saponins—2,3- di-O-glucopyranoside of bassic acid (saponin A and saponin B). Mixture of saponins from seeds exhibits spermi- cidal activity.

Trunkbarkcontainedlupeol acetate, beta-amyrin acetate, alpha-spinasterol, erythrodiol monocaprylate, betulinic acid and oleanolic acid caprylates.

Dosage: Flower—10-15 g (API, Vol. II.); flower-juice—10-20 ml; bark— 50-100 ml decoction. (CCRAS.)... madhuca indica

Mafuane

(Egyptian) Daughter of the earth Mafuann, Mafuanne, Mafuana, Mafuanna... mafuane

Magali

(English) Form of Margaret, meaning “resembling a pearl / the child of light” Magaley, Magalie, Maggali, Magaly, Magalee, Magaleigh, Maggalie, Maggalee, Magalea, Maggalea... magali

Magara

(Rhodesian) A child who cries often Magarah, Magarra, Magaria... magara

Madhuca Longifolia

(Koen.) Macb.

Synonym: Bassia longifolia Koenig.

Family: Sapotaceae.

Habitat: Cultivated in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhara Pradesh, Karnataka, Bengal and Maharas- tra.

English: South Indian Mahua.

Siddha/Tamil: Illupei, Elupa, Naatu Iluppai, Iruppai.

Folk: Madhuulaka, Jala-Madhuuka, Jala-Mahuaa.

Action: Same as that of Madhuca indica.

Seed kernel gave protobassic acid (a sapogenol) and two major sapo- nins named Mi-saponins A and B and a minor one Mi-saponin C—all bis- desmosides of protobassic acid. Mi- saponins exhibit anti-inflammatory and antiulcerogenic activities.

Mahua oil causes total but reversible sterility in male rats as it shows testicu- lar atrophy with degeneration of seminiferous tubules.

A related species, Madhuca neri- ifolia (Moon) H. J. Lam., synonym Bassia neriifolia Moon, Bassia mal- abarica Bedd. (known as Atta Illuppei in Tamil), is found in Western Ghats and coastal region of South India.

The flowers are used in renal diseases; fruits in rheumatism, cough, asthma and consumption; seed oil is used in rheumatism.... madhuca longifolia

Maerua Arenaria

Hook. f. & Thoms.

Synonym: M. oblongifolia (Forsk.) A. Rich.

Family: Capparidaceae.

Habitat: Punjab, Sind, Gujarat, Central and Southern India.

Ayurvedic: Morata, Piluparni, Madhusravaa.

Siddha/Tamil: Bhumichakkarai.

Folk: Murhari.

Action: Root—used for bleeding piles, as alterative in fevers; as a tonic in muscular debility.

(The root resembles liquorice root in appearance and taste.)... maerua arenaria

Magena

(Native American, Hebrew) One who is protected... magena

Magic

(American) One who is full of wonder and surprise Majic, Magyc, Magik, Magick, Majik, Majick ... magic

Magna

(Latin) Having great strength... magna

Magnetic Resonance Imaging(mri)

See MRI.... magnetic resonance imaging(mri)

Magnhilda

(German) A strong battle- maiden

Magnild, Magnilda, Magnilde, Magnhild, Magnhilde, Maganhildi, Maganhildie, Maganhilde, Maganhilda... magnhilda

Maha

(African) A woman with beautiful

eyes Mahah... maha

Mahadevi

(Hindi) In Hinduism, a mother goddess

Mahadevie, Mahadevy, Mahadevey, Mahadevee, Mahadevea... mahadevi

Mahal

(Native American) A tender and loving woman

Mahall, Mahale, Mahalle... mahal

Mahala

(Arabic) One who is powerful yet gentle

Mahalia, Mahalah, Mahlah, Mahla, Mahalea, Mahaliah, Mahaleah... mahala

Mahalaleel

(Hebrew) One who praises God Maleleel, Malaleel, Mahaleel, Maheleel... mahalaleel

Mahalia

(Hebrew) One who is tender Mahala, Mahalah, Mahalath, Mahali, Mahalee, Mahaliah, Mahalla, Mahelia, Mahaleigh, Mahalie, Mehalia, Mahalea... mahalia

Mahanaim

(Hebrew) Of the place of two camps

Mahanaime, Mahanaima, Mahanayme, Mahanaym, Mahanayma, Mahanaem, Mahanaema... mahanaim

Mahari

(African) One who offers forgiveness Maharie, Mahary, Maharey, Maharee, Maharai, Maharae, Maharea... mahari

Mahath

(Hebrew) The act of grasping Mahathe, Mahatha, Mahathia... mahath

Mahbubi

(Arabic) One who is dearly loved; a sweetheart

Mabubi, Mahbubee, Mahbubie, Mabubie, Mabubee, Mahbubey, Mabubey... mahbubi

Mahdi

(African) The expected daughter Mahdie, Mahdy, Mahdey, Mahdee, Mahdea... mahdi

Mahdis

(Persian) A moonlike woman Mahdiss, Mahdise, Mahdisse, Mahdys, Mahdyss, Mahdysse... mahdis

Magnolia Grandiflora

Linn.

Family: Magnoliaceae.

Habitat: Native to North America; found in the Himalayas and the Nilgiri hills up to 2,100 m.

English: Bull Bay, Great Laurel Magnolia, Southern Magnolia.

Ayurvedic: Him-Champaa.

Action: Bark—anti-inflammatory, stimulant, diaphoretic. Wood— toxic. Plant is used against cold, headache and stomach-ache. Leaf extract—fungitoxic.

The leaves gave germacanolide lactones, a guaianolide (magnograndio- lide, melampomagnolide A and B); the wood, quaternary aporphine alkaloids; bark, cyclocolorenone; root bark, eudesmanolides; seeds, phenolic constituents.

The sesquiterpene ketone, cyclocol- orenone, also found in leaves, shows antifungal activity.

Magnolia pterocarpa Roxb., synonym M. sphenocarpa Roxb. (Vana- Champaa), Dhulichampaa) bark contains sesamin, eudesmin, fargesin, imperatorin, dimethyl-terephthalate and beta-sitosterol. Powdered bark is used for fevers and cough.... magnolia grandiflora

Mahendra

(Sanskrit) From the mountains Mahindra, Mahendria, Mahindria, Mahendrea, Mahindrea, Mahyndra, Mahyndria, Mahyndrea... mahendra

Maheona

(Native American) A medicine woman

Maheo, Maheonia, Maheonea... maheona

Mahesa

(Indian) A powerful and great lady Maheshvari... mahesa

Mahina

(Hawaiian) Daughter of the moonlight

Maheena, Mahyna, Maheana, Maheyna, Mahiena, Maheina... mahina

Mahira

(Arabic) A clever and adroit woman Mahirah, Mahir, Mahire, Mahiria, Mahirea, Maheera, Mahyra, Mahiera, Maheira, Maheara... mahira

Mahjabin

(Arabic) Having a high forehead Maahjahbeen, Mahjabeen, Mahjabine, Mahjabyne, Maahjabyne... mahjabin

Mahlah

(Hebrew) A diseased woman; one to be pitied Mahli, Mahlon... mahlah

Mahmoode

(Arabic) One who is given praise

Mahmude, Mahmudee, Mahmoude, Mamoudee... mahmoode

Mahogany

(English) Resembling the rich, dark wood

Mahogani, Mahoganey, Mahoganie, Mahogane, Mahogonee, Mahogonea... mahogany

Mahogany, Mountain

Anti-Lightning... mahogany, mountain

Mahola

(Hebrew) One who enjoys dancing Maholah, Maholla, Mahollah... mahola

Mahonia Napalensis

DC.

Synonym: Berberis nepalensis Spreng (in part).

Family: Berberidaceae.

Habitat: Temperate Himalayas from Garhwal to Bhutan at 1,3502,700 m. and in Khasi Hills.

English: Holly Leaved Berberry.

Folk: Chhatri (Nepal), Haldia (Garhwal).

Action: Used as Berberis. Anti- prolific, antipsoriatic, alterative, demulcent, diuretic, antidysenteric.

The plant gave tertiary aporphines, berberine and jatrorrhizine.... mahonia napalensis

Mahsa

(Persian) Resembling the moon Mahsah... mahsa

Mahteab

(Arabic) Born beneath the moon... mahteab

Mahtowa

(Sioux) A sacred she-bear Mahtowah, Matowa... mahtowa

Maia

(Latin / Maori) The great one; in mythology, the goddess of spring / a brave warrior

Maaja, Maiah, Maja, Moia, Moja, Moya... maia

Maibe

(Egyptian) A dignified and serious lady... maibe

Maida

(English) A maiden; a virgin Maidel, Maidie, Mayda, Maydena, Maydey, Mady, Maegth, Magd, Maidel, Maeda... maida

Maidenhair

Beauty, Love... maidenhair

Maiki

(Japanese) Resembling the dancing flower

Maikie, Maikei, Maikki, Maikee... maiki

Maile

(Hawaian) From the sweet-smelling vine... maile

Maille

(Gaelic) Form of Molly, meaning “star of the sea / from the sea of bitterness” Mailsi, Mailsea, Mailsie, Mailsy, Mailsey, Mailsee... maille

Maimun

(Arabic) One who is lucky; fortunate

Maimoon, Maimoun... maimun

Maimuna

(Arabic) One who is trustworthy Maimoona, Maimouna... maimuna

Maina

(Indian) Resembling a bird... maina

Maine

(French) From the mainland; from the state of Maine... maine

Mainstream Housing / General Needs Housing

Housing not specifically designed for a particular user group.... mainstream housing / general needs housing

Maintenance Rehabilitation

See “rehabilitation”.... maintenance rehabilitation

Maiolaine

(French) As delicate as a flower Maiolainie, Maiolani, Maiolaney, Maiolany, Maiolanee, Maiolayne, Maiolanea... maiolaine

Mairwen

(Welsh) One who is fair; form of Mary, meaning “star of the sea / from the sea of bitterness”

Mairwenn, Mairwenne, Mairwyn, Mairwynn, Mairwynne, Mairwin, Mairwinn, Mairwinne... mairwen

Maisara

(Arabic) One who lives an effortless life

Maisarah, Maisarra, Maisarrah... maisara

Maise

(Gaelic) An adorned beauty Mayse, Maisa, Maysa, Maese, Maesa... maise

Maisha

(African) Giver of life Maysha, Maishah, Mayshah, Maesha, Maeshah... maisha

Maisie

(Scottish) Form of Margaret, meaning “resembling a pearl / the child of light” Maisee, Maisey, Maisy, Maizie, Mazey, Mazie, Maisi, Maizi, Maizee, Maizea, Maisea... maisie

Maitane

(English) One who is dearly loved Maite, Maitena, Maitayne, Maitaine, Maitana, Maita, Maitea, Maitaene... maitane

Maitland

(English) From the meadow Maitlanda, Maytland, Maetland, Maytlanda, Maetlanda, Maitlande, Maytlande, Maetlande... maitland

Maitra

(Sanskrit) A beloved friend Maitri, Maitrie, Maitry, Maitrey, Maitree, Maitria, Maitrea... maitra

Maitraka

(Sanskrit) The little loving one Maitrakah, Maitracka, Maytraka, Maytracka, Maetraka, Maetracka... maitraka

Maitreya

(Sanskrit) One who offers love to all

Maitreyah, Maetreya, Maitraya, Maetraya... maitreya

Maitrya

(Sanskrit) A benevolent woman Matriya, Mitravan, Maitryi, Maitryie... maitrya

Maiya

(Japanese) Of the rice valley Maiyah... maiya

Maizah

(African) One who has good judgment and keen insight Maiza, Mayzah, Mayzah, Maeza, Maezah... maizah

Majaliwa

(Swahili) Filled with God’s grace Majaliwah, Majalewa, Majalywa, Majalewah, Majalywah... majaliwa

Majaya

(Indian) A victorious woman Majayah... majaya

Majda

(Arabic) A glorious woman Majdah... majda

Majesta

(Latin) One who has a royal bearing Majestas, Majesty, Majesti, Majestie, Majestee, Majestey, Majestea, Majestic... majesta

Majida

(Arabic) Feminine form of Majid; noble glory

Majeeda, Majeedah, Majidah, Maji, Maajida... majida

Majime

(Japanese) An earnest woman... majime

Makaio

(Hawaiian) A gift from God... makaio

Makala

(Hawaiian) Resembling myrtle Makalah, Makalla, Makallah... makala

Makani

(Hawaiian) Of the wind Makanie, Makaney, Makany, Makanee, Makanea... makani

Makara

(Australian) The seven stars that make up the Pleiades Makarah, Makarra, Makarrah... makara

Makareta

(Maori) Form of Margaret, meaning “resembling a pearl / the child of light” Makaretah, Makarita, Makaryta... makareta

Makarim

(Arabic) An honorable woman Makarime, Makarym, Makaryme, Makarima, Makaryma... makarim

Makato

(Native American) Of the blue earth Maka, Makata... makato

Makayla

(Celtic / Hebrew / English) Form of Michaela, meaning “who is like God?” Macaela, MacKayla, Mak, Mechaela, Meeskaela, Mekea, Mekelle... makayla

Makea

(Finnish) One who is sweet Makeah, Makia, Makiah... makea

Makeda

(African) A queenly woman; greatness Makedah... makeda

Makelina

(Hawaiian) Form of Madeline, meaning “woman from Magdala” Makelinah, Makeleena, Makelyna, Makeleana, Makeline, Makelyne, Makeleane, Makeleene... makelina

Makena

(African) One who is filled with happiness

Makenah, Makeena, Makeenah, Makeana, Makeanah, Makyna, Makynah, Mackena, Mackenah... makena

Makheloth

(Hebrew) Woman of the congregation

Makhelothe, Makhelotha, Makhelothia... makheloth

Makin

(Arabic) An able-bodied woman Makina, Makine, Makinya... makin

Makiyo

(Japanese) From the tree of truth Makiko... makiyo

Makkedah

(Hebrew) From the herdsman’s camp Makkeda, Makedah, Makeda ... makkedah

Makoto

(Japanese) A thankful woman... makoto

Makya

(Native American) A huntress of eagles

Makyah, Makiya, Makiyah... makya

Mala Madre

Palm beach-bells (Kalanchoe gastonis-bonnieri).

Plant Part Used: Leaf.

Dominican Medicinal Uses: Leaf: decoction, orally, for pain, infection, inflammation; as a douche, for vaginal infection; added to multi-herb preparations for menstrual disorders, uterine fibroids, ovarian cysts, menopausal symptoms and tumors.

Safety: Animal studies have shown moderate- to low toxicity when administered orally.

Laboratory & Preclinical Data: In vivo: antifertility and contraceptive effects on sperm (leaf juice).

* See entry for Mala madre in “Part 3: Dominican Medicinal Plant Profiles” of this book for more information, including references.... mala madre

Malabar Nut

Adhatoda beddomei

Acanthaceae

San:Vasaka, Vasa;

Hin:Adusa; Mal:Chittadalotakam;

Tam:Adutota; Tel:Addasaramu

Importance: Malabar nut or Adhatoda is a large evergreen glabrous perennial shrub, 1.2m in height. It is cultivated for medicinal uses, fencing, manure and as an ornamental plant in pots also. The shrub is the source of the drug vasaka well known in the indigenous systems of medicines for bronchitis. Vasaka leaves, flowers, fruits and roots are extensively used for treating common cold, cough, whooping cough, chronic bronchitis and asthma. It has sedative, expectorant, antispasmodic and anthelmintic actions. The juice of the leaves cures vomiting, thirst, fever, dermatosis, jaundice, phthisis, haematenesis and diseases due to the morbidity of kapha and pitta. The leaf juice is especially used in anaemia and haemorrhage, in traditional medicine. Flowers and leaves are considered efficacious against rheumatic painful swellings and form a good application to scabies and other skin complaints. Many ayurvedic medicines are traditionally prepared out of vasaka like vasarishtam, vasakasavam and vasahareethaki which are effective in various ailments of respiratory system. The drug VASA prepared from this plant forms an ingredient of preparations like Valiya rasnadi kasayam, Chyavanaprasam, Gulgulutiktakam ghrtam, etc. The alkaloid vasicinone isolated from the plant is an ingredient in certain allopathic cough syrups also.

Distribution: Vasaka is distributed all over India upto an altitude of 2000m. This plant grows on wasteland and sometimes it is cultivated also.

Botany: Adhatoda beddomei C.B.Clarke Syn. Justicia beddomei (Clark) Bennet belongs to the family Acanthaceae. This is a large glabrous shrub. Leaves are opposite, ovate, lanceolate and short petioled upto 15cm long, 3.75cm broad, main nerves about 8 pairs. Flowers are white with large bracts, flower heads short, dense or condensed spikes. Fruits are capsules with a long solid base.

Another plant Adhatoda zeylanica Medicus, syn. Adhatoda vasica Nees, Justicia adhatoda Linn. of the same genus is a very closely related plant which is most commonly equated with the drug VASA. This is seen growing wild almost throughout India while A. beddomei is seen more under cultivation. The latter is called Chittadalodakam because of its smaller stature, smaller leaves and flowers.

Agrotechnology: Vasaka is seen almost in all types of climate. It prefers loamy soils with good drainage and high organic content. It can be grown well both in hilly and plain lands. Commercial propagation is by using 15-20cm long terminal cuttings. This is either grown in polybags first, then in the field or planted directly. The plant is cultivated as a pure crop or mixed with plantation crops. The land is ploughed repeatedly to a good tilth and the surface soil is broken upto a depth of 15cm and mixed with fertilizers. The beds are prepared with 1m breadth and 3-4m length. The cuttings are planted during April-May into the beds at a spacing of 30x30cm. FYM is given at 5-10t/ha in the first year. Regular irrigation and weeding are necessary. Harvesting is at the end of second or third year. Roots are collected by digging the seedbeds. Stems are cut 15cm above the root. Stems and roots are usually dried and stored.

Properties and activity: Leaves yield essential oil and an alkaloid vasicine. Roots contain vasicinol and vasicinone. Roots also contain vasicoline, adhatodine, anisotine and vasicolinone. Several alkaloids like quinazoline and valicine are present in this plant.

The plant is bitter, astringent, refrigerant, expectorant, diuretic, antispasmodic, febrifuge, depurative, styptic and tonic. Vasicine is bronchodilator, respiratory stimulant and hypotensive in action, uterine stimulant, uterotonic, abortifacient comparable with oxytocin and methyligin. Uterotonic action of vasicine is mediated through the release of prostaglandins.... malabar nut

Malak

(Arabic) A heavenly messenger; an angel

Malaka, Malaika, Malayka, Malaeka, Malake, Malayk, Malaek, Malakia... malak

Malana

(Hawaiian) A lighthearted woman Malanah, Malanna, Malannah... malana

Malanga

Xanthosoma caracu

Description: This plant has soft, arrow-shaped leaves, up to 60 centimeters long. The leaves have no aboveground stems.

Habitat and Distribution: This plant grows widely in the Caribbean region. Look for it in open, sunny fields.

Edible Parts: The tubers are rich in starch. Cook them before eating to destroy a poison contained in all parts of the plant.... malanga

Malagueta

Allspice (Pimenta dioica).

Plant Part Used: Unripe, dried fruit (“seeds”).

Dominican Medicinal Uses: Seeds: tea (decoction), orally for diabetes, depression, lack of energy, menstrual disorders, internal cleansing, post-partum depression, gastro-intestinal ailments, nausea, stress, anxiety, sinus infection, allergy and respiratory infection.

Safety: Widely used as a culinary spice, generally considered safe; low toxicity shown in animal studies.

Contraindications: No information available on use in children or during pregnancy or lactation.

Laboratory & Preclinical Data: In vivo: anti-hemorrhage due to snake venom (organic plant extract).

In vitro: antioxidant (seed/berry constituents).

* See entry for Malagueta in “Part 3: Dominican Medicinal Plant Profiles” of this book for more information, including references.... malagueta

Malann

(Hebrew) A great ruler Malanne, Mallann, Mallanne... malann

Malar

Anything relating to the cheek. For example, the malar (zygomatic) bone is also known as the cheek bone, and a malar ?ush is reddening of the cheeks.... malar

Malaria Prophylaxis

Measures taken for protection against malaria, e.g. administration of a drug and personal protective measures that prevent a person from becoming infected with the disease.... malaria prophylaxis

Malati

(Indian) Resembling a fragrant flower

Malatie, Malaty, Malatey, Malatee, Malatea... malati

Malaya

(Spanish) An independent woman; one who is free Malayah... malaya

Malcomina

(Scottish) Feminine form of Malcolm; devotee of St. Columba Malcomeena, Malcomyna, Malcominia, Malcominea, Malcomena, Malcomeina, Malcomiena, Malcomeana... malcomina

Malcsi

(Hungarian) An industrious woman Malcsie, Malcsee, Malcsey, Malcsy, Malksi, Malksie, Malksy, Malksee, Malksey, Malcsea, Malksea... malcsi

Maldescended Testis

See under TESTICLE, DISEASES OF.... maldescended testis

Maldistribution

Refers to either a surplus or a shortage of the type of health providers (typically medical practitioners) needed to maintain the health status of a given population at an optimum level. Maldistribution can occur both geographically and by specialty.... maldistribution

Maleda

(Ethiopian) Born with the rising sun

Maledah... maleda

Mali

(Thai / Welsh) Resembling a flower / form of Molly, meaning “star of the sea / from the sea of bitterness” Malie, Malee, Maleigh, Maly, Maley... mali

Malia

(Hawaiian) Form of Mary, meaning “star of the sea / from the sea of bitterness” Maliah, Malea, Maleah, Maleia, Maliyah, Maliya, Malya, Malyah... malia

Malignant Hyperpyrexia

See MALIGNANT HYPERTHERMIA.... malignant hyperpyrexia

Malignant Lymphoma

See LYMPHOMA.... malignant lymphoma

Maliha

(Indian) A beautiful woman of great strength

Malihah, Malyha, Maleeha, Maleiha, Maleaha... maliha

Malika

(Arabic) Destined to be queen Malikah, Malyka, Maleeka, Maleika, Malieka, Maliika, Maleaka... malika

Malila

(Native American) Resembling the salmon

Malilah, Maleela, Maleila, Maliela, Malyla, Maleala... malila

Malina

(Hawaiian) A peaceful woman Malinah, Maleena, Maleenah, Malyna, Malynah, Maleina, Maliena, Maleana... malina

Malini

(Indian) A gardener Malinie, Maliny, Malinee, Maliney, Malinea... malini

Malinka

(Russian) As sweet as a little berry Malinkah, Malynka, Maleenka, Malienka, Maleinka, Maleanka... malinka

Malise

(Gaelic) A dark beauty Malyse, Malese, Melusina... malise

Malignant Hyperthermia

This disorder is a rare complication of general ANAESTHESIA caused, it is believed, by a combination of an inhalation anaesthetic (usually HALOTHANE) and a muscle-relaxant drug (usually succinycholine). A life-endangering rise in temperature occurs, with muscular rigidity the ?rst sign. TACHYCARDIA, ACIDOSIS and SHOCK usually ensue. About 1:20,000 patients having general anaesthesia suffer from this disorder, which progresses rapidly and is often fatal. Surgery and anaesthesia must be stopped immediately and appropriate corrective measures taken, including the intravenous administration of DANTROLENE. It is a dominantly inherited genetic condition; therefore, when a case is identi?ed it is most important that relatives are screened.... malignant hyperthermia

Maliza

(Swahili) An accomplished woman Malizah, Maleeza, Malyza, Malieza, Maleaza... maliza

Malka

(Hebrew) A queenly woman Malcah, Malkah, Malke, Malkia, Malkie, Milcah, Milka, Milke, Milca, Malha, Malhah... malka

Mallet Toe

The condition in which it is not possible to extend the terminal part of the toe. It is usually due to muscular imbalance but may be caused by congenital absence of the extensor muscle. A callosity (see CALLOSITIES) often forms on the toe, which may be painful. Should this be troublesome, treatment consists of removal of the terminal phalanx.... mallet toe

Mallika

(Indian) Resembling jasmine Mallikah, Malleeka, Malleika, Mallieka, Mallyka, Malleaka... mallika

Mallory

(French) An unlucky young woman; ill-fated

Mallary, Mallerey, Mallery, Malloreigh, Mallorey, Mallori, Mallorie, Malorey, Malori, Malorie, Malory, Malloren, Mallorea, Malorea, Maloree... mallory

Mallotus Philippensis

Muell.-Arg.

Family: Euphorbiaceae.

Habitat: Throughout tropical regions of India.

English: Kamala tree, Monkey Face tree.

Ayurvedic: Kampillaka, Kampilla, Karkash, Raktaanga, Rechan, Chandra.

Unani: Kamilla, Kambilaa.

Siddha/Tamil: Kapli, Kalupatti.

Action: Gland and hair of fruit— purgative, anthelmintic, styptic. Used for the treatment of tapeworm infestation; in scabies, ringworm, herpes. Fruit—hypoglycaemic, spasmolytic, antibacterial.

Capsule hair and glands gave phlo- roglucinol derivatives; rottlerin, isorot- tlerin, iso-allorottlerin (the "red compound") and methylene-b¿s-methyl- phloroacetophenone (the "yellow compound"). The red powder, obtained from capsules, containing largely resinous matter, had lithotropic effect in rats, comparable to drugs used commonly against urinary calculi. Two more compounds designated as kama- lins 1 and 2 have been isolated.

The stem bark contains kamaladiol- 3-acetate and friedelin.

Dosage: Glands and hairs of the fruit—0.5-1.0 g powder. (API, Vol.I.)... mallotus philippensis

Malmuira

(Scottish) A dark-skinned beauty Malmurie, Malmuria, Malmura, Malmuri... malmuira

Malone

(Lithuanian) By the grace of God Malona, Malonne, Maloni, Malonie, Malonia, Malony, Maloney, Malonee, Malonea... malone

Maloprim

A combination of PYRIMETHAMINE and DAPSONE which is used for the prevention of MALARIA in limited circumstances. It has the advantage of only needing to be taken once weekly. It should not be taken by anyone hypersensitive to sulphonamides, and should not be used for the treatment of an acute attack.... maloprim

Malpighia Glabra

Linn.

Family: Malpighiaceae.

Habitat: Native to tropical America; cultivated in gardens as hedge.

English: Barbados Cherry, Acerola.

Action: Fruits—used in dysentery, diarrhoea and liver disorders. Fruits are rich in ascorbic acid (1,000-4,000 mg/100 g of edible pulp). The bark contains about 26% tannin. Fruits of Brazilian plant gave alpha-carotene, beta-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthine.... malpighia glabra

Malpighia Punicifolia

Linn.

Family: Malpighiaceae.

Habitat: Cultivated in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.

English: West Indian Cherry.

Folk: Vallari (Telugu), Simeyaranelli (Kannada).

Action: See Malpighia glabra.

Fruits contain ascorbic acid in high concentration (green fruits contain up to 3,000 mg/100 g). 3-methyl-3- buten-1-ol has been identified as major volatile constituent of the fruit.... malpighia punicifolia

Malta

Malt beverage; malt beverage; used as a remedy by itself or combined with other ingredients; two main brands: Malta India and Malta Morena; often added to botellas or bebedizos.... malta

Malta Alemana

German malt beverage; strong, bitter taste; used as a remedy by itself or combined with other ingredients; often added to botellas or bebedizos.... malta alemana

Malu

(Hawaiian) A peaceful woman... malu

Maluna

(Hawaiian) One who rises above Maloona, Malunia, Malunai, Maloonia, Maloonai, Malouna, Malounia, Malounai... maluna

Malus Pumila

Mill.

Synonym: M. domestica Borkh. M. sylvestris Hort. non-Mill. Pyrus malus Linn. in part.

Family: Rosaceae.

Habitat: Native to Europe and West Asia; now cultivated in Himachal Pradesh., Kashmir, Kulu, Kumaon, Assam and in the Nilgiris.

English: Cultivated Apple.

Ayurvedic: Sinchitikaa.

Folk: Seb, Sev.

Action: Bark—anthelmintic, refrigerant, hypnotic, given in intermittent, remittent and bilious fevers. Leaves—inhibit the growth of a number of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

The fruit contains malic (90-95% of the total acids), citric, lactic and succinic acids; (unripe fruit contains quinic acid, citric acid, succinic acid, lactic acid); caffeic acid derivatives, pectins, minerals and vitamins.

Edible portion of fresh apple contains thiamine 0.12, riboflavin 0.03, niacin 0.2 and ascorbic acid 2 mg/100 g. The ascorbic acid content varies widely and values up to 40 mg/100 g. Sugars constitute about 80% of the total carbohydrates of ripe fruits—fructose (60), glucose (25) and sucrose (15%). The pectin content of the edible portion varies from 0.14 to 0.96% (as calcium pectate). The uronic acid content of apple pectin varies from 0.5 to 15%.

The astringent principles of apple include tannins, tannin derivatives and colouring materials (flavones). The browning of apple slices on exposure to air is due to enzymic oxidation of tannin compounds.

Fresh juice contains 0.20-0.80 malic acid, 11.6 total sugars and 0.02100.080% tannin.

The seeds contain cyanogenic gly- coside, amygdalin (0.62-1.38%, HCN equivalent, 0.037-00.087%).... malus pumila

Malva

(Greek) One who is soft and slender Malvah, Malvia, Malvea... malva

Malva Rotundifolia

Linn.

Synonym: M. neglecta Wall.

Family: Malvaceae.

Habitat: Simla, Kumaon and plains of North India.

English: Round-leaved Mallow, Drawf Mallow, Cheese Cake Flower.

Ayurvedic: Suvarchalaa.

Unani: Khubhaazi, Gul-Khair.

Action: Leaves—demulcent, emollient; used in glycosuria, stomach disorders and as emmenagogue; used as poultice for maturing abscesses. Seeds—demulcent; prescribed in bronchitis, cough, inflammation of the bladder and haemorrhoids.

Marshmallow (Althaea officinalis) is a different herb.... malva rotundifolia

Malvina

(English) Having a smooth brow Malvinah, Malveena, Malveenah, Malviena, Malveina, Malveana, Malvyna, Malvine, Malvyne... malvina

Malvinia

(Latin) A beloved friend Malvenia, Malvinea, Malvenea, Malvynia, Malvynea, Malviniya... malvinia

Mamaki

(Sanskrit) Darling little mother Mamakie, Mamaky, Mamakey, Mamakee, Mamakea... mamaki

Mamani

(Incan) Resembling a falcon Mamanie, Mamanee, Mamaney, Mamany, Mamanea... mamani

Mamba

Highly venomous African elapid snakes. Include the green mamba and the black mamba.... mamba

Mamie

(English) Form of Mary, meaning “star of the sea / from the sea of bitterness”; form of Margaret, meaning “resembling a pearl / the child of light” Maime, Mame, Maymie, Mayme, Maimie, Mamia, Mamee, Mamea, Mami... mamie

Mamiko

(Japanese) Daughter of the sea Mameeko, Mamyko... mamiko

Mammillitis

Inflammation of the nipple... mammillitis

Malva Sylvestris

Linn.

Family: Malvaceae.

Habitat: Temperate Himalayas from Punjab to Kumaon, up to 2,400 m; Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.

English: Common Mallow, Blue Mallow, High Mallow.

Ayurvedic: Suvarchalaa (var.).

Unani: Khubbaazi, Bhubhaazi Bustaani, Gul-Khair.

Action: Mucilaginous, emollient, laxative, antitussive, pectoral, antibacterial. Infusion is used for coughs and colds, irritation of the bronchi. Phagocyte stimulant.

Key application: In irritation of the mucosa and throat and dry, irritative cough. (German Commission E.)

The herb contains sulphated flavo- nol glycosides, mucilage and tannins.

Flowers contain malvin (an antho- cyanin), malvidin diglucoside, tannins, carotene and ascorbic acid.

Malva coromandeliana Linn. (also malvastrum) is anti-inflammatory, pectoral, antidysenteric and diaphoretic.... malva sylvestris

Mana

(Polynesian) A charismatic and prestigious woman Manah... mana

Managed Care Plan

A health plan that uses managed care arrangements and has a defined system of selected providers who contract with the plan. Those enrolled have a financial incentive to use participating providers who agree to furnish a broad range of services to them. Providers may be paid on a pre-negotiated basis.... managed care plan

Managed Health Care

This process aims to reduce the costs of health care while maintaining its quality. The concept originated in the United States but has attracted interest in the United Kingdom and Europe, where the spiralling costs of health care have been causing widespread concern. Managed care works through changing clinical practice, but it is not a discrete entity: the American I. J. Iglehart has de?ned it as ‘a variety of methods of ?nancing and organising the delivery of comprehensive health care in which an attempt is made to control costs by controlling the provision of services’. Managed care has three facets: health policy; how that policy is managed; and how individuals needing health care are dealt with. The process and its applications are still evolving and it is likely that di?erent health-care systems will adapt it to suit their own particular circumstances.... managed health care

Management

The sum of the measures taken to plan, organize, operate and evaluate all the many interrelated elements of a system. Such measures are required to translate policies into strategies and strategies into plans of action for determining the action required to define and operate health programmes and ensure that the health system infrastructure is built up to deliver them efficiently and effectively.... management

Management Information System

A system of databases designed to process and exchange information to support decision-making as well as implementation, monitoring and evaluation of programmes, activities and projects. See also “health information system”.... management information system

Manal

(Arabic) An accomplished woman Manala, Manall, Manalle, Manalla, Manali... manal

Manami

(Japanese) Having a love of the ocean

Manamie, Manamy, Manamey, Manamee, Manamea... manami

Manar

(Arabic) Woman of the light Manara, Manaria, Manarr, Manarre, Manarra, Manari, Manarri, Mannara, Mannarra... manar

Manasa

(Indian) Having great strength of mind

Maanasa, Manassa, Manasah... manasa

Mandana

(Persian) Beauty everlasting Mandanah, Mandanna, Mandannah... mandana

Mandatory Reporting

A system under which medical practitioners or other health professionals are required by law to inform health authorities when a specified event occurs (i.e. a medical error or the diagnosis of a certain disease). See also “incidence monitoring and reporting”.... mandatory reporting

Mandeep

(Indian) Having a bright mind Mandeepe, Mandyp, Mandype, Mandeepa, Mandypa... mandeep

Mandelic Acid

Also known as mandelamine, a non-toxic keto-acid used in the treatment of infections of the urinary tract, especially those due to the Escherichia coli and the Streptococcus faecalis or Enterococcus. It is administered in doses of 3 grams several times daily. As it is only e?ective in an acid urine, ammonium chloride must be taken at the same time.... mandelic acid

Mandisa

(African) A sweet woman Mandisah, Mandysa, Mandysah... mandisa

Mandragora Autumnalis

Spreng.

Synonym: M. microcarpa Bertol. M. officinarum Linn.

Family: Solanaceae.

Habitat: Mediterranean region.

English: Mandrake.

Ayurvedic: Wrongly equated with Lakshmanaa, a fertility promoting herb. (In Indian medicine, Panax quinquefolium Linn. and Panax schinseng Nees have been equated with Lakshmanaa.)

Action: Anaesthetic, narcotic, poisonous. Alkaloid pattern similar to Atropa belladona. A sample of roots from Morocco contained atropine (0.2% at flowering stage).

In India, Panax sp. are perceived as fertility and vitality promoting herbs, which have been attributed to Laksh- manaa. Mandrake exhibits anticholinergic effects.

English Mandrake and American Mandrake are equated with Bryonia alba and Podophyllum hexandrum respectively.... mandragora autumnalis

Mandrake

Protection, Love, Money, Fertility, Health... mandrake

Mandraya

(Sanskrit) An honorable woman Mandray, Mandrayia, Mandraye... mandraya

Mandy

(English) Form of Amanda, meaning “one who is much loved” Mandi, Mandie, Mandee, Mandey, Manda, Mandalyn, Mandalynn, Mandelina, Mandeline, Mandalyna, Mandea... mandy

Mangena

(Hebrew) As sweet as a melody Mangenah, Mangenna, Mangennah... mangena

Mangifera Indica

Linn.

Family: Anacardiaceae.

Habitat: Uttar Pradesh., Punjab, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal and Tamil Nadu.

English: Mango.

Ayurvedic: Aamra, Amb, Rasaal, Sa- hakaar, Pikavallabha, Madhudoot, Atisaurabha, Maakanda.

Unani: Aam, Ambaj.

Siddha/Tamil: Manga, Mau, Mamaram (bark), Mangottai Paruppu (seed).

Action: Unripe fruit—astringent, antiscorbutic. Ripe fruit—invigorating and refrigerant in heat apoplexy. Leaves—anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, chloretic, diuretic. Used in diabetes, externally in burns and scalds. Kernel—astringent, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, anthelmintic, antispas- modic, antiscorbutic; given in diarrhoea, diabetes and menstrual disorders. Stem bark—astringent; used for haemorrhages, diarrhoea, rheumatism.

The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia ofIn- dia recommends the dried seed in diarrhoea and dysentery; and the dried stem bark in genitourinary disorders.

Ripe mango contains sugars (9.518.6%), citric acid (0.12-0.34%), ascorbic acid (10.8-225.0 mg/100 g), carote- noids as beta-carotene (2,00017,000 mcg/100 g). The fruit gave phenolic compounds (m-digallic acid, gal- lotannin, phloroglucinol, protocate- chuic acid); flavonoids (1,2,3,4-tetrahy- droxy benzene, kaempferol and myri- cetin).

The seed kernel contains alpha-and beta-amyrins, gallotannin, glucogallin and several sterols.

The leaves contain a pentacyclic tri- terpene alcohol, indicol, besides tarax- one, taraxerol, friedelin, lupeol and beta-sitosterol. Leaves contain several sugars, free malic and citric acids and amino acids. Some esters of ben- zophenone C-glucosides and kinic and shikmic acids have also been reported. Mangiferin is present predominantly in the leaves and twigs.

The bark contains phenolic compounds (gallocatechin, protocatechuic acid), xanthones (homomangiferin), several triterpenoids and sterols.

All parts gave phenolic acids (el- lagic acid, gallic acid, ethyl gallate); flavonoids (catechin), and xanthones (mangiferin).

Dosage: Dried seed—1-2 g powder (API, Vol. I); stem bark—3-6 g powder, 25-50 g for decoction. (API, Vol. III.)... mangifera indica

Manhattan

(English) From the whiskey town

Manhatton, Manhatan, Manhaton... manhattan

Mango

Mangifera indica

Description: This tree may reach 30 meters in height. It has alternate, simple, shiny, dark green leaves. Its flowers are small and inconspicuous. Its fruits have a large single seed. There are many cultivated varieties of mango. Some have red flesh, others yellow or orange, often with many fibers and a kerosene taste.

Habitat and Distribution: This tree grows in warm, moist regions. It is native to northern India, Burma, and western Malaysia. It is now grown throughout the tropics.

Edible Parts: The fruits area nutritious food source. The unripe fruit can be peeled and its flesh eaten by shredding it and eating it like a salad. The ripe fruit can be peeled and eaten raw. Roasted seed kernels are edible.

CAUTION

If you are sensitive to poison ivy, avoid eating mangoes, as they cause a severe reaction in sensitive individuals.... mango

Mango Tea And Its Healthy Freshness

Mango tea is a complex type of tea, due to its ingredients: green tea, black tea and mango pieces. It is considered to be ideal both for tea consumers and fruit lovers worldwide. About Mango Tea Mango, originally coming fromsouth Asia, was brought to the United States in 1880. It symbolizes love and apparently, its leaves are a good choice to be gifted at weddings. It is a delicious and juicy fruit, that can be eaten fresh or cooked, sliced, pureed or, as part of several beverages. Mango tea is a type of tea resulting from mixing green tea, black tea and whole mango pieces. It gathers the freshness of mangoes and the strong flavor of the two teas mentioned above. How to make Mango Tea?
  • infuse 1 tablespoon per cup
  • use boiling water
  • infuse it for 3 minutes
Mango tea can be also consumed cold. In this case, ice is recommended to be added. To boost its freshness, connoisseurs indicate the use of fresh mint leaves use. Mango Tea benefits Owing to the high quantity of contained antioxidants, Mango tea is effectively used in treating cancer and helping cells to recover from this disease. This type of tea has proven its efficiency in dealing with:
  •  Anemia
  •  Stress
  • Muscle cramps
  • Digestion
  • Weight Control
  • Bone Growth
  • Immune Functions
  • Vision
  • Wound Healing
  • Protein Synthesis
  • Dehydration
Mango Tea side effects Mango tea side effects are generallyassociated to overconsumption or, citrus intolerance. It is indicated that individuals suffering from cardiac problems or hypertension to consume it moderately. Pregnant and breast-feeding women are advised to reduce the amount of Mango tea consumed (less than 2 cups per day), in order not to cause agitation to the baby. Mango teacould be successfully introduced in a daily diet, providing energy and enhancing mood for consumers of all ages and thus, carefully strengthening the immune system.... mango tea and its healthy freshness

Manihot Esculenta

Crantz.

Family: Euphorbiaceae.

Habitat: Native to Brazil. Major crop in Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.

English: Manioc, Tapioca, Cassava.

Siddha/Tamil: Maravalli kizhangu, Ezhalai kizhangu.

Folk: Tapioca.

Action: Staple food for poorer section of the population in many tropical countries. The starch is used for the manufacture of dextose, liquid glucose. The bitter variety is used for treating scabies and weeping skin.

The tuber is a good source of provitamin A carotenoids. It contains 0.1-3.0 mg/kg (fresh weight) of beta- carotene and 0.05-00.6 mg/kg (fresh weight) of lutein. The bitterness of the tuber is related to the cyanoglu- coside content which ranges from 320 to 1,100 mcg cyanide/g in very bitter tubers and from 27.5 to 77.5 mcg is non-bitter tubers. Boiling, crushing and sun-drying reduce bitterness and also cyanoglucoside content. The tannin equivalent content in the clones varies from 0.31 to 0.34% and saponin equivalent varies from 0.18 to 0.29%.

Feeding tapioca significantly reduced the plasma cholesterol profile experimentally in cats and rats.... manihot esculenta

Manika

(Sanskrit) Her mind is a jewel Maanika, Manicka, Manyka, Manycka, Manicca, Manica, Maniya, Manikya, Maneka... manika

Manina

(Polish) A warring woman Maninah, Maneena, Maneina, Manyna, Maneana, Maniena... manina

Manisa

(Native American) One who travels on foot

Manisah, Manysa, Manysah... manisa

Manisha

(Indian) Having great intelligence; a genius

Maneesha, Manishah, Manysha, Maniesha, Maneisha, Maneasha... manisha

Manjari

(Indian) Of the sacred blossom Manjarie, Manjary, Manjarey, Manjaree, Manjarea... manjari

Manjula

(Indian) A sweet young woman Manjulah, Manjulia, Manjulie, Manjule, Manjuli... manjula

Manjusha

(Sanskrit) As treasured as a box of gems

Manjushah, Manjushia, Manjousha, Manjoushia... manjusha

Manning

(English) Daughter of Man Maning, Mannyng, Manyng... manning

Manilkara Kauki

(L.) Dubard.

Synonym: Minusops Kauki L.

Family: Sapotaceae.

Habitat: A native of Malaya; occasionally grown in gardens, especially in North India, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala.

English: Kauki.

Ayurvedic: Khirni.

Siddha: Palai.

Action: Root and bark—astringent. Given in infantile diarrhoea. Seed— febrifuge, anthelmintic, antileprotic. Leaf—used as poultice for tumours.

Seeds contain about 16% of fatty oil and 1% saponin.

Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Du- bard, synonym Mimusops hexandra Roxb., found in central India and Dec- can Peninsula, and cultivated throughout the greater part of India, is also equated with Khirni.

All parts gave taraxerol, a triterpene ketone, alpha-and beta-amyrin, cin- namates, alpha-sipnasterol, beta-sitos- terol, its beta-D-glucoside, quercitol, quercetin and its dihydroderivatives, ursolic acid.

The bark contains 10% tannin.... manilkara kauki

Manioc

Manihot utillissima

Description: Manioc is a perennial shrubby plant, 1 to 3 meters tall, with jointed stems and deep green, fingerlike leaves. It has large, fleshy rootstocks.

Habitat and Distribution: Manioc is widespread in all tropical climates, particularly in moist areas. Although cultivated extensively, it maybe found in abandoned gardens and growing wild in many areas.

Edible Parts: The rootstocks are full of starch and high in food value. Two kinds of manioc are known: bitter and sweet. Both are edible. The bitter type contains poisonous hydrocyanic acid. To prepare manioc, first grind the fresh manioc root into a pulp, then cook it for at least 1 hour to remove the bitter poison from the roots. Then flatten the pulp into cakes and bake as bread. Manioc cakes or flour will keep almost indefinitely if protected against insects and dampness. Wrap them in banana leaves for protection.

CAUTION

For safety, always cook the roots of either type.... manioc

Manoush

(Persian) Born under the sweet sun Manoushe, Manousha, Manoushai, Manoushia, Manoushea... manoush

Mansa

(African) The third-born child Mansah, Mansia... mansa

Mansi

(Native American) Resembling a picked flower

Mansie, Mansy, Mansey, Mansee, Mansea, Mausi, Mausie, Mausee, Mausy, Mausey, Mausea... mansi

Mansonella

A genus of filarial nematode worms which can infect humans in Africa and South America. Transmitted by biting midges belonging to the genus Culicoides. Important species infecting humans include M. ozzardi, M. perstans and M. streptocerca.... mansonella

Mansonia

A genus of mosquitoes, some species of which can be involved in the transmission of human filariasis due to Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti.... mansonia

Manteca

Butter; can be butter from cow’s milk or the semi-solid fat of certain animals, such as snake butter (manteca de culebra) or iguana butter (manteca de iguana).... manteca

Manto

(Greek) A prophetess; in mythology, mother of Mopsus

Mantia, Mantika, Manteia, Mantea, Mantai, Mantae... manto

Mantrana

(Sanskrit) One who counsels others

Mantrini, Mantrania, Mantranna, Mantrani, Mantrinie, Mantranie... mantrana

Mantreh

(Persian) One who is pure; chaste Mantre... mantreh

Manuela

(Spanish) Feminine form of Emmanuel; God is with us Manuella, Manuelita, Manuelyta, Manueleeta, Manoela, Manuel, Manuelle, Manuele... manuela

Manulani

(Hawaiian) Resembling a bird in the heavens

Manulanie, Manulane, Manulaney, Manulanee, Manulanea... manulani

Manyara

(African) A humble woman Manyarah... manyara

Maois

See MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS (MAOIS).... maois

Manzana

Apple (Malus pumila).

Plant Part Used: Leaf, root, flower, fruit, bulb, bark, whole plant.

Dominican Medicinal Uses: Fruit: raw, ingested, for treatment or prevention of high blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart disease and nutrition; tea, orally, for common cold, flu-like symptoms, menopausal hot flashes and relaxation.

Safety: Fruit is widely consumed and generally considered safe.

Clinical Data: Human clinical trials: alleviation of gastro-intestinal enteritis (fruit).

Laboratory & Preclinical Data: In vivo: anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic (ethanol extract).

In vitro: antioxidant (phenols).

* See entry for Manzana in “Part 3: Dominican Medicinal Plant Profiles” of this book for more information, including references.... manzana

Manzanilla

Chamomile (Matricaria recutita & Chamaemelum nobile).

Plant Part Used: Flower.

Dominican Medicinal Uses: Flowers: decoction/infusion, orally, for anxiety, nervousness, stress, insomnia (adults and children), menstrual cramps, post-partum recovery, childbirth and regulating blood pressure.

Safety: Considered safe for internal use; slight potential for hypersensitivity, especially in patients with a history of allergic reaction to Aster species.

Contraindications: Pregnancy: oral administration of whole plant extract at high doses may have emmenagogue effects; however, flower extracts have not shown this effect.

Clinical Data: Clinical case report: mouthwash for oral mucositis (plant extract).

Laboratory & Preclinical Data: In vivo: antipruritic, antiulcerogenic (plant extract); anxiolytic (constituents); hypoglycemic (aerial parts of Chamaemelum nobile).

In vitro: antifungal (plant extracts).

* See entry for Manzanilla in “Part 3: Dominican Medicinal Plant Profiles” of this book for more information, including references.... manzanilla

Maola

(Irish) A handmaiden Maoli, Maole, Maolie, Maolia, Maoly, Maoley, Maolee, Maolea... maola

Maolmin

(Gaelic) A woman holding rank as chief

Maolmine, Maolmina, Maolminia, Maolmyn, Maolmyna, Maolmyne... maolmin

Maon

(Hebrew) Woman of the home... maon

Mapenzi

(African) One who is dearly loved Mpenzi, Mapenzie, Mapenze, Mapenzy, Mapenzee, Mapenzea... mapenzi

Maple

Love, Longevity, Money ... maple

Mara

(Hebrew) A grieving woman; one who is sorrowful

Marra, Mahra, Marah, Maralina, Maralinda, Maraline... mara

Maralah

(Hebrew) Born during the earth’s trembling

Marala, Marallah, Maralla... maralah

Maram

(Arabic) One who is wished for Marame, Marama, Marami, Maramie, Maramee, Maramy, Maramey, Maramea... maram

Maranta Arundinacea

Linn.

Family: Marantaceae.

Habitat: Native to tropical America; cultivated throughout the country for its edible starch.

English: Arrowroot.

Siddha: Koovaikizhangu, Kookaineer.

Action: Nutritive, demulcent (especially for infants and convalescence). Used as a dietary aid in acute diarrhoea and gastroenteritis. Used as a substitute for Bamboo-manna.

The rhizome contains about 25-27% neutral starch.... maranta arundinacea

Maravilla

(Spanish) One who is marveled at; a miracle child

Marivella, Marivilla, Marevilla, Marevella, Maravella, Maraville, Marivel, Marivelle... maravilla

Marcail

(Scottish) Form of Margaret, meaning “resembling a pearl / the child of light” Marcaila, Marcaile, Marcayl, Marcayle, Marcayla, Marcael, Marcaele, Marcaela... marcail

Marcella

(Latin) Feminine form of Marcellus; dedicated to Mars, the god of war Marcela, Marcele, Marcelina, Marcelinda, Marceline, Marcelle, Marcellina, Marcelline, Marcelyn, Marchella, Marchelle, Marcile, Marcilee, Marcille, Marquita, Marsalina, Marsella, Marselle, Marsellonia, Marshella, Marsiella, Marcila, Marsil, Marsille, Marsilla, Marsila, Marsali... marcella

March

(Latin) Born during the month of March Marche... march

March Haemoglobinuria

A complication of walking and running over long distances. It is due to damage to red blood cells in the blood vessels of the soles of the feet. This results in HAEMOGLOBIN being released into the bloodstream, which is then voided in the URINE – the condition known as HAEMOGLOBINURIA. No treatment is required.... march haemoglobinuria

Marcia

(Latin) Feminine form of Marcus; dedicated to Mars, the god of war Marcena, Marcene, Marchita, Marciana, Marciane, Marcianne, Marcilyn, Marcilynn, Marcina, Marcine, Marcita, Marseea, Marsia, Martia, Marsha, Marek, Marcsa... marcia

Marcy

(Latin) Form of Marcella or Marcia, meaning “dedicated to Mars, the god of war”

Marcey, Marci, Marcie, Marcee, Marsee, Marsey, Marsy, Marsie, Marsi, Marcea, Marsea... marcy

Marde

(Latin) A woman warrior Mardane, Mardayne... marde

Mardea

(African) The last-born child Mardeah... mardea

Mardi

(French) Born on a Tuesday Mardie, Mardy, Mardey, Mardee, Mardea... mardi

Marelda

(German) A famous woman warrior Marelde, Mareldah, Marrelda, Marilda, Marilde, Mareld, Marild... marelda

Marenda

(Latin) An admirable woman Marendah... marenda

Marfan’s Syndrome

An inherited disorder affecting about one person in 50,000 in which the CONNECTIVE TISSUE is abnormal. The result is defects of the heart valves, the arteries arising from the heart, the skeleton and the eyes. The victims are unusually tall and thin with a particular facial appearance (the US President Abraham Lincoln was said to have Marfan’s) and deformities of the chest and spine. They have spider-like ?ngers and toes and their joints and ligaments are weak. Orthopaedic intervention may help, as will drugs to control the heart problems. As affected individuals have a 50 per cent chance of passing on the disease to their children, they should receive genetic counselling.... marfan’s syndrome

Margana

(Sanskrit) One who seeks the truth

Marganah, Marganna, Margannah... margana

Margaret

(Greek / Persian) Resembling a pearl / the child of light Maighread, Mairead, Mag, Maggi, Maggie, Maggy, Maiga, Malgorzata, Marcheta, Marchieta, Marga, Margalit, Margalo, Margareta, Margarete, Margarethe, Margaretta, Margarette, Margarida, Margarit, Margarita, Margarite, Margaruite, Marge, Marged, Margeen, Margeret, Margeretta, Margerie, Margerita, Marget, Margette, Margey, Marghanita, Margharita, Margherita, Marghretta, Margies, Margisia, Margit, Margita, Margize, Margred, Margret, Margrete, Margreth, Margrett, Margrit, Margrid, Marguarette, Marguarita, Marguerita, Marguerite, Marguita, Maarit, Marjeta, Margosha, Marjeta, Marared, Margaid, Marenka, Maret, Mererid... margaret

Marged

(Welsh) Form of Margaret, meaning “resembling a pearl / the child of light” Margred, Margeda, Margreda... marged

Marginal Cost

See “cost”.... marginal cost

Margo

(French) Form of Margaret, meaning “resembling a pearl / the child of light” Margeaux, Margaux, Margolo, Margot... margo

Marhilda

(German) A famous battlemaiden Marhildi, Marhilde, Marhild, Marhildie, Marhildy, Marhildey, Marhildee, Marildi, Marildie... marhilda

Mari

(Hebrew) A wished-for daughter... mari

Maria

(Spanish) Form of Mary, meaning “star of the sea / from the sea of bitterness” Marialena, Marialinda, Marialisa, Maaria, Mayria, Maeria, Mariabella, Mariabelle, Mariabell, Mariasha, Marea... maria

Mariah

(Latin) Form of Mary, meaning “star of the sea”... mariah

Mariama

(African) A gift from God Mariamah, Mariamma, Mariame... mariama

Mariamne

(Hebrew) A rebellious woman Mamre, Meria... mariamne

Mariane

(French) A combination of Mary and Ann, meaning “star of the sea / from the sea of bitterness” and “a woman graced with God’s favor”

Mariam, Mariana, Marian, Marion, Maryann, Maryanne, Maryanna, Maryane, Maryana, Marianne, Marianna, Mariann, Maryam, Marianda, Marien... mariane

Mariatu

(African) One who is pure; innocent... mariatu

Maribel

(Spanish) Form of Mary, meaning “star of the sea / from the sea of bitterness”; the beautiful Mary Maribell, Maribelle, Maribella, Maribele, Maribela, Marabel, Marabelle, Marabela, Marabella, Marybel, Marybell, Marybella, Marybelle, Marybele, Marybela... maribel

Marica

(Latin) In mythology, a nymph and mother of Latinus... marica

Maricela

(Spanish) Form of Marcella, meaning “dedicated to Mars, the god of war”

Maricel, Maricella, Marisela, Maresella, Marisella, Maryzela, Marecela, Marecella... maricela

Maridhia

(Swahili) One who is content Maridha, Maridhea, Maridhe, Marydhia, Marydhiya... maridhia

Marie

(French) Form of Mary, meaning “star of the sea / from the sea of bitterness” Maree, Marea... marie

Mariel

(Danish) Form of Mary, meaning “star of the sea / from the sea of bitterness” Mariela, Mariele, Mariella, Marielle, Mariell, Mariola... mariel

Marietta

(French) Form of Mary, meaning “star of the sea / from the sea of bitterness” Mariette, Maretta, Mariet, Maryetta, Maryette, Marieta... marietta

Marifa

(Arabic) Having great knowledge Marifah, Maryfa, Maryfah, Maripha, Marypha... marifa

Marika

(Danish) Form of Mary, meaning “star of the sea / from the sea of bitterness” Marieke, Marijke, Marike, Maryk, Maryka... marika

Mariko

(Japanese) Daughter of Mari; a ball or sphere

Maryko, Mareeko, Marieko, Mareiko... mariko

Marilla

(English) Of the shining sea Marillah, Marila, Marillis, Marilis, Marella, Marela, Marelle... marilla

Marilyn

(English) Form of Mary, meaning “star of the sea / from the sea of bitterness” Maralin, Maralyn, Maralynn, Marelyn, Marilee, Marilin, Marillyn, Marilynn, Marilynne, Marlyn, Marralynn, Marrilin, Marrilyn, Marylin, Marylyn, Marylynn, Marilena, Mariline... marilyn

Marina

(Latin) Woman of the sea Mareen, Mareena, Mareina, Marena, Marine, Marinda, Marinell, Marinella, Marinelle, Marinna, Maryn, Marin, Marinochka... marina

Mariposa

(Spanish) Resembling a butterfly Maryposa, Marriposa, Marryposa, Mareposa, Maraposa... mariposa

Mariska

(Slavic) Form of Mary, meaning “star of the sea / from the sea of bitterness” Maryska, Mariske, Maryske, Maruska, Maruske, Martuska... mariska

Marissa

(Latin) Woman of the sea Maressa, Maricia, Marisabel, Marisha, Marisse, Maritza, Mariza, Marrissa, Maryssa, Meris, Merissa, Meryssa, Marisa, Mareesa, Mareisa, Marysa, Marysia, Maris, Marris, Marys, Maryse, Marisol, Merise... marissa

Marjah

(Sanskrit) One who is hopeful... marjah

Marjam

(Slavic) One who is merry Marjama, Marjamah, Marjami, Marjamie, Marjamy, Marjamey, Marjamee, Marjamea... marjam

Marjan

(Polish) Form of Mary, meaning “star of the sea / from the sea of bitterness” Marjann, Marjanne, Marjana, Marjanna, Marjon, Marjonn, Marjonne... marjan

Marjani

(African) Of the coral reef Marjanie, Marjany, Marjaney, Marjanee, Marjean, Marjeani, Marjeanie, Marijani, Marijanie... marjani

Marjolaina

(French) Resembling the sweet flower

Marjolaine, Marjolayn, Marjolayne, Marjolayna, Marjolaene, Marjolaen, Marjolaena... marjolaina

Marjorie

(English) Form of Margaret, meaning “resembling a pearl / the child of light” Marcharie, Marge, Margeree, Margery, Margerie, Margery, Margey, Margi, Margie, Margy, Marja, Marje, Marjerie, Marjery, Marji, Marjie, Marjorey, Marjory, Marjy, Majori, Majorie, Majory, Majorey, Majoree, Marjo... marjorie

Marka

(African) Born during a steady rain Markah... marka

Markeisha

(American) Form of Keisha, meaning “the favorite child” Markeishla, Markeishah, Markecia, Markesha, Markeysha, Markeesha, Markiesha, Markeshia, Markeishia, Markeasha... markeisha

Marketa

(Slavic) Form of Margaret, meaning “resembling a pearl / the child of light” Markeda, Markee, Markeeta, Markia, Markie, Markita, Marqueta, Marquetta... marketa

Markku

(Scandinavian) A rebellious woman... markku

Marlee

(English) Of the marshy meadow Marley, Marleigh, Marli, Marlie, Marly, Marlea... marlee

Marlene

(German) A combination of Mary and Magdalene, meaning “star of the sea / from the sea of bitterness” and “woman from Magdala”

Marlaina, Marlana, Marlane, Marlayna, Marlayne, Marleen, Marleena, Marleene, Marleina, Marlen, Marlena, Marleni, Marna, Marlin, Marlina, Marline, Marlyn, Marlynne, Marla, Marlette... marlene

Marlis

(German) Form of Mary, meaning “star of the sea / from the sea of bitterness” Marlisa, Marliss, Marlise, Marlisse, Marlissa, Marlys, Marlyss, Marlysa, Marlyssa, Marlysse... marlis

Marlo

(English) One who resembles driftwood

Marloe, Marlow, Marlowe, Marlon... marlo

Marmara

(Greek) From the sparkling sea Marmarra, Marmarah, Marmarrah

... marmara

Marmarin

(Arabic) Resembling marble Marmareen, Marmarine, Marmareene, Marmarina, Marmareena... marmarin

Marni

(American) Form of Marina, meaning “woman of the sea” Marna, Marne, Marnee, Marnell, Marney, Marnie, Marnina, Marnisha, Marnja, Marnya, Marnette, Marnetta, Marnia, Marnea... marni

Maroth

(Hebrew) Woman of sorrow; perfect grief

Marothe, Marotha, Marothia, Marothea, Marothiya... maroth

Marpessa

(Greek) In mythology, the granddaughter of Ares

Marpesa, Marpessah, Marpesah, Marpe, Marpes... marpessa

Marquise

(French) Feminine form of the title marquis; born to royalty Marchesa, Marchessa, Markaisa, Markessa, Marquesa, Marquessa, Marqui, Marquisa, Marquisha... marquise

Marrubium Vulgare

Linn.

Family: Labiatae; Lamiacea.

Habitat: Native to Europe and Central Asia; also found in Kashmir

English: Horehound.

Unani: Faraasiyun (wrongly equated with Valerian in National Formulary of Unani Medicine).

Action: Expectorant, cholagogue; bitter tonic for stomach and liver, antispasmodic. Used for bronchitis, asthma, whooping cough, hard cough with little phlegm; also for cardiac extrasystols.

Key application: In loss of appetite, dyspepsia; bloating and flatulence. (German Commission E.) The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia and The British Herbal Compendium (additionally) indicate its use for acute bronchitis, non-productive cough and catarrh and the respiratory tracts.

The herb yields a diterpenoid, pre- marrubiin, which generates marrubiin as an artefact; caffeic acid derivatives; and flavonoids—apigenin, apigenin-7- glucoside, luteolin, luteolin-7-gluco- side, quercetin-3-glucoside and -3- rhamnoglucoside. The extracts of the herb exhibit anti-inflammatory and antiserotonin activity experimentally. Marrubiin is considered to be responsible for expectorant activity. It has also shown to normalize extrasystolic arrhythmias. High doses may cause cardiac irregularities.

The oil exhibits antimicrobial properties and is reported to be vasodilatory and hypotensive.... marrubium vulgare

Marsala

(Italian) From the place of sweet wine

Marsalah, Marsalla, Marsallah... marsala

Marsdenia Roylei

Wight.

Family: Asclepiadaceae.

Habitat: Western and Eastern Himalayas, Simla and Kumaon, hills of Assam.

Ayurvedic: Muurvaa (var.).

Folk: Maruaa-bel. Khaarchu (Garhwal).

M. hamiltonii Wight (sub-Himalayan tract and adjacent plains of Ut- tar Pradesh and Bihar) has also been equated with a Muurvaa var. It is known as Moran-adaa in folk medicine.... marsdenia roylei

Marsdenia Tenacissima

Wight & Arn.

Family: Asclepiadaceae.

Habitat: Himalayas from Kumaon to Assam, up to 1,500 m, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Deccan Peninsula.

English: White Turpeth.

Ayurvedic: Muurvaa, Atirasaa, Madhurasaa, Gokarni, Morataa, Madhulikaa, Suvaa, Devi, Tejani, Tiktavalli.

Siddha/Tamil: Perunkurinjan.

Folk: Maruaa-bel.

Action: Root—purgative, antispas- modic, mild CNS depressant; used in colic.

Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India recommends the bark in lipid disorders, also in polyuria and haemorrha- gic diseases.

Roots and seeds are rich in pregnane glycosides of 2-deoxysugars, which on hydrolysis gave genins and sugars. Stem yielded tenacissosides A to E. In folk medicine, the root is known as White Turpeth (Safed Nishoth). Op- erculina turpethum (Linn.) Silva Manso synonym Ipomoea turpethum R. Br. is the source of Turpeth (Nishoth) in Indian medicine.

Dosage: Root—2-6 g powder, 1020 g for decoction. (API, Vol.II.)... marsdenia tenacissima

Marsh Fever

See MALARIA.... marsh fever

Marsh Marigold

Caltha palustris

Description: This plant has rounded, dark green leaves arising from a short stem. It has bright yellow flowers.

Habitat and Distribution: This plant is found in bogs, lakes, and slow-moving streams. It is abundant in arctic and subarctic regions and in much of the eastern region of the northern United States.

Edible Parts: All parts are edible if boiled.

CAUTION

As with all water plants, do not eat this plant raw. Raw water plants may carry dangerous organisms that are removed only by cooking.... marsh marigold

Martha

(Aramaic) Mistress of the house; in the Bible, the sister of Lazarus and Mary Maarva, Marfa, Marhta, Mariet, Marit, Mart, Marta, Marte, Martella, Martelle, Marth, Marthe, Marthena, Marthine, Marthini, Marthy, Marti, Martie, Martita, Martje, Martta, Marty, Mata, Matha, Matti, Mattie, Mirtha, Marva... martha

Martina

(English) Feminine form of Martin; dedicated to Mars, the god of war Martynne, Martyne, Marteene, Marteena, Martyna, Martine, Martinne, Martynna, Marteen, Marteane, Martean, Marteana... martina

Marvell

(Latin) An extraordinary woman Marve, Marvel, Marvela, Marvele, Marvella, Marvelle, Marvelyn, Marveille... marvell

Marvina

(English) Feminine form of Marvin; friend of the sea Marvinah, Marveena, Marveene, Marvyna, Marvyne, Marvadene, Marvene, Marvena, Marva... marvina

Marwarid

(Arabic) Form of Margaret, meaning “resembling a pearl / the child of light” Marwaareed, Marwareed, Marwaryd, Marwaryde, Marwaride... marwarid

Marshmallow Tea

Marshmallow tea has been acknowledged by ancient civilizations for its diuretic, emollient and expectorant properties. Marshmallow plant (althaea officinalis) is an aromatic herb that grows in damp and wet areas of Europe, Africa and western Asia.  Its leaves are palmately lobed, having 3-7 lobes. The flowers of the marshmallow plant are colored white, red or purple. The chemical constituents of marshmallow root are mucilage, asparagines, flanovoids, tannins, quercetins and sugars. The ones of the marshmallow leaves are mucilage, tannins, phenolic acid and volatile oils. How To Make Marshmallow Tea There are a couple of ways to prepare marshmallow tea. For example: To make marshmallow leaf tea, put 1-2 teaspoons of dried marshmallow leaves or 2-3 tablespoons of fresh leaves in boiling water and let it steep for about 10-15 minutes. Then pout the tea into your cup using a strainer to catch the leaves. To make marshmallow root tea, boil one teaspoon of dried, crumbled root for about 15 minutes. Then strain out the marshmallow root into a cup. It is recommended to drink no more than 3 cups of marshmallow tea per day. Marshmallow Tea Benefits Marshmallow leaf tea may help in the treatment of urethritis, can aid flushing out kidney stones, may help relieve sore throat and ease mouth inflammations and soothe the bronchial tubes. Marshmallow root tea has the following benefits:
  • It is used for thousands of years as an herbal remedy for sore throat, cough and other respiratory problems due to its large amounts of mucilage.
  • It is a strong allied in the weight loss process since it can give you the feeling of fullness.
  • It is helpful in treating almost all problems related to inflammation of the digestive tract.
  • It can be formed into a mouthwash for treating teeth or gum inflammation. Fresh peeled root is also good for children to chew on in order to have healthy teeth.
Marshmallow Tea Side Effects Marshmallow tea is considered being completely safe having very low levels of toxicity. Still, there are some side effects that this tea can have:
  • Drink this tea with caution if you suffer from diabetes or liver disease since marshmallow tea may include the use of sugar or alcohol.
  • Pregnant and breastfeeding women should not drink marshmallow tea.
  • Keep in mind that if you are taking medications, marshmallow tea can interfere with their absorption. So drink the tea at least two hours after taking the drugs.
As you can see, marshmallow tea has more benefits than side effects. Enjoy it and remember not to drink more then 3 cups of marshmallow tea per day!... marshmallow tea

Mary

(Latin / Hebrew) Star of the sea / from the sea of bitterness Mair, Mal, Mallie, Manette, Manon, Manya, Mare, Maren, Maretta, Marette, Marice, Maridel, Mariquilla, Mariquita, Marita, Maritsa, Marya, Maribeth, Marybeth, Maryjo, Marylee, Marylou, Marylu, Masha, Mayra, Meiriona, Maryon, Maeron, Maeryn, Maija, Maiju, Maili, Maira, Maire, Mairi, Mairia, Mairona, Mallaidh, Marusya, Masia, Marynia, Marira, Marquilla, Maricruz, Marilu, Miren, Murron, Mura, Mearr, Mere, Mele... mary

Maryland

(English) Honoring Queen Mary; from the state of Maryland Mariland, Maralynd, Marylind, Marilind... maryland

Maryweld

(English) Mary of the woods Marywelde, Marywelda, Mariweld, Mariwelde, Mariwelda... maryweld

Marzhan

(Slavic) From the coral reef Marzhane, Marzhann, Marzhanne, Marzhana, Marzhanna... marzhan

Mas’ouda

(Arabic) One who is fortunate; lucky Maas’ouda... mas’ouda

Masako

(Japanese) Child of justice... masako

Masalda

(Hebrew) One who offers support; a good foundation

Masada, Masalde, Masaldia, Masaldea... masalda

Masami

(African / Japanese) A commanding woman / one who is truthful Masamie, Masamee, Masamy, Masamey, Masamea... masami

Marsilea Minuta

Linn.

Family: Marsileaceae.

Habitat: Throughout India as a weed in marshy places.

Ayurvedic: Sunishannaka, Parnaka, Vastika-parnika, Swastika, Cha- tushpatri, Susunishaak, Chaupaitra.

Action: Sedative. Used in insomnia and in the treatment of epilepsy and behavioral disorders.

The most active anti-epileptic principle is marsilin (1-triacontanol cero- tate).

Dosage: Whole plant—10-20 ml juice. (CCRAS.)... marsilea minuta

Martynia Annua

Linn.

Synonym: M. diandra Glox.

Family: Martyniaceae.

Habitat: Native of Mexico; found throughout India.

English: Devil's Claw, Tiger Claw.

Ayurvedic: Kaakanaasikaa, Kaakaangi, Shirobal.

Siddha/Tamil: Kakatundi, Thelko- dukkukai.

Folk: Hathajori, Bichhuu.

Action: Leaf—used in epilepsy, also applied to tuberculous glands of the neck. Fruit—anti-inflammatory. Ash of the fruit, mixed with coconut oil, is applied on burns. Seed oil— applied on abscesses and for treating itching and skin affections.

The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia ofIn- dia recommends the seed for arresting greying of hair.

Flowers gave (several flavonoids including apigenin, luteolin, apigenin-7- O-beta-D-glucuronide, luteolin-7-O- beta-D-glucuronide, pellargonidin-3, 5-diglucoside, cyanidin-3-galactoside.

The essential oil from the plant moderately inhibited passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in animals.

Pentatropis microphylla W. & A. and P. spiralis Decne have also been equated with Kaakanaasaa, Kaakanaasikaa.

Dosage: Dried seed—2-5 g. (API, Vol. III.)... martynia annua

Masara

(African) A magical woman; a sorceress

Masaramusi, Masarra... masara

Mashaka

(African) A troublemaker; a mischievous woman

Mashakah, Mashakia, Mashake, Mashaki, Mashakie, Mashaky, Mashakey, Mashakee, Mashakea... mashaka

Masika

(Egyptian) Born during a rainstorm Masikah, Masyka, Maseeka, Masieka, Maseika, Maseaka

... masika

Mask

A device that covers the nose and mouth to enable inhalation anaesthetics (see ANAESTHESIA) or other gases such as oxygen to be administered. It is also a covering for the nose and mouth to ensure that antiseptic conditions are maintained during surgery, when dressing a wound or nursing a patient in conditions of isolation. The term is also applied to the expressionless appearance that occurs in certain disorders – for example, in PARKINSONISM.... mask

Mason

(English) A stoneworker Maison, Mayson, Maisen, Masen, Maysen, Maeson, Maesen... mason

Masrekah

(Hebrew) From the vineyard Masreka, Masrecka, Masrekia, Masrekiah... masrekah

Mass Hysteria

See HYSTERIA.... mass hysteria

Mass Miniature Radiography

A method of obtaining X-ray photographs of the chests of large numbers of people. It has been used on a large scale as a means of screening the population for pulmonary TUBERCULOSIS. It is no longer used in the United Kingdom.... mass miniature radiography

Massachusetts

(Native American) From the big hill; from the state of Massachusetts Massachusets, Massachusette, Massachusetta, Massa, Massachute, Massachusta... massachusetts

Massah

(Hebrew) One who tempts others Massa... massah

Massarra

(Arabic) Filled with happiness... massarra

Massassi

(African) In mythology, the first woman of earth

Massassie, Masasi, Masasie, Massasi, Masassi, Massassy, Masasy, Massassee, Masasee... massassi

Massima

(Italian) A superior woman; the greatest... massima

Master Wort

Strength, Courage, Protection ... master wort

Masticatory

A substance that is chewed to increase the flow of saliva... masticatory

Mastura

(Arabic) One who is pure; chaste Mastoora, Masturah, Masturia, Masturiya, Mastooria, Mastoura, Mastrouria... mastura

Matana

(Hebrew) A gift from God Matanah, Matanna, Matannah, Matai... matana

Matangi

(Hindi) In Hinduism, the patron of inner thought

Matangy, Matangie, Matangee, Matangey, Matangea... matangi

Matea

(Hebrew) Feminine form of Matthew; a gift from God Mattea, Matthea, Matthia, Mathea, Mathia, Mateja, Matia, Mathia, Matthan, Matthanias... matea

Matilda

(German) One who is mighty in battle

Maitilde, Maltilda, Maltilde, Mat, Matelda, Mathilda, Mathilde, Matilde, Matti, Mattie, Matty, Mahault, Maitilda, Maiti, Matia, Mathild, Matyidy... matilda

Matisoon

(Native American) Giver of life Mati, Matisun, Matisune, Matisoone, Matisoun, Matisoune... matisoon

Matriona

(Latin) Lady of the house; a matron

Matrena, Matresha, Matrina, Matryna, Motreina... matriona

Matsuko

(Japanese) Child of the pine tree... matsuko

Mattox

(English) A gift from God Matox, Mattoxx, Matoxx, Mattoxa, Mattoxi, Mattoxia... mattox

Matuta

(Latin) In mythology, goddess of childbirth Matutah... matuta

Maud

(German) Form of Matilda, meaning “one who is mighty in battle” Maude, Maudie, Maudi, Maudy, Maudee, Maudey, Maudea... maud

Matricaria Chamomilla

Linn.

Family: Compositae; Asteraceae.

Habitat: Native of Europe; grown in Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.

English: German Chamomile, Chamomile. German chamomile flower is equated with Matricaria recutita L. (synonym Chamomilla recutita L.) and Roman Chamomile flower with Anthemis nobilis L. (synonym Chamamaelum nobilis L.)

Unani: Baabunaa.

Action: Sedative, anticonvulsant, carminative, antispasmodic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic. See also Anthemis nobilis.

Key application (German Chamomile) ? In inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and gastrointestinal spasm. Externally, in skin, mucous membrane and ano-genital inflammation and bacterial skin diseases. (German Commission E, The British Herbal Compendium.) As anti-inflammatory and anti- spasmodic. (The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia.)

The flowers of German chamomile gave volatile oil up to about 2%, containing alpha-bisabolol up to 50%, azu- lenes including chamazulene, guiazu- line and matricine; flavonoids including apigenin and luteolin and their glycosides, patuletin and quercetin; spiroethers; coumarins; polysaccha- rides.

The flowers are used as herbal tea for cough and cold and for promoting the flow of gastric secretion and bile. In chamomlile extracts, chamazulene has been found responsible for anti- inflammatory activity. Matricine and (-)-alpha-bisabolol also show anti- inflammatory and analgesic activity. Bisabolol exhibits ulceroprotective effect. Natural (-)-alpha-bisabolol has been shown to be significantly effective in healing burns; (-)-alpha-bisabolol, spiroethers and apigenin exhibit spasmolytic effect comparable with that of papaverine.

The polysaccharides are immunos- timulating and activate macrophages and B lymphocytes; play an important role in wound healing.

Crude aqueous extract of the plant has been reported to significantly delay the onset of convulsions and reduce mortality rate produced by picrotoxin experimentally.... matricaria chamomilla

Matthiola Incana

R. Br.

Family: Cruciferae; Brassicaceae.

Habitat: Native of Europe; grown as ornamental.

English: Stock, Gilli-flower.

Unani: Tudri Safed.

Action: Expectorant, diuretic, stomachic.

The seeds contain mucilage, a fatty oil, two crystalline colouring matters and a volatile oil which yields methyl, isopropyl and 4-methylthiobutyl iso- thiocyanates. Beta-sitosterol is present in fatty oil. Fatty acids include palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic and ru- cic.... matthiola incana

Maureen

(Irish) Form of Mary, meaning “star of the sea / from the sea of bitterness” Maura, Maurene, Maurianne, Maurine, Maurya, Mavra, Maure, Mo, Maurean, Maureane... maureen

Maurissa

(Latin) Feminine form of Maurice; a dark-skinned beauty Maurisa, Maurelle, Maurell, Maurella, Maurita, Mauryta, Maurizia, Mauriza, Maurise, Maurisse... maurissa

Mauve

(French) Of the mallow plant

Mawve... mauve

Mave

(Gaelic) One who brings joy to others Mava... mave

Mavelle

(Celtic) Resembling a songbird Mavell, Mavele, Mavella, Mavela, Mavel, Mavie... mavelle

Maven

(English) Having great knowledge Mavin, Mavyn... maven

Maverick

(American) One who is wild and free

Maverik, Maveryck, Maveryk, Mavarick, Mavarik... maverick

Mavis

(French) Resembling a songbird Mavise, Maviss, Mavisse, Mavys, Mavyss, Mavysse... mavis

Mavonde

(African) Of the abundant harvest Mavonda, Mavondia, Mavondea... mavonde

Mawiyah

(Arabic) Possessing the essence of life Mawiya... mawiyah

Mawunyaga

(African) God is great... mawunyaga

Maxine

(English) Feminine form of Max; the greatest

Maxeen, Maxena, Maxence, Maxene, Maxi, Maxie, Maxime, Maximina, Maxina, Maxy, Maxanda, Maxima, Maxea... maxine

Maya

(Indian / Hebrew) An illusion; a dream / woman of the water Mayah, Mya... maya

Mayes

(English) From the meadow... mayes

Maylea

(Hawaiian) Resembling a wild- flower

Maylee, Mayli, Maylie, Mayley, Mayly, Mayleigh... maylea

Maylin

(American) Of the wondrous waterfall

Mayleh, Maylan... maylin

Maymunah

(Arabic) One who is blessed Maymuna, Maymoona, Maymoonah, Maymouna, Maymounah... maymunah

Maysa

(Arabic) One who is graceful Maysah... maysa

Maysun

(Arabic) A woman with a beautiful face

Maysoon, Maysuna, Maysoona, Maysoun, Maysouna... maysun

Mayumi

(Japanese) One who embodies truth, wisdom, and beauty Mayumie, Mayumee, Mayumy, Mayumey, Mayumea... mayumi

Mayuri

(Indian) Resembling a peahen Mayurie, Mayuree, Mayurey, Mayury, Mayurea... mayuri

Mazarine

(French) Having deep-blue eyes Mazareen, Mazareene, Mazaryn, Mazaryne, Mazine, Mazyne, Mazeene... mazarine

Mazel

(Hebrew) One who is lucky Mazell, Mazele, Mazelle, Mazela, Mazella... mazel

Mazhira

(Hebrew) A shining woman Mazhirah, Mazheera, Mazhyra, Mazheira, Mazhiera, Mazheara... mazhira

Mazzaroth

(Hebrew) A seer; refers to the twelve signs of the zodiac Mazzarothe, Mazzarotha, Mazaroth, Mazarothe, Mazarotha... mazzaroth

Mckayla

(Gaelic) A fiery woman McKale, McKaylee, McKaleigh, McKay, McKaye, McKaela... mckayla

Mead

(English) From the meadow Meade, Meed, Meede... mead

Meadghbh

(Celtic) One who is nimble... meadghbh

Meadow

(American) From the beautiful field

Meadowe, Meado, Meadoe, Medow, Medowe, Medoe... meadow

Meadow Rue

Divination... meadow rue

Meahpaara

(Arabic) Slice of the moon Meahparah, Meahparra, Meapara... meahpaara

Means Test

The determination of eligibility for a publicly financed programme on the basis of an applicant’s income and assets (means).... means test

Meantuna

(Arabic) One who is trustworthy Meantoona, Meantouna... meantuna

Meara

(Gaelic) One who is filled with happiness Mearah... meara

Measurement

The procedure of applying a standard scale to a variable or to a set of values.... measurement

Measures

See APPENDIX 6: MEASUREMENTS IN MEDICINE.... measures

Meciria

(African) A kind and thoughtful woman Meciriah, Mecyria, Mecyriah ... meciria

Measurement Scale

The complete range of possible values for a measurement (e.g. the set of possible responses to a question, the physically possible range for a set of body weights). Measurement scales are sometimes classified into five major types, according to the quantitative character of the scale: dichotomous scale: One that arranges items into either of two mutually exclusive categories. nominal scale: Classification into unordered qualitative categories, such as race, religion, and country of birth, as measurements of individual attributes are purely nominal scales, as there is no inherent order to their categories. ordinal scale: Classification into ordered qualitative categories, such as social class, where the values have a distinct order, but their categories are qualitative in that there is no natural (numerical) distance between their possible values. interval scale: An (equal) interval involving assignment of values with a natural distance between them, so that a particular distance (interval) between two values in one region of the scale meaningfully represents the same distance between two values in another region of the scale. An example is date of birth. ratio scale: A ratio is an interval scale with a true zero point, so that ratios between values are meaningfully defined. Examples are weight, height, blood count and income, as in each case it is meaningful to speak of one value as being so many times greater or less than another.... measurement scale

Meckel’s Diverticulum

A hollow pouch sometimes found attached to the small INTESTINE. It is placed on the small intestine about 90–120 cm (3–4 feet) from its junction with the large intestine, is several centimetres long, and ends blindly. It is lined with cells similar to those which line the stomach, and so may produce acid. This leads to occasional illness – Meckel’s diverticulitis with ulceration, which causes abdominal pain and fever (sometimes referred to as ‘left-sided appendicitis’). Perforation may result in PERITONITIS and, rarely, may be the lead point of an INTUSSUSCEPTION.... meckel’s diverticulum

Meconopsis Aculeata

Royle.

Family: Papaveraceae.

Habitat: Western Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon, between 3,300-4,500 m.

English: Blue Poppy.

Folk: Gul-e-Nilam (Kashmir), Gudi, Kunda, Kanderi (Punjab), Kalihaari (Himachal).

Action: Plant—diuretic. Root— narcotic.

In Garhwal Himalayas, the whole plant is used as a blood purifier and to reduce blood pressure. The natives apply the plant paste externally in rheumatic pains as anodyne.

Meconopsis horridula Hook, known as Tasargaun in Tibet, is used for cardiac and respiratory disorder.

Meconopsis napaulensis DC., synonym M. wallichii HK. (temperate and alpine Himalaya from Nepal to Bhutan at 2,700-5,200 m) also exhibits narcotic properties. The roots gave alkaloids— protopine, magnoflorine, cryptopine, coptisine, allocryptopine, rhoeadine, papaverrubines E and D, corysamine and2-methyl-6-methoxy-l,2,3,4-tetra- hydro-beta-carboline.... meconopsis aculeata

Meda

(Native American) A prophetess... meda

Meddela

(Swedish) A well-spoken woman Medela, Meddella, Medella... meddela

Medea

(Greek) A cunning ruler; in mythology, a sorceress

Madora, Medeia, Media, Medeah, Mediah, Mediya, Mediyah... medea

Medeba

(Hebrew) From the quiet waters Medebah... medeba

Medical Devices Agency

An executive agency of the Department of Health in the UK. Set up in 1994, it is responsible for regulating and advising on the sale or use of any product, other than a medicine, used in the health-care environment for the diagnosis, prevention, monitoring or treatment of illness or disease. Equipment ranges from pacemakers (see CARDIAC PACEMAKER) to prostheses (see PROSTHESIS), and from syringes to magnetic resonance imaging (see (MRI).... medical devices agency

Medical Dictionary

Medical Dictionary

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... medical dictionary

Medical Error

An error or omission in the medical care provided to an individual. Medical errors can occur in diagnosis, treatment, preventive monitoring or in the failure of a piece of medical equipment or another component of the medical system. Often, but not always, medical errors result in adverse events such as injury or death. See also “malpractice”; and “incidence monitoring and reporting”.... medical error

Medial Tibial Syndrome

The term applied by athletes to a condition characterised by pain over the inner border of the shin, which occurs in most runners and sometimes in joggers. The syndrome, also known as shin splints, is due to muscular swelling resulting in inadequate blood supply in the muscle: hence the pain. The disorder may be the result of compartment syndrome (build-up of pressure in the muscles), TENDINITIS, muscle or bone in?ammation, or damage to the muscle. It usually disappears within a few weeks, responding to rest and PHYSIOTHERAPY, with or without injections. In some cases, however, it becomes chronic and so severe that it occurs even at rest. If the cause is the compartment syndrome, relief is usually obtained by a simple operation to relieve the pressure in the affected muscles.... medial tibial syndrome

Medicago Sativa

Linn.

Family: Papilionaceae; Fabaceae.

Habitat: Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, as a farm crop.

English: Alfalfa, Lucerne.

Ayurvedic: Alfalfa, Vilaayati- gawuth, Lasunghaas, Lusan.

Unani: Barsem.

Action: Anticholesterolemic, rich in essential enzymes, minerals and vitamins; a preventive of high blood pressure, diabetes, peptic ulcer.

Alfalfa tea is used to strengthen the digestive system. Sprouts (of seeds) are used by diabetics.

The herb contains carotinoids (including lutein), triterpene saponins, isoflavonoids coumarins, triterpenes (including sitgmasterol, spinasterol); also cyanogenic glycosides (corresponding to less than 80 mg HCN/ 100 g); pro-vitamins A, B6, B12, D, K, E and P; calcium, phosphorus, iron, potassium, magnesium, choline, sodium, silicon and essential enzymes.

The seeds contain 33.2% protein and 4.4% mineral matter; saponins with the aglycones, soyasapogenol B and E and polymines, diaminopropane and norspermine. Two storage globulins, alfin and medicagin are found in the seeds.

The flowers contain flavonoids, kaempferol, quercetin, myricetin and laricytrin. The fruits contain beta- amyrin, alpha- and beta-spinasterol, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, myrselli- nol, scopoletin and esculetin.

The saponin, medicagenic acid, is found in leaves and roots (leaves 1.49%, roots 2.43% of dry matter).

Alfalfa seed extracts prevented hy- percholesterolemia, triglyceridaemia and atherogenesis in cholesterol-fed rabbits and cynomologus monkeys. The saponins in the extract reduce intestinal absorption of cholesterol in rabbits.

Human trials have indicated the use of the herb in menopause. (Sharon M. Herr.)... medicago sativa

Medical Defence Organisations

These are UK bodies that provide doctors with advice and, where appropriate, ?nancial support in defending claims for medical negligence in their clinical practice. They also advise doctors on all legal aspects of their work, including patients’ complaints, and provide representation for members called to account by the GENERAL MEDICAL COUNCIL (GMC) or other regulatory body. The sharp rise in claims for medical negligence in the NHS in the 1980s persuaded the UK Health Departments to introduce a risk-pooling system called the Clinical Negligence Scheme for Trusts, and the defence societies liaise with this scheme when advising their doctor members on responding to claims of negligence (see MEDICAL LITIGATION; MEDICAL NEGLIGENCE).... medical defence organisations

Medical Informatics

See INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN MEDICINE.... medical informatics

Medical Litigation

Legal action taken by an individual or group of individuals, usually patients, against hospitals, health-service providers or health professionals in respect of alleged inadequacies in the provision of health care.

In the hospital service, claims for clinical negligence have risen enormously since the 1970s. In 1975 the NHS spent about £1m a year on legal claims; by 2004 the NHS faced over £2 billion in outstanding claims. In 1995 a risk-pooling Clinical Negligence Scheme for Trusts (CNST) was set up in England, and is administered by the NHS Litigation Authority. NHS trusts are expected to follow a set of risk-management standards, the ?rst being that each trust should have a written risk-management strategy with an explicit commitment to managing clinical risk (see RISK MANAGEMENT).... medical litigation

Medical Oncology

See ONCOLOGY.... medical oncology

Medically Indigent

Persons who cannot afford needed health care because of insufficient income and/or lack of adequate health insurance.... medically indigent

Medically Necessary

A treatment or service that is appropriate and consistent with a person’s diagnosis and which, in accordance with locally accepted standards of practice, cannot be omitted without adversely affecting the person’s condition or the quality of care.... medically necessary

Medicinal Plants

Medicinal Plants

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... medicinal plants

Medical Education

This term is used to de?ne the process of learning and knowledge-acquisition in the study of medicine. It also encompasses the expertise required to develop education and training for students and learners in all aspects of medical health care. Studies for undergraduate students, postgraduate students and individual health-care practitioners, from the initial stages to the ongoing development of a career in medicine or associated health ?elds, are also included in medical education. The word ‘pedagogy’ is sometimes applied to this process.

A range of research investigations has developed within medical education. These apply to course monitoring, audit, development and validation, assessment methodologies and the application of educationally appropriate principles at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. Research is undertaken by medical educationalists whose backgrounds include teaching, social sciences and medicine and related health-care specialties, and who will hold a medical or general educational diploma, degree or other appropriate postgraduate quali?cation.

Development and validation for all courses are an important part of continuing accreditation processes. The relatively conservative courses at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels, including diplomas and postgraduate quali?cations awarded by the specialist medical royal colleges (responsible for standards of specialist education) and universities, have undergone a range of reassessment and rede?nition driven by the changing needs of the individual practitioner in the last decade. The stimuli to change aspects of medical training have come from the government through the former Chief Medical O?cer, Sir Kenneth Calman, and the introduction of new approaches to specialist training (the Calman programme), from the GENERAL MEDICAL COUNCIL (GMC) and its document Tomorrow’s Doctors, as well as from the profession itself through the activities of the British Medical Association and the medical royal colleges. The evolving expectations of the public in their perception of the requirements of a doctor, and changes in education of other groups of health professionals, have also led to pressures for changes.

Consequently, many new departments and units devoted to medical education within university medical schools, royal colleges and elsewhere within higher education have been established. These developments have built upon practice developed elsewhere in the world, particularly in North America, Australia and some European countries. Undergraduate education has seen application of new educational methods, including Problem-Based Learning (PBL) in Liverpool, Glasgow and Manchester; clinical and communications skills teaching; early patient contact; and the extensive adoption of Internet (World Wide Web) support and Computer-Aided Learning (CAL). In postgraduate education – driven by European directives and practices, changes in specialist training and the needs of community medicine – new courses have developed around the membership and fellowship examinations for the royal colleges. Examples of these changes driven by medical education expertise include the STEP course for the Royal College of Surgeons of England, and distance-learning courses for diplomas in primary care and rheumatology, as well as examples of good practice as adopted by the Royal College of General Practitioners.

Continuing Professional Development (CPD) and Continuing Medical Education (CME) are also important aspects of medical education now being developed in the United Kingdom, and are evolving to meet the needs of individuals at all stages of their careers.

Bodies closely involved in medical educational developments and their review include the General Medical Council, SCOPME (the Standing Committee on Postgraduate Medical Education), all the medical royal colleges and medical schools, and the British Medical Association through its Board of Medical Education. The National Health Service (NHS) is also involved in education and is a key to facilitation of CPD/CME as the major employer of doctors within the United Kingdom.

Several learned societies embrace medical education at all levels. These include ASME (the Association for the Study of Medical Education), MADEN (the Medical and Dental Education Network) and AMEE (the Association for Medical Education in Europe). Specialist journals are devoted to research reports relating to medical educational developments

(e.g. Academic Medicine, Health Care Education, Medical Education). The more general medical journals (e.g. British Medical Journal, New England Journal of Medicine, The Lancet, Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons) also carry articles on educational matters. Finally, the World Wide Web (WWW) is a valuable source of information relating to courses and course development and other aspects of modern medical education.

The UK government, which controls the number of students entering medical training, has recently increased the quota to take account of increasing demands for trained sta? from the NHS. More than 5,700 students – 3,300 women and 2,400 men – are now entering UK medical schools annually with nearly 28,600 at medical school in any one year, and an attrition rate of about 8–10 per cent. This loss may in part be due to the changes in university-funding arrangements. Students now pay all or part of their tuition fees, and this can result in medical graduates owing several thousand pounds when they qualify at the end of their ?ve-year basic quali?cation course. Doctors wishing to specialise need to do up to ?ve years (sometimes more) of salaried ‘hands-on’ training in house or registrar (intern) posts.

Though it may be a commonly held belief that most students enter medicine for humanitarian reasons rather than for the ?nancial rewards of a successful medical career, in developed nations the prospect of status and rewards is probably one incentive. However, the cost to students of medical education along with the widespread publicity in Britain about an under-resourced, seriously overstretched health service, with sta? working long hours and dealing with a rising number of disgruntled patients, may be affecting recruitment, since the number of applicants for medical school has dropped in the past year or so. Although there is still competition for places, planners need to bear this falling trend in mind.

Another factor to be considered for the future is the nature of the medical curriculum. In Britain and western Europe, the age structure of a probably declining population will become top-heavy with senior citizens. In the ?nancial interests of the countries affected, and in the personal interests of an ageing population, it would seem sensible to raise the pro?le of preventive medicine – traditionally rather a Cinderella subject – in medical education, thus enabling people to live healthier as well as longer lives. While learning about treatments is essential, the increasing specialisation and subspecialisation of medicine in order to provide expensive, high-technology care to a population, many of whom are suffering from preventable illnesses originating in part from self-indulgent lifestyles, seems insupportable economically, unsatisfactory for patients awaiting treatment, and not necessarily professionally ful?lling for health-care sta?. To change the mix of medical education would be a di?cult long-term task but should be worthwhile for providers and recipients of medical care.... medical education

Medicinal Plants Glossary

Medicinal Plants Glossary

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... medicinal plants glossary

Medicinal Yams

Dioscorea spp.

Dioscoreaceae

The growing need for steroidal drugs and the high cost of obtaining them from animal sources led to a widespread search for plant sources of steroidal sapogenins, which ultimately led to the most promising one. It is the largest genus of the family constituted by 600 species of predominantly twining herbs. Among the twining species, some species twine clockwise while others anti-clockwise (Miege, 1958). All the species are dioceous and rhizomatous. According to Coursey (1967), this genus is named in honour of the Greek physician Pedenios Dioscorides, the author of the classical Materia Medica Libri Quinque. Some of the species like D. alata and D. esculenta have been under cultivation for a long time for their edible tubers. There are about 15 species of this genus containing diosgenin. Some of them are the following (Chopra et al, 1980).

D. floribunda Mart. & Gal.

D. composita Hemsl; syn. D. macrostachya Benth.

D. deltoidea Wall. ex Griseb; syn. D. nepalensis Sweet ex Bernardi.

D. aculeata Linn. syn. D. esculenta

D. alata Linn. syn. D. atropurpurea Roxb.

D. Globosa Roxb; D. purpurea Roxb; D. rubella Roxb.

D. bulbifera Linn. syn. D. crispata Roxb.

D. pulchella Roxb.; D. sativa Thunb. Non Linn.

D. versicolor Buch. Ham. Ex Wall.

D. daemona Roxb. syn. D. hispida Dennst.

D. oppositifolia Linn.

D. pentaphylla Linn. syn. D. jacquemontii Hook. f.

D. triphylla Linn.

D. prazeri Prain & Burkil syn. D. clarkei Prain & Burkill

D. deltoidea Wall. var. sikkimensis Prain

D. sikkimensis Prain & Burkill

Among the above said species, D. floribunda, D. composita and D. deltoidea are widely grown for diosgenin production.

1. D. floribunda Mart. & Gal D. floribunda Mart. & Gal. is an introduction from central America and had wide adaptation as it is successfully grown in Karnataka, Assam, Meghalaya, Andaman and Goa. The vines are glabrous and left twining. The alternate leaves are borne on slender stems and have broadly ovate or triangular ovate, shallowly cordate, coriaceous lamina with 9 nerves. The petioles are 5-7cm long, thick and firm. Variegation in leaves occurs in varying degrees. The male flowers are solitary and rarely in pairs. Female flowers have divericate stigma which is bifid at apex. The capsule is obovate and seed is winged all round. The tubers are thick with yellow coloured flesh, branched and growing upto a depth of 30cm (Chadha et al, 1995).

2. D. composita Hemsl.

D. composita Hemsl. according to Knuth (1965) has the valid botanical name as D. macrostachya Benth. However, D. composita is widely used in published literature. It is a Central American introduction into Goa, Jammu, Bangalore, Anaimalai Hills of Tami Nadu and Darjeeling in W. Bengal. The vines are right twinning and nearly glabrous. The alternate leaves have long petioles, membraneous or coriaceous lamina measuring upto 20x18cm, abruptly acute or cuspidate-acuminate, shallowly or deeply cordate, 7-9 nerved. The fasciculate-glomerate inflorescence is single or branched with 2 or 3 sessile male flowers having fertile stamens. Male fascicle is 15-30cm long. The female flowers have bifid stigma. Tubers are large, white and deep-rooted (upto 45cm) (Chadha et al, 1995).

3. D. deltoidea Wall. ex. Griseb.

D. deltoidea Wall. ex. Griseb. is distributed throughout the Himalayas at altitudes of 1000-3000m extending over the states of Jammu-Kashmir, H. P, U. P, Sikkim and further into parts of W. Bengal. The glabrous and left twining stem bears alternate petiolate leaves. The petioles are 5-12 cm long. The lamina is 5-15cm long and 4-12cm wide widely cordate. The flowers are borne on axillary spikes, male spikes 8-40cm long and stamens 6. Female spikes are 15cm long, 3. 5cm broad and 4-6 seeded. Seeds are winged all round. Rhizomes are lodged in soil, superficial, horizontal, tuberous, digitate and chestnut brown in colour (Chadha et al, 1995). D. deltoidea tuber grows parallel to ground covered by small scale leaves and is described as rhizome. The tubers are morphologically cauline in structure with a ring of vascular bundles in young tubers which appear scattered in mature tubers (Purnima and Srivastava, 1988). Visible buds are present unlike in D. floribunda and D. composita where the buds are confined to the crown position (Selvaraj et al, 1972).

Importance of Diosgenin: Diosgenin is the most important sapogenin used as a starting material for synthesis of a number of steroidal drugs. For commercial purposes, its -isomer, yamogenin is also taken as diosgenin while analysing the sample for processing. Various steroidal drugs derived from diosgenin by artificial synthesis include corticosteroids, sex hormones, anabolic steroids and oral contraceptives. Corticosteroids are the most important group of steroidal drugs synthesized from diosgenin. First group of corticosteroids regulates carbohydrate and protein metabolism. The second group consists of aldosterone, which controls balance of potassium, sodium and water in the human body. The glucocorticoids in the form of cortisone and hydrocortisone are used orally, intramuscularly or topically for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic fever, other collegen diseases, ulcerative colitis, certain cases of asthma and a number of allergic diseases affecting skin, eye and the ear. These are also used for treatment of gout and a variety of inflammations of skin, eye and ear and as replacement therapy in Addison’s diseases. The minerato corticoides, desoxycorticosterone or desoxycortone are used in restoring kidney functions in cases of cortical deficiency and Addison’s disease.

Both male and female sex hormones are also synthesized from disosgenin. The main male sex hormone (androgen) which is produced from disogenin is testosterone. The main female sex hormones produced are oestrogen and progesterone. Recently oestrogen has also been used in cosmetic lotions and creams to improve the tone and colour of skin. One of the main uses of progesterone during recent years has been as antifertility agent for oral contraceptives. These artificial steroids have increased oral activity and fewer side effects, as they can be used in reduced doses. Oral contraceptives are also used for animals like pigs, cows and sheep to control fertility and to give birth at a prescribed period in a group of animals at the same time. These compounds are also used to reduce the interval between the lactation periods to have more milk and meat production. Anti-fertility compounds are also used as a pest-control measure for decreasing the multiplication of pests like rodents, pigeons and sea gulls (Husain et al, 1979).

Although yam tubers contain a variety of chemical substances including carbohydrates, proteins, alkaloids and tannins, the most important constituents of these yams are a group of saponins which yield sapogenins on hydrolysis. The most imp ortant sapogenin found in Dioscorea are diosgenin, yamogenin and pannogenin. Diosgenin is a steroid drug precursor. The diogenin content varies from 2-7% depending on the age of the tubers. Saponins including 5 spirastanol glucoside and 2 furostanol glucoside, 4 new steroid saponins, floribunda saponins C, D, E and F. Strain of A and B are obtained from D. floribunda (Husain et al, 1979). Rhizomes of D. deltoidea are a rich source of diosgenin and its glycoside. Epismilagenin and smilagenone have been isolated from D. deltoidea and D. prazeri (Chakravarti et al, 1960; 1962). An alkaloid dioscorine has been known to occur in D. hispida (Bhide et al,1978). Saponin of D. prazeri produced a fall of blood pressure when given intravenously and saponin of D. deltoidea has no effect on blood pressure (Chakravarti et al,1963). Deltonin, a steroidal glycoside, isolated from rhizomes of D. deltoidea showed contraceptive activity (Biokova et al, 1990).

Agrotechnology: Dioscorea species prefer a tropical climate without extremity in temperature. It is adapted to moderate to heavy rainfall area. Dioscorea plants can be grown in a variety of soils, but light soil is good, as harvesting of tubers is easier in such soils. The ideal soil pH is 5.5-6.5 but tolerates fairly wide variation in soil pH. Dioscorea can be propagated by tuber pieces, single node stem cuttings or seed. Commercial planting is normally established by tuber pieces only. Propagation through seed progeny is variable and it may take longer time to obtain tuber yields. IIHR, Bangalore has released two improved varieties, FB(c) -1, a vigorously growing strain relatively free from diseases and Arka Upkar, a high yielding clone. Three types of tuber pieces can be distinguished for propagation purpose, viz. (1) crown (2) median and (3) tip, of which crowns produce new shoots within 30 days and are therefore preferred. Dipping of tuber pieces for 5 minutes in 0.3% solution of Benlate followed by dusting the cut ends with 0.3% Benlate in talcum powder in mo ist sand beds effectively checks the tuber rot. The treatment is very essential for obtaining uniform stand of the crop. The best time of planting is the end of April so that new sprouts will grow vigorously during the rainy season commencing in June in India. Land is to be prepared thoroughly until a fine tilth is obtained. Deep furrows are made at 60cm distance with the help of a plough. The stored tuber pieces which are ready for planting is to be planted in furrows with 30cm between the plants for one year crop and 45cm between the plants for 2 year crop at about 0.5 cm below soil level. The new sprouts are to be staked immediately. After sprouting is complete, the plants are to be earthed up. Soil from the ridges may be used for earthing up so that the original furrows will become ridges and vice versa. Dioscorea requires high organic matter for good tuber formation. Besides a basal doze of 18-20t of FYM/ha, a complete fertilizer dose of 300kg N, 150kg P2O5 and K2O each are to be applied per hectare. P and K are to be applied in two equal doses one after the establishment of the crop during May-June and the other during vigorous growth period of the crop (August- September). Irrigation may be given at weekly intervals in the initial stage and afterwards at about 10 days interval. Dioscorea vines need support for their optimum growth and hence the vines are to be trailed over pandal system or trellis. Periodic hand weeding is essential for the first few months. Intercropping with legumes has been found to smother weeds and provide extra income. The major pests of Dioscorea are the aphids and red spider mites. Aphids occur more commonly on young seedlings and vines. Young leaves and vine tips eventually die if aphids are not controlled. Red spider mites attack the underside of the leaves at the base near the petiole. Severe infestations result in necrotic areas, which are often attacked by fungi. Both aphids and spider mites can be very easily controlled by Kelthane. No serious disease is reported to infect this crop. The tubers grow to about 25-30 cm depth and hence harvesting is to be done by manual labour. The best season for harvesting is Feb-March, coinciding with the dry period. On an average 50-60t/ha of fresh tubers can be obtained in 2 years duration. Diosgenin content tends to increase with age, 2.5% in first year and 3-3.5% in the second year. Hence, 2 year crop is economical (Kumar et al, 1997).... medicinal yams

Medora

(Greek) A wise ruler Medoria, Medorah, Medorra, Medorea... medora

Meena

(Hindi) Resembling a fish; in Hinduism, the daughter of the goddess Usha

Meenah, Meana, Meanah... meena

Meenakshi

(Indian) Having beautiful eyes... meenakshi

Meera

(Israeli) A saintly woman; woman of the light

Meerah, Meira, Meirah, Meir... meera

Mega-/megalo

Pre?xes denoting largeness.... mega-/megalo

Megaera

(Greek) In mythology, a Fury Magaere, Magaera, Megaere... megaera

Megan

(Welsh) Form of Margaret, meaning “resembling a pearl / the child of light” Maegan, Meg, Magan, Magen, Megin, Maygan, Meagan, Meaghan, Meagin, Meeghan, Meegan, Meghan, Megdn, Meggen, Megen, Meggan, Meggie, Meggy, Meganira, Meighan... megan

Medicine Of Ageing

Diseases developing during a person’s lifetime may be the result of his or her lifestyle, environment, genetic factors and natural AGEING factors.

Lifestyle While this may change as people grow older – for instance, physical activity is commonly reduced – some lifestyle factors are unchanged: for example, cigarette smoking, commonly started in adolescence, may be continued as an adult, resulting in smoker’s cough and eventually chronic BRONCHITIS and EMPHYSEMA; widespread ATHEROSCLEROSIS causing heart attacks and STROKE; osteoporosis (see BONE, DISORDERS OF) producing bony fractures; and cancer affecting the lungs and bladder.

Genetic factors can cause sickle cell disease (see ANAEMIA), HUNTINGTON’S CHOREA and polycystic disease of the kidney.

Ageing process This is associated with the MENOPAUSE in women and, in both sexes, with a reduction in the body’s tissue elasticity and often a deterioration in mental and physical capabilities. When compared with illnesses described in much younger people, similar illnesses in old age present in an atypical manner

– for example, confusion and changed behaviour due to otherwise asymptomatic heart failure, causing a reduced supply of oxygen to the brain. Social adversity in old age may result from the combined effects of reduced body reserve, atypical presentation of illness, multiple disorders and POLYPHARMACY.

Age-related change in the presentation of illnesses This was ?rst recognised by the specialty of geriatric medicine (also called the medicine of ageing) which is concerned with the medical and social management of advanced age. The aim is to assess, treat and rehabilitate such patients. The number of institutional beds has been steadily cut, while availability of day-treatment centres and respite facilities has been boosted – although still inadequate to cope with the growing number of people over 65.

These developments, along with day social centres, provide relatives and carers with a break from the often demanding task of looking after the frail or ill elderly. As the proportion of elderly people in the population rises, along with the cost of hospital inpatient care, close cooperation between hospitals, COMMUNITY CARE services and primary care trusts (see under GENERAL PRACTITIONER (GP)) becomes increasingly important if senior citizens are not to suffer from the consequences of the tight operating budgets of the various medical and social agencies with responsibilities for the care of the elderly. Private or voluntary nursing and residential homes have expanded in the past 15 years and now care for many elderly people who previously would have been occupying NHS facilities. This trend has been accelerated by a tightening of the bene?t rules for funding such care. Local authorities are now responsible for assessing the needs of elderly people in the community and deciding whether they are eligible for ?nancial support (in full or in part) for nursing-home care.

With a substantial proportion of hospital inpatients in the United Kingdom being over 60, it is sometimes argued that all health professionals should be skilled in the care of the elderly; thus the need for doctors and nurses trained in the specialty of geriatrics is diminishing. Even so, as more people are reaching their 80s, there seems to be a reasonable case for training sta? in the type of care these individuals need and to facilitate research into illness at this stage of life.... medicine of ageing

Megha

(Indian) Resembling a cloud Meghana, Meghah... megha

Megiddo

(Hebrew) From the army’s camp Megiddon... megiddo

Mehadi

(Indian) Resembling a flower Mehadie, Mehady, Mehadey, Mehadee, Mehadea... mehadi

Mehalah

(Hebrew) Filled with tenderness Mehala, Mehalla, Mehallah... mehalah

Mehalia

(Hebrew) An affectionate woman Mehaliah, Mehalea, Mehaleah, Mehaliya, Mehaliyah... mehalia

Mehana

(Hawaiian) A warm and friendly woman

Mehanah, Mehannah, Mehanna... mehana

Mehetabel

(Hebrew) God makes one joyous

Mehitabelle, Mettabel, Meheytabel, Mehitabel, Mehitahelle... mehetabel

Mehlis’s Glands

A unicellular gland in cestodes, which encircles the ootype. Its function is not known.... mehlis’s glands

Mehuman

(Hebrew) One who is faithful Mehumann, Mehumane, Mehumana, Mehumanna... mehuman

Meishan

(Chinese) One who is virtuous and beautiful

Meishana, Meishawn, Meishaun, Meishon... meishan

Meiwei

(Chinese) One who is forever enchanting... meiwei

Mejarkon

(Hebrew) From the clear waters Mejarkona, Mejarkonia, Mejarkone... mejarkon

Meki

(Croatian) A tender woman Mekie, Mekee, Mekey, Meky, Mekea... meki

Mekonah

(Hebrew) A source of strength; a solid foundation

Mekona, Mekonia, Mekoniah, Mekonna... mekonah

Melalgia

Pain in the limbs... melalgia

Melanctha

(Greek) Resembling the black flower

Melancthia, Melancthea... melanctha

Medicines

Medicines are drugs made stable, palatable and acceptable for administration. In Britain, the Medicines Act 1968 controls the making, advertising and selling of substances used for ‘medicinal purposes’, which means diagnosing, preventing or treating disease, or altering a function of the body. Permission to market a medicine has to be obtained from the government through the MEDICINES CONTROL AGENCY, or from the European Commission through the European Medicines Evaluation Agency. It takes the form of a Marketing Authorisation (formerly called a Product Licence), and the uses to which the medicine can be put are laid out in the Summary of Product Characteristics (which used to be called the Product Data Sheet).

There are three main categories of licensed medicinal product. Drugs in small quantities can, if they are perceived to be safe, be licensed for general sale (GSL – general sales list), and may then be sold in any retail shop. P (pharmacy-only) medicines can be sold from a registered pharmacy by or under the supervision of a pharmacist (see PHARMACISTS); no prescription is needed. P and GSL medicines are together known as OTCs – that is, ‘over-thecounter medicines’. POM (prescription-only medicines) can only be obtained from a registered pharmacy on the prescription of a doctor or dentist. As more information is gathered on the safety of drugs, and more emphasis put on individual responsibility for health, there is a trend towards allowing drugs that were once POM to be more widely available as P medicines. Examples include HYDROCORTISONE 1 per cent cream for skin rashes, CIMETIDINE for indigestion, and ACICLOVIR for cold sores. Care is needed to avoid taking a P medicine that might alter the actions of another medicine taken with it, or that might be unsuitable for other reasons. Patients should read the patient-information lea?et, and seek the pharmacist’s advice if they have any doubt about the information. They should tell their pharmacist or doctor if the medicine results in any unexpected effects.

Potentially dangerous drugs are preparations referred to under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 and subsequent regulations approved in 1985. Described as CONTROLLED DRUGS, these include such preparations as COCAINE, MORPHINE, DIAMORPHINE, LSD (see LYSERGIC ACID

DIETHYLAMIDE (LSD)), PETHIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE, AMPHETAMINES, BARBITURATES and most BENZODIAZEPINES.

Naming of drugs A European Community Directive (92/27/EEC) requires the use of the Recommended International Non-proprietary Name (rINN) for medicinal substances. For most of these the British Approved Name (BAN) and rINN were identical; where the two were di?erent, the BAN has been modi?ed in line with the rINN. Doctors and other authorised subscribers are advised to write titles of drugs and preparations in full because uno?cial abbreviations may be misinterpreted. Where a drug or preparation has a non-proprietary (generic) title, this should be used in prescribing unless there is a genuine problem over the bioavailability properties of a proprietary drug and its generic equivalent.

Where proprietary – commercially registered

– names exist, they may in general be used only for products supplied by the trademark owners. Countries outside the European Union have their own regulations for the naming of medicines.

Methods of administration The ways in which drugs are given are increasingly ingenious. Most are still given by mouth; some oral preparations (‘slow release’ or ‘controlled release’ preparations) are designed to release their contents slowly into the gut, to maintain the action of the drug.

Buccal preparations are allowed to dissolve in the mouth, and sublingual ones are dissolved under the tongue. The other end of the gastrointestinal tract can also absorb drugs: suppositories inserted in the rectum can be used for their local actions – for example, as laxatives – or to allow absorption when taking the drug by mouth is di?cult or impossible – for example, during a convulsion, or when vomiting.

Small amounts of drug can be absorbed through the intact skin, and for very potent drugs like OESTROGENS (female sex hormones) or the anti-anginal drug GLYCERYL TRINITRATE, a drug-releasing ‘patch’ can be used. Drugs can be inhaled into the lungs as a ?ne powder to treat or prevent ASTHMA attacks. They can also be dispersed (‘nebulised’) as a ?ne mist which can be administered with compressed air or oxygen. Spraying a drug into the nostril, so that it can be absorbed through the lining of the nose into the bloodstream, can avoid destruction of the drug in the stomach. This route is used for a small number of drugs like antidiuretic hormone (see VASOPRESSIN).

Injection remains an important route of administering drugs both locally (for example, into joints or into the eyeball), and into the bloodstream. For this latter purpose, drugs can be given under the skin – that is, subcutaneously (s.c. – also called hypodermic injection); into muscle – intramuscularly (i.m.); or into a vein – intravenously (i.v.). Oily or crystalline preparations of drugs injected subcutaneously form a ‘depot’ from which they are absorbed only slowly into the blood. The action of drugs such as TESTOSTERONE and INSULIN can be prolonged by using such preparations, which also allow contraceptive ‘implants’ that work for some months (see CONTRACEPTION).... medicines

Medicines Commission

A government-appointed expert advisory body on the use of MEDICINES in the UK.... medicines commission

Medicines Control Agency

An executive agency of the Department of Health with the prime function of safeguarding the public health. It ensures that branded and non-branded MEDICINES on the UK market meet appropriate standards of safety, quality and e?cacy. The agency applies the strict standards set by the UK Medicines Act (1968) and relevant European Community legislation.... medicines control agency

Medina

(Arabic) From the city of the prophet

Medinah, Medyna, Medynah, Medeena, Medeenah, Mediena, Medeina, Medeana, Mdina... medina

Medini

(Indian) Daughter of the earth Medinie, Mediny, Mediney, Medinee, Medinea... medini

Meditrina

(Latin) The healer; in mythology, goddess of health and wine Meditreena, Meditryna, Meditriena... meditrina

Medlars

Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System – a computerised index system produced by the US National Library of Medicine.... medlars

Medline

A computer-based telephone line linkage to MEDLARS for rapid transmission of medical information held by that library. Information can be accessed worldwide. Information is also available via the web.... medline

Melaleuca Leucadendron

Linn.

Family: Myrtaceae.

Habitat: Indegenous to Burma, Cambodia, Thailand, Malay Peninsula to Australia; grown in Indian gardens and parks.

English: Cajeput tree, Swamp Tea tree, White Tea tree.

Folk: Kaayaaputi. (The oil of Cajeput is imported into India, chiefly from France and Netherlands.)

Action: Oil—used as an expectorant in chronic laryngitis and bronchitis, and as a carminative. Acts as anthelmintic, especially against round worms. Enters into ointments for rheumatism and stiff joints, sprains and neuralgia, migraine, colds, influenza, and as a mosquito repellent.

Key application: The oil is antimicrobial and hypermic in vitro. (German Commission.)

The oil contains terpenoids, 1,8- cineole (40-65%) as major component, with alpha-pinene, alpha-terpineol, nerolidol, limonene, benzaldehyde, valeraldehyde, dipentene and various sesquiterpenes; 3,5-dimethyl-4,6,di- O-methylphloroacetophenone.

The essential oil of Melaleuca al- ternifolia (Tea Tree Oil) is indicated for acne, tinea pedis and toe and nail onychomycosis on the basis of human trials. (Sharon M. Herr.)

Tea Tree Oil is distilled from the leaves of several species of Australian trees belonging the genus Melaleuca, principaly from M. alternifolia. Tea Tree Oil should contain a maximum of 15% 1,8-cineole and a minimum of 30% (+)-terpinen-4-ol, the principal germicidal ingredient. Other constituents, alpha-terpineol and linalool, also exhibit antimicrobial activity. (Cited in Rational Phytotherapy.)

The essential oil of Melaleuca virdi- flora Solander ex Gaertner leaves, known as Niauli Oil, is used for catarrh of the upper respiratory tract. The oil is antibacterial and stimulatory to circulation in vitro. (German Commission E.) Like cajeput oil, the principal constituent is cineole (eucalyptol).

A related species, M. genistifolia, indigenous to Australia, is grown in botanical gardens at Saharanpur and Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh). The leaves and terminal twigs yield 0.53% of a volatile oil which consists mainly of d-pinene, and about 2% cineole and traces of aldehyde.... melaleuca leucadendron

Melangell

(Welsh) A sweet messenger from heaven

Melangelle, Melangela, Melangella, Melangele, Melangel... melangell

Melanie

(Greek) A dark-skinned beauty Malaney, Malanie, Mel, Mela, Melaina, Melaine, Melainey, Melana, Melanee, Melaney, Melani, Melania, Melanney, Melannie, Melany, Mella, Mellanie, Melli, Mellie, Melloney, Melly, Meloni, Melonie, Melonnie, Melony, Melaena, Melanea, Malanea, Melonea... melanie

Melantha

(Greek) Resembling a dark-violet flower

Melanthe, Melanthia, Melanthea, Malantha, Mallantha, Mellantha... melantha

Melastoma Malabathricum

Linn.

Synonym: M. normale D. Don.

Family: Melastomataceae.

Habitat: Moist parts of India, up to 1,800 m.

English: Indian Rhododendron.

Folk: Laakheri, Paalorey (Maharashtra). Tulasi (Nepal). Nakkukappan (Tamil Nadu), Phutuka (Assam).

Action: Leaf—antidiarrhoeal, antiseptic. Locally applied in smallpox to prevent pox-marks. Leaf and flowering top—astringent, antileucorrhoeic. Bark—applied to wounds. Also employed in preparation of gargles.

The leaves gave amino acids—gly- cine, valine, leucine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, methionine, tyrosine, isoleucine and hydroxyproline. The roots gave beta-sitosterol and a tri- terpene, melastomic acid.... melastoma malabathricum

Melaza

Molasses; made from sugar cane; contains many minerals and vitamins that are not found in refined sugar; often added to home remedies or teas as a sweetener and for medicinal purposes; also called Miel de pulga.... melaza

Melba

(Australian) From the city of Melbourne

Melbah, Mellba, Mellbah... melba

Melcia

(Teutonic) One who is ambitious and hardworking Melciah... melcia

Melek

(Arabic) A heavenly messenger; an angel Melak... melek

Melete

(Greek) In mythology, the muse of medication

Meleet, Meelete, Meleat, Meleate... melete

Meli

(Native American) One who is bitter Melie, Melee, Melea, Meleigh, Mely, Meley... meli

Melia

(Hawaiian / Greek) Resembling the plumeria / of the ash tree; in mythology, a nymph

Melidice, Melitine, Meliah, Meelia, Melya... melia

Melia Azedarach

Linn.

Habitat: Cultivated and naturalized throuhout India. Wild in the Sub-Himalayan tract up to 1,800 m.

English: Persian Lilac, Pride of India.

Ayurvedic: Mahaanimba, Ramyaka, Dreka. (Neem is equated with Azadirachta indica.)

Unani: Bakaayan.

Siddha/Tamil: Malaivembu.

Action: Leaf—diuretic, anthelmintic, antilithic. Leaf and flower—febrifuge, sedative, em- menagogue. Leaf, fruit and stem bark—antileprotic. Leaf, flower, fruit, root bark—deobstruent, resolvent. Seed oil—antirheumatic, insecticidal. Leaves, bark and fruit—insect repellent. Gum— used in spleen enlargement. Heart- wood—an aqueous extract, used in asthma.

The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia ofIn- dia indicated the use of the dried stem bark in increased frequency and turbidity of urine, skin diseases, nausea, emesis, asthma, gastroenteritis, giddiness and vertigo.

The bitter constituents are present exclusively in the pericarp, not in the kernel as in the case of Neem fruit. Bakayanin has been isolated from the pericarp (bitter in dilutions of 1 in 10,000).

The heartwood also yielded bakaya- nin and a lactone, bakalactone. Leaves gave quercitrin and rutin and tetranor- triterpenoids, salanin and vilasinin.

An infusion of the bark is effective against ascariasis. The activity resides in the inner bark which is bitter but not astringent (outer bark contains tannins and is astringent).

The ethanolic extract of the leaves is fungicidal and antibacterial. The activity is attributed to azadrine and me- liotannic acid.

The fruits are considered poisonous to man and animals; contain melianon- inol, melianol, melianone, meliandi- ol, vanillin and vanillic acid. Vanillic acid analogues show micro- and macro-filaricidal activity.

Gedunin, present in the plant, inhibits Plasmodium falciparum, while the seed extract does not show anti- malarial activity against P. berghei.

The plant exhibited sedative and psychostimulant properties. Antitu- mour and antiviral activities have also been reported. Intraperitoneal administration of partially purified extracts of fresh green leaves reduced the spread of Tacaribe virus (that causes typical encephalitis) to kidneys, liver and brain in inoculated neonatal mice.

Dosage: Stem bark—5-10 g (API, Vol. IV.); leaf, seed, root—50- 100 ml decoction; 3-5 g powder. (CCRAS.)... melia azedarach

Melika

(Turkish) A great beauty Melikah, Melicka, Melicca, Melyka, Melycka, Meleeka, Meleaka... melika

Melilotus Alba

Desr.

Family: Fabaceae.

Habitat: Native to Europe and Asia; grown in North India.

English: White Sweet Clover.

Unani: Ilkil-ul-Malik, Naakhunaa (white-flowered var.).

Action: See Melilotus indica.... melilotus alba

Melina

(Greek) As sweet as honey Mellina, Meleana, Meleena, Melene, Melibella, Melibelle, Meline, Melyne, Melyna, Mellea, Melleta, Mellona, Meleda, Meleta... melina

Melinda

(Latin) One who is sweet and gentle

Melynda, Malinda, Malinde, Mallie, Mally, Malynda, Melinde, Mellinda, Mallee, Mallea... melinda

Melia Composita

Willd.

Synonym: M. dubia Hiern. non-Cav.

Family: Meliaceae.

Habitat: Eastern Himalayas, Assam, Western Ghats, Ganjam and Deccan up to 1,800 m.

English: Hill Neem, Malabar Neem, Common Bead tree.

Ayurvedic: Arangaka.

Folk: Malaivembu (Tamil).

Action: Fruit—anthelmintic; used in skin diseases.

The leaves and seeds gave tetranor- triterpenoids, compositin and com- positolide. The fruit gave salannin. The heartwood yielded a triterpenoid.

Tamil and Malyalam synonyms (Malaivembu and Malavembu) are common to Melia azedarach and Melia composita.... melia composita

Melilotus Indica

(Linn.) All.

Synonym: M. parviflora Desf.

Family: Paplionaceae; Fabaceae.

Habitat: Native to Eurasia; found as winter weed and cultivated for fodder in parts of Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.

English: Sweet Clover, Annual Yellow Sweet Clover, Small-flowered Melilot.

Ayurvedic: Vana-methikaa.

Unani: Ilkil-ul-Malik (yellow- flowered var.).

Folk: Ban-Methi, Senji.

Action: Plant—astringent, dis- cutient, emollient. Used as poultice or plaster for swellings. The plant gave coumarins—fraxidin, herniarin, umbelliferone and scopoletin.

When fed alone as a green fodder, it exhibits narcotic properties; causes lethargy, tympanitis and is reported to taint the milk of dairy cattle. It may cause even paralysis. The plant contains 3-methoxyflavone, meliter- natin which experimentally inhibited cell growth, induced granularity, retraction and then lysis of cells.... melilotus indica

Melilotus Officinalis

Linn.

Family: Fabaceae.

Habitat: Ladakh, at 3,000-4,000 m, also cultivated.

English: Yellow Sweet Clover, Melilot.

Unani: Iklil-ul-Malik, Asaab-ul- Malik, Naakhunaa.

Action: Plant—astringent, wound healer, styptic, anti-inflammatory, sedative, mild analgesic, anticoagulant, spasmolytic. Flower and leaf—diuretic, analgesic, anti- inflammatory, smooth muscle relaxant, vasodilator. Seed—used in cold.

Key application: In chronic venous insufficiency. For supportive treatment of thrombophlebitis, haemorrhoids and lymphatic congestion. (German Commission E.) As venotonic, vulnerary. (The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia.)

The herb contains coumarin derivatives; flavonoid glycosides, including kaempferol and quercetin. Di- coumarol (melitoxin) is produced when fermentation takes place in me- lilot. Seeds gave canavanin and trigo- nelline. Reported poisonous to horses. The flowers contain the flavonoids, quercetin and myricetin besides kaem- pferol.

The herb has shown increase in venous reflux and improvement in lymphatic kinetics. Animal experiments show an increase in healing wounds. Flower and leaf extracts have shown analgesic activity, prolongation in pento-barbital-induced hypnosis time and smooth muscle relaxant activity in mice; also exhibited hypotensive and vasodilatory activity in rabbit. Dicoumarol is a potent anticoagulant.

In Europe and China, the plant extract is used for inflammations, arthritis, rheumatism, phlebitis, venous insufficiency, haemorrhoids, brachialgia and bronchitis.

The Red Clove is equated with Tri- folium pratense.... melilotus officinalis

Meliora

(Latin) One who is better than others

Melyora, Meliorah, Melyorah, Meleeora... meliora

Melisande

(French) Having the strength of an animal

Malisande, Malissande, Malyssandre, Melesande, Melisandra, Melisandre, Melissande, Melissandre, Mellisande, Melysande, Melyssandre... melisande

Melisha

(American) Form of Alisha, meaning “woman of the nobility; truthful; having high moral character” Mellisha, Malicia, Malisha, Malitia, Melicia, Melitia, Mellicia, Melicia, Melysha... melisha

Melita

(Greek) As sweet as honey Malita, Malitta, Melida, Melitta, Melyta, Malyta, Meleeta, Meleata, Melieta, Meleita... melita

Melka

(Polish) A dark-skinned beauty Melkah... melka

Melody

(Greek) A beautiful song Melodee, Melodey, Melodi, Melodia, Melodie, Melodea... melody

Melora

(Greek) Resembling the golden apple

Melorah, Melorra, Melorrah... melora

Melpomene

(Greek) In mythology, the muse of tragedy... melpomene

Melissa Axillaris

(Benth.) Bakh f.

Synonym: M. parviflora Benth.

Family: Lamiaceae.

Habitat: Temperate and alpine Himalaya, from Garhwal to Bhutan and in Darjeeling and Aka, Mishmi and Khasi hills at l,000-3,600 m.

Unani: Billilotan.

Action: Carminative, diaphoretic, febrifuge in cases of catarrh and 406 Melissa officinalis Linn. influenza. The fruit is considered a brain tonic and useful in hypochondriac conditions.

The aerial parts of the plant yield 2% essential oil which is a good source of monoterpenic alcohols and aldehydes. It contains d-camphene 2.5, dl-alpha- pinene 2.3, 1-beta-pinene 2.13, delta- carene 2.05, d-limonene 12.95, azulene 1.26, linalool 13.36,1,8-cineole 9.33, cit- ronellal 4.0, citronellol 8.2, citral 13.0, geraniol 21.01, neptalactone 1.91, thymol 4.0 and citronellic acid 2.0%.

The herb is used as a substitute for Melissa officinalis Linn.

MJ

Habitat: Indigenous to the east Mediterranean region; introduced in India.

English: Mountain Balm, Sweet or Lemon Balm.

Unani: Baadranjboyaa, Billilotan. (Nepeta cataria Linn. and Nepeta hindostana Haines are also known as Billilotan.)

Action: Antidepressant, antispasmodic, antihistaminic, antiviral. Used in anxiety neurosis and nervous excitability, palpitation and headache. Also in hyperthyroidism.

Key application: In nervous sleeping disorders and functional gastrointestinal complaints. (German Commission E, ESCOP.) Externally for Herpes labialis (cold sores). (ESCOP.) As sedative and topi- cal antiviral. (The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia.)

Only fresh (herb within 6 months after collection) is usable as a sedative, because of low volatile oil content and its high volatility.

The volatile oil of the herb (0.100.2%) consists mainly of geranial and neral, with caryophyllene oxide and smaller quantities of terpenes; glycosides of the alcoholic or phenolic components of the volatile oil (including eugenol glucoside); caf- feic acid derivatives (rosmaric acid); flavonoids (including cymaroside, cos- mosiin, rhamnocitrin, isoquercitrin); triterpene acids (including ursolic acid).

Hot water extracts exhibit antiviral properties, mainly due to rosmaric acid and other polyphenols. (A cream containing the extracts of Balm is used for the treatment of cutaneous lesions of Herpes simplex virus.) Aqueous extracts inhibit tumour cell dividing.

Freeze-dried aqueous extracts inhibit many of the effects of exogenous and endogenous thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH) on bovine thyroid gland by interfering with the binding of TSH to plasma membranes and by inhibiting the enzyme iodothyronine deiodinase in vitro.

The anti-hormonal, mainly anti- thyroid effects of Balm are well documented. (Potter's New Cyclopedia, Sharon.M. Herr.)

For mild to moderate Alzheimer disease, 60 drops per day of standardized Lemon Balm extract (1 : 11 45% alcohol) was prescribed daily. Results were encouraging. (J Neurol Neurosurg Memecylon edule Roxb. 407 Psychiatry, 74, 2003; Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 2007.) (For cholinergic activity, BMJ, 325, 2002, 1312-1233.)... melissa axillaris

Melochia Corchorifolia

Linn.

Family: Sterculiaceae.

Habitat: Kumaon to Sikkim, Gujarat and Peninsular India.

Siddha/Tamil: Pinnakkuppundu.

Folk: Chunch, Bilpat.

Action: Leaf and root—antidysen- teric. Leaf—applied as poultice for swellings of abdomen and sores.

The leaves gave flavonol glycosides, cyclopeptide alkaloids. The triter- penoids and steroids, isolated from the aerial parts, are friedelin, beta- sitosterol and its beta-D-glucoside and stearate.... melochia corchorifolia

Melothria Maderaspatana

(L.) Cogn.

Synonym: Cucumis maderaspatana Linn.

Bryonia scabrella Linn. f. Mukia scabrella (Linn. f.) Arn.

Family: Cucurbitaceae.

Habitat: Throughout India, ascending up to 1,800 m in the hills.

Ayurvedic: Ahilekhana, Trikoshaki.

Siddha/Tamil: Musumsukkai.

Folk: Agmaki.

Action: Tender shoots—gentle aperient, diuretic, stomachic; decoction used in biliousness and flatulence.

The root contains columbin; seed oil gave linoleic, oleic and palmitic acids. Fresh aerial parts exhibit potent anti- hepatotoxic activity.

In carbon tetrachloride-induced liver dysfunction in albino rats, the recovery of liver, treated with the extract from aerial parts, was significant and there was marked decrease in serum levels of the enzymes, alanine, aminotransferase, aspartate amino- transferase and alkaline phosphatase.

Kuruvikizhangu of Siddha medicine, used for acute diarrhoea and fever, is equated with Malothria per- pusilla (Blume) Cogn. Zehneria hook- eriana Arn., found in upper Gangetic plain from Nepal to Assam and in Peninsular India.... melothria maderaspatana

Melva

(Celtic) One who holds the rank of chief

Melvina, Mevah, Melvena, Melveena, Melvyna... melva

Member

See “enrollee”.... member

Membranes

See BRAIN; CROUP; DIPHTHERIA; labour (under PREGNANCY AND LABOUR).... membranes

Memphis

(Greek) Established and beautiful... memphis

Menachema

(Hebrew) One who offers consolation Menachemah... menachema

Menahem

(Hebrew) One who comforts others

Menahema, Menaheme, Menahemia, Menahemai... menahem

Menaka

(Indian) A heavenly maiden Menacka, Menakah, Menakia... menaka

Memecylon Edule

Roxb.

Synonym: M. umbellatum Burm. f.

Family: Melastomataceae.

Habitat: Orissa, Assam and Western Peninsula.

English: Iron Wood.

Ayurvedic: Anjani.

Siddha/Tamil: Kasai, Anjani.

Folk: Yaalki, Lokhandi (Maharashtra).

Action: Fruit and leaf—astringent. Leaf—antileucorrhoeic, spasmolytic, hypoglycaemic. A lotion prepared from the leaves is used in ophthalmia. Root—used in excessive menstrual discharge.

Aerial parts gave umbelactone, beta- amyrin, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, sitosterol and its glucoside.... memecylon edule

Mendi

(Spanish) Refers to the Virgin Mary Mendia, Mendie, Mendy, Mendey, Mendee, Mendea... mendi

Mene

(Hebrew) One whose deeds have been weighed... mene

Menefer

(Egyptian) From the city of beauty Meneferr, Meneferre, Menefere... menefer

Menière’s Disease

Named after the Frenchman, Prosper Menière, who ?rst described it in 1861, the disease is characterised by TINNITUS, deafness and intermittent attacks of VERTIGO. The ?rst manifestation is usually deafness on one side; then – as a rule, many months later – there is a sudden attack, without any warning, of intense vertigo. The acute giddiness usually lasts for two or three hours with some unsteadiness persisting for a few days. The time interval between attacks varies from a week to a few months. When they do recur, they tend to do so in clusters. The tinnitus, which tends to be low-pitched, comes on at about the same time as the deafness; it is often described as being like rushing water or escaping steam. The deafness becomes gradually worse until it is complete. The condition is due to excessive ?uid in the labyrinth of the ears (see EAR). The cause of this accumulation is not known, although it has been suggested that it might be a form of ALLERGY, or might be due to spasm of small blood vessels. The disorder is diagnosed from AUDIOMETRY, the CALORIC TEST and other investigations.

Treatment Acute vertigo symptoms can sometimes be alleviated with drugs such as CYCLIZINE HYDROCHLORIDE and NICOTINIC ACID, but the disorder is notoriously di?cult to treat and no certain cure is available. Surgical decompression of the ?uid in the ear’s balancing mechanism may relieve vertigo and prevent the disease from worsening. The vestibular nerve to the ear can also be cut to relieve vertigo while preserving hearing.... menière’s disease

Menolipsis

Temporary cessation of menstruation... menolipsis

Menopause, Surgical

A term rather callously used to describe the cessation of ovarian hormones as a result of a radical hysterectomy...or what the British more honestly refer to as castration.... menopause, surgical

Menora

(Hebrew) Resembling the candelabra

Menorah... menora

Menostasis

Failure of menstruation... menostasis

Menstruum

The solvent used in extraction. For a dry tincture, the menstruum might be 50% alcohol and 50% water. The menstruum for mint tea is hot water.... menstruum

Mental Health

The absence of psychiatric disorders or traits. It can be influenced by biological, environmental, emotional and cultural factors. This term is highly variable in definition, depending on time and place.... mental health

Mentha Aquatica

Linn.

Family: Labiatae; Lamiaceae.

Habitat: Cultivated in Indian gardens.

English: Water Mint, Wild Mint.

Unani: Pudinaa Nahari.

Action: Leaf—stimulant, astringent. Used for diarrhoea and dysmenorrhoea.

The essential oil is composed of 40-50% menthofuran, with menthol, methyl acetate, pulegone among other constituents.... mentha aquatica

Menula

(Lithuanian) Born beneath the moon

Menulah, Menoola, Menoolah, Menoula, Menoulah... menula

Meonenim

(Hebrew) A soothsayer; one who foretells events Meonenime, Meonenima, Meonenimia... meonenim

Moles

Flat or raised, a mole is a coloured spot on the skin. It contains a dark pigment, melanin, and may be covered with hair. While easy to remove by plastic surgery, advice should be sought before excision. Under the influence of friction a mole may become malignant. Studies show that moles carry an elevated risk of malignant melanoma. When a mole changes in character, a qualified practitioner should be consulted. By herbal means they are never completely eradicated.

Traditional. Rub with raw Garlic bulb. Apply juice of Dandelion, Milkweed, Greater Celandine, or Jojoba oil over a long period.

Linda Clark. Moles have been known to disappear on wiping with Castor oil.

Internally: Liquid Extract, Thuja. 3-5 drops in water, once daily, for 1 month, repeated again after 3 months.

Vitamin E.

Minerals. Silicon, Sulphur. ... moles

Monosodium Glutamate Syndrome

Pains in arms, neck, shoulders and spine from excessive consumption of monosodium glutamate which increases the body’s salt levels.

Tea. Mix, equal parts: Agrimony, Centuary, Meadowsweet.

Decoction. Mix, equal parts: Dandelion root, Echinacea root.

Tablets/capsules. Blue Flag. Devil’s Claw. Wild Yam.

Formula (1). Turkey Rhubarb, with pinch of Cayenne or drops of Tincture Capsicum. Dose: Liquid Extracts: 1 teaspoon. Tinctures: 2 teaspoons. Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon). Thrice daily.

Formula (2). Dandelion 2; Meadowsweet 1; Goldenseal quarter. Dose: as above. ... monosodium glutamate syndrome

Mountain Grape

Oregon grape. Berberis aquifolium, Pursh. French: Berberis. Spanish: Berberis. Italian: Berberi. Parts used: root, rhizome.

Constituents: isoquinoline alkaloids (berberine, hydrastine, etc).

Action: cholagogue, hepatic, alterative, anti-diarrhoeal.

Uses: similar to those of Barberry (Barberry vulgaris). Dyspepsia. Blood impurities. Skin diseases: especially eczema, psoriasis.

Preparations: Thrice daily.

Decoction. Quarter to half a teaspoon to each cup water simmered 20 minutes. Dose: half a cup.

Liquid extract: 10-30 drops in water. Powder: 1-2g. ... mountain grape

Mouth Infections

See: STOMATITIS, CANCRUM ORIS, CANKER, ULCERATION. ... mouth infections

Mental Health Problems In Children

Emotional and behavioural problems are common in children and adolescents, affecting up to one-?fth at any one time. But these problems are often not clear-cut, and they may come and go as the child develops and meets new challenges in life. If a child or teenager has an emotional problem that persists for weeks rather than days and is associated with disturbed behaviour, he or she may have a recognisable mental health disorder.

Anxiety, phobias and depression are fairly common. For instance, surveys show that up to

2.5 per cent of children and 8 per cent of adolescents are depressed at any one time, and by the age of 18 a quarter will have been depressed at least once. Problems such as OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER, ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER (HYPERACTIVITY SYNDROME), AUTISM, ASPERGER’S SYNDROME and SCHIZOPHRENIA are rare.

Mental-health problems may not be obvious at ?rst, because children often express distress through irritability, poor concentration, dif?cult behaviour, or physical symptoms. Physical symptoms of distress, such as unexplained headache and stomach ache, may persuade parents to keep children at home on school days. This may be appropriate occasionally, but regularly avoiding school can lead to a persistent phobia called school refusal.

If a parent, teacher or other person is worried that a child or teenager may have a mental-health problem, the ?rst thing to do is to ask the child gently if he or she is worried about anything. Listening, reassuring and helping the child to solve any speci?c problems may well be enough to help the child feel settled again. Serious problems such as bullying and child abuse need urgent professional involvement.

Children with emotional problems will usually feel most comfortable talking to their parents, while adolescents may prefer to talk to friends, counsellors, or other mentors. If this doesn’t work, and if the symptoms persist for weeks rather than days, it may be necessary to seek additional help through school or the family’s general practitioner. This may lead to the child and family being assessed and helped by a psychologist, or, less commonly, by a child psychiatrist. Again, listening and counselling will be the main forms of help o?ered. For outright depression, COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPY and, rarely, antidepressant drugs may be used.... mental health problems in children

Mental Health Services

Comprehensive mental health services, as generally defined under some national (or state) laws and statutes, include: inpatient care, outpatient care, day care and other partial hospitalization and emergency services; specialized services for the mental health of the elderly; consultation and education services and specialized programmes for the prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of alcohol and drug abusers. They generally include a variety of services provided to people of all ages, including counselling, psychotherapy, psychiatric services, crisis intervention and support groups. Issues addressed include depression, grief, anxiety and stress, as well as severe mental illnesses.... mental health services

Mentha Arvensis

Linn. var. piperascens Holmes.

Family: Labiatae; Lamiaceae.

Habitat: Cultivated in Jammu and Kashmir.

English: Japanese Mint.

Unani: Naanaa.

Action: Carminative, chola- gogue, expectorant, antibacterial, antifungal.

Key application: Mint oil— internally for flatulence, functional gastrointestinal and gallbladder disorders; catarrhs of the upper respiratory tract. Externally, for myalgia and neuralgia. (German Commission E.)

Major components of the essential oil are menthol (up to 95%) and men- thone. Others are alpha-and beta- pinene, alpha-thujene, l-limonene, beta-phellandrene, furfural, methyl- cyclohexanone and camphene. The essential oil possesses both antibacterial and antifungal properties.

The leaves show anti-implantation effect. Seeds showed abortifacient activity (29%) in albino rats with marked malformations in neonates where pregnancy was not terminated.... mentha arvensis

Mentha Longifolia

(Linn.) Huds.

Synonym: M. sylvestris Linn.

Family: Labiatae; Lamiaceae.

Habitat: Native to Europe and Asia; cultivated in Kashmir, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Punjab.

English: English Horsemint.

Unani: Pudinaa-Barri, Jangali Pudinaa.

Action: Leaf and flowering top— carminative, stimulant, antiseptic, febrifuge. Used for digestive disorders and headaches. Essential oil—antibacterial.

Chief components of the volatile oil are 1,8-cineole 28.8, piperitone 13.9, cis- piperitone oxide 15.4 and piperitenone 13.8%. The aerial parts contain flavonoids—3'-hydroxy-4',5,6,7-tetra- methoxyflavone, hesperetin-7-rutino- side, luteolin, ursolic acid and beta- sitosterol. The essential oil acts as a CNS depressant and has somnifacient properties. Phenolic extract showed stimulative effect on CNS of mice. Administration of the oil leads to a drop in body temperature.

American Horsemint is equated with Monarda punctata L. The major component of the volatile oil is thymol. The leaves and tops are used as stimulant, carminative and emmenagogue.... mentha longifolia

Meoquanee

(Native American) Lady in red Meoquani, Meoquaney, Meoquanie, Meoquany, Meoquanea... meoquanee

Mepacrine Hydrochloride

A synthetic acridine product used in the treatment of MALARIA. It came to the fore during World War II, when supplies of quinine were short, and proved of great value both as a prophylactic and in the treatment of malaria. It is now used only to treat infestation with tapeworms (see TAENIASIS).... mepacrine hydrochloride

Mephaath

(Hebrew) A lustrous woman Mephath, Mephatha, Mephaatha... mephaath

Meralda

(Latin) Form of Esmeralda, meaning “resembling a prized emerald” Meraldah, Meraldia, Maralda, Maraldia... meralda

Mentha Piperata

Linn. emend. Huds.

Family: Labiatae; Lamiaceae.

Habitat: Native to Europe; cultivated in Maharashtra, Kashmir and Punjab.

English: Peppermint, Brandy Mint.

Ayurvedic: Vilaayati Pudinaa.

Action: Oil—digestive, carminative, chloretic, antispasmodic, diuretic, antiemetic, mild sedative, diaphoretic, antiseptic, antiviral, used in many mixtures of indigestion and colic and cough and cold remedies.

Key application: Leaf—internally for spastic complaints of the gastrointestinal tract, gallbladder and bile ducts. (German Commission E, ESCOP.) The British Herbal Compendium indicates peppermint leaf for dyspepsia, flatulence, intestinal colic, and biliary disorders.

Key application: Oil—as a carminative. (The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia.) In spastic discomfort fo the upper gastrointestinal tract and bile ducts, irritable colon, the respiratory tract and inflammation of the oral mucosa. Externally, for myalgia and neuralgia. (German Commission E.) ESCOP indicates its use for irritable bowel syndrome, coughs and colds. Externally, for coughs and colds, rheumatic complaints, pruritus, urticaria, and pain in irritable skin conditions. (ESCOP.)

The essential oil has both antibacterial and antifungal properties.

The major constituents of the essential oil are: menthol, menthone, pulegone, menthofuran, 1,8-cineole, men- thyl acetate, isomenthone. The leaves contain flavonoid glycosides, erioc- itrin, luteolin 7-O-rutinoside, hesperi- din, isorhoifolin, diosmin, eriodictyol 7-O-glucoside and narirutin, besides rosmarinic acid, azulenes, cholene, carotenes.

Peppermint oil relaxed carvachol- contracted guinea-pig tenia coli, and inhibited spontaneous activity in guinea-pig colon and rabbit jejunum. It relaxes gastrointestinal smooth muscle by reducing calcium influx. Peppermint oil reduced gastric emptying time in dyspeptics.

The aqueous and ethanolic extracts exhibited antiviral activity against RPV (rinder pest virus), a highly contagious viral disease of cattle.... mentha piperata

Mentha Spicata

Linn. emend. Nathh.

Synonym: M. viridis Linn.

Family: Labiatae; Lamiaceae.

Habitat: Cultivated in Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra.

English: Spearmint, Garden Mint.

Ayurvedic: Pudinaa, Podinaka, Puutihaa, Rochini.

Unani: Nanaa. Pudinaa Kohi.

Action: Carminative, stimulant, antispasmodic, antiemetic, diaphoretic, antiseptic. A tea of dry flowers and leaves is prescribed for tracheobronchitis and hypertension.

The chief constituents of the essential oil are carvone (55-75%) and limonene (up to 21.4%). The herb gave flavonoids, diosmin and diosmetin. Caffeic acid derivatives include ros- marinic acid in the volatile oil.

Dosage: Leaf—5-10 ml juice; 35 ml extract. (CCRAS.)... mentha spicata

Menyanthes Trifoliata

Linn.

Family: Gentianaceae.

Habitat: Native to Britain and Europe; found in Kashmir.

English: Bogbean, Buckbean, Goat's bean, Marsh Trefoil.

Folk: Buckbean.

Action: Bitter tonic, deobstruent. Laxative in large doses. Used for diseases of liver and gallbladder, and rheumatism. (Contraindicated in diarrhoea, dysentery and colitis.)

Key application: Leaf—in loss of appetite, peptic discomforts. (German Commission E.) As a bitter tonic. (The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia.) The drug stimulates saliva and gastric juice secretion. (German Commission E.)

The herb contains iridoid glyco- sides, foliamenthin, dihydrofoliamen- thin, menthiafolin and loganin; pyri- dine alkaloids including gentianine; coumarins (scopoletin); phenolic acids (caffeic, with protocatechuic, ferulic, sinapic, vanillic including others; fla- vonoids including rutin, hyperoside.

Choleretic action of the herb is attributed to the synergistic action of caffeic and ferulic acids and iridoid glycosides.

Scoparone and scopoletin (cou- marins isolated from the aerial parts) exhibit antihepatotoxic, choleretic and cholagogue properties.

The rhizomes contain dihydrofolia- menthin, loganin, menthiafolin and a triterpenoid saponin menyantho- side. Aqueous extract of the rhizome showed greater preserved renal function and higher glomerular filtration rate, possibly due to Platelet Activating Factor (PAF)-antagonistic effect of the extract.... menyanthes trifoliata

Merana

(American) Woman of the waters Meranah, Meranna, Merannah... merana

Mercedes

(Spanish) Lady of mercies; refers to the Virgin Mary

Mercedez, Mersadize, Merced, Mercede, Mercedeez... mercedes

Mercer

(English) A prosperous merchant... mercer

Mercurius

(Hebrew) An orator; a messenger... mercurius

Mercy

(English) One who shows compassion and pity

Mercey, Merci, Mercie, Mercilla, Mercina, Mercena, Mersey, Mircea, Mercea, Mircy, Mircie, Mersy, Mersie, Mersi... mercy

Merdeka

(Indonesian) An independent woman; one who is free Merdekah, Merdecka, Merdecca... merdeka

Meredith

(Welsh) A great ruler; protector of the sea

Maredud, Meridel, Meredithe, Meredyth, Meridith, Merridie, Meradith, Meredydd... meredith

Meribah

(Hebrew) A quarrelsome woman Meriba... meribah

Mericia

(Spanish) Woman of great merit Mericiah, Mericea, Mericeah... mericia

Merle

(French) Resembling a blackbird Merl, Merla, Merlina, Merline, Merola, Murle, Myrle, Myrleen, Myrlene, Myrline, Maryl, Maryla... merle

Merom

(Hebrew) One who is elevated Meroma, Meromia, Meromai, Merome, Meromea... merom

Merona

(Hebrew) Resembling a sheep Meronah, Merrona, Meroona, Meronna... merona

Merope

(Greek) In mythology, one of the Pleiades

Meropi, Meropie, Meropy, Meropey, Meropee, Meropea... merope

Meroz

(Hebrew) From the cursed plains Meroza, Merozia, Meroze... meroz

Merozoites

A stage of the life cycle of the malarial parasite.... merozoites

Merremia Quinquefolia

(Linn.) Hallier f.

Family: Convolvulaceae.

Habitat: Maharashtra, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan.

Action: Seeds—sedative.

The seeds contain ergoline alkaloids. The alkaloids are reported to produce vasoconstrictor, uterotonic, neurohor- monic, sympathicolytic and sedative effects.

Plants of Merremia sp. are twiners and are used as diuretic, deobstruent, antirheumatic and alterative; the root is used as a mouthwash; leaves are used for burns, scalds and sores. M. vitifo- lia (Burm. F.) Hallier f. exhibits potent diuretic and antiseptic activity in strangury and urethral discharges. (Most of the twiners are known as Prasaarini in Indian medicine and are specific for rheumatic affections.)... merremia quinquefolia

Merremia Tridentata

(Linn.) Hallier. f.

Synonym: Convolvulus tridentatus Linn.

Ipomoea tridentata (L.) Roth.

Family: Convolvulaceae.

Habitat: Upper Gangetic Plain, Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal, South India and Gujarat.

Ayurvedic: Prasaarini (Kerala and Karnataka), Tala-nili.

Siddha/Tamil: Mudiyaakunthal.

Action: Laxative, astringent, anti-inflammatory. Used in piles, swellings, rheumatic affections, stiffness of the joints, hemiplegia and urinary affections.

The aerial parts contain the flavo- noids, diometin, luteolin and their 7- O-beta-D-glucosides.... merremia tridentata

Merrick

(English) A great and powerful ruler

Merrik, Merryck, Merryk, Meryk, Meryck... merrick

Merry

(English) One who is lighthearted and joyful

Merree, Merri, Merrie, Merrielle, Merrile, Merrilee, Merrili, Merrily, Merryn, Merrilie, Meri, Merrea, Merie... merry

Mert

(Egyptian) One who loves silence Mertekert... mert

Mertice

(English) A well-known lady Mertise, Mertyce, Mertyse, Mertysa, Mertisa, Mertiece, Merteace... mertice

Merton

(English) From the village near the pond

Mertan, Mertin, Mertun... merton

Meryl

(English) Form of Muriel, meaning “of the shining sea”; form of Merle, meaning “resembling a blackbird” Maryl, Meral, Merel, Merla, Merlyn, Merryl, Meryle, Meryll, Mirla, Myrla, Merula, Merolla... meryl

Mesenchymal Cells

Literally, those derived from embryonic mesoderm; practically, those in a tissue that give it structure and form. The opposite of parenchymal.... mesenchymal cells

Mesenteric

Pertaining to the great fold that holds the small intestines, blood vessels and lymph in a great curtain, connected with the back of the abdominal wall.... mesenteric

Mesi

(Egyptian) Woman of the waters Mesie, Mesy, Mesey, Mesee, Mesea... mesi

Meskhenet

(Egyptian) A fated woman... meskhenet

Mesoendemic

The disease is found among small, rural communities with varying intensity depending on local circumstances.... mesoendemic

Mesogloea

The jelly part of a jellyfish - the thickened substance between the epidermis and gastrodermis that gives the jellyfish its shape.... mesogloea

Mesomorph

In somatotyping, a mesoderm-muscle-structural dominant person. The Incredible Hulk syndrome.... mesomorph

Mesopotamia

(Hebrew) From the land between two rivers Mesopotama, Mesopotamea... mesopotamia

Mesquite

Healing... mesquite

Messina

(Arabic) The middle child

Messinah, Massina, Mussina, Messena, Messinia... messina

Mesua Ferrea

Linn.

Synonym: M. nagassarium (Burm. f.) Kosterm.

Family: Guttiferae; Clusiaceae.

Habitat: Eastern Himalayas, Assam, West Bengal, Western Ghats, Travancore and the Andaman Islands.

English: Iron-wood, Mesu.

Ayurvedic: Naagakeshara, Naa- gapushpa, Chaampeya, Naaga, Naagakinjalika, Ahipushpa. (In Ayurvedic Formulary of India Part I, revised edn 2003, Keshara and Kesara are equated with Mesua ferrea, while Kumkuma is equated with Crocus sativus.)

Unani: Naarmushk.

Siddha/Tamil: Sirunagappo, Nagakesaram. Sirunagappo also consists of the tender fruits of Cinamonum wighti Meissn. Malabar Naagakeshar consists of the fruits of Dillenia pentagyna Roxb.

Action: Flower bud—antidysenteric. Flowers—astringent, haemostatic, anti-inflammatory, stomachic. Used in cough, bleeding piles, metrorrhagia. Essential oil from stamens—antibacterial, antifungal.

The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India recommends the use of dry stamens in gout, haemorrhagic disorders and diseases of the urinary bladder.

The heartwood gave xanthones— euxanthone, mesuaxanthones A and B, which exhibit anti-inflammatory, CNS depressant and antimicrobial activities.

Theseedoil gave4-phenylcoumarin analogues—mesuol, mammeigin, me- suagin, mammeisin and mesuone. Phenol-containing fraction of seed oil is antiasthmatic and antianaphylaxis.

Stamens gave alpha- and beta-amy- rin, beta-sitosterol, biflavonoids, me- suaferrones A and B, and mesuanic acid. Stamens constitute the drug Naa- gakeshar of Indian medicine, used as an astringent, haemostatic, particularly in uterine bleeding and renal diseases.

Ethanolic extract of the plant showed diuretic and hypotensive activity.

Dosage: Dried stamens—1-3 g powder. (API, Vol. II.)... mesua ferrea

Meta

(German / Latin) Form of Margaret, meaning “resembling a pearl / the child of light” / one who is ambitious Metah, Metta, Mettah... meta

Metacarpal Bones

The ?ve long bones which occupy the HAND between the carpal bones at the wrist and the phalanges of the ?ngers. The large rounded ‘knuckles’ at the root of the ?ngers are formed by the heads of these bones.... metacarpal bones

Mesua

Mesua nagassarium

Clusiaceae

San: Nagapuspah, Nagakesarah;

Hin: Nagakesar;

Ben: Nagkesar, Nagesar;

Mal: Nagappuvu,

Nagachempakam, Nanku, Vayanavu, Churuli, Eliponku;

Tam: Nagappu, Nanku;

Kan: Nagasampige;

Tel: Nagakesaramu, Gajapuspam; Mar,

Guj: Nagchampa

Importance: Mesua or Ironwood tree, commonly known as Nagapushpam is an important medicinal plant which finds varied uses in Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani. Leaves are used in the form of poultice which is applied to head in severe colds. Bark and roots in decoction or infusion or tincture is a better tonic and are useful in gastritis and bronchitis. Fixed oil expressed from seeds is used as an application for cutaneous affections, sores, scabies, wounds, etc. and as an embrocation in rheumatism. Dried flowers powdered and mixed with ghee, or a paste made of flowers with addition of butter and sugar, are given in bleeding piles as well as dysentery with mucus. They are also useful in thirst, irritability of the stomach, excessive perspiration, cough with much expectoration, dyspepsia, etc. Leaves and flowers are used in scorpion stings. Syrup of the flower buds is given for the cure of dysentery (Nadkarni et al, 1976). In Ayurveda, it is an ingredient of “Nagakeshara-adi-Churna”, used for bacillary dysentery and in “Naga Keshara Yoga”, for piles. In Unani system, the drug is an ingredient of large number of recipes like, “Jawarish Shehryaran” a stomach and liver tonic, “Hab Pachaluna”, an appetiser, “Halwa-i-supari pack” a general tonic, etc. (Thakur et al, 1989).

Distribution: The plant occurs in sub-tropical to tropical areas of East India, Andaman Islands and Western Ghats, upto an altitude of 1500m.

Botany: Mesua nagassarium (Burm.f.) Kosterm. syn. M. ferrea auct. non Linn. belongs to the family Clusiaceae. It is a medium sized to large evergreen tree, 18-30m in height and with reddish brown bark which peels off in thin flakes. Leaves are simple, opposite, thick, lanceolate, coriaceous, covered with waxy bloom underneath, and red when young, acute or acuminate and with inconspicuous nerves. Flowers are white, very fragrant, axillary or terminal, solitary or in pairs. Stamens are numerous, golden yellow, much shorter than the petals. Fruits are ovoid with a conical point surrounded by the enlarged sepals. Seeds are 1-4 in number, angular, dark brown and smooth (Warrier et al, 1995).

The flowers of Ochrocarpus longifolius are also sometimes referred to as Nagakesara. This tree is found in the West Coast of India (Thakur et al, 1989).

Agrotechnology: The plant prefers plains, riverbanks or places which do not experiences moisture stress for its luxuriant growth. Silty loam soil is suitable for its cultivation. The plant is propagated by seeds. Seed formation occurs in November-March. Seeds are to be collected and sown in seedbeds or polybags. 3-4 months old seedlings are used for transplanting. Pits of size 45cm cube are to be taken at a distance of 3-3.5m and filled with a mixture of 10kg FYM, sand and top soil and made into a mound. Seedlings are to be transplanted into small handpits taken on these mounds. FYM is to be applied twice a year. Regular irrigation and weeding are to be done. The tree flowers in the fourth year. Flowers can be collected, dried in the sun and marketed (Prasad et al,1997).

Properties and activity: Seed oil gives 4-phenyl coumarin analogues-mesuol, mammeigin, mesuagin, mammeisin and mesuone. Bark gives ferruols A and B. Heartwood gives xanthones- euxanthone, mesuaxanthones A and B and a tetroxygenated xanthone named ferraxanthone. Stamens give and -amyrin, -sitosterol, biflavonoids- mesuaferrones A and B, and mesuanic acid. Bark yields a lupeol-type triterpenoid also named guttiferol. Seed oil is rich in oleic, stearic and palmitic acids. Linoleic, arachidic and linolenic acids are also present.

Mesuaxanthones A and B and euxanthone are antiinflammatory, CNS depressant and antimicrobial. The essential oil from the stamens is antibacterial, antifungal, anthelmintic and that from fruit is antifungal. Oral administration of a compound preparation containing Mesua ferrea (flowers), Foeniculum vulgare (seeds), Curcuma zeodaria (tubers), Nigella sativa (seeds), Terminalia chebula (seeds) and T. arjuna (stem-bark) exhibited antiimplantation activity in rats. An Ayurvedic preparations containing M. ferrea has haemostatic and astringent properties and is particularly useful in uterine bleeding. Aerial part is CVS active, spasmolytic and diuretic. Phenol containing fraction of seed oil is antiasthmatic and antianaphylaxis. Bark is used as tonic after childbirth. Bark and unripe fruit is sudorific. Leaf and flower is an antidote for snakebite and scorpion sting. Flower bud is antidysenteric. Flower is stomachic and expectorant. Seed oil is antirheumatic. Unripe fruit and flower is astringent (Husain et al,1992).... mesua

Metastatic

See METASTASIS.... metastatic

Metatarsal Bones

The ?ve bones in the foot which correspond to the METACARPAL BONES in the hand, lying between the tarsal bones, at the ankle, and the toes.... metatarsal bones

Metazoa

That division of the animal kingdom which embraces all animals whose cells become differentiated to form tissues. It includes all animals except the protozoa.... metazoa

Metea

(Greek) A gentle woman Meteah, Metia, Metiah... metea

Methadone Hydrochloride

Also known as Physeptone®, this is a synthetic drug structurally similar to MORPHINE, one of many opioid drugs used to treat severe pain. Methadone is, however, less sedating and has a longer half-life. Furthermore, it is more reliable when taken orally. Although vomiting is common, this is generally less severe than with morphine.

Methadone is valuable as a suppressant for non-productive cough, acting on the medullary ‘cough centre’ in the central nervous system. It is also helpful in weaning addicts o? morphine and heroin, having a slower onset of DEPENDENCE and a less severe withdrawal syndrome. When used for prolonged periods, methadone should not be given more often than twice daily, to avoid the risks of accumulation and opioid overdosage.... methadone hydrochloride

Methaemoglobinaemia

Methaemoglobinaemia is a condition due to the presence in the blood of METHAEMOGLOBIN. It is characterised by CYANOSIS which turns the skin and lips a blue colour, shortness of breath, headache, fatigue and sickness. There are two main forms: a hereditary form and a toxic form. The latter is caused by certain drugs, including acetanilide, phenacetin, the sulphonamides and benzocaine. The treatment of the toxic form is the withdrawal of the causative drug. In the more severe cases the administration of methylene blue or ascorbic acid may also be needed, and these are the drugs used in the hereditary form.... methaemoglobinaemia

Methodology

The scientific study of methods.... methodology

Methylbenzene

See TOLUENE.... methylbenzene

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (mrsa)

Most staphylococci (see STAPHYLOCOCCUS) have now evolved resistance to benzylpenicillin (see PENICILLIN) because of their ability to produce PENICILLINASE. Cloxacillin and ?ucloxacillin are antibiotics still e?ective against most staphylococci; at one time methicillin was used to combat resistant strains, but in hospital environments bacteria acquired immunity to this powerful drug (now withdrawn from use) and to cloxacillin. RIFAMPICIN, VANCOMYCIN, TEICOPLANIN and temocillin are still active against most penicillinase-producing gram-negative bacteria (see GRAM’S STAIN). There is, however, a growing threat to health because of the rise in the number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, particularly in hospitals. The bacteria themselves are not more virulent than others, but the di?culty in treating them with a safe and e?ective antibiotic mean that they are more dangerous. It is likely that lapses in normal hygienic practice – such as frequent hand-washing – has resulted in an increase in MRSA disease.... methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa)

Methyl

Methyl is an organic radical whose chemical formula is CH3, and which forms the centre of a wide group of substances known as the methyl group. For example, methyl alcohol is obtained as a by-product in the manufacture of beet-sugar, or by distillation of wood; methyl salicylate is the active constituent in oil of wintergreen; methyl hydride is better known as marsh gas.

Methyl alcohol, or wood spirit (see METHANOL), is distilled from wood and is thus a cheap form of alcohol. It has actions similar to, but much more toxic than, those of ethyl alcohol. It has a specially pronounced action on the nervous system, and in large doses is apt to cause neuritis, especially of the optic nerves, leading to blindness, partial or complete.... methyl

Metin

(Greek) A wise counselor Metine, Metyn, Metyne... metin

Metis

(Greek) One who is industrious Metiss, Metisse, Metys, Metyss, Metysse... metis

Metropathia Haemorrhagica

A disorder characterised by irregular bouts of uterine (see UTERUS) bleeding – without previous OVULATION – due to excessive oestrogenic activity. It is associated with endometrial hyperplasia and cysts of the ovary.... metropathia haemorrhagica

Metropathy

Any uterine disease... metropathy

Metroptosis

Prolapse of the uterus... metroptosis

Metrorrhea

Abnormal uterine discharge... metrorrhea

Metsa

(Finnish) Woman of the forest Metsah... metsa

Mettabel

(Hebrew) Favored by God Mettabell, Mettabele, Mettabelle, Mettabela, Mettabella... mettabel

Mettalise

(Danish) As graceful as a pearl Metalise, Mettalisse, Mettalisa, Mettalissa... mettalise

Meunim

(Hebrew) Of the dwelling place Mehunim... meunim

Meyna Laxiflora

Robyns.

Synonym: Vangueria spinosa Hook. f.

Family: Rubiaceae.

Habitat: West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, in hedges and waste places.

Ayurvedic: Pinditaka. Madana or Mainphala is a misleading synonym. It is equated with Randia dumetorum Poir.

Folk: Muyana, Moyana, Muduna.

Siddha/Tamil: Manakkarai. (Madana or Mainphala is known as Marukkallankay.)

Action: Fruit—cholagogue, a decoction used in biliary complaints and hepatic congestion. Dried fruits—narcotic; used for boils.... meyna laxiflora

Mhina

(African) A delightful lady Mhinah, Mhinna, Mhena, Mhenah... mhina

Miakoda

(Native American) Possessing the power of the moon Myakoda, Miacoda, Myacoda... miakoda

Mianda

(Spanish) Of my journey Miandah, Myanda, Miandia, Meanda... mianda

Mibzar

(Hebrew) From the fortress Mibzarr, Mibzara, Mibzare, Mibzarre, Mibzarra... mibzar

Micah

(Hebrew) Feminine form of Michael; who is like God?

Micaiah, Mica, Meeca, Meica, Mika, Myka, Mykah, Mikah... micah

Michaela

(Celtic / Hebrew / English) Feminine form of Michael; who is like God?

Micaela, Michal, Michael, Michaelina, Michaeline, Michaila, Michalin, Mickee, Mickie, Miguela, Miguelina, Miguelita, Mahalya, Mihaila, Mihalia, Mihaliya, Mikaela, Mikayla, Mikella, Mikelle, Mikhaila, Mikhayla, Miskaela, Mychaela, Makaila, Micole, Mika, Mikkel... michaela

Michelle

(French) Feminine form of Michael; who is like God? Machelle, Mashelle, M’chelle, Mechelle, Meechelle, Me’Shell, Meshella, Michaella, Michela, Michele, Michelina, Micheline, Michell, Michella, Mishaila, Midge, Mischaela, Misha, Mishaelle, Mishelle, M’shell, Mychele, Mychelle, Myshell, Myshella, Michon, Miesha... michelle

Michewa

(Tibetan) Sent from heaven Michewah... michewa

Michigan

(Native American) From the great waters; from the state of Michigan Mishigan, Michegen, Mishegen... michigan

Michiko

(Japanese) Child of beautiful wisdom

Michi, Michyko, Meecheeko, Mecheeko, Meechiko, Michee... michiko

Michima

(Japanese) Possessing beautiful wisdom... michima

Michmethah

(Hebrew) A secretive woman; from the hiding place... michmethah

Michri

(Hebrew) Gift from God Michrie, Michry, Michrey, Michree, Michrea... michri

Michtam

(Hebrew) One who has been given the gift of writing Michtame, Michtaam, Michtami, Michtama... michtam

Michelia Champaca

Linn.

Family: Magnoliaceae.

Habitat: Eastern Himalayas, lower hills of Assam, hills of South India up to 1,000 m., cultivated in various parts of India.

English: Champak, Golden Champa.

Ayurvedic: Champaka, Svarna Champaka, Hemapushpa, Chaam- peya.

Siddha/Tamil: Sampagi.

Action: Flowers—bitter, carminative, antispasmodic, demulcent, antiemetic, diuretic (used for dy- suria), antipyretic. Fruits—used for dyspepsia and renal diseases. Bark—stimulant, diuretic and febrifuge. Dried root and root bark—purgative and emmena- gogue. Externally—flower oil is used as an application in cepha- lalgia, gout and rheumatism; fruits and seeds for healing cracks in feet.

The ethanolic extract of the stem bark showed hypoglycaemic activity in rats. The benzene extract of the anthers showed 67% post-coital antiimplantation activity in rats (1000 mg/ kg per day).

Stem bark and roots yielded an alkaloid liriodenine. Root bark yielded sesquiterpene lactones (including parthenolide and micheliolide). Leaves gave a polyisoprenoid, beta-sitosterol and liriodenine. Mono-and sesquiter- penes occur in essential oils isolated from the flowers, leaf and fruit ring.

The bark and root cortex of the Chinese plant gave magnosprengerine (0.41%) and salicifoline (0.39%). These active principles showed lasting muscle relaxant and hypotensive activity.

The bark of Michelia montana Blume (Eastern Himalayas and hills of Assam) is used as a bitter tonic in fevers. It bears white and fragrant flowers. The leaf and stem yield an essential oil, 0.95 and 0.36% on fresh basis, respectively. The flowers contains 75% safrole and the latter 76% sarisan.

Michelia nilgarica Zenk. (Western Ghats, above 1,700 m) is known as Kattu-sambagam in Tamil Nadu, the yellow-flowered var. of Champaa. The bark and leaves are considered febrifuge. The bark contains a volatile oil, acrid resins, tannin and a bitter principle. The flowers yield a volatile oil similar to the bark oil. Aerial parts exhibit diuretic and spasmolytic activity.

Dosage: Dried buds and flowers— 1-3 g powder. (API, Vol. IV.) Bark— 50-100 m decoction. (CCRAS.)... michelia champaca

Mickey

(American) Feminine form of Michael; who is like God? Micki, Micky, Mickie, Mickee, Mickea... mickey

Micro-organism

A very small, single-celled living organism that cannot usually be seen by the naked eye. The most important micro-organisms in medicine are those that cause disease. This ‘pathogenic’ group, however, forms only a small proportion of the enormous number of known microorganisms. The main pathogenic ones are BACTERIA. Others are fungi and RICKETTSIA. Though not true cells, viruses (see VIRUS) are usually classi?ed as micro-organisms. (See also MICROBIOLOGY.)... micro-organism

Microbicides

Gels or creams, currently under investigation, designed to reduce the risk of anal or vaginal transmission of viruses such as HIV (see also AIDS/ HIV). The aim is to kill or to inactivate the virus, creating a barrier to mucosal cells or preventing the infection from taking hold after it has entered the body. Large-scale trials were launched in Africa in 2004, using dextrin sulphate and PRO-2000 gel.... microbicides

Microcos Paniculata

Linn.

Synonym: Grewia microcos Linn. G. ulmifolia Roxb.

Family: Tiliaceae.

Habitat: North-eastern parts of India, West Bengal, Western Ghats and Andaman Islands.

Folk: Asar (Bengal); Thengprenke- orong (Assam); Kadambu, Visalam, Kottei (Tamil Nadu); Abhrangu (Karnataka).

Action: Plant—stomachic, an- tidysenteric, antisyphilitic, antibacterial (also used for smallpox and eczema).... microcos paniculata

Microcytic Hypochromic Anaemia

corresponds to a large extent with what used to be known as ‘secondary anaemia’. It takes its name from the characteristic changes in the blood.... microcytic hypochromic anaemia

Microfilaria

The mobile embryo of certain parasitic nematode worms which are found in the blood or lymph of patients infected with ?larial worms. The micro?lariae develop into larvae in the body of a blood-sucking insect, for example, a mosquito.... microfilaria

Microglossa Pyrifolia

(Lamk.) Kuntze.

Synonym: M. volubilis DC.

Family: Asteraceae, Compositae.

Habitat: North-eastern Indian hills.

Action: Leaf—used for ringworm of the scalp.

A acetylenic glucoside, isolated from the leaf, showed antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.... microglossa pyrifolia

Micromelum Integerrimum

(Buch-Ham.) Roem.

Family: Rutaceae.

Habitat: Bihar, Orissa, Bengal, Sikkim, Nepal, Assam, Khasi, Aka and Lushai hills.

Action: Bark of the root, stem and branches—used in the treatment of tubercular cases.

The root contains coumarins, mi- cromelin, phebalosin and yuehchak- ene.

Micromelum pubescens Blume, synonym M. minutum (Forst. f.) Seem. is found in the Andamans. The plant is used in Malaya and Indonesia for phthisis and chest diseases. The root is chewed with betel for coughs.

The leaves contain coumarins, mi- cropubescin and phebalosin.

The bark contains phebalosin. The roots contain micromelumin, phe- balosin, imperatorin, angelical, lime- ttin, scopoletin, minumicrolin and murrangatin.

Family: Lamiaceae; Labiatae.

Habitat: Kumaon, Upper Gangetic plain, Bihar, Orissa, Western Ghats, Nilgiris.

Folk: Pudinaa (var.).

Action: Plant—carminative. Used as a substitute for Mentha piperata Linn.

The plant yields an essential oil (1.6%) which contains mainly pulegone (80%).

Micromeria biflora Benth., equated with Indian Wild Thyme, is found in tropical and temperate Himalayas, and in Western Ghats and hills of South India.

The principal constituent of volatile oil of Camphorata sp. is camphor; of Citrata sp. is citral; of menthata and Pulegata sp. is d-menthone; and pulegone.... micromelum integerrimum

Microstylis Musifera

Ridley.

Synonym: Malaxis muscifera (Lindley) Kuntz.

Family: Orchidaceae.

Habitat: Northern Himalayas at altitudes of 1,500 to 2,800 m.

Ayurvedic: Jivaka, Madhura, Shranga, Hriswaanga, Kurcha, Shirraka. (Substitute: Pueraria tuberosa.)

Action: Rejuvenating tonic.

Dosage: Tuber—3-6 g power (CCRAS.)

Synonym: Malaxis acuminata D. Don

Family: Orchidaceae.

Habitat: Northern Himalayas at altitudes of 1,500 to 2,800 m.

Ayurvedic: Rshabhaka, Rshabha, Rshabham, Vrishabh, Dhira, Vishani. (Substitute: Pueraria tuberosa.)

Action: Rejuvenating tonic.

Dosage: Tuber—3-6 g powder. (CCRAS.)... microstylis musifera

Microwaves

Non-ionising electro-magnetic radiations in the frequency range of 30–300,000 megahertz. They are emitted from electronic devices, such as heaters, some domestic ovens, television receivers, radar units and DIATHERMY units. There is no scienti?c evidence to justify the claims that they are harmful to humans, or that they produce any harmful e?ect in the GENES. The only known necessary precaution is the protection of the eyes in those using them in industry, as there is some evidence that prolonged exposure to them in this may induce cataract (see EYE, DISORDERS OF).... microwaves

Middin

(Hebrew) One who has been measured... middin

Mide

(Irish) One who is thirsty Meeda, Mida... mide

Midges

See BITES AND STINGS.... midges

Midori

(Japanese) Having green eyes Midorie, Midory, Midorey, Midoree, Midorea... midori

Midrange

The halfway point or midpoint in a set of observations. For most types of data, it is calculated as the sum of the smallest observation and the largest observation, divided by two. For age data, one is added to the numerator. The midrange is usually calculated as an intermediate step in determining other measures.... midrange

Midwife

A member of the profession which provides care and advice during pregnancy, supervises the mother’s labour and delivery, and looks after her and the baby after birth (see also PREGNANCY AND LABOUR). Should a pregnancy or labour develop complications, the midwife will seek medical advice. Most midwives are registered general nurses who have also done an 18month course in midwifery. Trained midwives are registered with the UK Central Council for Nursing Midwifery and Health Visiting and work in hospitals or a domiciliary setting. Midwives practise in hospitals, health units or in a domiciliary (home) setting.... midwife

Mieko

(Japanese) Born into wealth Meeko, Meako... mieko

Miel De Pulga

Molasses; also called Melaza.... miel de pulga

Miel De Rosa

Rose honey; used in home remedies; sometimes given to children when teething or if they have an infection in the mouth.... miel de rosa

Miel, Miel De Abeja

Honey; bee honey; often used for sweetening teas and infusions or for making syrups (jarabes); used in treatments for asthma, gripe, pecho apretado and anemia; given to children.... miel, miel de abeja

Mielikki

(Finnish) A pleasant woman Mieliki, Mielikkie, Mielikie... mielikki

Miette

(French) A petite, sweet young woman

Miett, Miet, Miete, Mieta, Mietta... miette

Migdalia

(Hebrew) Feminine form of Migdal; of the high tower Migdala, Migdalla, Migdalea, Migdaliah, Migdaleah, Migdalgad, Migdaliya, Migdaliyah... migdalia

Migdana

(Hebrew) A gift from God Migdanah, Migdanna, Migdania, Migdanea... migdana

Migina

(Native American) Born beneath the returning moon

Migyna, Migena, Mygina, Mygyna... migina

Migisi

(Native American) Resembling an eagle

Migisie, Migysi, Mygisi, Migisy, Migisea... migisi

Mignon

(French) One who is cute and petite

Mignonette, Mignonne, Mingnon, Minyonne, Minyonette... mignon

Migrai Ne

A periodic condition with localised headaches, frequently associated with vomiting and sensory disturbances... migrai ne

Mikania Cordata

(Burm.) B. L. Robinson.

Synonym: M. micrantha Kunth. M. scandans Hook. f. non-Willd.

Family: Asteraceae; Compositae.

Habitat: West Bengal, eastern Assam, as a weed in tea gardens; sal and other forests and waste lands. Distributed in tropical America, Africa and Asia.

Folk: Mikaaniaa.

Action: Root—anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, adaptogenic.

Stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol and sesquiterpene dilactones, mikanolide, dihydromikanolide, deoxymikanolide and scandenolide have been isolated from the weed.

The root extract exhibited anti-inflammatory activity; reduced carra- geenan-induced paw oedema in experimental rats.

The methanolic extract of the root showed CNS deperssant action. It showed reduction in spontaneous motility, hypothermia, potentiation of pentobarbitone sleeping time, analgesia, suppression of aggressive behaviour and antagonism to amphetamine toxicity on experimental animals.

The methanolic extract of the root exhibited adaptogenic activity against a variety of stress-induced effects in albino rats.

The chemoprotective, anticarcino- genic and hepatoprotective effect of the methanolic extract of the root were also evaluated in animal studies. Chemical carcinogens were reduced in the liver of rats treated with the plant extract. The root extract induced recovery from carbon tetrachloride-induced damage to liver tissues in mice.... mikania cordata

Miki

(Japanese / Hawaiian) Of the beautiful tree / one who is nimble Mikki, Mikko, Mika, Mikil... miki

Mila

(Slavic) One who is industrious and hardworking

Milaia, Milaka, Milla, Milia... mila

Milada

(Slavic) My daughter is my love Miladah, Miladda, Millada... milada

Milagros

(Spanish) Lady of miracles; refers to the Virgin Mary

Milagritos, Milagrosa, Miligrosa, Miligritos... milagros

Milan

(Latin) From the city in Italy; one who is gracious Milaana... milan

Milanka

(Croatian) A sweet young woman Milankaa, Milankai, Milanke, Milankia, Mylanka, Mylanke... milanka

Mildred

(English) Woman of gentle strength

Mildri, Mildrid, Mildryd, Mildrie, Mildree, Mildraed, Millie, Milly, Milley, Milli, Millee, Millea, Mildrea... mildred

Milena

(Slavic) The favored one Mileena, Milana, Miladena, Milanka, Mlada, Mladena... milena

Miletum

(Hebrew) From the seaport town... miletum

Mili

(Hebrew) A virtuous woman Milie, Mily, Miley, Milee, Milea, Mileigh... mili

Miliana

(Latin) Feminine form of Emeliano; one who is eager and willing Milianah, Milianna, Miliane, Miliann, Milianne... miliana

Migron

(Hebrew) Woman of the cliffs Migrona, Migrone, Migronai, Migronya... migron

Mikaia

(American) Of God’s green earth... mikaia

Mikaili

(African) A godly woman Mikailie, Mikayli, Mikali, Mikaylie, Mikalie... mikaili

Miliani

(Hawaiian) Of the gentle caress Milianie, Milianee, Miliany, Milianey, Milianea... miliani

Milima

(Swahili) Woman from the mountains Milimah, Mileema, Milyma... milima

Miliusa Velutina

Hook. f. & Thoms.

Family: Annonaceae.

Habitat: Sub-Himalayan tract and outer Himalayas, in North-east and Central India, eastern coast of Deccan Peninsula.

Ayurvedic: Rshiyaproktaa.

Folk: Gandha-Palaasa (Orissa), Kaari (gum).

Action: Bark—used in the treatment of gout.... miliusa velutina

Milleporina

Known by the colloquial term of Fire coral, it is not a true coral, although it is part of the reef-building community. It has a smooth feel but when touched may cause severe burning pain. The skin may then develop a severe raised, itch rash which may suppurate and produce localized pus, or even skin death (necrosis).... milleporina

Miller

(English) One who works at a mill Millar, Millir, Mills... miller

Millettia Auriculata

Baker ex Brandis.

Synonym: M. extensa Benth. ex Baker.

Family: Fabaceae.

Habitat: Sub-Himalayan tract and outer Himalaya up to 1,200 m from Kashmir to Bhutan and in Assam and Central and Southern India.

Folk: Godaar (Bihar).

Action: Root—vermifuge, pestici- dal, kills lice and ticks.

The roots, leaves and stems gave iso- flavones (including iso-auriculatin, au- ricularin) and a rotenoid, sumatrol.

Millettia racemosa Benth.

Family: Fabaceae.

Habitat: Deccan Peninsula. Folk: Godaar (Bihar).

Action: Insecticidal.

The debarked stem contains isofla- vans, isomillinol, besides behenic acid, beta-amyrin and beta-sitosterol. The isoflavans showed bactericidal and in- secticidal activity. The antibacterial activity was observed against Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli.... millettia auriculata

Millicent

(French) A woman with great strength and determination Melicent, Mellicent, Mellie, Mellisent, Melly, Milicent, Milisent, Millisent, Milzie, Milicente... millicent

Millo

(Hebrew) Defender of the sacred city Milloh, Millowe, Milloe... millo

Miloslava

(Russian) Feminine form of Miloslav; having the favor and glory of the people

Miloslavah, Miloslavia, Miloslavea... miloslava

Mima

(Hebrew) Form of Jemima, meaning “our little dove” Mimah, Mymah, Myma... mima

Mimala

(Native American) A holy woman Mimalah, Mimalla, Mimallah... mimala

Mina

(Japanese / German) Woman from the South / one who is greatly loved Minah, Min, Minette, Minnette, Minna... mina

Minako

(Japanese) A beautiful child... minako

Minal

(Native American) As sweet as fruit Minall, Minalle, Minala, Minalla... minal

Minau

(Persian) Child of heaven... minau

Millingtonia Hortensis

Linn. f.

Family: Bignoniaceae.

Habitat: Cultivated throughout India.

English: Indian Cork tree.

Siddha/Tamil: Maramalli.

Folk: Aakaasha Neem, Neem- Chameli.

Action: Bark—antipyretic. Flowers—used for asthma and sinusitis.

The butanol soluble fraction from aqueous extract of flowers showed bronchial smooth muscle relaxant property. Hispidulin, isolated from the flowers, is reported to exhibit bron- chodilatory and antiphlogistic activities. Hispidulin is found to be more potent than aminophyllin and less toxic than the crude extract. gallic acid. The aerial parts of the plant contain C-glycosylflavones, 2"- O-rhamnosylorientin and 2"-O- rhamnosylisoorientin.

Dosage: Whole plant, root—10- 20 ml juice; 50-100 ml decoction. (CCRAS.) Whole plant—10-20 g for decoction. (API, Vol. II.)... millingtonia hortensis

Mimusops Elengi

Linn.

Family: Mimosaceae.

Habitat: Native to tropical America; naturalized in tropical and subtropical regions of India.

English: Sensitive-plant, Humble- Plant.

Ayurvedic: Lajjaalu, Laajavanti, Namaskaari, Samangaa, Sankochini, Shamipatraa, Khadirkaa, Raktapaadi.

Unani: Chhuimui, Sharmili, Laajwanti.

Siddha/Tamil: Thottalsurungi.

Action: Leaf—astringent, alterative, antiseptic, styptic, blood purifier. Used for diarrhoea, dysentery, haemophilic conditions, leuc- orrhoea, morbid conditions of vagina, piles, fistula, hydrocele and glandular swellings. Root—used in gravel and urinary complaints. A decoction is taken to relieve asthma.

The plant contains mimosine and turgorin. The periodic leaf movements exhibited by the plant are due to presence of derivatives of 4-O- (beta-D-glucopyranosyl-6'-sulphate)

Family: Sapotaceae.

Habitat: Cultivated in North India, Western Peninsula and South India.

English: Spanish-Cherry, West Indian Medlar, Bullet Wood.

Ayurvedic: Bakula, Keshara, Simhakeshara, Sthiraa, Sthira- pushpa, Vishaarada, Dhanvi, Madhupushpa, Madhugandha, Chirpushpa, Maulsiri.

Unani: Molsari.

Siddha: Magilam.

Action: Pulp of ripe fruit—astringent; used in chronic dysentery Flowers, fruit and bark—astringent. Bark—given for promoting fertility in women. Seeds—purgative. The leaves contain sterols, reducing sugars and tannins; roots, a steroidal saponin; stem bark, spinasterol and taraxerol; flowers, D-mannitol, beta-sitosterol and beta-sitosterol- D-glycoside; seeds, pentacyclic triterpene acids, mimusopic and mimusopsic acids.

Essential oil obtained from the plant is reported to be mycotoxic. Antimicrobial activity of the root extract has been reported. Saponins isolated from the seeds have been found to effect the cardiovascular activity in dogs and haemolytic activity in human beings. Spasmolytic activity in isolated ileum of guinea-pigs has also been recorded. Saponins from seeds also showed spermicidal activity.

Dosage: Seed, bark—10-20 g paste; 50-100 ml decoction. (CCRAS.)... mimusops elengi

Minda

(Native American, Hindi) Having great knowledge

Mindah, Mynda, Myndah, Menda, Mendah... minda

Mindel

(Hebrew) Form of Mary, meaning “star of the sea / from the sea of bitterness” Mindell, Mindelle, Mindele, Mindela, Mindella... mindel

Mindy

(English) Form of Melinda, meaning “one who is sweet and gentle” Minda, Mindee, Mindi, Mindie, Mindey, Mindea... mindy

Mineralcorticoid

See CORTICOSTEROIDS.... mineralcorticoid

Minerva

(Latin) Having strength of mind; in mythology, the goddess of wisdom Minervah, Menerva, Minirva, Menirva... minerva

Minetta

(French) Form of Wilhelmina, meaning “determined protector” Minette, Mineta, Minete, Minett, Minet, Mine... minetta

Ming Yue

(Chinese) Born beneath the bright moon... ming yue

Mingmei

(Chinese) A bright and beautiful girl... mingmei

Minimum Data Set

A widely agreed upon and generally accepted set of terms and definitions constituting a core of data acquired for e.g. assessment purposes.... minimum data set

Minimum Lethal Dose (mld)

See MLD.... minimum lethal dose (mld)

Minimally Invasive Surgery (mis)

More popularly called ‘keyhole surgery’, MIS is surgical intervention, whether diagnostic or curative, that causes patients the least possible physical trauma. It has revolutionised surgery, growing from a technique used by gynaecologists, urologists and innovative general surgeons to one regularly used in general surgery, GYNAECOLOGY, UROLOGY, thoracic surgery, orthopaedic surgery (see ORTHOPAEDICS) and OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY.

MIS is commonly carried out by means of an operating laparoscope (a type of ENDOSCOPE) that is slipped through a small incision in the skin. MIS now accounts for around 50 per cent

of all operations carried out in the UK. A small attachment on the end of the laparoscope provides an image that can be magni?ed on a screen, leaving the surgeon’s hands free to operate while his assistant operates the laparoscope. Halogen bulbs, ?breoptic cables and rod lenses have all contributed to the technical advancement of laparoscopes. Operations done in this manner include extracorporeal shock-wave LITHOTRIPSY for stones in the gall-bladder, biliary ducts and urinary system; removal of the gall-bladder; appendicectomy; removal of the spleen and adrenal glands; and thoracic sympathectomy. MIS is also used to remove cartilage or loose pieces of bone in the knee-joint.

This method of surgery usually means that patients can be treated on a day or overnight basis, allowing them to resume normal activities more quickly than with conventional surgery. It is safer and lessens the trauma and shock for patients needing surgery. MIS is also more cost e?ective, allowing hospitals to treat more patients in a year. Surgeons undertake special training in the use of MIS, a highly skilled technique, before they are permitted to use the procedures on patients. The use of MIS for hernia repair, colon surgery and repairs of duodenal perforations is under evaluation and its advantages will be enhanced by the development of robotic surgical techniques.... minimally invasive surgery (mis)

Miniya

(African) She is expected to do great things Miniyah... miniya

Minjonet

(French) Resembling the small blue flower

Minjonett, Minjonete, Minjonette, Minjoneta, Minjonetta... minjonet

Minka

(Teutonic) One who is resolute; having great strength

Minkah, Mynka, Mynkah, Minna, Minne... minka

Minnesota

(Native American) From the sky-tinted waters

Minesota, Minnesoda, Minesoda, Minisota, Minisoda... minnesota

Minnie

(English) Form of Wilhelmina, meaning “determined protector” Minny, Minni, Minney, Minnee, Minnea... minnie

Minor

(American) A young woman; a lass... minor

Minority Ethnic Group

People who share a cultural heritage which is different from the majority ethnic culture. See also “ethnicity”; “culture”.... minority ethnic group

Minowa

(Native American) One who has a moving voice

Minowah, Mynowa, Mynowah... minowa

Minta

(Greek) Form of Amynta, meaning “protector and defender of her loved ones” Mintha, Mintah, Minty, Minti, Mintie, Mintee, Mintey, Mintea... minta

Minuit

(French) Born at midnight Minueet... minuit

Minya

(Native American) The older sister Miniya, Minyah, Miniyah... minya

Mira

(Indian / Slavic / Latin) One who is prosperous / a peaceful woman / one who is wonderful

Mirah, Mirana, Mireille, Mirella, Mirelle, Miri, Miriana, Mirielle, Mirilla, Mirka, Mirra, Myrella, MyrEne, Myrilla, Mir, Mirko, Mirke... mira

Mirabel

(Latin / French) One who is wonderful / a rare beauty Meribel, Meribelle, Mirabell, Mirabella, Mirabelle... mirabel

Miracle

(American) An act of God’s hand Mirakle, Mirakel, Myracle, Myrakle... miracle

Mirage

(French) An illusion or fantasy... mirage

Mirai

(Basque) A miracle child Miraya, Mirari, Mirarie, Miraree, Mirae... mirai

Miranda

(Latin) One who is worthy of admiration

Maranda, Meranda, Miran, Mirandah, Mirranda, Myranda... miranda

Mirani

(Spanish) An attractive lady Miranie, Mirany, Miraney, Miranee, Miranea... mirani

Mireille

(French) One who is greatly admired

Mirella, Mireile, Mireilla, Mireila, Mireio, Mirei... mireille

Mirella

(Hebrew) God has spoken Mirela, Mirelah, Mirellah, Mirelle, Mirell, Mirele, Mirel, Mirielle... mirella

Miremba

(Ugandan) A promoter of peace Mirembe, Mirem, Mirembah, Mirembeh, Mirema... miremba

Mirabilis Jalapa

Linn.

Family: Nyctaginaceae.

Habitat: North-West Himalayas, Bengal and Manipur.

English: Four-O'Clock Plant, Marvel of Peru.

Ayurvedic: Trisandhi.

Unani: Gul-abbaas.

Siddha/Tamil: Andhimalligai.

Action: Leaf—used for treating uterine discharge; as poultice for abscesses and boils; fresh juice is applied to body in urticaria, also for inflammations and bruises. Tuber— used as a poultice on carbuncles. Root—mild purgative, spasmolytic.

The tuberous roots were erroneously thought to be the source of jalap.

The plant is used for its antitumour and virus-inhibitory activity.

The plant contains triterpenes, al- pha-amyrin and its acetate. Mirabilis Antiviral Protein (MAP) was isolated from the tuberous roots. MAP also showed antiproliferative effect on tumour cells. (MAP is abortifacient.)

Two Mirabilis jalapa antimicrobial proteins, Mj-AMP-1 and Mj-AMP-2, isolated from seeds, showed broad spectrum antifungal actvity involving a number of pathogenic fungi.

Miraxanthins I, II, III and IV, indi- caxanthin and vulgaxanthin have been isolated from flowers.... mirabilis jalapa

Mireya

(Spanish) Form of Miranda, meaning “one who is worthy of admiration” Miraya, Maraya, Mareya, Myrelle, Myrella... mireya

Miriam

(Hebrew) Form of Mary, meaning “star of the sea / from the sea of bitterness” Mariam, Maryam, Meriam, Meryam, Mirham, Mirjam, Mirjana, Mirriam, Miryam, Miyana, Miyanna, Myriam, Marrim, Mijam... miriam

Mirias

(Greek) Woman of plenty Miriass, Miriasse, Miriase, Miriasa, Miryas, Miryase, Miryasa... mirias

Mirinesse

(English) Filled with joy Miriness, Mirinese, Mirines, Mirinessa, Mirinesa... mirinesse

Mirit

(Hebrew) One who is strong-willed... mirit

Miriuia

(Latin) A marvelous lady... miriuia

Miroslava

(Slavic) Feminine form of Miroslav; one who basks in peaceful glory Miroslavia, Miroslavea, Myroslava, Myroslavia, Myroslavea... miroslava

Mirta

(Spanish) Crowned with thorns Mirtah, Meerta, Meertha, Mirtha... mirta

Misae

(Native American) Born beneath the white sun

Mysae, Misay, Misaye, Mysay, Mysaye, Misai, Mysai... misae

Mischa

(Russian) Form of Michelle, meaning “who is like God?” Misha... mischa

Misrak

(African) Woman from the East Misrake, Misraka, Misrakia... misrak

Missing Data

Information not available for a subject (or case) about whom other information is available.... missing data

Mississippi

(Native American) Of the great river; from the state of Mississippi Misisipi, Missisippi, Mississipi, Misissippi, Misisippi... mississippi

Missouri

(Native American) From the town of large canoes

Missourie, Mizouri, Mizourie, Missoury, Mizoury, Missuri, Mizuri, Mizury, Missury... missouri

Missy

(English) Form of Melissa, meaning “resembling a honeybee” Missey, Misse, Missee, Missie, Missi, Missea... missy

Mistico

(Italian) A mystical woman Mistica, Mystico, Mystica, Mistiko, Mystiko... mistico

Misty

(American) Covered with dew; of the mists

Mistie, Misti, Mistey, Mistee, Mystee, Mysti, Mystie, Mysty, Mystey, Mystea, Mistea... misty

Misu

(Native American) Of the rippling waters

Misoo, Misou, Mysu, Mysoo, Mysou... misu

Misumi

(Japanese) A pure, beautiful woman

Misumie, Misumee, Misumy, Misumey, Misumea... misumi

Mitali

(Indian) A friendly and sweet woman Mitalie, Mitalee, Mitaleigh, Mitaly, Mitaley, Meeta, Mitalea... mitali

Mitena

(Native American) Born beneath the new moon

Mitenah, Mytena, Mitenna, Mytenna... mitena

Mites

A mite is an arthropod belonging to a group of insects called ACARINA. It may be parasitic or free-living. Most mites are less than 1 mm long and medically signi?cant ones include those that cause DERMATITIS (dermatophagoides) and the harvest mite, which transmits scrub typhus (see under TYPHUS FEVER).... mites

Mitexi

(Native American) Born beneath the sacred moon

Mitexie, Mitexee, Mitexy, Mitexey, Mitexa, Mitexea... mitexi

Mithcah

(Hebrew) A sweet and pleasant woman

Mithca, Mithecah, Mitheca... mithcah

Misuse Of Drugs

See also MEDICINES. Government legislation covers the manufacture, sale and prescription of drugs in the UK. As well as stating which drugs may be sold over the counter (OTC) without a doctor’s or dentist’s prescription, and those which can be obtained only with such a prescription, government regulations determine the extent of availability of many substances which are liable to be abused – see Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (below). The Misuse of Drugs Regulations 1985 de?ne those individuals who in their professional capacity are authorised to supply and possess controlled drugs: see the schedules of drugs listed below under the 1985 regulations.

Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 This legislation forbids activities relating to the manufacture, sale and possession of particular (controlled) drugs. These are classi?ed into three grades according to their dangers if misused. Any o?ences concerning class A drugs, potentially the most damaging when abused, carry the toughest penalties, while classes B and C attract lesser penalties if abused.

Class A includes: cocaine, dextromoramide, diamorphine (heroin), lysergic acid (LSD), methadone, morphine, opium, pethidine, phencyclidine acid and injectable preparations of class B drugs.

Class B includes: oral amphetamines, barbiturates, codeine, glutethimide, marijuana (cannabis), pentazocine and pholcodine.

Class C includes: drugs related to the amphetamines, anabolic and androgenic steroids, many benzodiazepines, buprenorphine, diethyl propion, human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), mazindol, meprobamate, pemoline, phenbuterol, and somatropin.

Misuse of Drugs Regulations 1985 These regulations de?ne those people who are authorised in their professional capacity to supply and possess controlled drugs. They also describe the requirements for legally undertaking these activities, such as storage of the drugs and limits on their prescription.

Drugs are divided into ?ve schedules and some examples follow.

I: Almost all are prohibited except in accordance with Home O?ce authority: marijuana (cannabis), LSD.

II: High potential for abuse but have

accepted medical uses: amphetamines, cocaine.

III: Lower potential for abuse: barbiturates, meprobamate, temazepam.

IV: Lower potential for abuse than I to III. Minimal control: benzodiazepines.

V: Low potential for abuse: generally compound preparations containing small amounts of opioids: kaolin and morphine (antidiarrhoeal medicine), codeine linctus (cough suppressant).

(See also CONTROLLED DRUGS.)... misuse of drugs

Mitra

(Persian) A heavenly messenger; an angel

Mitran, Mitrania, Mitrane, Mitrana... mitra

Mitragyna Parvifolia

(Roxb.) Korth.

Family: Rubiaceae.

Habitat: All over India, and up to 1,200 m in the outer Himalaya.

English: Kaim.

Ayurvedic: Giri-kadamba, Kadamba (var.).

Siddha: Chinna-Kadambu.

Action: Bark—used for muscular pain. Bark and root—febrifuge, antispasmodic.

Both indole and oxindole alkaloids have been isolated from the plant. (The composition of alkaloids varies with season and from place to place.) The main indole alkaloid reported is akuammigine and oxindole alkaloids have been identified as mitra- phylline, isomitraphylline, pteropo- dine, isopteropodine, speciophylline and uncarine F. Anthocephalus cadamba Miq. is the accepted source of Kadamba.... mitragyna parvifolia

Mitsu

(Japanese) Lady of light Mitsuko... mitsu

Mitylene

(Hebrew) From the island city Mityleen, Mitylean, Mityleene, Mityleane, Mitylen, Mitylein... mitylene

Mitzi

(German) Form of Mary, meaning “star of the sea / from the sea of bitterness” Mitzie, Mitzy, Mitzey, Mitzee, Mitzea... mitzi

Mixed Tumour

A neoplasm with a number of different cell types undergoing cancerous change.... mixed tumour

Miya

(Japenese) From the sacred temple Miyah... miya

Miyanda

(African) One who is grounded Miyandah, Myanda, Meyanda... miyanda

Miyo

(Japanese) A beautiful daughter Miyoko... miyo

Mizar

(Hebrew) A little woman; petite Mizarr, Mizarre, Mizare, Mizara, Mizaria, Mizarra... mizar

Mizpah

(Hebrew) From the watchtower Mizpeh, Mizpa... mizpah

Mliss

(Cambodian) Resembling a flower Mlissa, Mlisse, Mlyss, Mlysse, Mlyssa... mliss

Mnason

(Hebrew) One who has a good memory... mnason

Mnemosyne

(Greek) In mythology, goddess of memory... mnemosyne

Moana

(Hawaiian) Woman of the ocean Moanna, Moanah, Moannah, Moane, Moaenne... moana

Moani

(Hawaiian) A fragrance on the gentle breeze

Moanie, Moany, Moaney, Moanee, Moanea... moani

Mobility Aid

Equipment item to help an individual to get around more easily, including wheelchairs, walking sticks and walking frames.... mobility aid

Mocha

(Arabic) As sweet as chocolate Mochah... mocha

Model

A representation or description of something that aids in understanding or studying a set of assumptions about relationships used to study interactions.... model

Modesty

(Latin) One who is without conceit Modesti, Modestie, Modestee, Modestus, Modestey, Modesta, Modestia, Modestina, Modestine, Modestea... modesty

Modron

(Welsh) In mythology, the divine mother... modron

Moesha

(American) Drawn from the water Moisha, Moysha, Moeesha, Moeasha, Moeysha... moesha

Mohala

(Hawaiian) Resembling the unfolding of a flower Mohalah, Mohalla, Mohallah... mohala

Mohan

(Indian) An attractive woman Mohani, Mohana, Mohanie, Mohanee, Mohania, Mohanea... mohan

Mohini

(Indian) The most beautiful Mohinie, Mohinee, Mohiny, Mohiney, Mohinea... mohini

Moina

(Celtic) A mild-mannered lady Moyna, Moinah, Moynah... moina

Moira

(English) Form of Mary, meaning “star of the sea / from the sea of bitterness” Moyra, Moire, Moyre, Moreen, Morene, Morine... moira

Moirae

(Greek) In mythology, the Fates Moirai, Moerae, Moyrae, Moyrai... moirae

Moireach

(Scottish) A respected lady... moireach

Moja

(African) One who is content with life Mojah... moja

Moke

(Hawaiian) Feminine form of Moses; savior

Mokie, Mokei, Moky, Mokey, Mokee, Mokea... moke

Moladah

(Hebrew) A giver of life Molada... moladah

Molar Teeth

The last three TEETH on each side of the JAW.... molar teeth

Molara

(Spanish) Refers to the Virgin Mary Molarah, Molarra, Molaria, Molarea... molara

Mollugo Cerviana

Ser.

Family: Aizoaceae; Molluginaceae.

Habitat: Upper Gangetic Plains, Punjab, Delhi, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka.

Ayurvedic: Parpata (substitute). Grishma-Sundara.

Siddha/Tamil: Parpaatakam.

Folk: Jeem Shaak.

Action: Plant—stomachic, aperient, febrifuge, antiseptic, blood purifier (used for venereal diseases), emmenagogue. Root—used in rheumatism and gout.

Flowers and shoots—diaphoretic, given in fevers. An infusion of the plant is given to promote lochial discharge.

The plant contains orientin (leteo- lin-8-C-glucoside), vitexin (apigenin- 8-C-glucoside) and their 2"-O-gluco- sides. The plant is cardiostimulant, also antibacterial.... mollugo cerviana

Mollugo Spergula

Linn.

Synonym: M. oppositifolia Linn. Glinus oppositifolius (Linn.) A. DC.

Family: Aizoaceae, Molluginaceae.

Habitat: Greater part of India, especially in Assam, Bengal and Deccan Peninsula.

Ayurvedic: Grishma-sundara, Parpata (Kerala).

Siddha/Tamil: Thurapoondu.

Folk: Jala-papr (Bihar), Jeem Shaak.

Action: Plant—stomachic, aperient and antiseptic. Used as a bitter tonic for liver disorders.

Aerial parts gave vitexin, vitexin-7- glucoside and 2"-p-coumaroylvitexin- 7-glucoside.

Mollugo stricta Linn., synonym M. pentaphylla Linn. (throughout the plains and Ghats of India), is also known as Parpatakam in the South, Jala-papr in Bihar and Kharas in Maharashtra. The plant is stomachic, aperient, emmenagogue and antiseptic. Its biological activity is spermiostatic.... mollugo spergula

Mollusc

Invertebrates such as snails which mostly have a shell. Includes the octopus.... mollusc

Molluscicide

A substance (or chemical) which kills molluscs, such as snails.... molluscicide

Molly

(Irish) Form of Mary, meaning “star of the sea / from the sea of bitterness” Moll, Mollee, Molley, Molli, Mollie, Molle, Mollea... molly

Molpe

(Greek) In mythology, a siren Molpie, Molpi, Molpa, Molpy, Molpey, Molpee, Molpea... molpe

Molukka

Protection... molukka

Momo

(Japanese) Resembling a peach Momoko... momo

Monahana

(Gaelic) A religious woman Monahanah, Monahanna, Monahannah... monahana

Monca

(Irish) Having great wisdom Moncah... monca

Moncha

(Irish) A solitary woman Monchah... moncha

Momordica Balsamina

Linn.

Family: Cucurbitaceae.

Habitat: Punjab, Gujarat, Dehra Dun and Andhra Pradesh.

English: Balsam Apple.

Ayurvedic: Jangali Karelaa.

Folk: Mokhaa. Chhochhidan (Gujarat).

Action: Fruit—applied to burns, haemorrhoids and chapped hands. Internally, cathartic, hypoglycaemic.

The plant contains a ribosome inactivating protein, momordin II. Metha- nolic extract of the aerial parts contains phenylpropanoid esters, verbas- coside, calceolarioside and rosmarinic acid. The esters exhibited antihyper- tensive, analgesic and antibacterial activities.... momordica balsamina

Momordica Charantia

Linn.

Family: Cucurbitaceae.

Habitat: Cultivated all over India for its fruits.

English: Bitter Gourd, Blsam Pear, Carilla.

Ayurvedic: Kaaravellaka, Kaaravella, Kaathilla, Sushaavi.

Unani: Karelaa.

Siddha/Tamil: Paakal, Paharkai.

Action: Seed/fruit—improves diabetic condition. Fruit—stomachic, laxative, antibilious, emetic, anthelmintic. Used in cough, respiratory diseases, intestinal worms, skin diseases, also for gout and rheumatism. Powdered fruit—applied to wounds and ulcers. Leaf— emetic, antibilious, purgative. Fruit, leaf and root—abortifacient. Leaf and seed—anthelmintic. Root— astringent; appled to haemorrhoids.

Immature fruits gave several nonbitter and bitter momordicosides. Fruits, seeds and tissue culture gave a polypeptide containing amino acids. Fruits also gave 5-hydroxytryptamine, charantin (a steroidal glucoside), dios- genin, cholesterol, lanosterol and beta- sitosterol. Bitter principles are cucur- bitacin glycosides.

Hypoglycaemic effects of the fruit have been demonstrated by blood tests in both humans and animal studies.

Researchers have warned that the fruit extract leads to a false negative test for sugar in the urine (due to its ability to maintain the indicator dye in the glucose oxidase strips and the alkaline copper salts in a reduced state).

Chronic administration of the fruit extract (1.75 g/day for 60 days) to dogs led to testicular lesions with mass atrophy of the spermatogenic elements. The extract reduced the testicular content of RNA, protein and sialic acid as also the acid-phosphatase activity. (Medicinal Plants of India, Vol. 2,1987, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi.)

The fruits and seeds yielded a poly- peptide, p-insulin, which was considered similar to bovine insulin. (Fitoter- apia, 60,1989; Chem Abstr 112,1990.)

The seed and fruit contain an inhibitor of HIV, MAP-30 (Momordi- ca anti-HIV-protein) which exhibited antiviral and antitumour activity in vitro. (Chem Abstr, 113, 1990; ibid, 117, 1992.) Another protein, MRK-29, found in the seed and fruit of a smaller var. of Bitter Gourd found in Thailand, was found to inhibit HIV reverse transcriptase and to increase tumour necrosis factor (TNF). (Planta Med, 67, 2001; Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 2007.)

The seeds yield alpha-and beta- momorcharins (glycoproteins). When these glycoproteins were co-cultured with isolated hepatocytes, morphological changes in hepatocytes were observed, indicating hepatotoxicity. Another principle with antilipolytic and lipogenic activities, found along with the alpha-and beta-momorcharin in the seed extract, did not show toxic effect.

Vicine is the hypoglycaemic constituent in the seed. Pure vicine has been found to possess 32.6% hypogly- caemic activity as against 22.2% shown by fresh juice, when tested on albino rats. The vicine is non-haemolytic.

Dosage: Fresh fruit—10-15 ml juice (API, Vol. II); 10-20 ml juice (CCRAS.)... momordica charantia

Monet

(French) Form of Monica, meaning “a solitary woman / one who advises others” Monay, Mone, Monai, Monae, Monee... monet

Money Management

Activities that support a person in keeping control over bank accounts, finances, etc.... money management

Monica

(Greek / Latin) A solitary woman / one who advises others Monnica, Monca, Monicka, Monika, Monike... monica

Monifa

(Egyptian) One who is lucky Monifah, Monipha, Moniphah, Moneefa, Moneifa, Moniefa, Moneafa... monifa

Monique

(French) One who provides wise counsel

Moniqua, Moneeque, Moneequa, Moneeke, Moeneek, Moneaque, Moneaqua, Moneake... monique

Momordica Cochinchinensis

Spreng.

Family: Cucurbitaceae.

Habitat: Cultivated throughout the country, especially found in Assam, Bengal, South India and Andaman Islands.

Ayurvedic: Karkataka, Kaaravella- jalaja.

Folk: Kakrol (Maharashtra), Bhat-karelaa, Gulkakraa.

Action: Leaf and fruit—used externally for lumbago, ulceration, fracture of bone. Seed—bechic, aperient, emmenagogue, anti- inflammatory, deobstruent. (Used for obstructions of liver and spleen).

The tuberous root contains saponins belonging to the pentacyclic tri- terpene glycoside series. Seeds contain momordica saponins I and II (ester glycosides of gypsogenin and quilla- ic acid respectively), the diterpenoid columbin, oleanolic acid, its derivative momordic acid and bessisterol.

The seeds contain the glycoprotein, momorcochin S, which exhibits RNA N-glycosidase activity.... momordica cochinchinensis

Momordica Dioica

Roxb. Ex Willd.

Family: Cucurbitaceae.

Habitat: Throughout India, up to 1,500 m in the Himalaya.

English: Small Bitter Gourd, Bur Cucumber.

Ayurvedic: Karkotikaa, Karkotikaa- vandhyaa, Karkotaka, Karkota.

Siddha/Tamil: Tholoo-pavai, Paluppakai, Kaattupaagala.

Folk: Jangali Karelaa, Ban-Karelaa, Bhat-Karelaa, Dhar-Karelaa.

Action: Tuberous root—astringent, febrifuge, antiseptic, anthelmintic, spermicidal. Used in bleeding piles, urinary affections; smeared over body in high fever with delirium (as a sedative). A paste, prepared with the root of male plant, is applied externally for pain in the breast.

The root extract exhibited significant anti-allergic activity comparable with standard drugs used against allergy and bronchial asthma (in experimental animals).... momordica dioica

Momordica Tuberosa

(Roxb.) Cogn.

Synonym: M. cymbalaria Fenzl ex Naud.

Family: Cucurbitaceae.

Habitat: Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu, in bushes along the banks of water courses. (It is not cultivated.)

Ayurvedic: Kaarali-Kanda, Kudu- hunchi.

Siddha/Tamil: Athalaikai

Folk: Kakrol (Maharashtra).

Action: Tuberous root—emmena- gogue, abortifacient; acrid; contains a bitter glycoside.... momordica tuberosa

Monisha

(Hindi) Having great intelligence Monishah, Monesha, Moneisha, Moniesha, Moneysha, Moneasha... monisha

Monita

(Spanish) A noble woman Monitah, Moneeta, Monyta, Moneita, Monieta, Moneata... monita

Monitoring

Continuous process of observing and checking.... monitoring

Monkey B Virus

A herpes virus of monkeys that can infect humans, usually through handling monkey tissues at autopsy or in the laboratory.... monkey b virus

Monkey Pox

A pox viral disease of monkeys in Central Africa which can infect humans.... monkey pox

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (maois)

These are drugs that destroy, or prevent the action of, monoamine oxidase (MAO). Monoamines, which include NORADRENALINE and tyramine, play an important part in the metabolism of the BRAIN, and there is some evidence that excitement is due to an accumulation of monoamines in the brain. MAO is a naturally occurring ENZYME which is concerned in the breakdown of monoamines. MAOIs were among the earliest ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUGS used, but they are now used much less than tricyclic and related antidepressants, or SELECTIVE SEROTONIN-REUPTAKE INHIBITORS (SSRIS) and related antidepressants, because of the dangers of dietary or drug interactions – and because MAOIs are less e?ective than these two groups.

An excessive accumulation of monoamines can induce a dangerous reaction characterised by high blood pressure, palpitations, sweating and a feeling of su?ocation. Hence the care with which MAOI drugs are administered. What is equally important, however, is that in no circumstances should a patient receiving any MAOI drug eat cheese, yeast preparations such as Marmite, tinned ?sh, or high game. The reason for this ban is that all these foodstu?s contain large amounts of tyramine which increases the amount of certain monoamines such as noradrenaline in the body. (See MENTAL ILLNESS.)

There are also certain drugs, such as AMPHETAMINES and PETHIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE, which must not be taken by a patient who is receiving an MAOI drug. The MAOIs of choice are phenelzine or isocarboxazid because their stimulant effects are less than those of other MAOIs, making them safer.... monoamine oxidase inhibitors (maois)

Monochoria Vaginalis

Presl.

Habitat: Throughout India in ponds, tanks, ditches, as a weed common in rice fields.

Ayurvedic: Indivara (Kerala). Kakapola (Malyalam), Nirkancha (Telugu).

Siddha/Tamil: Senkzhuneer- kizhangu.

Folk: Nukha, Nanda (Bengal).

Action: Leaves—juice is given for coughs. Roots—prescribed for stomach and liver complaints.

Bark—prescribed with sugar for asthma.... monochoria vaginalis

Monoclonal Antibodies

An arti?cially prepared antibody (see ANTIBODIES) obtained from cell clones – a genetically identical group of cells – and comprising a single type of immunoglobulin. It neutralises only one speci?c ANTIGEN. The antibodies are prepared by linking antibody-forming lymphocytes (see LYMPHOCYTE) from the spleen of mice with myeloma cells from mice. Monoclonal antibodies are used in the development of new vaccines and in the study of human cells, hormones, and micro-organisms. Research is under way for their use in the treatment of some forms of cancer. (See IMMUNOLOGY.)... monoclonal antibodies

Monomania

Monomania is a form of MENTAL ILLNESS, in which the affected person has delusion (see DELUSIONS) upon one subject, although he or she can converse rationally and is a responsible individual upon other matters.... monomania

Monospot

A screening test, performed on blood, which indicates the likelihood of infection with

EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS, which causes MONONUCLEOSIS.... monospot

Monotropa Uniflora

Linn.

Family: Monotropaceae.

Habitat: The temperate Himalayas from Himachal Pradesh to Bhutan and in Khasi Hills at 1,800-2,400 m.

English: Indian Pipe.

Action: Root—sedative, nervine, antispasmodic.

The plant gave sitosterol, campes- terol and traces of cholesterol. The oil contained linolenic, palmitic, linoleic and hexadecenoic acids.... monotropa uniflora

Monroe

(Gaelic) Woman from the river Monrow, Monrowe, Monro... monroe

Monserrat

(Latin) From the jagged mountain

Montserrat... monserrat

Montague

(French) Of the steep mountain Montahue... montague

Montana

(Latin) Woman of the mountains; from the state of Montana Montanna, Montina, Monteene, Montese... montana

Montsho

(African) A dark-skinned beauty Montshow, Montshowe, Montshoe... montsho

Moonwort

Money, Love... moonwort

Mora

(Spanish) Resembling a blueberry Morah, Morra, Morrah... mora

Morag

(Gaelic) One who embraces the sun... morag

Moraika

(Incan) A heavenly messenger; an angel

Moraikah, Morayka, Moraykah, Moraeka, Moraekah... moraika

Morbakka

The colloquial name for a number of large box-jellyfish with a single tentacle in each corner. There are probably a number of species that are grouped under this name. The sting causes a burning pain to the skin and rarely, a mild Irukandji syndrome. See also: Moreton Bay carybdeid, and Fire jelly.... morbakka

Morcan

(Welsh) Of the bright sea Morcane, Morcana, Morcania, Morcanea... morcan

Moreh

(Hebrew) A great archer; a teacher... moreh

Morela

(Polish) Resembling an apricot Morella, Morelah, Morellah, Morele, Morelle... morela

Morena

(Spanish) A brown-haired woman... morena

Moreton Bay Carybdeid

A morbakka that is often caught in the Moreton Bay area, just north of Brisbane, Queensland. See also Fire jelly.... moreton bay carybdeid

Morgan

(Welsh) Circling the bright sea; a sea dweller

Morgaine, Morgana, Morgance, Morgane, Morganica, Morgann, Morganne, Morgayne, Morgen, Morgin, Morgaen, Morgaene, Morgaena... morgan

Morguase

(English) In Arthurian legend, the mother of Gawain Marguase, Margawse, Morgawse, Morgause, Margause... morguase

Moriah

(Hebrew) God is my teacher; of the hill country

Moraia, Moraiah, Moria, Morit, Moriel, Morice, Morise, Moriya... moriah

Morina

(Japanese) From the woodland town Morinah, Moreena, Moryna, Moriena, Moreina, Moreana... morina

Morinda Citrifolia

Linn.

Synonym: M. bracteata Roxb.

Family: Rubiaceae.

Habitat: Sub-Himalayan tracts, Darjeeling, Konkan and the Andamans.

English: Indian Mulberry.

Ayurvedic: Ashyuka, Akshi, Atchy.

Siddha/Tamil: Nunaa, Togaru.

Action: Fruit—emmenagogue, antileucorrhoeic, antidysenteric, anticatarrhal (used in throat infections and asthma). Root and leaf—cathartic, febrifuge, anti-inflammatory (used in gout). Root—anticongestive, hypotensive. A decoction is given to regulate menstruation.

The heartwood yielded anthraqui- nones—alizarin and its glycosides, nor- damnacanthol. Leaves contain ursolic acid and beta-sitosterol. Fruits gave asperuloside and caproic acid.

The lyophilized aqueous extract of roots was evaluated for analgesic and behavioural effects in mice; positive results were observed confirming a sedative property without exhibiting any toxic effects.

Ethanolic extract of the plant showed significant antimicrobial activity.

Morinda coreia Buch.-Ham., M. tinctoria Roxb. (dry forests throughout the greater part of India) is considered as the wild form or a varient of Morin- da citrifolia and is known by the same vernacular nemes. The root bark gave the insecticidal glycoside, morindin-6- primeveroside, which was found lethal on cockroaches and houseflies topically.

Morinda umbellata L. (Bihar, Khasi Hills and Peninsular India) is also known as Nunaa in Tamil Nadu.

A decoction of root and leaves is used for diarrhoea and dysentery. The root bark contains a considerable amount of rubichloric acid and small quantities of anthraquinones.... morinda citrifolia

Moringa Concanensis

Nimmo ex Gibs.

Family: Moringaceae.

Habitat: Rajasthan and Peninsular India.

Ayurvedic: Shigru (Red var.). Siddha/Tamil: Kaatumurungai.

Action: See M. pterygosperma.... moringa concanensis

Moringa Pterygosperma

Gaertn.

Synonym: M. oleifera Lam.

Family: Moringaceae.

English: Drumstick, Horse-Radish.

Ayurvedic: Shigru (white var.), Madhu Shigru, Sigra, Shobhaan- jana, Haritashaaka. Raktaka, Murangi, Mochaka, Akshiva, Tikshnagandhaa.

Unani: Sahajan.

Siddha/Tamil: Murungai.

Action: All parts of the tree are reported to be used as cardiac and circulatory stimulant. Pods—antipyretic, anthelmintic; fried pods are used by diabetics. Flowers—cholagogue, stimulant, diuretic. Root juice—cardiac tonic, antiepileptic. Used for nervous debility, asthma, enlarged liver and spleen, deep-seated inflammation and as diuretic in calculus affection. Decoction is used as a gargle in hoarseness and sore throat. Root and fruit—antiparalytic. Leaf—juice is used in hiccough (emetic in high doses); cooked leaves are given in influenza and catarrhal affections. Root-bark—antiviral, anti-inflammatory, analgesic. Bark—antifungal, antibacterial. Stem-bark and flower—hypo- glycaemic. Seeds—an infusion, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic and diuretic; given in venereal diseases.

Along with other therapeutic applications, The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India indicated the use of the dried root bark in goitre, glycosuria and lipid disorders (also dried seeds), and leaf, seed, root bark and stem bark in internal abscess, piles and fistula-in-ano.

The plant contains antibacterial principles, spirochin and pterygosper- min which are effective against both Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative bacteria.

The leaves contain nitrile glycosides, niazirin and niazirinin and mustard oil glycosides. The mustard oil glycosides showed hypotensive, bradycardiac effects and spasmolytic activity, justifying the use of leaves for gastrointestinal motility disorders.

The roots possess antibacterial, anti- choleric and antiviral properties due to the presence of pterygospermin, Spiro chin and benzylisothiocyanate. The root extract exhibited significant anti- inflammatory activity in carrageenan- induced paw-oedema in rats.

The leaves exhibited hypoglycaemic activity, although the plasma insulin level did not alter much.

The root and bark showed antifer- tility activity through biphasic action on the duration of the estrous cycle of female rats.

Dosage: Leaf—10-20 ml. juice. (API, Vol. III); root bark—2-5 g powder; stem bark—2-5 g powder; seed—5-10 g powder (API, Vol. IV). Leaf, flower, fruit, seed, bark, root— 1-3 g powder; 50-100 ml decoction. (CCRAS.)... moringa pterygosperma

Morisa

(Spanish) Feminine form of Maurice; a dark-skinned beauty Morissa, Morrisa, Morrissa... morisa

Morley

(English) Woman from the moor Morly, Morli, Morlie, Morlee, Morleigh, Morlea... morley

Morna

(Irish) One who is affectionate; beloved Mornah... morna

Moro Reflex

A primitive REFLEX ACTION occurring in newly born infants in response to a sudden movement or noise. Also known as the startle re?ex, the baby will throw its arms and legs wide and sti?en its body. This is followed by ?exion of the arms and legs. The re?ex disappears by four months; its persistence suggests a possible neurological condition such as CEREBRAL PALSY.... moro reflex

Moron

An out-of-date term previously used to describe individuals with mild learning diffculties, but which is now o?ensive.... moron

Morrigan

(Celtic) In mythology, a war goddess

Morrigane, Morigan, Morigane... morrigan

Morrin

(Irish) A long-haired woman Morrina, Morrine, Morren, Morrene, Morrena... morrin

Mortification

Morti?cation is another name for GANGRENE.... mortification

Morus Alba

Linn.

Family: Moraceae.

Habitat: Native to China; cultivated in Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Kashmir and North-Western Himalayas. English: Chinese White-Mulberry. Unani: Shahtuut, Tuut.

Action: Fruit—cooling, mild laxative. Used for sore throat, dyspepsia and melancholia. Leaves and root bark—expectorant, diuretic, hypotensive. Bark extract—hypoglycaemic. Leaf— anti-inflammatory, emollient, diaphoretic. Used as a gargle in inflammations of the throat.

The plant is rich in phenolics. The leaves gave flavonoids (including rutin, moracetin); anthocyanins (cyanidin and delphinidin glucosides); artocarpin, cycloartocarpin and analogues. The root bark contained fla- vonoids including the kuwanons, san- gennons, mulberrosides and mulber- rofurans.

Hot water extract of the dried mulberry leaves fed to rabbits on 1% cholesterol diet exhibited significant hypolip- idaemic or hypocholesterolaemic effect. In addition, suppression of hepatic enlargement and fat deposition in the hepatic cells was also observed.

An aqueous methanol extract of the root bark significantly reduced plasma sugar levels in mice.

The extract also showed anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity in exudative, proliferative and chronic phases of inflammation.

Aqueous and alkali extracts of leaves and stems are active against GramPositive bacteria and yeast.... morus alba

Morus Nigra

Linn.

Family: Moraceae.

Habitat: Native to West Asia; cultivated in Kashmir, also grown in Darjeeling.

English: Black Mulberry.

Unani: Tuut Siyaah.

Action: Berries and root bark— mild laxative and used in the treatment of respiratory catarrh. Berries—refrigerant, given during convalescence.

The fruit contains invert sugar, pectin, fruit acids (including malic and citric acid), ascorbic acid, and fla- vonoids (including rutin). Leaves contain flavonoids, including rutin (26%). Root bark contains calcium malate; the bark of branches contains tannins, phlobaphenes, a sugar, a phy- tosterol, ceryl alcohol, fatty acids and phosphoric acid.

An infusion of leaves causes a drop in blood sugar, sometimes diuresis and a reduction in arterial pressure. It shows no effect on glucosuria.

Morus acidosa Griff., M. australis Poir and Morus indica L. have also been equated with Tuut Siyaah of Unani medicine.... morus nigra

Morwenna

(Welsh) Maiden of the white seas

Morwena, Morwina, Morwinna, Morwyn, Morwynna, Morwyna, Morwen, Morwenne... morwenna

Moselle

(Hebrew) Feminine form of Moses; savior

Mosell, Mosele, Mosel, Mosella, Mosela, Mosette, Moiselle, Moisella... moselle

Moserah

(Hebrew) Disciplined in learning Moseroth, Moserothe... moserah

Mosi

(Egyptian) The firstborn child Mosie, Mosee, Mosy, Mosey, Mosea... mosi

Mosquito Repellent

Any substance producing a negative response in mosquitoes, causing them to avoid a close approach (such as alighting on the skin of a host animal or entering a treated room). (See also DEET).... mosquito repellent

Mosquitoes

See ANOPHELES; BITES AND STINGS; MALARIA.... mosquitoes

Moss

Luck, Money... moss

Mostyn

(Welsh) Of the meadow’s fortress Mostynn, Mostynne, Mosteen, Mosteene, Mostine, Mostean, Mosteane... mostyn

Motayma

(Native American) A wise leader Motaymah, Motaima, Motama, Motaema... motayma

Motion

Waste products evacuated in a bowel movement, also called faeces or stool.... motion

Motherwort Tea Benefits

If you’re a fan of herbal teas, you have to try motherwort tea. Although it has a pretty bitter taste, it helps you stay healthy thanks to its many health benefits. Find out more about motherwort tea and its main ingredient. About Motherwort Tea The main ingredient of the motherwort tea is the motherwort plant. The motherwort is an herbaceous perennial plant, belonging to the mint family, Lamiaceae. It has square stem and opposite leaves with serrated margins. During summer, small, pink to lilac flowers bloom in leaf axils on the upper part of the plant. It comes from Middle Asia, although now it grows in places all around the world. The plant’s binomial name is Leonurus cardiac. The word “leonurus” is a combination of the Latin “leo”, which means lion, and the Greek “oura”, meaning tail. Because of this, it is also known as Throw-wort, Lion’s Ear, and Lion’s Tail. The name of the species, “cardiaca”, comes from the Greek word “kardiaca”, which means heart. How to prepare Motherwort Tea It’s easy to prepare a cup of motherwort tea. To each cup, add one teaspoon of the dried herb. Let it steep for about 10 minutes before removing the leaves. If you’ve got a problem with the bitter taste, you can try to sweeten it. Add sugar, honey, and/or lemon to your cup of motherwort tea, and mix well. You can also improve its flavor by mixing it with other types of herbal beverages. Motherwort Tea Benefits A cup of this tea brings many health benefits thanks to its main ingredient. Among motherwort’s constituents, there are alkaloids, glycosides, essential oils, tannins, and vitamin A. Because of this, the plant has been used for centuries as a herb in traditional medicine in Europe, Asia and North America. First of all, motherwort tea has two health benefits which are related to the plant’s name: one is for women after giving birth, while the other is related to heart problems. It isn’t recommended to drink motherwort tea during pregnancy, but it is good to drink it after you give birth. You can even drink it during labor, as it will ease the pain and help you relax; it is also thought that it reduces the risk of getting post partum depression. Drinking it regularly after you’ve given birth can help stimulate the uterus to contract; this way, it prevents uterine infections. This type of teais also good for your heart. It helps normalize the heart functions by lowering blood lipid levels and high blood pressure. As a cardiac tonic, it works as a hypotensive, sedative, and antispasmodic. It helps calm heart palpitations. Motherwort tea is helpful if you need to regulate your menstruation, and it is also used also used to ease insomnia, menopausal problems, stomach gas and cramping. It is useful when it comes to treating thyroid hyperfunction, and can work as a mild tranquilizer for anxiety. Motherwort tea Side Effects Although it has many health benefits, don’t forget that motherwort tea has also a few side effects. Despite its important role after child delivery, you should keep in mind that it’s not good to drink motherwort tea during pregnancy. As it is used to regulate menstruation, during pregnancy, it might cause bleeding and even miscarriages. You should avoid drinking motherwort tea if you’re taking anti-coagulants or are experiencing a heavy menstrual flow. It will only cause more bleeding. Also, if you drink this tea for a longer period of time, be careful when you’re out in the sun. You might become more prone to getting sunburn. In this case, make sure that you’re wearing sunscreen when going outside, especially if you’re at the seaside. Motherwort tea might cause drowsiness, as well. Avoid drinking it if you know you need to stay focused on something. Also, if you take any medicine that causes drowsiness as a side effect, drinking this type of tea will only make it worse. Lastly, don’t drink more than six cups of motherwort tea a day. This applies to other types of tea, as well. If you drink too much tea, you might get the following side effects: headaches, dizziness, insomnia, irregular heartbeats, vomiting, diarrhea and loss of appetite. Despite its bitter taste, don’t give up on motherwort tea. It is very good for your health, and it helps you a lot especially after giving birth. Just sweeten it and you’re free to enjoy a cup of tea full of many health benefits!... motherwort tea benefits

Mouna

(Arabic) One who is desired Mounia, Muna, Munia... mouna

Mounira

(Arabic) An illuminated woman Mourneera, Mounyra, Mounera, Mouneara... mounira

Mouseear

Hieracium pilosella. N.O. Compositae.

Synonym: Hawkweed, Pilosella.

Habitat: Banks and dry pastures.

Features ? Stem 6-8 inches, creeping, slightly hairy. Leaves form small rosettes around stem, elongate-lanceolate, hairy; given common name owing to imagined resemblance to a mouse's ear in form. Flowers lemon-coloured, outer petals tinted red underneath.

Part used ? Herb.

Action: Astringent, expectorant.

The ounce to pint infusion, taken in wineglass doses, makes quite a useful medicine for whooping and other coughs.... mouseear

Mouth-to-mouth Respiration

See APPENDIX 1: BASIC FIRST AID.... mouth-to-mouth respiration

Motion (travel) Sickness

A characteristic set of symptoms experienced by many people when subjected to the constant changes of position caused, for example, by the pitching and rolling motion of a vessel at sea.

Depression, giddiness, nausea and vomiting are the most prominent.

Causes Although the vast majority of people appear to be liable to this ailment at sea, they do not all suffer alike. Many endure acute distress, whilst others are simply conscious of transient feelings of nausea and discomfort. A smaller proportion of people suffer from air and car sickness. The symptoms are a result of over-stimulation of the organs of balance in the inner EAR by continuous changes in the body’s position. The movements of the horizon worsen this situation.

Symptoms The symptoms generally show themselves soon after the journey has started, by the onset of giddiness and discomfort in the head, together with a sense of nausea and sinking at the stomach, which soon develops into intense sickness and vomiting. Most people recover quickly when the motion stops.

Treatment Innumerable preventives and remedies have been proposed. Cinnarizine 30 mg orally is useful 2 hours before travel, then 15 mg every 8 hours during the journey if necessary. Dimenhydrinate and promethazine are also commonly taken for motion sickness.... motion (travel) sickness

Mucopolysaccaridhosis

A collection of familial metabolic disorders, the best known of which is Hurler’s syndrome (see GARGOYLISM). Others include Hunter’s, Maroteaux-Lamy and Scheie’s syndromes. The disorders, which result from a faulty gene-producing abnormality in a speci?c ENZYME, affect one child in 10,000. Those affected usually die before reaching adulthood.... mucopolysaccaridhosis

Mucous Colitis

A form of colitis that is less inflammatory and closer in nature, if not identical with Irritable Bowel Syndrome, with cramps, intestinal guarding followed by soft or hard stools and various amounts of mucus. There are usually periods of constipation... mucous colitis

Mucous Membranes (mucosa)

The mucus-secreting skin that lines (and protects against the environment) all openings, cavities or entrances into the body, such as the intestinal tract, lungs, urinary tract, sinuses, vagina, etc.... mucous membranes (mucosa)

Mucuna Monosperma

DC.

Family: Papilionaceae; Fabaceae.

Habitat: Nepal, Khasi Hills, Deccan Peninsula and the Andamans.

Ayurvedic: Kaakaandolaa.

Siddha/Tamil: Periyattalargai.

Folk: Kaagadolia (Gujarat).

Action: Seeds—sedative, restorative, expectorant; used in coughs, asthma.... mucuna monosperma

Mudan

(Mandarin) Daughter of a harmonious family

Mudane, Mudana, Mudayne, Mudaine, Mudann, Mudaen, Mudaena... mudan

Mudiwa

(African) One who is greatly loved Mudiwah, Mudywa, Mudywah... mudiwa

Mudraya

(Russian) One with great wisdom and reason Mudrayah, Mudraia... mudraya

Mufidah

(Arabic) One who is helpful to others

Mufeeda, Mufeyda, Mufyda, Mufeida, Mufieda, Mufeada... mufidah

Mugain

(Irish) In mythology, the wife of the king of Ulster

Mugayne, Mugaine, Mugane, Mugayn, Mugaen, Mugaene, Mugaina, Mugayna, Mugaena... mugain

Muhjah

(Arabic) Our heart’s blood Muhja... muhjah

Mouth, Diseases Of

The mucous membrane of the mouth can indicate the health of the individual and internal organs. For example, pallor or pigmentation may indicate ANAEMIA, JAUNDICE or ADDISON’S DISEASE.

Thrush is characterised by the presence of white patches on the mucous membrane which bleeds if the patch is gently removed. It is caused by the growth of a parasitic mould known as Candida albicans. Antifungal agents usually suppress the growth of candida. Candidal in?ltration of the mucosa is often found in cancerous lesions.

Leukoplakia literally means a white patch. In the mouth it is often due to an area of thickened cells from the horny layer of the epithelium. It appears as a white patch of varying density and is often grooved by dense ?ssures. There are many causes, most of them of minor importance. It may be associated with smoking, SYPHILIS, chronic SEPSIS or trauma from a sharp tooth. Cancer must be excluded.

Stomatitis (in?ammation of the mouth) arises from the same causes as in?ammation elsewhere, but among the main causes are the cutting of teeth in children, sharp or broken teeth, excess alcohol, tobacco smoking and general ill-health. The mucous membrane becomes red, swollen and tender and ulcers may appear. Treatment consists mainly of preventing secondary infection supervening before the stomatitis has resolved. Antiseptic mouthwashes are usually su?cient.

Gingivitis (see TEETH, DISEASES OF) is in?ammation of the gum where it touches the tooth. It is caused by poor oral hygiene and is often associated with the production of calculus or tartar on the teeth. If it is neglected it will proceed to periodontal disease.

Ulcers of the mouth These are usually small and arise from a variety of causes. Aphthous ulcers are the most common; they last about ten days and usually heal without scarring. They may be associated with STRESS or DYSPEPSIA. There is no ideal treatment.

Herpetic ulcers (see HERPES SIMPLEX) are similar but usually there are many ulcers and the patient appears feverish and unwell. This condition is more common in children.

Calculus (a) Salivary: a calculus (stone) may develop in one of the major salivary-gland ducts. This may result in a blockage which will cause the gland to swell and be painful. It usually swells before a meal and then slowly subsides. The stone may be passed but often has to be removed in a minor operation. If the gland behind the calculus becomes infected, then an ABSCESS forms and, if this persists, the removal of the gland may be indicated. (b) Dental, also called TARTAR: this is a calci?ed material which adheres to the teeth; it often starts as the soft debris found on teeth which have not been well cleaned and is called plaque. If not removed, it will gradually destroy the periodontal membrane and result in the loss of the tooth. (See TEETH, DISORDERS OF.)

Ranula This is a cyst-like swelling found in the ?oor of the mouth. It is often caused by mild trauma to the salivary glands with the result that saliva collects in the cyst instead of discharging into the mouth. Surgery may be required.

Mumps is an acute infective disorder of the major salivary glands. It causes painful enlargement of the glands which lasts for about two weeks. (See also main entry for MUMPS.)

Tumours may occur in all parts of the mouth, and may be BENIGN or MALIGNANT. Benign tumours are common and may follow mild trauma or be an exaggerated response to irritation. Polyps are found in the cheeks and on the tongue and become a nuisance as they may be bitten frequently. They are easily excised.

A MUCOCOELE is found mainly in the lower lip.

An exostosis or bone outgrowth is often found in the mid line of the palate and on the inside of the mandible (bone of the lower jaw). This only requires removal if it becomes unduly large or pointed and easily ulcerated.

Malignant tumours within the mouth are often large before they are noticed, whereas those on the lips are usually seen early and are more easily treated. The cancer may arise from any of the tissues found in the mouth including epithelium, bone, salivary tissue and tooth-forming tissue remnants. Oral cancers represent about 5 per cent of all reported malignancies, and in England and Wales around 3,300 people are diagnosed annually as having cancer of the mouth and PHARYNX.

Cancer of the mouth is less common below the age of 40 years and is more common in men. It is often associated with chronic irritation from a broken tooth or ill-?tting denture. It is also more common in those who smoke and those who chew betel leaves. Leukoplakia (see above) may be a precursor of cancer. Spread of the cancer is by way of the lymph nodes in the neck. Early treatment by surgery, radiotherapy or chemotherapy will often be e?ective, except for the posterior of the tongue where the prognosis is very poor. Although surgery may be extensive and potentially mutilating, recent advances in repairing defects and grafting tissues from elsewhere have made treatment more acceptable to the patient.... mouth, diseases of

Mridula

(Indian) One who is soft to the touch

Mridulah, Mridulla, Mridullah... mridula

Mrinal

(Hindi) Resembling a lotus blossom Mrinalini, Mrinali, Mrinalie, Mrinalina, Mrinala... mrinal

Mu’azzama

(Arabic) One who is respected... mu’azzama

Muadhnait

(Gaelic) A young noblewoman... muadhnait

Mubarika

(Arabic) One who is blessed Mubaarika, Mubaricka, Mubaryka, Mubaricca, Mubarycca... mubarika

Mubina

(Arabic) One who displays her true image

Mubeena, Mubinah, Mubyna, Mubeana, Mubiena... mubina

Mucocutaneous Lymph Nodesyndrome

See KAWASAKI DISEASE.... mucocutaneous lymph nodesyndrome

Mucoepithelial

Tissues with mixed characteristics of both mucous membranes and epidermis, found around the entrances into the body.... mucoepithelial

Mucuna Prurita

Hook.

Synonym: M. pruriens Baker non DC.

Family: Papilionaceae; Fabaceae.

Habitat: Throughotu India, including Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

English: Cowhage, Horse-eye Bean.

Ayurvedic: Aatmaguptaa, Kapikac- chuu, Rshabhi, Adhigandhaa, Ajadaaa, Kacchuraa, Laan- guli, Rshyaproktaa, Svaguptaa, Shyaamguptaa, Markati, Kanduraa, Kevaanch, Shuukashimbi.

Unani: Konchh.

Siddha/Tamil: Poonaikkaali.

Action: Seed—astringent, nervine tonic, local stimulant, used in impotence, spermatorrhoea, urinary troubles, leucorrhoea, traditionally used for male virility. Also used in depressive neurosis. Hair on fruit— vermifuge, mild vesicant; used for diseases of liver and gallbladder. Leaf—applied to ulcers. Pod— anthelmintic. Root and fruit—spasmolytic, hypoglycaemic. Root— CNS active.

The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia ofIn- dia recommends the seed in impotence and paralysis agitans; the root in vaginal laxity.

The seeds contain the alkaloids, mu- cunine, mucunadine, mucunadinine, prurieninine, pruriendine and nicotine, besides beta-sitosterol, gluthione, lecithin, vernolic and gallic acids. They contain a number of bioactive substances including tryptamine, alky- lamines, steroids, flavonoids, cou- marins and cardenolides. L-DOPA is present in the seed as well as in the stem, leaves and roots.

Major constituents of the hairs on the pod are amines such as 5-hydroxy- tryptamine (serotonin), and a proteolytic enzyme mucuanain. (Serotonin was present only in pods.)

Prurieninine slowed down heart rate, lowered blood pressure and stimulated intestinal peristalsis in experiments carried out on frogs. The spas- molysis of smooth muscles was caused by indole bases.

Seed diet produced hypoglycaemic effect in normal rats, however, such diet had insignificant effect on alloxan- treated rats.

There is some evidence that Cow- hage might be useful for chlorproma- zine-induced hyperprolactinemia in men. (Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 2007.) (Males with hy- perprolactinemia frequently face im- potency.) (Cured seeds are used in Indian medicine for male sexual dysfunction.)

Mucuna cochinchinensis Cheval.; synonym M. nivea (Roxb.) DC.; Sti- zolobium niveum Kuntze (cultivated in Bengal and Bihar for edible pods and seeds) is known as Lyon Bean (Khamach in Bengal). The pod yielded L-DOPA (0.06%).

Dosage: Cured seed—3-6 g (API, Vol. III); root—3-6 g powder for decoction (API, Vol. IV.)... mucuna prurita

Multidisciplinary Assessment

An assessment of people with health and social care needs by two or more professionals from different disciplines.... multidisciplinary assessment

Multilocular Hydatid

Larval stage of Echinococcus multilocularis in which exogenous development occurs resulting in infiltration of tissues.... multilocular hydatid

Mugwort Tea - An Herbal Tea With Many Benefits

Mugwort tea is one of the many herbal teas that have many health benefits. Despite its bitter, tangy taste, it’s worth a try to drink some mugwort tea, as it’s good for your body. Find out more about the tea’s health benefits in this article. About Mugwort Tea Mugwort tea is a type of herbal tea made from mugwort dried leaves. The mugwort is an herbaceous perennial plant with a woody root; it can grow up to 2 meters tall. The stem is reddish in color, with dark green, pinnate leaves that are 5-20 cm long, and radially symmetrical small flowers which have many yellow or dark red petals. It grows in Europe, Asia, northern Africa, Alaska and North America; it is often considered an invasive weed. It is sometimes referred to by the following names: felon herb, chrysanthemum weed, wild wormwood, old Uncle Henry, sailor’s tobacco, or St. John’s plant (be careful not to confuse it with St. John’s wort). The leaves and buds of the plant are best picked right before the flowers of the plant bloom, between July and September. They can be used with season fat, meat and fish, to give them a bitter flavor. Native American legends say that mugwort leaves were rubbed all over one’s body in order to keep ghosts away, as well as to prevent one from dreaming about the dead. Nowadays, it is mixed with other herbs (chamomile, peppermint) to make the so-called “dream tea”, which helps you improve dream recall, and increases the number of dreams you have per night. Components of Mugwort Tea Mugwort, which is the main ingredient of the mugwort tea, has plenty of components that are good for our health. Some of them are essential oils (such as cineole/wormwood oil, and thujone), flavonoids, triterpenes, coumarin derivatives, tannins, and linalool. Thujone consumed in large amounts can be toxic. In many countries, the amount of thujone which can be added in food or drink products is regulated. The amount of thujone oil found in the plant is considered safe. How to make Mugwort Tea In order to enjoy a cup of mugwort tea, add one teaspoon of the dried mugwort herb to a cup of boiling water. Let it steep for about 10 minutes before removing the dried plants. It is recommended that you drink the mugwort tea in mouthful doses throughout the whole day. If the mugwort tea is too bitter for your taste, you can add honey or sugar to sweeten it. Mugwort Tea Benefits Thanks to the many components of mugwort, the mugwort tea is full of health benefits. Mugwort tea is useful when it comes to having a good digestion. It stimulates the secretion of gastric juices, relieves flatulence and bloating, and helps in the treatment for intestinal worms. It also improves your appetite, and helps with indigestion, colic, and travel sickness. This tea might help in the treatment of various brain diseases. It is also a useful remedy when it comes to nervousness, exhaustion, depression, and insomnia. Mugwort tea is also useful during child birth. It has a calming effect when you are during labor, and it also lessens contraction pains. It is also useful when you get menstrual cramps, and stimulates irregular or suppressed menstruation. Considering the diuretic properties of mugwort, it is believed that mugwort tea can help with liver, spleen, and kidney problems. It is also recommended that you drink this type of tea if you’ve got a cold, a fever, or if you’re suffering from asthma or bronchitis. Mugwort Tea side effects Although mugwort tea contains little amount of thujone oil, it is recommended that you don’t drink if you’re pregnant. It might cause miscarriages. Consumed in large quantities, the thujone oil found in the composition of this tea may lead to side effects such as anxiety and sleeplessness. When drinking mugwort tea, be careful not to have an allergic reaction. You might be allergic to mugwort if you know you’re allergic to plants from the Asteraceae or Compositae family. These include ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, daisies, chamomile, and many other plants. Also, avoid drinking this tea if you know you’re allergic to birch, celery, wild carrot, honey, royal jelly, cabbage, hazelnut, olive pollen, kiwi, peach, mango, apple, mustard, and sunflower. Don’t drink more than six cups of mugwort tea - or any other type of tea - a day. If you drink too much, it’ll end up doing more harm. The symptoms you might experience are headaches, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, insomnia, dizziness, and irregular heartbeats.   Despite its bitter taste, mugwort tea is definitely good for your body. It has lots of health benefits, but first make sure you’re not affected by any of its side effects. Once you’re sure it’s safe, you can enjoy a cup of this  delicious tea.... mugwort tea - an herbal tea with many benefits

Muhsana

(Arabic) One who is well-protected Muhsanah, Muhsanan, Muhsanna... muhsana

Muiel

(Irish) Woman of the sea Muiell, Muielle, Muiele, Muireann, Murieall, Muirgheal... muiel

Muira

(Scottish) Woman from the moor Muire... muira

Muirne

(Irish) One who is dearly loved Muirna... muirne

Mujahida

(Arabic) A crusader Mujaahida, Mujahyda, Mujaheeda, Mujaheada... mujahida

Mujia

(Chinese) A healer; medicine woman... mujia

Mujiba

(Arabic) One who provides the answers

Mujeeba, Mujibah, Mujeebah, Mujeaba, Mujeabah... mujiba

Mukantagara

(Egyptian) Born during a time of war... mukantagara

Mukarramma

(Egyptian) One who is honored and respected

Mukarama, Mukaramma, Mukkarama... mukarramma

Mulan

(Chinese) Resembling a magnolia blossom

Mulana, Mulania, Mulane, Mulann, Mulanna, Mulanne... mulan

Mullerian Ducts

The Mullerian and the Wol?an ducts are separate sets of primordia that transiently co-exist in embryos of both sexes (see EMBRYO). In female embryos the Mullerian ducts grow and fuse in the mid line, producing the FALLOPIAN TUBES, the UTERUS and the upper third of the VAGINA, whereas the Wol?an ducts regress. In the male the Wol?an ducts give rise to the VAS DEFERENS, the seminal vesicles and the EPIDIDYMIS, and the Mullerian ducts disappear. This phase of development requires a functioning testis (see TESTICLE) from which an inducer substance di?uses locally over the primordia to bring about the suppression of the Mullerian duct and the development of the Wol?an duct. In the absence of this substance, development proceeds along female lines regardless of the genetic sex.... mullerian ducts

Multiple Births

Twins occur about once in 80 pregnancies, triplets once in 6,000, and quadruplets about once in 500,000. Quintuplets are exceedingly rare. Such is the natural state of a?airs.

In recent years, however, the position has been altered by the introduction of the so-called fertility drugs, such as CLOMIPHENE, and human menopausal gonadotrophin which, through the medium of the PITUITARY GLAND, stimulate the production of ova (see OVUM). Their wide use in the treatment of INFERTILITY has resulted in an increase in the number of multiple births, a recognised hazard of giving too large a dose.

Twins may be binovular or uniovular. Binovular, or fraternal, twins are the result of the mother’s releasing two ova within a few days of each other and both being fertilised by separate spermatozoa (see SPERMATOZOON). They both develop separately in the mother’s womb and are no more alike than is usual with members of the same family. They are three times as common as uniovular, or identical, twins, who are developed from a single ovum fertilised by a single spermatozoon, but which has split early in development. This is why they are usually so remarkably alike in looks and mental characteristics. Unlike binovular twins, who may be of the same or di?erent sex, they are always of the same sex.

So far as fraternal, or binovular, twins are concerned, multiple pregnancy may be an inherited tendency; it certainly occurs more often in certain families, but this may be partly due to chance. A woman who has already given birth to twins is ten times more likely to have another multiple pregnancy than one who has not previously had twins. The statistical chance of a third pair of twins is 1:512,000. Identical twins do not run in families.

The relative proportion of twins of each type varies in di?erent races. Identical twins have much the same frequency all over the world: around 3 per 1,000 maternities. Fraternal twins are rare in Mongolian races: less than 3 per 1,000 maternities. In Caucasians they occur two or three times as often as identical twins: between 7 (Spain and Portugal) and 10 (Czech and Slovak Republics and Greece) per 1,000 maternities. They are more common in Afro-Caribbeans, reaching 30 per 1,000 maternities in certain West African populations.

Rarely, uniovular twins may not develop as separate individuals, being physically joined in some way. They are called conjoined or (traditionally) Siamese twins. Depending on the extent of common structures shared by the infants – this ranges from a common umbilical cord to twins with conjoined heads or a common liver – the infants may be successfully separated by surgery. (See CONJOINED TWINS.)

Parents of twins, triplets, etc. can obtain advice and help from the Twins and Multiple Births Association (TAMBA).... multiple births

Multiple Risk / Causation

More than one risk factor for the development of a disease or other outcome is present and their combined presence results in an increased risk. The increased risk may be due to the additive effects of the risks associated with the separate risk factors, or to synergism.... multiple risk / causation

Multipurpose Service

A service delivery model that consists of a comprehensive range of services meeting the aged and health care needs of a community. Multipurpose centres could bring together existing health services and develop additional services from a single base.... multipurpose service

Multisectoral Action

See “intersectoral action”.... multisectoral action

Muminah

(Arabic) A pious woman Mumina, Mumeena, Mumyna, Mumeina, Mumiena, Mumeana... muminah

Multiple Sclerosis (ms)

Multiple sclerosis is a progressive disease of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD, which, although slow in its onset, in time may produce marked symptoms such as PARALYSIS and tremors (see TREMOR), and may ultimately result in a severely disabled invalid. The disorder consists of hardened patches, from the size of a pin-head to that of a pea or larger, scattered here and there irregularly through the brain and spinal cord. Each patch is made up of a mass of the CONNECTIVE TISSUE (neuroglia), which should be present only in su?cient amount to bind the nerve-cells and ?bres together. In the earliest stage, the insulating sheaths (MYELIN) of the nerve-?bres in the hardened patches break up, are absorbed, and leave the nerve-?bres bare, the connective tissue being later formed between these.

Cause Although this is one of the most common diseases of the central nervous system in Europe – there are around 50,000 affected individuals in Britain alone – the cause is still not known. The disease comes on in young people (onset being rare after the age of 40), apparently without previous illness. The ratio of women-to-men victims is 3:2. It is more common in ?rst and second children than in those later in birth order, and in small rather than big families. There may be a hereditary factor for MS, which could be an autoimmune disorder: the body’s defence system attacks the myelin in the central nervous system as if it were a ‘foreign’ tissue.

Symptoms These depend greatly upon the part of the brain and cord affected by the sclerotic patches. Temporary paralysis of a limb, or of an eye muscle, causing double vision, and tremors upon exertion, ?rst in the affected parts, and later in all parts of the body, are early symptoms. Sti?ness of the lower limbs causing the toes to catch on small irregularities in the ground and trip the person in walking, is often an annoying symptom and one of the ?rst to be noticed. Great activity is shown in the re?ex movements obtained by striking the tendons and by stroking the soles of the feet. The latter re?ex shows a characteristic sign (Babinski sign) in which the great toe bends upwards and the other toes spread apart as the sole is stroked, instead of the toes collectively bending downwards as in the normal person. Tremor of the eye movements (nystagmus) is usually found. Trembling handwriting, interference with the functions of the bladder, giddiness, and a peculiar ‘staccato’ or ‘scanning’ speech are common symptoms at a later stage. Numbness and tingling in the extremities occur commonly, particularly in the early stages of the disease. As the disease progresses, the paralyses, which were transitory at ?rst, now become con?rmed, often with great rigidity in the limbs. In many patients the disease progresses very slowly.

People with multiple sclerosis, and their relatives, can obtain help and guidance from the Multiple Sclerosis Society. Another helpful organisation is the Multiple Sclerosis Resources Centre. Those with sexual or marital problems arising out of the illness can obtain information from SPOD (Association to Aid the Sexual and Personal Relationships of People with a Disability). (See APPENDIX 2: ADDRESSES: SOURCES OF INFORMATION, ADVICE, SUPPORT AND SELFHELP.)

Treatment is di?cult, because the most that can be done is to lead a life as free from strain as possible, to check the progress of the disease. The use of INTERFERON beta seems to slow the progress of MS and this drug is licensed for use in the UK for patients with relapsing, remitting MS over two years, provided they can walk unaided – a controversial restriction on this (expensive) treatment. CORTICOSTEROIDS may be of help to some patients.

The NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR CLINICAL EXCELLENCE (NICE) ruled in 2001 that the use of the drugs interferon beta and glatiramer acetate for patients with multiple sclerosis was not cost-e?ective but recommended that the Department of Health, the National Assembly for Wales and the drug manufacturers should consider ways of making the drugs available in a cost-e?ective way. Subsequently the government said that it would consider funding a ‘risk-sharing’ scheme in which supply of drugs to patients would be funded only if treatment trials in individuals with MS showed that they were e?ective.

The Department of Health has asked NICE to assess two CANNABIS derivatives as possible treatments for multiple sclerosis and the relief of post-operative pain. Trials of an under-thetongue spray and a tablet could, if successsful, lead to the two drugs being available around 2005.

It is important to keep the nerves and muscles functioning, and therefore the patient should remain at work as long as he or she is capable of doing it, and in any case should exercise regularly.... multiple sclerosis (ms)

Muna

(Arabic) God is with me Moona, Munah, Moonah... muna

Munay

(African) One who loves and is loved

Manay, Munaye, Munae, Munai... munay

Munaya

(African) The rainmaker Munayah... munaya

Munazza

(Arabic) An independent woman; one who is free

Munazzah, Munaza, Munazah... munazza

Muncel

(American) A strong-willed woman Muncele, Muncelle, Muncell, Muncela, Muncella... muncel

Munin

(Scandinavian) One with a good memory

Munine, Munyn, Munyne, Munina, Munyna... munin

Munira

(Arabic) A lustrous and brilliant woman

Muneera, Munirah, Muneira, Muniera, Munyra, Munawwara, Munawara, Muneara... munira

Muniya

(Indian) Resembling a small bird Muniyah... muniya

Muqaddasa

(Arabic) One who is sacred... muqaddasa

Murata

(African) A beloved friend Muraty, Muratia, Murati, Muratie, Muratee, Muratea... murata

Murdannia Nudiflora

(L.) Brenan.

Synonym: Aneilema nudiflorum (L.) Wall.

Family: Commelinaceae.

Habitat: Throughout India, in moist and marshy places; common in West Bengal.

Ayurvedic: Koshapushpi.

Folk: Kanshura.

Action: Plant—used in burns, boils and sores.... murdannia nudiflora

Munchausen’s Syndrome

Munchausen’s syndrome, also known as ‘hospital addiction’ syndrome, is a disorder in which the patient presents repeatedly to hospitals with symptoms and signs (often simulated) suggestive of serious physical illness. More common among men than women, it differs from MALINGERING in that no obvious reward results from the imagined or simulated symptoms. Patients may simulate signs and symptoms in a bizarre way – for instance, by swallowing blood or inserting needles into the chest. Abdominal symptoms are particularly common. They often have a history of multiple hospital admissions and operations, and show extensive pathological lying and lack of personal rapport. Although the cause is unclear, it is thought to be a form of hysterical behaviour in a severely disordered personality. Patients are often masochistic, attention-seeking, and constantly trying to obtain ANALGESICS. Occasionally there may be a degree of treatable DEPRESSION, but on the whole management is very di?cult as patients often abscond from psychiatric treatment.

A variation of the syndrome – Munchausen’s syndrome by proxy, better termed ‘fabricated and induced illness’ – has been identi?ed, in which the persons affected in?ict damage upon others, usually children (or even animals) in their care. Factitious illness refers to simulating symptoms, such as stating that the child has blood in its urine when it is actually the parent’s blood. Induced illness includes such events as injecting dirty water into a baby’s muscles, dropping mild caustic into their eyes, adding salt to a baby’s milk or diluting it 50–50 with water, and so on. Much debate has ensued about the suggestion that some sudden infant deaths are due to smothering rather than natural causes, as a type of induced illness. As a consequence of two successful appeals against conviction for murder in 2004, the UK attorney general ordered a review of all criminal and family court cases in which disputed medical evidence had formed the basis of the decision. Paediatricians are concerned that one result is likely to be an increase in undetected child abuse.... munchausen’s syndrome

Murdannia Scapiflora

(Roxb.) Royle.

Synonym: Anilema scapiflorum Wt. A. tuberosum Buch.-Ham.

Family: Commelinaceae.

Habitat: Temperate and tropical Himalaya, upper Gangetic plains and Peninsular India.

Folk: Siyaah Musli; Sismulia (Gujarat); Kureli.

Action: Root—astringent, febrifuge; used in headache, giddiness, jaundice. Root bark—diuretic, antispasmodic, (used in asthma, colic, infantile convulsions.)... murdannia scapiflora

Muriel

(Irish) Of the shining sea Merial, Meriel, Merrill, Miureall, Murial, Muriella, Murielle, Merill, Merral, Merrall, Merril, Meriol, Murel... muriel

Murine Typhus

A zoonotic febrile disease caused by the rodent bacterial species, Rickettsia typhi, and transmitted by fleas of the genus Xenopsylla.... murine typhus

Murphy

(Celtic) Daughter of a great sea warrior

Murphi, Murphie, Murphey, Murphee, Murfi, Murfy, Murfie, Murphea, Murfea... murphy

Murraya Exotica

Linn.

Synonym: M. paniculata (Linn.) Jack.

Family: Rutaceae.

Habitat: Throughout India and Andaman Islands up to an altitude of1,500 m.

Siddha/Tamil: Konji.

Folk: Kaamini; Aanthil (Bihar).

Action: Leaves—astringent; used in diarrhoea and dysentery (sap, squeezed from leaves, is administered). Root—antipyretic.

The plant is rich in coumarins, car- bazole alkaloids and flavonoids. The leaves contain a number of coumarins, the major ones being murrangatin and phebalosin. Murrangatin, derived from the precursor phebalosin, is reported to possess antithyroid property. The root contains a bis-indole alkaloid, yuehchukene, with potent antiimplantation activity.

Mexolide (dimeric coumarin), isolated from the stem bark is antibacterial. The steam distillate of leaves exhibit antifungal and antibacterial activity.... murraya exotica

Musca

A genus of flies (Diptera) which includes the housefly, M.domestica, a potential mechanical vector of enteric viral, bacterial and parasitic pathogens. Can also mechanically transmit trachoma.... musca

Muscarine

The poisonous principle found in some toadstools (see FUNGUS POISONING). It is a cholinergic substance with pharmacological properties resembling those of ACETYLCHOLINE, a chemical neurotransmitter released at the junctions (synapses) of parasympathetic nerves and at the junctions where nerves enter muscles.... muscarine

Muscle Pump

The contraction and relaxation of the limb muscles that helps pump the low pressure venous blood from the extremities back to the central collecting system.... muscle pump

Muscles, Disorders Of

Compression syndrome The tense, painful state of muscles induced by excessive accumulation of INTERSTITIAL ?uid in them, following unusual exercise. This condition is more liable to occur in the muscles at the front of the shin, because they lie within a tight fascial membrane: here the syndrome is known as the anterior tibial syndrome (‘shin splints’). Prevention consists of always keeping ?t and in training for the amount of exercise to be undertaken. Equally important is what is known in sporting circles as ‘warming down’: i.e., at the end of training or a game, exercise should be gradually tailed o?. Treatment consists of elevation of the affected limb, compression of it by compression bandages, with ample exercise of the limb within the bandage, and massage. In more severe cases DIURETICS may be given. Occasionally surgical decompression may be necessary.

Cramp Painful spasm of a muscle usually caused by excessive and prolonged contraction of the muscle ?bres. Cramps are common, especially among sportsmen and women, normally lasting a short time. The condition usually occurs during or immediately following exercise as a result of a build-up of LACTIC ACID and other chemical by-products in the muscles

– caused by the muscular e?orts. Cramps may occur more frequently, especially at night, in people with poor circulation, when the blood is unable to remove the lactic acid from the muscles quickly enough.

Repetitive movements such as writing (writer’s cramp) or operating a keyboard can cause cramp. Resting muscles may suffer cramp if a person sits or lies in an awkward position which limits local blood supply to them. Profuse sweating as a result of fever or hot weather can also cause cramp in resting muscle, because the victim has lost sodium salts in the sweat; this disturbs the biochemical balance in muscle tissue.

Treatment is to massage and stretch the affected muscle – for example, cramp in the calf muscle may be relieved by pulling the toes on the affected leg towards the knee. Persistent night cramps sometimes respond to treatment with a drug containing CALCIUM or QUININE. If cramp persists for an hour or more, the person should seek medical advice, as there may be a serious cause such as a blood clot impeding the blood supply to the area affected.

Dystrophy See myopathy below.

In?ammation (myositis) of various types may occur. As the result of injury, an ABSCESS may develop, although wounds affecting muscle generally heal well. A growth due to SYPHILIS, known as a gumma, sometimes forms a hard, almost painless swelling in a muscle. Rheumatism is a vague term traditionally used to de?ne intermittent and often migratory discomfort, sti?ness or pain in muscles and joints with no obvious cause. The most common form of myositis is the result of immunological damage as a result of autoimmune disease. Because it affects many muscles it is called POLYMYOSITIS.

Myasthenia (see MYASTHENIA GRAVIS) is muscle weakness due to a defect of neuromuscular conduction.

Myopathy is a term applied to an acquired or developmental defect in certain muscles. It is not a neurological disease, and should be distinguished from neuropathic conditions (see NEUROPATHY) such as MOTOR NEURONE DISEASE (MND), which tend to affect the distal limb muscles. The main subdivisions are genetically determined, congenital, metabolic, drug-induced, and myopathy (often in?ammatory) secondary to a distant carcinoma. Progressive muscular dystrophy is characterised by symmetrical wasting and weakness, the muscle ?bres being largely replaced by fatty and ?brous tissue, with no sensory loss. Inheritance may take several forms, thus affecting the sex and age of victims.

The commonest type is DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY, which is inherited as a sex-linked disorder. It nearly always occurs in boys.

Symptoms There are three chief types of myopathy. The commonest, known as pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy, affects particularly the upper part of the lower limbs of children. The muscles of the buttocks, thighs and calves seem excessively well developed, but nevertheless the child is clumsy, weak on his legs, and has di?culty in picking himself up when he falls. In another form of the disease, which begins a little later, as a rule at about the age of 14, the muscles of the upper arm are ?rst affected, and those of the spine and lower limbs become weak later on. In a third type, which begins at about this age, the muscles of the face, along with certain of the shoulder and upper arm muscles, show the ?rst signs of wasting. All the forms have this in common: that the affected muscles grow weaker until their power to contract is quite lost. In the ?rst form, the patients seldom reach the age of 20, falling victims to some disease which, to ordinary people, would not be serious. In the other forms the wasting, after progressing to a certain extent, often remains stationary for the rest of life. Myopathy may also be acquired when it is the result of disease such as thyrotoxicosis (see under THYROID GLAND, DISEASES OF), osteomalacia (see under BONE, DISORDERS OF) and CUSHING’S DISEASE, and the myopathy resolves when the primary disease is treated.

Treatment Some myopathies may be the result of in?ammation or arise from an endocrine or metabolic abnormality. Treatment of these is the treatment of the cause, with supportive physiotherapy and any necessary physical aids while the patient is recovering. Treatment for the hereditary myopathies is supportive since, at present, there is no cure – although developments in gene research raise the possibility of future treatment. Physiotherapy, physical aids, counselling and support groups may all be helpful in caring for these patients.

The education and management of these children raise many diffculties. Much help in dealing with these problems can be obtained from Muscular Dystrophy Campaign.

Myositis ossi?cans, or deposition of bone in muscles, may be congenital or acquired. The congenital form, which is rare, ?rst manifests itself as painful swellings in the muscles. These gradually harden and extend until the child is encased in a rigid sheet. There is no e?ective treatment and the outcome is fatal.

The acquired form is a result of a direct blow on muscle, most commonly on the front of the thigh. The condition should be suspected whenever there is severe pain and swelling following a direct blow over muscle. The diagnosis is con?rmed by hardening of the swelling. Treatment consists of short-wave DIATHERMY with gentle active movements. Recovery is usually complete.

Pain, quite apart from any in?ammation or injury, may be experienced on exertion. This type of pain, known as MYALGIA, tends to occur in un?t individuals and is relieved by rest and physiotherapy.

Parasites sometimes lodge in the muscles, the most common being Trichinella spiralis, producing the disease known as TRICHINOSIS (trichiniasis).

Rupture of a muscle may occur, without any external wound, as the result of a spasmodic e?ort. It may tear the muscle right across – as sometimes happens to the feeble plantaris muscle in running and leaping – or part of the muscle may be driven through its ?brous envelope, forming a HERNIA of the muscle. The severe pain experienced in many cases of LUMBAGO is due to tearing of one of the muscles in the back. These conditions are usually relieved by rest and massage. Partial muscle tears, such as occur in sport, require more energetic treatment: in the early stages this consists of the application of an ice or cold-water pack, ?rm compression, elevation of the affected limb, rest for a day or so and then gradual mobilisation (see SPORTS MEDICINE).

Tumours occur occasionally, the most common being ?broid, fatty, and sarcomatous growths.

Wasting of muscles sometimes occurs as a symptom of disease in other organs: for example, damage to the nervous system, as in poliomyelitis or in the disease known as progressive muscular atrophy. (See PARALYSIS.)... muscles, disorders of

Musetta

(French) Little muse; a joyful song Musette, Musett, Muset, Musete, Museta... musetta

Mushana

(African) Born with the morning’s light

Mushanah, Mushania, Mushanna, Mushane... mushana

Murraya Koenigii

(Linn.) Spreng.

Habitat: Cultivated in Tamil Nadu; Maharashtra and North India.

English: Curry-Leaf tree.

Ayurvedic: Surabhini-nimba.

Unani: Karipattaa.

Siddha/Tamil: Karuveppilei, Karivempu, Kattuveppilei.

Folk: Mithaa Neem, Kathneem, Gandhela, Barsanga.

Action: Leaf—stomachic, antiprotozoal, spasmolytic; promotes appetite and digestion, destroys pathogenic organism, antidysen- teric. Externally, used against skin eruptions.

All parts of the plant, especially the leaves, are rich in carbazole alkaloids (several carbazole bases have been isolated). The leaves also gave a coumarin glucoside, scopolin.

The beta-carotene content of curry leaves was found decreased on cooking; deep frying resulted in maximum loss.

Inclusion of curry leaves in the diet of diabetic patients reduced the blood glucose level appreciably (it did not produce any insulin response).

The steam distillate of the leaves is reported to exhibit antifungal and in- secticidal activities.

The ethanolic extract of the stem bark showed anti-inflammatory effect in carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats.... murraya koenigii

Musa Paradisiaca

Linn.

Synonym: M. Sapientum Linn.

Family: Musaceae.

Habitat: Assam, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Jalgaon district (Maharashtra), West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.

English: Banana, Plantain.

Ayurvedic: Kadali, Rambhaa, Sakrtphala, Vaaranaa, Mochaa, Ambusaara, Anshumatiphal.

Unani: Kelaa, Mouz.

Siddha/Tamil: Vaazhai.

Action: Fruit—mild laxative, combats diarrhoea and dysentery, promotes healing of intestinal lesions in ulcerative colitis. Unripe fruit considered useful in diabetes. Fruit powder—used as a food supplement in sprue and other intestinal disorders. Root— anthelmintic.

The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia ofIn- dia recommends the fresh rhizome in dysuria, polyuria (in females) and menstrual disorders; the flower in asthma, bleeding disorders, vaginal discharges and leucorrhoea.

The pulp of ripe fruit (50 g/rat per day) given daily with standard food pellets prevented increase in blood pressure in deoxycorticosterone-in- duced hypertension in rats. This was found partially related to increased serotonin levels triggered by the high carbohydrate and tryptophan content of the fruit.

Dietary fibre prepared from unripe banana exerted an antiatherogenic effect, keeping the levels of cholesterol in serum and aorta low, as also the level of LDL cholesterol in rats fed on cholesterol diet.

An anti-ulcerogenic acylsterylgly- coside, sitoindoside IV, has been isolated from unripe banana.

A pectin containing hexoses (32.4%) and uronic acid (52.5%) has been isolated from the pith of the stem. The pectin was found to exhibit significant hypolipidaemic and hypoglycaemic activity in rats.

The flower extract exhibited hypo- glycaemic activity in rabbits.

The pseudostem is reported to possess lithotriptic and antilithic properties. The extract reduced the precursor of oxalate formation, the liver glycolic acid content in hyperoxaluric rats.

The benzene extract of the root exhibited significant antibacterial and an- tifungal activity.

Dosage: Dried flower—10-20 g. (API, Vol. IV.)... musa paradisiaca

Muscle Relaxants

These drugs produce partial or complete paralysis of skeletal muscle (see under MUSCLE – Structure of muscle). Drugs in clinical use are all reversible and are used to help insert a breathing tube into the TRACHEA (endotracheal tube) during general ANAESTHESIA and ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION OF THE LUNGS. They may be broadly divided into depolarising and nondepolarising muscle relaxants. Depolarising muscle relaxants act by binding to acetylcholine receptors at the motor end-plate where nerves are attached to muscle cells, and producing a more prolonged depolarisation than acetylcholine, which results in initial muscle fasciculation (overactivity) and then ?accid paralysis of the muscle. The only commonly used depolarising drug is succinylcholine which has a rapid onset of action and lasts approximately three minutes. Non-depolarising muscle relaxants bind to the acetylcholine receptors, preventing acetylcholine from gaining access to them. They have a slower onset time and longer duration than depolarisers, although this varies widely between di?erent drugs. They are competitive antagonists and they may be reversed by increasing the concentration of acetylcholine at the motor end-plate using an anticholinesterase agent such as neostigmine. These drugs are broken down in the liver and excreted through the kidney, and their action will be prolonged in liver and renal failure. Other uses include the relief of skeletal muscle spasms in TETANUS, PARKINSONISM and spastic disorders. The drugs dantrolene and diazepam are used in these circumstances.... muscle relaxants

Musharrifa

(Arabic) An exalted woman Musharifa, Musharrifah, Musharifah, Musharyfa... musharrifa

Mushira

(Arabic) A wise counselor Mushirah, Musheera, Musheira, Mushiera, Musheara... mushira

Musidora

(Greek) Gift of the Muses Musadora, Musedora, Musidoria, Musadoria, Musedoria... musidora

Muslimah

(Arabic) A devout believer Muslima, Muslyma, Muslymah, Muslema, Muslemah... muslimah

Musoke

(African) Having the beauty of a rainbow... musoke

Muta

(Latin) In mythology, the personification of silence Mute, Mutah, Muteh... muta

Mutehhara

(Arabic) One who is pure; chaste Mutehara, Mutehharah, Muteharra, Muteharah... mutehhara

Mutia

(African) An honored woman; respected

Mutiah, Mutiya, Mutiyah, Mutea, Muteah, Mutya, Mutyah... mutia

Mussaenda Frondosa

Linn.

Synonym: M.frondosa var. glabrata Hook. f. M. glabrata (Hook. f.) Hutch.

Family: Rubiaceae.

Habitat: Tropical Himalayas, Khasi Hills, Deccan Peninsula and the Andamans.

English: White Lady, White Rag Plant.

Ayurvedic: Shrivati.

Siddha/Tamil: Vellai-yilai, Velli- madandai.

Folk: Shrivara, Bedina, Bebina, Bhutakesha (Maharashtra), Naagaballi (Bengal)

Action: Flower—diuretic, anti- asthmatic, antiperiodic. Leaves and flowers—used in external applications for ulcers. Root—used in the treatment of white leprosy. White petiolate bract—prescribed in jaundice.

The flowers contain anthocyanins, hyperin, quercetin, rutin, ferulic and sinapic acids; beta-sitosterol glucoside.

Mussaenda glabra Vahl (tropical Himalayas from Nepal eastwards, Bihar, Bengal and Assam) is known as Son- aaruupaa in Assam. An infusion of the leaves is used for cough, asthma, recurrent fevers; also as a diuretic in dropsy.... mussaenda frondosa

Mychau

(Vietnamese) Known for her greatness... mychau

Mycrotomia Benthami

C. B. Cl.

Family: Boraginaceae.

Habitat: Garhwal, Tibet.

Folk: Dimok (Tibet), Ratanjot (Garhwal).

Action: Topically antiseptic.

National Formulary of Unani Medicine has equated Onosma echioides Linn. (Boraginaceae) with Ratanjot. Geranium wallichianum D. Don. (Geraniaceae); Clausena pentaphylla DC. (Rutaceae); and Anemone obtusilo- ba D. Don. (Ranunculaceae) are also known as Ratanjot.

Ratanjot should be equated with the root of Alkanna tinctoria (Boraginaceae), known as Dyer's or Spanish Bugloss.... mycrotomia benthami

Myenteric Plexus

Broadly, the several neuron masses, ganglia, and nerve fiber plexus that lie in the walls of the intestinal tract, particularly the small intestine. They monitor and stimulate local muscle and glandular functions as well as blood supply, with little interface or control by the central nervous system or the autonomics. Each synapse away from the CNS gives greater autonomy, and these nerves only listen to God ... and food. This means the small intestine is relatively free of stress syndromes.... myenteric plexus

Myfanawy

(Welsh) A sweet and rare woman Myfanawi, Myfanawie, Myfanawee, Myfanawea, Myfanawey... myfanawy

Myisha

(Arabic) Form of Aisha, meaning “lively; womanly”

Myesha, Myeisha, Myeshia, Myiesha, Myeasha... myisha

Myka

(Hebrew) Feminine of Micah, meaning “Who is like God?... myka

Myla

(English) Feminine form of Myles; one who is merciful Mylene, Myleen, Mylah, Myleene, Mylyne, Mylas, Mylean, Myleane, Mayla... myla

Myma

(Irish) One who is greatly loved Mymah... myma

Myositis Ossificans

See under MUSCLES, DISORDERS OF.... myositis ossificans

Myra

(Greek) Form of Myrrh, meaning “resembling the fragrant oil” Myrah, Myree, Myriah... myra

Myrina

(Latin) In mythology, an Amazon Myrinah, Myreena, Myreina, Myriena, Myreana... myrina

Myrna

(Gaelic) One who is much loved Meirna, Merna, Mirna, Moina, Moyna, Muirna, Murna... myrna

Myrta

(Greek) Resembling the evergreen shrub myrtle

Myrtia, Myrtice, Mytra, Merta, Merte, Merteh... myrta

Mystery

(American) A lady of the unknown Mysteri, Mysterie, Mysterey, Mysteree, Mistery, Misteri, Misterie, Misteree, Misterey, Mysterea, Misterea... mystery

Mystique

(French) Woman with an air of mystery

Mystica, Mistique, Mysteek, Misteek, Mystiek, Mistiek, Mysteeque, Misteeque... mystique

Myrica Nagi

Hook. f. non-Thunb.

Synonym: M. esculenta Buch.-Ham ex Don.

Family: Myricaceae.

Habitat: Subtropical Himalayas from the Ravi eastwards at 9002,100 m.

English: Box Myrtle.

Ayurvedic: Katphala, Kushb- hikaa, Shriparnikaa, Mahaavalkal, Bhadraa, Bhadravati.

Unani: Kaayaphal.

Siddha/Tamil: Marudam.

Action: Bark—carminative, antiseptic. Used in fever, cough and asthma; also as a snuff in catarrh with headache. Fruit wax— used externally for ulcers. Fruit— pectoral, sedative.

The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia ofIn- dia recommends the stem bark and fruit in anaemia and polyuria.

The stembarkgave myricanol, a pro- anthocyanidin. The root bark yielded beta-sitosterol, taraxerol and myricadi- ol. The stem bark exhibited analgesic, spasmolytic, hypotensive and antiar- rhythmic activity.

Dosage: Fruit—3-5 g, stem bark— 3-5 g. (API, Vol. III.)... myrica nagi

Myristica Fragrans

Houtt.

Family: Myristicaceae.

Habitat: Native to the Moluccas Islands; grown in the Nilgiris, Kerala, Karnataka and West Bengal.

English: Nutmeg, Mace.

Ayurvedic: Jaatiphala, Jaatishasya, Maalatiphala (seed kernel).

Jaatipatri, Jaatipatra, Jaatipatraka, Jaatikosha (mace).

Unani: Jauzbuwaa (seed), Bisbaasaa (mace).

Siddha/Tamil: Jaathikkai, Saadikai (nutmeg); Saadippatthiri, Jaadip- patiri (mace).

Action: Nutmeg—carminative, spasmolytic, antiemetic, orexi- genic; topically anti-inflammatory. Mace—stimulant carminative. Narcotic in high doses.

Nutmeg is used in flatulency, diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting. Mace is used in rheumatism, chronic bowel complaints and asthma. When roasted, both nutmeg and mace are used for diarrhoea, colic, flatulence and dyspepsia.

Key application: Dried seed and aril—included among unapproved herbs by German Commission E. Following actions have been considered: antispasmodic, MAO inhibition, inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.

The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India recommends the kernel of the fruit in spermatorrhoea.

An aqueous extract of nutmeg is reported to show anti-secretory activity against E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin; the hexane soluble fraction of the alcoholic extract inhibited the heat-labile and heat-stable-enterotoxin-induced secretory response in animal studies.

The hexane extract contains myris- ticin, an anti-inflammatory principle, and licarin-B and dehydro di- isoeugenol which exhibited CNS depressant properties. The extracts of nutmeg decreased kidney prostaglan- din levels in rats. They also inhibited platelet aggregation (due to eugenol and isoeugenol). The anti-inflammatory activity observed in carrage- enan-induced oedema in rats and enhanced vascular permeability in mice, are attributed to myristicin present in mace.

Mace also activates hepatic detoxification process. Monomeric and dimer- ic phenyl propanoids (myristicin, de- hydro diisoeugenol) from mace, on p.o. administration in mice, produced suppression of lipid peroxidation in liver.

Seeds contain about 0.24% myris- ticin, whereas volatile oil about 3.12%.

The resorcinols, malabaricones B and C, isolated from the seed coat (mace) exhibited strong antibacterial and antifungal activities. Neoplasm inhibitors, phenylpropyl derivatives, have been isolated from pulverized mace.

Dosage: Endosperm of dried seed (kernel of fruit)—0.5-1.0 g powder. (API, Vol. I.)... myristica fragrans

Myristica Malabarica

Lam.

Family: Myristicaceae.

Habitat: Western Ghats, Kanara and Malabar.

English: Malabar Nutmeg, False Nutmeg, Bombay Nutmeg, Bombay Mace.

Ayurvedic: Paashikaa, Raamapatri, Ku-Jaavitri. Pashupaashi (Kerala).

Siddha/Tamil: Pathiri, Kattu Jhadi.

Action: Topically stimulant; applied to indolent ulcers.

The fruit rind yielded diarylno- nanoids and a lignin, malabaricanol. Leaves gave beta-sitosterol, myristic acid and its triglyceride, trimyristin.

Fat and resin are the major constituents of the Bombay mace. The crude fat (Pundi oil) is used as an embrocation in rheumatism. The bark yields a kino. Ripe fruits form the source of Bombay Nutmeg and Bombay Mace, used as adulterant of Myristica fragrans.

Dosage: Seed kernel—1.5 g powder; oil—1-3 drops. (CCRAS.)... myristica malabarica

Mythri

(Indian) One who values friendship Mythrie, Mithri, Mithrie, Mithree, Mythree, Mithry, Mithrey, Mythry, Mythrey, Mithrea, Mythrea... mythri

Myxedema

Puffiness and fluid retention resulting from thyroid hypofunction, either organic (serious, and often complicated by pituitary or adrenalcortical deficiencies) or functional (often a bipolar depressive thyroid phase).... myxedema

Myxopyrum Serratulum

A. W. Hill.

Family: Oleaceae.

Habitat: Western Ghats.

Folk: Chathuravalli, Chathuramulla (Kerala). Hem-maalati.

Action: Leaves—used with clarified butter in cough, asthma, chest diseases; also in nervous complaints and rheumatism. Oil extract of the leaves is used for massage in fever, headache and backaches.... myxopyrum serratulum

Myroxylon Balsamum

Harms.

Synonym: M. Toluiferum H. B. & K.

Family: Leguminosae.

Habitat: Indigenous To Venezuela, Columbia And Peru;. Grown In Lal Bagh Botanic Garden (Bangalore) And Kallar (Nilgiris).

English: Tolu Balsam Tree.

Action: Balsam—Antiseptic, Stimulant And Expectorant. Used As An Ingredient In Cough Mixtures, Also Used As An Inhalant In Cases Of Obstinate Catarrh.

Key Application ? Externally For Poorly Healing Wounds, For Burns, Decubitus Ulcers, Frost Bite, Ulcus Cruris, Bruises Caused By Prostheses, Haemorrhoids; As Antibacterial, Antiseptic And Antiparasitic (Especially For Scabies). (German Commission E.)

Balsam Contains Cinnamic Acid, Benzoic Acid And Their Esters.

Myroxylon Pereirae Kolotzsch (Lal Bagh Botanic Garden, Bangalore), Is The Source Of Peru Balsam. Used Externally In The Form Of An Ointment Or Tincture, As A Parasiticide In Scabies, Ringworm And Pediculosis And For Bed Sores And Chilblains. It Enters Into Suppositories Used In Hemorrhoids.... myroxylon balsamum

Myrsine Africana

Linn.

Family: Myrsinaceae.

Habitat: Outer Himalayas from Kashmir to Nepal and in Khasi Hills at 300-2,700 m.

Ayurvedic: Vaayavidanga (substitute). (Embelia ribes is the authentic source of Vidanga.)

Folk: Bebrang (Punjab), Kakhum, Shamshaad (according to Unani reference books, Shamshaad is obtained from a Pinaceae tree).

Action: Fruit—anthelmintic (used for the expulsion of tape worms; also as a substitute for Emblia ribes); antispasmodic, purgative; used externally against ringworm and other skin affections. Aerial parts—antifertility, abortifacient. (According to Unani medicine, the fruits of Shamshaad show antifertility activity in females.)

Berries and seeds contain embelic acid and quercitol (1%). Embelin (3%) is present in the dried fruit. Seeds also contain embelin.

Seeds of M. semiserrata Wall. contain embelin (0.4%) and quercitol (0.8%).

Seeds of M. capitellata Wall. contain 1.6% embelin.

These related species are found in Nepal, Bhutan, Assam and North Bengal.... myrsine africana

Myrtus Communis

Linn.

Family: Myrtaceae.

Habitat: Cultivated in gardens of Northwestern India and Tamil Nadu.

English: Myrtle, Clove Myrtle, Spanish Myrtle.

Unani: Habb-ul-Aas, Muurad, Muurad-daan.

Folk: Vilaayati Mehndi. Sutrasowa (Bengal). Kulinaval (Tamil Nadu).

Action: Leaves—antiseptic, antimicrobial, antiparasitic. Used for acute and chronic respiratory tract infections, bladder conditions, urinary infections, and worm infestation.

Key application: As a cough remedy. (German Commission E.)

The leaves contain tannins (pyrogal- lol derivative), flavonoids (including myricetin, about 90%, with kaempfer- ol and quercetin glycosides; volatile oil containing alpha-pinene, cineole, myrtenol, nerol, geraniol and dipen- tene.

Myrtol, a fraction of myrtenol, is absorbed in the intestines, stimulates the mucous membrance of the stomach and deodorizes the breath.

Berry exhibits anti-inflammatory activity. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaves and branches exhibit hypoglycaemic activity in rats.

The essential oil and myrtucommu- lone B, isolated from the plant, are antibacterial and antitubercular. (Clove myrtle is used in Homoeopathy for treating lung complication of pleuro- dynia and dry hollow cough.)... myrtus communis

Myxoviruses

These include the INFLUENZA viruses A, B and C; and the PARAINFLUENZA VIRUSES, types 1 to

3. Myxoviruses, which are one of a group of RNA-containing viruses, have an a?nity for protein receptors in red blood cells.... myxoviruses

Nhs Modernisation Board

A group of senior health- and social-care professionals, frontline sta?, managers and patients’ representatives set up in 2000 to advise the Secretary of State for Health on the implementation of the NHS plan – a ten-year programme for improving the service.... nhs modernisation board

Nitrogen Mustards

The nitrogen analogues of mustard gas are among the most important ALKYLATING AGENTS used in the treatment of various forms of malignant disease. They include chlormethine, busulphan, chlorambucil and melphalan.... nitrogen mustards

Non-conventional Medicine

An umbrella term to describe alternative, complementary, folk and other types of healing practices that are outside the de?nition of conventional western-type medical practice. (See COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE (CAM).)... non-conventional medicine

Nymphoides Macrospermum

Vasudevan.

Family: Menyanthaceae.

Habitat: South India.

Folk: Granthik Tagar.

Action: Sedative, antispasmodic. Used in neurological disorders and colic.

Stalks and leaves—pounded with oil and applied to ulcers.

See Limnanthemum cristatum Griseb.... nymphoides macrospermum

Occupational Health, Medicine And Diseases

Occupational health The e?ect of work on human health, and the impact of workers’ health on their work. Although the term encompasses the identi?cation and treatment of speci?c occupational diseases, occupational health is also an applied and multidisciplinary subject concerned with the prevention of occupational ill-health caused by chemical, biological, physical and psychosocial factors, and the promotion of a healthy and productive workforce.

Occupational health includes both mental and physical health. It is about compliance with health-and-safety-at-work legislation (and common law duties) and about best practice in providing work environments that reduce risks to health and safety to lowest practicable levels. It includes workers’ ?tness to work, as well as the management of the work environment to accommodate people with disabilities, and procedures to facilitate the return to work of those absent with long-term illness. Occupational health incorporates several professional groups, including occupational physicians, occupational health nurses, occupational hygienists, ergonomists, disability managers, workplace counsellors, health-and-safety practitioners, and workplace physiotherapists.

In the UK, two key statutes provide a framework for occupational health: the Health and Safety at Work, etc. Act 1974 (HSW Act); and the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (DDA). The HSW Act states that employers have a duty to protect the health, safety and welfare of their employees and to conduct their business in a way that does not expose others to risks to their health and safety. Employees and self-employed people also have duties under the Act. Modern health-and-safety legislation focuses on assessing and controlling risk rather than prescribing speci?c actions in di?erent industrial settings. Various regulations made under the HSW Act, such as the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations, the Manual Handling Operations Regulations and the Noise at Work Regulations, set out duties with regard to di?erent risks, but apply to all employers and follow the general principles of risk assessment and control. Risks should be controlled principally by removing or reducing the hazard at source (for example, by substituting chemicals with safer alternatives, replacing noisy machinery, or automating tasks to avoid heavy lifting). Personal protective equipment, such as gloves and ear defenders, should be seen as a last line of defence after other control measures have been put in place.

The employment provisions of the DDA require employers to avoid discriminatory practice towards disabled people and to make reasonable adjustments to working arrangements where a disabled person is placed at a substantial disadvantage to a non-disabled person. Although the DDA does not require employers to provide access to rehabilitation services – even for those injured or made ill at work – occupational-health practitioners may become involved in programmes to help people get back to work after injury or long-term illness, and many businesses see the retention of valuable sta? as an attractive alternative to medical retirement or dismissal on health grounds.

Although a major part of occupational-health practice is concerned with statutory compliance, the workplace is also an important venue for health promotion. Many working people rarely see their general practitioner and, even when they do, there is little time to discuss wider health issues. Occupational-health advisers can ?ll in this gap by providing, for example, workplace initiatives on stopping smoking, cardiovascular health, diet and self-examination for breast and testicular cancers. Such initiatives are encouraged because of the perceived bene?ts to sta?, to the employing organisation and to the wider public-health agenda. Occupational psychologists recognise the need for the working population to achieve a ‘work-life balance’ and the promotion of this is an increasing part of occupational health strategies.

The law requires employers to consult with their sta? on health-and-safety matters. However, there is also a growing understanding that successful occupational-health management involves workers directly in the identi?cation of risks and in developing solutions in the workplace. Trade unions play an active role in promoting occupational health through local and national campaigns and by training and advising elected workplace safety representatives.

Occupational medicine The branch of medicine that deals with the control, prevention, diagnosis, treatment and management of ill-health and injuries caused or made worse by work, and with ensuring that workers are ?t for the work they do.

Occupational medicine includes: statutory surveillance of workers’ exposure to hazardous agents; advice to employers and employees on eliminating or reducing risks to health and safety at work; diagnosis and treatment/management of occupational illness; advice on adapting the working environment to suit the worker, particularly those with disabilities or long-term health problems; and advice on the return to work and, if necessary, rehabilitation of workers absent through illness. Occupational physicians may play a wider role in monitoring the health of workplace populations and in advising employers on controlling health hazards where ill-health trends are observed. They may also conduct epidemiological research (see EPIDEMIOLOGY) on workplace diseases.

Because of the occupational physician’s dual role as adviser to both employer and employee, he or she is required to be particularly diligent with regards to the individual worker’s medical CONFIDENTIALITY. Occupational physicians need to recognise in any given situation the context they are working in, and to make sure that all parties are aware of this.

Occupational medicine is a medical discipline and thus is only part of the broader ?eld of occupational health. Although there are some speci?c clinical duties associated with occupational medicine, such as diagnosis of occupational disease and medical screening, occupational physicians are frequently part of a multidisciplinary team that might include, for example, occupational-health nurses, healthand-safety advisers, ergonomists, counsellors and hygienists. Occupational physicians are medical practitioners with a post-registration quali?cation in occupational medicine. They will have completed a period of supervised in-post training. In the UK, the Faculty of Occupational Medicine of the Royal College of Physicians has three categories of membership, depending on quali?cations and experience: associateship (AFOM); membership (MFOM); and fellowship (FFOM).

Occupational diseases Occupational diseases are illnesses that are caused or made worse by work. In their widest sense, they include physical and mental ill-health conditions.

In diagnosing an occupational disease, the clinician will need to examine not just the signs and symptoms of ill-health, but also the occupational history of the patient. This is important not only in discovering the cause, or causes, of the disease (work may be one of a number of factors), but also in making recommendations on how the work should be modi?ed to prevent a recurrence – or, if necessary, in deciding whether or not the worker is able to return to that type of work. The occupational history will help in deciding whether or not other workers are also at risk of developing the condition. It will include information on:

the nature of the work.

how the tasks are performed in practice.

the likelihood of exposure to hazardous agents (physical, chemical, biological and psychosocial).

what control measures are in place and the extent to which these are adhered to.

previous occupational and non-occupational exposures.

whether or not others have reported similar symptoms in relation to the work. Some conditions – certain skin conditions,

for example – may show a close relationship to work, with symptoms appearing directly only after exposure to particular agents or possibly disappearing at weekends or with time away from work. Others, however, may be chronic and can have serious long-term implications for a person’s future health and employment.

Statistical information on the prevalence of occupational disease in the UK comes from a variety of sources, including o?cial ?gures from the Industrial Injuries Scheme (see below) and statutory reporting of occupational disease (also below). Neither of these o?cial schemes provides a representative picture, because the former is restricted to certain prescribed conditions and occupations, and the latter suffers from gross under-reporting. More useful are data from the various schemes that make up the Occupational Diseases Intelligence Network (ODIN) and from the Labour Force Survey (LFS). ODIN data is generated by the systematic reporting of work-related conditions by clinicians and includes several schemes. Under one scheme, more than 80 per cent of all reported diseases by occupational-health physicians fall into just six of the 42 clinical disease categories: upper-limb disorders; anxiety, depression and stress disorders; contact DERMATITIS; lower-back problems; hearing loss (see DEAFNESS); and ASTHMA. Information from the LFS yields a similar pattern in terms of disease frequency. Its most recent survey found that over 2 million people believed that, in the previous 12 months, they had suffered from an illness caused or made worse by work and that

19.5 million working days were lost as a result. The ten most frequently reported disease categories were:

stress and mental ill-health (see MENTAL ILLNESS): 515,000 cases.

back injuries: 508,000.

upper-limb and neck disorders: 375,000.

lower respiratory disease: 202,000.

deafness, TINNITUS or other ear conditions: 170,000.

lower-limb musculoskeletal conditions: 100,000.

skin disease: 66,000.

headache or ‘eyestrain’: 50,000.

traumatic injury (includes wounds and fractures from violent attacks at work): 34,000.

vibration white ?nger (hand-arm vibration syndrome): 36,000. A person who develops a chronic occu

pational disease may be able to sue his or her employer for damages if it can be shown that the employer was negligent in failing to take reasonable care of its employees, or had failed to provide a system of work that would have prevented harmful exposure to a known health hazard. There have been numerous successful claims (either awarded in court, or settled out of court) for damages for back and other musculoskeletal injuries, hand-arm vibration syndrome, noise-induced deafness, asthma, dermatitis, MESOTHELIOMA and ASBESTOSIS. Employers’ liability (workers’ compensation) insurers are predicting that the biggest future rise in damages claims will be for stress-related illness. In a recent study, funded by the Health and Safety Executive, about 20 per cent of all workers – more than 5 million people in the UK – claimed to be ‘very’ or ‘extremely’ stressed at work – a statistic that is likely to have a major impact on the long-term health of the working population.

While victims of occupational disease have the right to sue their employers for damages, many countries also operate a system of no-fault compensation for the victims of prescribed occupational diseases. In the UK, more than 60 diseases are prescribed under the Industrial Injuries Scheme and a person will automatically be entitled to state compensation for disability connected to one of these conditions, provided that he or she works in one of the occupations for which they are prescribed. The following short list gives an indication of the types of diseases and occupations prescribed under the scheme:

CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME connected to the use of hand-held vibrating tools.

hearing loss from (amongst others) use of pneumatic percussive tools and chainsaws, working in the vicinity of textile manufacturing or woodworking machines, and work in ships’ engine rooms.

LEPTOSPIROSIS – infection with Leptospira (various listed occupations).

viral HEPATITIS from contact with human blood, blood products or other sources of viral hepatitis.

LEAD POISONING, from any occupation causing exposure to fumes, dust and vapour from lead or lead products.

asthma caused by exposure to, among other listed substances, isocyanates, curing agents, solder ?ux fumes and insects reared for research.

mesothelioma from exposure to asbestos.

In the UK, employers and the self-employed have a duty to report all occupational injuries (if the employee is o? work for three days or more as a result), diseases or dangerous incidents to the relevant enforcing authority (the Health and Safety Executive or local-authority environmental-health department) under the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 (RIDDOR). Despite this statutory duty, comparatively few diseases are reported so that ?gures generated from RIDDOR reports do not give a useful indication of the scale of occupational diseases in the UK. The statutory reporting of injuries is much better, presumably because of the clear and acute relationship between a workplace accident and the resultant injury. More than 160,000 injuries are reported under RIDDOR every year compared with just 2,500 or so occupational diseases, a gross underestimate of the true ?gure.

There are no precise ?gures for the number of people who die prematurely because of work-related ill-health, and it would be impossible to gauge the exact contribution that work has on, for example, cardiovascular disease and cancers where the causes are multifactorial. The toll would, however, dwarf the number of deaths caused by accidents at work. Around 250 people are killed by accidents at work in the UK each year – mesothelioma, from exposure to asbestos at work, alone kills more than 1,300 people annually.

The following is a sample list of occupational diseases, with brief descriptions of their aetiologies.

Inhaled materials

PNEUMOCONIOSIS covers a group of diseases which cause ?brotic lung disease following the inhalation of dust. Around 250–300 new cases receive bene?t each year – mostly due to coal dust with or without silica contamination. SILICOSIS is the more severe disease. The contraction in the size of the coal-mining industry as well as improved dust suppression in the mines have diminished the importance of this disease, whereas asbestos-related diseases now exceed 1,000 per year. Asbestos ?bres cause a restrictive lung disease but also are responsible for certain malignant conditions such as pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma and lung cancer. The lung-cancer risk is exacerbated by cigarette-smoking.

Even though the use of asbestos is virtually banned in the UK, many workers remain at risk of exposure because of the vast quantities present in buildings (much of which is not listed in building plans). Carpenters, electricians, plumbers, builders and demolition workers are all liable to exposure from work that disturbs existing asbestos. OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA is of increasing importance – not only because of the recognition of new allergic agents (see ALLERGY), but also in the number of reported cases. The following eight substances are most frequently linked to occupational asthma (key occupations in brackets): isocyanates (spray painters, electrical processors); ?our and grain (bakers and farmers); wood dust (wood workers); glutaraldehyde (nurses, darkroom technicians); solder/colophony (welders, electronic assembly workers); laboratory animals (technicians, scientists); resins and glues (metal and electrical workers, construction, chemical processors); and latex (nurses, auxiliaries, laboratory technicians).

The disease develops after a short, symptomless period of exposure; symptoms are temporally related to work exposures and relieved by absences from work. Removal of the worker from exposure does not necessarily lead to complete cessation of symptoms. For many agents, there is no relationship with a previous history of ATOPY. Occupational asthma accounts for about 10 per cent of all asthma cases. DERMATITIS The risk of dermatitis caused by an allergic or irritant reaction to substances used or handled at work is present in a wide variety of jobs. About three-quarters of cases are irritant contact dermatitis due to such agents as acids, alkalis and solvents. Allergic contact dermatitis is a more speci?c response by susceptible individuals to a range of allergens (see ALLERGEN). The main occupational contact allergens include chromates, nickel, epoxy resins, rubber additives, germicidal agents, dyes, topical anaesthetics and antibiotics as well as certain plants and woods. Latex gloves are a particular cause of occupational dermatitis among health-care and laboratory sta? and have resulted in many workers being forced to leave their profession through ill-health. (See also SKIN, DISEASES OF.)

Musculoskeletal disorders Musculoskeletal injuries are by far the most common conditions related to work (see LFS ?gures, above) and the biggest cause of disability. Although not all work-related, musculoskeletal disorders account for 36.5 per cent of all disabilities among working-age people (compared with less than 4 per cent for sight and hearing impairment). Back pain (all causes – see BACKACHE) has been estimated to cause more than 50 million days lost every year in sickness absence and costs the UK economy up to £5 billion annually as a result of incapacity or disability. Back pain is a particular problem in the health-care sector because of the risk of injury from lifting and moving patients. While the emphasis should be on preventing injuries from occurring, it is now well established that the best way to manage most lower-back injuries is to encourage the patient to continue as normally as possible and to remain at work, or to return as soon as possible even if the patient has some residual back pain. Those who remain o? work on long-term sick leave are far less likely ever to return to work.

Aside from back injuries, there are a whole range of conditions affecting the upper limbs, neck and lower limbs. Some have clear aetiologies and clinical signs, while others are less well de?ned and have multiple causation. Some conditions, such as carpal tunnel syndrome, are prescribed diseases in certain occupations; however, they are not always caused by work (pregnant and older women are more likely to report carpal tunnel syndrome irrespective of work) and clinicians need to be careful when assigning work as the cause without ?rst considering the evidence. Other conditions may be revealed or made worse by work – such as OSTEOARTHRITIS in the hand. Much attention has focused on injuries caused by repeated movement, excessive force, and awkward postures and these include tenosynovitis (in?ammation of a tendon) and epicondylitis. The greatest controversy surrounds upper-limb disorders that do not present obvious tissue or nerve damage but nevertheless give signi?cant pain and discomfort to the individual. These are sometimes referred to as ‘repetitive strain injury’ or ‘di?use RSI’. The diagnosis of such conditions is controversial, making it di?cult for sufferers to pursue claims for compensation through the courts. Psychosocial factors, such as high demands of the job, lack of control and poor social support at work, have been implicated in the development of many upper-limb disorders, and in prevention and management it is important to deal with the psychological as well as the physical risk factors. Occupations known to be at particular risk of work-related upper-limb disorders include poultry processors, packers, electronic assembly workers, data processors, supermarket check-out operators and telephonists. These jobs often contain a number of the relevant exposures of dynamic load, static load, a full or excessive range of movements and awkward postures. (See UPPER LIMB DISORDERS.)

Physical agents A number of physical agents cause occupational ill-health of which the most important is occupational deafness. Workplace noise exposures in excess of 85 decibels for a working day are likely to cause damage to hearing which is initially restricted to the vital frequencies associated with speech – around 3–4 kHz. Protection from such noise is imperative as hearing aids do nothing to ameliorate the neural damage once it has occurred.

Hand-arm vibration syndrome is a disorder of the vascular and/or neural endings in the hands leading to episodic blanching (‘white ?nger’) and numbness which is exacerbated by low temperature. The condition, which is caused by vibrating tools such as chain saws and pneumatic hammers, is akin to RAYNAUD’S DISEASE and can be disabling.

Decompression sickness is caused by a rapid change in ambient pressure and is a disease associated with deep-sea divers, tunnel workers and high-?ying aviators. Apart from the direct effects of pressure change such as ruptured tympanic membrane or sinus pain, the more serious damage is indirectly due to nitrogen bubbles appearing in the blood and blocking small vessels. Central and peripheral nervous-system damage and bone necrosis are the most dangerous sequelae.

Radiation Non-ionising radiation from lasers or microwaves can cause severe localised heating leading to tissue damage of which cataracts (see under EYE, DISORDERS OF) are a particular variety. Ionising radiation from radioactive sources can cause similar acute tissue damage to the eyes as well as cell damage to rapidly dividing cells in the gut and bone marrow. Longer-term effects include genetic damage and various malignant disorders of which LEUKAEMIA and aplastic ANAEMIA are notable. Particular radioactive isotopes may destroy or induce malignant change in target organs, for example, 131I (thyroid), 90Sr (bone). Outdoor workers may also be at risk of sunburn and skin cancers. OTHER OCCUPATIONAL CANCERS Occupation is directly responsible for about 5 per cent of all cancers and contributes to a further 5 per cent. Apart from the cancers caused by asbestos and ionising radiation, a number of other occupational exposures can cause human cancer. The International Agency for Research on Cancer regularly reviews the evidence for carcinogenicity of compounds and industrial processes, and its published list of carcinogens is widely accepted as the current state of knowledge. More than 50 agents and processes are listed as class 1 carcinogens. Important occupational carcinogens include asbestos (mesothelioma, lung cancer); polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons such as mineral oils, soots, tars (skin and lung cancer); the aromatic amines in dyestu?s (bladder cancer); certain hexavalent chromates, arsenic and nickel re?ning (lung cancer); wood and leather dust (nasal sinus cancer); benzene (leukaemia); and vinyl chloride monomer (angiosarcoma of the liver). It has been estimated that elimination of all known occupational carcinogens, if possible, would lead to an annual saving of 5,000 premature deaths in Britain.

Infections Two broad categories of job carry an occupational risk. These are workers in contact with animals (farmers, veterinary surgeons and slaughtermen) and those in contact with human sources of infection (health-care sta? and sewage workers).

Occupational infections include various zoonoses (pathogens transmissible from animals to humans), such as ANTHRAX, Borrelia burgdorferi (LYME DISEASE), bovine TUBERCULOSIS, BRUCELLOSIS, Chlamydia psittaci, leptospirosis, ORF virus, Q fever, RINGWORM and Streptococcus suis. Human pathogens that may be transmissible at work include tuberculosis, and blood-borne pathogens such as viral hepatitis (B and C) and HIV (see AIDS/HIV). Health-care workers at risk of exposure to infected blood and body ?uids should be immunised against hapatitis B.

Poisoning The incidence of occupational poisonings has diminished with the substitution of noxious chemicals with safer alternatives, and with the advent of improved containment. However, poisonings owing to accidents at work are still reported, sometimes with fatal consequences. Workers involved in the application of pesticides are particularly at risk if safe procedures are not followed or if equipment is faulty. Exposure to organophosphate pesticides, for example, can lead to breathing diffculties, vomiting, diarrhoea and abdominal cramps, and to other neurological effects including confusion and dizziness. Severe poisonings can lead to death. Exposure can be through ingestion, inhalation and dermal (skin) contact.

Stress and mental health Stress is an adverse reaction to excessive pressures or demands and, in occupational-health terms, is di?erent from the motivational impact often associated with challenging work (some refer to this as ‘positive stress’). Stress at work is often linked to increasing demands on workers, although coping can often prevent the development of stress. The causes of occupational stress are multivariate and encompass job characteristics (e.g. long or unsocial working hours, high work demands, imbalance between e?ort and reward, poorly managed organisational change, lack of control over work, poor social support at work, fear of redundancy and bullying), as well as individual factors (such as personality type, personal circumstances, coping strategies, and availability of psychosocial support outside work). Stress may in?uence behaviours such as smoking, alcohol consumption, sleep and diet, which may in turn affect people’s health. Stress may also have direct effects on the immune system (see IMMUNITY) and lead to a decline in health. Stress may also alter the course and response to treatment of conditions such as cardiovascular disease. As well as these general effects of stress, speci?c types of disorder may be observed.

Exposure to extremely traumatic incidents at work – such as dealing with a major accident involving multiple loss of life and serious injury

(e.g. paramedics at the scene of an explosion or rail crash) – may result in a chronic condition known as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD is an abnormal psychological reaction to a traumatic event and is characterised by extreme psychological discomfort, such as anxiety or panic when reminded of the causative event; sufferers may be plagued with uncontrollable memories and can feel as if they are going through the trauma again. PTSD is a clinically de?ned condition in terms of its symptoms and causes and should not be used to include normal short-term reactions to trauma.... occupational health, medicine and diseases

Neonatal Mortality

Neonatal mortality is the mortality of infants under one month of age. In England and Wales this has fallen markedly in recent decades: from more than 28 per 1,000 live births in 1939 to 3.6 in 2002. This improvement can be attributed to various factors: better antenatal supervision of expectant mothers; care to ensure that expectant mothers receive adequate nourishing food; improvements in the management of the complications of pregnancy and of labour; and more skilled resuscitation at birth for those who need it.

Nearly three-quarters of neonatal deaths occur during the ?rst week of life. For this reason, increasing emphasis is being laid on this initial period of life. In Britain, in the last four decades of the 20th century, the number of deaths in the ?rst week of life fell dramatically from 13.2 to just over 2.7 per 1,000 live births. The chief causes of deaths in this period are extreme prematurity (less than 28 weeks’ gestation), birth asphyxia with oxygen lack to the brain, and congenital abnormalities. After the ?rst week the commonest cause is infection.... neonatal mortality

Ophelia Multiflora

Dalz.

Family: Gentianaceae.

Habitat: From Konkan to Kerala at 1,500-2,000 m.

Ayurvedic: Shailaja, Kiraatatikta (related species).

Action: A substitute for S. chirayita and Gentiana lutea L.

The leaves and flowers contain xan- thone—swartinin, triterpenes, oleano- lic acid and beta-sitosterol. Decussatin is also present in the flowers and root.... ophelia multiflora

Ophiorrhiza Mungos

Linn.

Family: Rubiaceae.

Habitat: Khasi Hills up to 600700 m, in Western Ghats and the Andaman Islands.

English: Mongoose Plant.

Ayurvedic: Sarpaakshi. (Gandha- naakuli is a wrong synonym. It is equated with Aristolochia indica.)

Siddha/Tamil: Keerippundu.

Folk: Sarahati. Mungus-vel (Maharashtra).

Action: Root—bitter tonic. Leaves— used for dressing ulcers.

The roots contain starch, a resin and small amounts of a bitter amorphous alkaloid. Beta-sitosterol, 5- alpha-ergost-7-en-3-beta-ol and 5- alpha-ergost-8 (14)-en-3 beta-ol (as an ester) have been identified in the root. Leaves and stems contain traces of hydrocyanic acid.... ophiorrhiza mungos

Oral And Maxillo-facial Surgeons

Perform surgery to the mouth and face. This not only includes removal of buried teeth but also treatment for fractured facial bones, removal of cancers and the repair of missing tissue, and the cosmetic restoration of facial anomalies such as CLEFT PALATE or large or small jaws.... oral and maxillo-facial surgeons

Orange Spice Tea: A Mixture For Health

Orange Spice Tea is a complex, full-flavored type of black tea, kindly recommended to beginner consumers of tea blends. It is a largely-appreciated tea, having an old acknowledged tradition, its first production being placed in the 19th century. Orange Spice Tea description. Orange Spice Tea is another variety of black tea mixed with orange zest or dried peel, together with a combination of spices, such as: cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg and allspice. It has been noticed that any number of spice combination is possible. Orange Spice Tea is usually caffeine-free, being thus, a good tea to consume at any time of the day or even night.  It can be drunk hot or as an iced tea beverage, with or without adding milk or honey. Orange Spice Tea is recommended to be one of the best choices for those not yet accustomed to gourmet tea blends. It is typically available as loose leaves or as bag forms and is often found in gourmet tea shops, health stores or on grocery shelves. Orange Spice Tea recipe The abovementioned tea has a delicate taste and is also a good ingredient to be included in the daily diet, due to its healthy properties. It can be consumed both as beverage, or can be added to different cookies recipes. To brew Orange Spice Tea:
  • Fill a teapot with about 16 ounces of water
  • Boil the water
  • Place about two tablespoons of the leaves in a teapot
  • Take the pot out of the water
  • Let the mix stand for about 5 to 7 minutes
  • Strain and drink it slowly
To include Orange Spice Tea in sweets recipes, grind the tea leaves and mix them with the dough, together with the ingredients. Orange Spice Tea benefits Orange Spice Tea gathers the benefits of black tea, citrus and spices:
  • strengthens the immune system
  • helps lower the risk of cardiovascular diseases
  • helps in the prevention of certain cancers
  • contributes to preventing colds, cough and flu
  • helps in calming and relaxing the senses
  • stimulates blood circulation
  • increases concentration and memory levels
  • warms the body (especially during winter)
Orange Spice Tea side effects Rarely,Orange Spice Teaconsumers experienced stomach aches or the syndrome of upset stomach. Patients suffering from gastritis are advised to intake a low quantity of Orange Spice Tea. Orange Spice Tea clusters the benefits and taste of black tea, citron and a large array of spices. It is intensely consumed by connoisseurs and novices, especially due to its health contributions and proven energy booster actions.... orange spice tea: a mixture for health

Outbreak Of Malaria

A sudden increase in the number of people sick with malaria in a particular area (village, town, district).... outbreak of malaria

Outcome Measurement

System used to track treatment or care and responses. The methods for measuring outcomes are quite varied among providers. Much disagreement exists regarding the best practice or tools to utilize to measure outcomes.... outcome measurement

Pain Management Programme

A set of strategies to address an individual’s pain management requirements and supportive of the individual’s pain control.... pain management programme

Origanum Majorana

Linn.

Family: Orchidaceae.

Habitat: Kashmir to Nepal at altitudes of 2,500-5,000 m in damp places.

English: Orchis, Salep.

Ayurvedic: Munjaataka, Saalam- misri, Saalam-panjaa. (Eulophia campestris Wall. is also equated with Munjaataka.)

Unani: Saaleb, Khusyaat-us-Saalab, Saalab Misri.

Siddha: Silamishri.

Action: Considered aphrodisiac and nervine tonic by Unani physicians. Tuber—nutritive, demulcent, restorative. Given

Synonym: Majorana hortensis Moench.

Family: Labiatae; Lamiaceae.

Habitat: Native to Europe and Great Britain.

English: Sweet Marjoram. (Origanum vulgare Linn., Wild Marjoram, occurs in Simla hills and in Kashmir valley.)

Ayurvedic: Sukhaatmaka, Maruba- ka, Phanijjaka. (Ocimum basilicum is used as a substitute for Phanijjaka.)

Unani: Marzanjosh.

Folk: Maruae. Santhraa. Jangali Maruaa (Origanum vulgare Linn.).... origanum majorana

Palate, Malformations Of

The commonest deformity of the PALATE is cleft palate, which is a result of faulty embryonic development in which the two sides of the palate fail to fuse or only fuse in part. If the cleft extends the full length with bilateral clefts at the front of the MAXILLA, it may be accompanied by a cleft lip (also called hare-lip) and disruption in the development of the front teeth. About 1 in 500 babies is born with a cleft lip and 1 in 1,000 has a cleft palate. If the parents are affected, the risk is three times that of the normal population; if one child has a deformity, the risk for a subsequent child is higher. Associated abnormalities include tongue tie, malpositioning of the MANDIBLE and ?uid in the middle EAR.

Cleft palate and hare-lip should be recti?ed by operation, because both are a serious drawback to feeding in early life – while later, harelip is a great dis?gurement, and the voice may be affected. The lip may be dealt with at any time from the neonatal period to a few weeks, depending on the individual surgeon’s view of when the best result is likely to be achieved. Prior to operation, special techniques may be necessary to ensure adequate feeding such as the use of special teats in formula-fed babies. The closure of a large cleft in the palate is a more formidable operation and is better performed when the face has grown somewhat, perhaps at 6–12 months. The operations performed vary greatly in details, but all consist in paring the edges of the gap and drawing the soft parts together across it.

Further operations may be required over the years to improve the appearance of the nose and lip, to make sure that teeth are even, and to improve speech.

Parents of such children can obtain help and advice from the Cleft Lip and Palate Association (CLAPA).... palate, malformations of

Performance Measure Or Indicator

Methods or instruments to estimate or monitor the extent to which the actions of an individual practitioner or whole programme conform to practice standards of quality or allow comparisons between services.... performance measure or indicator

Phyllanthus Maderaspatensis

Linn.

Family: Euphorbiaceae.

Habitat: Throughout drier parts of India.

Unani: Kanochaa, Isfahaan Marv.

Siddha/Tamil: Mela-nelli.

Action: Leaves—an infusion is used in headache. Seeds—carminative, diuretic.

Whole plant revealed antispasmod- ic action in isolated guinea-pig ileum, CNS depressant and hypothermic effects in mice.... phyllanthus maderaspatensis

Panicum Miliaceum

Linn.

Family: Poaceae.

Habitat: Cultivated mainly in Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.

English: Common Millet, Proso Millet, Hog Millet.

Ayurvedic: Chinaaka, Cheenaa.

Unani: Chinaa Ghaas, Faaluudaa.

Siddha/Tamil: Panivaragu.

Folk: Chenaa, Chi-Tibet.

Action: Seeds (grains)—demul- cent; used in diarrhoea. Plant— antigonorrhoeal.

The seedlings contain an alkaloid hordenine (beta-p-hydroxyphenethyl dimethylamine). Saponins afforded diosgenin and yamogenin isolated from the leaves.

The grains contain 10-18% of proteins which include prolamin, glutelin and smaller amounts of albumin and globulin. The protein has a biological value of 56% and a digestibility coefficient of 91% at 10% level of protein intake.

In Indian medicine, Chinaaka and Kangu (Setaria italica L. Beauv.) are synonyms.

(0.015%). The capsules contain morphine, thebine and narcotine and me- conic acid.

Other species, commonly grown in Indian gardens, are P. nudicaule Linn. (Iceland Poppy) and P. orientale (Oriental Poppy). P. nudicaule plants with yellow flowers are more cyanogenetic than those with red or white flowers. P. orientate contains 0.16% alkaloids, which include the- baine, isothebaine, protopine, glauci- dine and oripavine. Isothebaine stimulates and later depresses the central nervous system.... panicum miliaceum

Pedalium Murex

Linn.

Family: Pedaliaceae.

Habitat: Throughout the plains of India.

English: Caltrops (bigger var.).

Ayurvedic: Brihatgokshura, Kshouraka, Trikantaka, Gokantaka, Swaadukantaka, Bhakshantaka.

Unani: Khaar-e-khasak Kalaan, Gokharu Kalaan.

Siddha/Tamil: Peru-neranji, Annai- neringi.

Action: Fruit—used for spermatorrhoea, nocturnal emissions, menstrual irregularities, puerperal diseases, genitourinary disorders, difficult micturition, chronic cystitis, renal calculus. Root— antibilious.

The stem and fruits contain flavo- noids pedalitin and its glucoside (ped- aliin), diometin, dinatin and its derivatives. The fruits contain nonaco- sane, tritriacontane, triacontanoic acid, sitosterol-beta-D-glucoside, rubusic acid, luteolin as major constituents. Leaves and fruits yield phenolic acids which include caffeic, protocatechuic, p-coumaric and ferulic acids. Flowers gave dinatin, quercetin and quercetin- 7-glucoside.

Aqueous extract of the fruit is reported to produce in vitro inhibitory effect on crystallization in urinary lithi- asis. The solubility of uric acid in aqueous extract is reported to be 45% more than in water alone.

The plant extracts exhibit diuretic activity.

Dosage: Fruit, root—3-5 g powder; 50-100 ml. decoction. (CCRAS.)... pedalium murex

Pentatropis Microphylla

W. & A.

Synonym: P. capensis (Linn. f.) Bullock.

Synonym: P. cynanchoides R. Br.

Family: Asclepiadaceae.

Habitat: A climber found in Punjab, Delhi, Upper Gangetic Plain, Rajasthan and Gujarat.

Ayurvedic: Kaakanaasaa (related species).

Folk: Ambarvel, Vanaveri (Punjab).

Action: Root—astringent, antigon- orrhoeic, alterative. Plant—emetic, purgative.

An acyclic diterpene ester, cis-phy- tyl-l-palmitate, together with the triter- penes, squalene, n-taraxasterol and taraxasterol, has been isolated from the plant.... pentatropis microphylla

Perinatal Mortality

Perinatal mortality consists of deaths of the FETUS after the 28th week of pregnancy and deaths of the newborn child during the ?rst week of life. Today, more individuals die within a few hours of birth than during the following 40 years. It is therefore not surprising that the perinatal mortality rate, which is the number of such deaths per 1,000 total births, is a valuable indicator of the quality of care provided for the mother and her newborn baby. In 2002, the perinatal mortality rate was 7.87 in the United Kingdom compared with 11.4 in 1982 – and over 30 in the early 1960s.

The causes of perinatal mortality include extreme prematurity, intrapartum anoxia (that is, di?culty in the birth of the baby, resulting in lack of oxygen), congenital abnormalities of the baby, and antepartum anoxia (that is, conditions in the terminal stages of pregnancy preventing the fetus from getting su?cient oxygen).

The most common cause of perinatal death is some complication of placenta, cord or membranes. The next most common is congenital abnormality. Intrauterine hypoxia and birth asphyxia comprise the third most common cause.... perinatal mortality

Plesmonium Margaritiferum

Schott.

Family: Araceae.

Habitat: Bengal, Chhota Nagpur, Ranchi, Purnea, Vishakhapatnam and Tamil Nadu.

Ayurvedic: Vajrakanda.

Folk: Kharhar (Uttar Pradesh).

Action: Anti-inflammatory (well- ground tubers are rubbed on swellings of the extremities). Seeds—externally applied to bruises. The tubers are poisonous (can be eaten after several boilings).... plesmonium margaritiferum

Persea Macrantha

(Nees) Kosterm.

Synonym: Machilus macrantha Nees.

Family: Lauraceae.

Habitat: Bihar and Peninsular India, up to 2,100 m.

English: Machilus.

Action: Bark—antiasthmatic, antirheumatic, purgative.

The root gave phytosterols, glyco- sides and alkaloids, the major one being machiline, shown to be identical with dl-coclaurine. Machiline exhibits hypotensive activity.

The leaves are used in external applications for ulcers.... persea macrantha

Phaseolus Mungo

Linn. non-Roxb. & auct.

Synonym: Vigna mungo (Linn.) Hepper.

Family: Papilionaceae; Fabaceae.

English: Kidney Bean, Black Gram.

Ayurvedic: Maasha. (P. sublobatus Roxb. and Teramnus labialis Spreng. are equated with Maashaparni; dried aerial parts are used.) Phaseolus dalzellii Cooke and P. sublobatus Roxb. are known as Maashaparni in Kerala.

Unani: Urd-Siyaah.

Siddha/Tamil: Ulunthu.

Action: Used as a pulse. In the form of a confection, used for leucorrhoea and seminal debility. Oil extracts of the pulse is used externally in rheumatism, contracted knee, stiff shoulder. Root—used as a poultice for inflammations and abscesses. Narcotic.

Teramnus labialis Spreng. (grows wild): The whole plant is used in rheumatism, paralysis, nervous diseases, haemoptysis and catarrh of respiratory tract.... phaseolus mungo

Pilocarpus Microphyllus

Stapf.

Family: Rutaceae.

Habitat: Native to tropical America; cultivated in Indian gardens.

Family: Umbelliferae; Apiaceae.

Habitat: Native to the Mediterranean region; cultivated in Uttar Pradesh., Punjab, Assam and Orissa.

English: Anise, Aniseed.

Unani: Anisoon, Baadiyaan-roomi.

Action: Carminative, diuretic, anticholerin, antispasmodic, expectorant. Used for flatulence, dry coughs, whooping cough, bronchitis.

Key application: Internally in dyspeptic complaints; internally and externally in catarrhs of the respiratory tract. (German Commission E, ESCOP, WHO, The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia.)

The fruit gave volatile oil consisting mainly of trans-anethole (70-90%), with estragole, anise ketone, anisic acid, beta-caryophyllene, anisaldehyde, linalool. The fruit contained traces of furocoumarins; seeds gave benzoic acid, caffeic acid, containing protein and myristicin. Roots afforded sterols, coumarins and flavone glyco- sides. Aniseed has been demonstrated to increase the mucociliary transport in vitro and to significantly increase liver-regeneration in rats.

Aniseed is also used as a galacta- gogue. This property is thought due to the presence of polymers of anethole, dianethole and photoanethole.

Aqueous extract of roasted aniseed is reported to show cholinomimetic effect on rat blood pressure, rat jejunum and frog rectus abdominis preparations.

Alcoholic extract of aniseeds possesses antimicrobial and fungicidal activity.

Anethole has a structure similar to catecholamines including adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine and to the hallucinogenic compound myris- ticin as well. (Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 2007.)... pilocarpus microphyllus

Pithecellobium Monadelphum

Kosterm.

Synonym: P. bigeminatum auct. non-(L.) Mart. ex Benth.; P. gracile Bedd.

Habitat: Eastern Himalayas, Khasi, Jaintia and Lushai Hills.

Siddha/Tamil: Kalpakku.

Folk: Kachloraa.

Action: Leaf—used externally as a mostrum for leprosy; also applied for promoting growth of hair. Seed—hypoglycaemic. Aerial parts—diuretic, spasmolytic.

The seeds contain 18.3% protein; major amino acids are aspartic acid 13.2, glutamic acid 10.9, alanine 9.7, leucine 8.3, glycine 8.2, serine 7.4%. Seeds contain a poisonous principle pithecolobine. They are used after repeated boiling and discarding of water.... pithecellobium monadelphum

Pomada De Manteca

Butter pomade; a slightly solidified nut butter used externally as an ointment or salve; for example, made from peanuts (maní) or sesame seeds (ajonjolí).... pomada de manteca

Potentially Pathogenic Environmental Mycobacteria (ppem)

The atypical mycobacteria. The commonest PPEM to cause human disease is the Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex. PPEM differ from M. tuberculosis in their source (environmental or zoonotic), rate of growth, temperature of growth and ability to produce pigment on culture. Mostly infect immunologically compromised humans and the disease caused by some species may be clinicallyindistinguishable from true human tuberculosis.... potentially pathogenic environmental mycobacteria (ppem)

Programme Management

A system of management which involves the integration of planning, resourcing and evaluation processes to achieve stated outcomes.... programme management

Proportional Mortality Rate (pmr)

A measure of the relative contribution to total mortality by a specific cause and these are expressed as number of deaths assigned to the state cause in a calendar year per 1000 total deaths in that year.... proportional mortality rate (pmr)

Plantago Major

Linn.

Family: Plantaginaceae.

Habitat: The temperate and alpine Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhutan at altitudes of 600-3,500 m.

English: Broadleaf Plantain.

Ayurvedic: Ashvagola (var.).

Folk: Isabgol.

Action: Plant—haemostatic, antihistaminic, antibacterial, wound-healing in burns and inflammation of tissues. Leaves— cooling, astringent, diuretic, vulnerary, febrifuge. Used for diarrhoea, bacillary dysentery, hepatitis, urinary diseases, piles, ulcers and skin diseases. Leaves are used for cystitis with blood, haematuria and other bladder disorders.

The aqueous extract of the leaves showed anti-inflammatory activity in mice.

The aerial parts contain an iridoid glucoside, majoroside. The leaves contain a phenylpropanoid glycoside, plantamajoside, exhibiting antibacterial activity against several pathogenic bacteria including E. coli and Staphy- lococcus aureus. (The glycoside is less inhibitory than the free acids, caffeic, ferulic, and rosmarinic and esculetin.)... plantago major

Plectranthus Mollis

Spreng.

Synonym: P. incanus Link.

Family: Labiatae; Lamiaceae.

Habitat: Temperate Himalayas from Simla to Sikkim and in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Western Ghats.

Folk: Laal-Aghaadaa (Maharashtra).

Action: Leaves—styptic, febrifuge.

The aerial parts yielded an essential oil (0.35%) containing piperitenone oxide (45.01) and cis-pipestone oxide (35.70%) as major constituents.

The antimicrobial activity of 10 mg of the oil was found to be the same as that of 10 units of penicillin G. sodium. The essential oil also exhibited cardiac depressant, respiratory stimulant and vasoconstrictor action. The leaves and flowering tops, in addition to the oil, also contain resin and tannin.... plectranthus mollis

Polygonatum Multiflorum

All.

Family: Liliaceae.

Habitat: Western Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon and in Manipur.

English: Solomon's Seal.

Ayurvedic: Mahaa-medaa, Medaa (var.). (Substitute: Asparagus racemosus.)

Action: Anti-inflammatory, nervine, astringent. Used as an infusion for pulmonary complaints; as a poultice for piles and bruises.

The root and herb gave diosgenin and its glycosides.

Dosage: Root—3-5 g powder. (CCRAS.)... polygonatum multiflorum

Post-mortem Examination

Also called an autopsy (and less commonly, necropsy), this is an examination of a body to discover the causes of death. Such an examination is sometimes required by law. An unnatural death; a death occurring in suspicious circumstances; or a death when a doctor feels unable to complete a certi?cate about the cause – all must be reported to the CORONER (in Scotland, to the procurator ?scal). He or she may order an autopsy to be carried out as part of the inquiry into cause of death. Sometimes doctors may request the permission of relatives to perform a post-mortem so that they may discover something of value for the improvement of medical care. Relatives may refuse consent. (See also DEATH, CAUSES OF.)... post-mortem examination

Prunus Mahaleb

Linn.

Family: Rosaceae.

Habitat: Native to Europe and West Asia, introduced in India and grown as an ornamental.

English: Mahaleb Cherry.

Ayurvedic: Gandha-priyangu. (Priyangu is equated with Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl.)

Unani: Mahlib, Habb-ul-Mihlab.

Folk: Ghaulaa (Maharashtra).

Action: Kernel—paste applied externally for treating freckles and blemishes. Contains coumarin, salicylic acid, amygdalin and hydrocyanic acid as major constituents; the oil gave alpha-elecsteric acid.... prunus mahaleb

Pseudohypertrophic Muscular Dystrophy

A condition in which certain muscles enlarge owing to a fatty and ?brous degeneration, giving a false appearance of increased strength.

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

A pathogenic bacterium of the genus pseudomonas – rod-like, motile gram-negative bacteria (see GRAM’S STAIN) – that occurs in pus from wounds and is associated with urinary tract infections. The bacteria mostly live in soil and decomposing organic matter and help to recycle nitrogen in nature. Most of the bacteria in this genus are harmless to humans.... pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy

Pyogenic Membrane

The membrane that lines and isolates abcesses.... pyogenic membrane

Qualitative Measures

Measures which describe in words or diagrams rather than using numbers.... qualitative measures

Quantitative Measures

Measures using numbers to attempt to measure what has occurred.... quantitative measures

Recovered Memory Syndrome

See REPRESSED MEMORY THERAPY.... recovered memory syndrome

Regurgitations, Mitral

Backflow of blood from the left ventricle of the heart (pumping arterial blood outwards to the aorta) into the left atrium (receiving oxygenated blood from the lungs) because of faulty closure of the mitral (bicuspid) valve that guards between the two chambers.... regurgitations, mitral

Reindeer Moss

Cladonia rangiferina

Description: Reindeer moss is a low-growing plant only a few centimeters tall. It does not flower but does produce bright red reproductive structures.

Habitat and Distribution: Look for this lichen in open, dry areas. It is very common in much of North America.

Edible Parts: The entire plant is edible but has a crunchy, brittle texture. Soak the plant in water with some wood ashes to remove the bitterness, then dry, crush, and add it to milk or to other food.... reindeer moss

Pterocarpus Marsupium

Roxb.

Family: Papilionaceae; Fabaceae.

Habitat: Throughout the tropical zones of India in the hilly regions.

English: Indian Kino tree, Malabar Kino tree.

Ayurvedic: Asana, Bijaka, Priyaka, Pitashaala.

Unani: Bijaysaar.

Siddha/Tamil: Vengai.

Action: Bark-kino—astringent, antihaemorrhagic, antidiarrhoeal. Flowers—febrifuge. Leaves—used externally for skin diseases.

Key application: Heartwood— in anaemia, worm infestation, skin diseases, urinary disorders, lipid disorders and obesity. Stem bark—in diabetes. (The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India.)

The heartwood and roots contain isoflavonoids, terpenoids and tannins. Tannins include the hypoglycaemic principle (-)-epicatechin. Stilbenes, such as pterostilbene; flavonoids, including liquiritigenin, isoliquiritige- nin, 7-hydroxyflavanone, 7,4-dihy- droxyflavanone, 5-deoxykaempferol and pterosupin; a benzofuranone mar- supsin and propterol, p-hydroxy-ben- zaldehyde are active principles of therapeutic importance.

The gum-kino from the bark provides a non-glucosidal tannin, Kino tannic acid (25-80%).

The (-)-epi-catechin increases the cAMP content of the islets which is associated with the increased insulin release, conversion of proinsulin to insulin and cathepsin B activity.

Oral administration of ethylacetate extract of the heartwood and its fla- vonoid constituents, marsupin, ptero- supin and liquiritigenin, for 14 consecutive days to rats exhibited a significant reduction of serum triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL- and VLDL-cholesterol levels, but it did not exert any significant effect on HDL- cholesterol.

The ethanolic and methanolic extracts of the heartwood exhibited significant in vitro antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria and some strains of fungi.

Kino is powerfully astringent. The therapeutic value of kino is due to Kino tannic acid.

Dosage: Heartwood—50-100 g for decoction. (API, Vol. I); stem bark—32-50 g for decoction (API, Vol. III).... pterocarpus marsupium

Rapid-eye-movement (rem) Sleep

This is characterised by the presence of rapid eye movements and a reduction in muscle tone. Cerebral cortical activity is prominent and its blood ?ow increased. This activity is, however, di?erent from wakefulness and may cause irregular movements of the body as well as of the eyes. Most dreams occur in REM sleep: these may represent a process of reorganising mental associations after the period of wakefulness. The analysis of the content of dreams has been subject to a variety of interpretations, but no consensus view has evolved.

Physiological changes, such as a fall in temperature and blood pressure, take place just before sleep and continue during the early stages of NREM sleep. There is an intrinsic rhythm of sleep which in most subjects has a periodicity of around 25 hours. This can be modi?ed by external factors to bring it into line with the 24-hour day. Two peaks of a tendency to sleep have been identi?ed, and these usually occur between around 14.00–18.00 hours, and 02.00–06.00 hours. There are, however, di?erences according to age, in that, for instance, infants sleep for most of the 24 hours; during adolescence there is also an increase in the duration of sleep. Sleep requirements fall later in life, but there are wide genetic di?erences in the amount of sleep that people require and also the time at which they fall asleep most readily.

The internal clock can be disturbed by a variety of external factors which include irregular sleeping habits due, for instance, to shift work or jet lag. Sleep is also more likely to occur after physical exertion, reading and social activity. The duration and intensity of exposure to light can also modify sleep profoundly. Light promotes wakefulness and is the main factor that adjusts the 25-hour internal rhythm to the 24hour daily cycle. Neural connections from the retina of the EYE act on an area in the brain called the supra-chiasmatic nucleus which stimulates the pineal gland which produces MELATONIN. This is thought to trigger the range of neurological and metabolic processes that characterise sleep.... rapid-eye-movement (rem) sleep

Relate Marriage Guidance

The idea of a marriage-guidance council came from a group of doctors, clergy and social workers who were concerned for the welfare of marriage. It is based upon two major concepts: that marriage provides the best possible way for a man and woman to live together and rear their children; and that the counsellors share a basic respect for the unique personality of the individual and his (or her) right to make his (or her) own decisions. The organisation consists of between 120 and 130 Marriage Guidance Councils throughout the country, comprising about 1,250 counsellors. These Councils are a?liated to Relate National Marriage Guidance, which is responsible for the selection, training and continued supervision of all counsellors. Anyone seeking help can telephone or write for an appointment. No fees are charged, but those receiving help are encouraged to donate what they can.... relate marriage guidance

Resource Management

The process of trying to attain the most rational use of manpower, knowledge, facilities and funds to achieve the intended purposes with the greatest effect with the least outlay.... resource management

Repressed Memory Therapy

Also called recovered memory syndrome, this treatment was developed in the wake of the widespread exposure in the 1980s and 90s of the frequency of child sexual abuse. A controversial concept emerged in the USA, picked up later by some experts in the UK, that abused children sometimes suppress their unpleasant memories, and that subsequent PSYCHOTHERAPY could help some victims to recover these memories – thus possibly aiding rehabilitation. This recall of ‘repressed’ memories, however, was believed by some psychiatrists to be, in e?ect, a false memory implanted into the victim’s subconscious by the psychotherapy itself – or perhaps invented by the individual for personal motives.

In 1997 the Royal College of Psychiatrists in the UK produced a comprehensive report which was sceptical about the notion that the awareness of recurrent severe sexual abuse in children could be pushed entirely out of consciousness. The authors did not believe that events could remain inaccessible to conscious memory for decades, allegedly provoking vague non-speci?c symptoms to be recovered during psychotherapy with resolution of the symptoms. Supporting evidence pointed to the lack of any empirical proof that unconscious dissociation of unpleasant memories from conscious awareness occurred to protect the individual. Furthermore, experimental and natural events had shown that false memories, created through suggestion or in?uence, could be implanted. Many individuals who had claimed to have recovered memories of abuse subsequently withdrew and, often, non-speci?c symptoms allegedly linked to suppression worsened rather than improved as therapy to unlock memories proceeded. The conclusion is that recovered memory therapy should be viewed with great caution.... repressed memory therapy

Research Fraud And Misconduct

Research misconduct is de?ned as behaviour by a researcher that falls short of good ethical and scienti?c standards – whether or not this be intentional. For example, the same data may be sent for publication to more than one medical journal, which might have the e?ect of their being counted twice in any META-ANALYSIS or systematic review; or the data may be ‘salami sliced’ to try to make the maximum number of publications, even though the data may overlap. Fraud in the context of research is de?ned as the generation of false data with the intent to deceive. It is much less frequent than carelessness, but its incidence is estimated as between

0.1 and 1 per cent. A ?gure of 1 per cent means that, in the United Kingdom at any one time, maybe 30 studies are being conducted, or their results published, which could contain false information. Examples include forged ethics-committee approval, patient signatures and diary cards; fabricated ?gures and results; invention of non-existent patient subjects; or sharing one electrocardiogram or blood sample amongst many subjects.

Research fraud should be ?rst suspected by a clinical-trial monitor who recognises that data are not genuine, or by a quality-assurance auditor who cannot reconcile data in clinical-trial report forms with original patient records. Unfortunately, it often comes to light by chance. There may be suspicious similarities between data ostensibly coming from more than one source, or visits may have been recorded when it was known that the clinic was shut. Statistical analysis of a likely irregularity will frequently con?rm such suspicion. The motivation for fraud is usually greed, but a desire to publish at all costs, to be the original author of a medical breakthrough, to bolster applications for research grants, or to strengthen a bid for more departmental resources are other recognised reasons for committing fraud.

In the USA, those proved to have committed fraud are debarred from receiving federal funds for research purposes or from undertaking government-funded therapeutic research. The four Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden) have committees on research dishonesty that investigate all cases of suspected research misconduct. In the United Kingdom, an informal system operated by the pharmaceutical industry, using the disciplinary mechanism of the General Medical Council (GMC), has led to more than 16 doctors in the past ten years being disciplined for having committed research fraud. Editors of many of the world’s leading medical journals have united to form the Committee on Publishing Ethics, which advises doctors on proper practice and assists them in retracting or refusing to publish articles found or known to be false. (See ETHICS; ETHICS COMMITTEES.) Where an author does not o?er a satisfactory explanation, the matter is passed to his or her institution to investigate; where an editor or the committee is not satis?ed with the result they may pass the complaint to the appropriate regulatory body, such as the GMC in Britain.... research fraud and misconduct

Salvia Moorcroftiana

Wall. ex Benth.

Family: Labiatae; Lamiaceae.

Habitat: Northwestern Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon at 2,0003,000 m.

Folk: Kaali-jarri (Punjab).

Action: Root—bechic. Leaves— antitussive; applied as poultice to boils and chronic skin affections. Seeds—antispasmodic, emetic. Used for colic, dysentery, also for haemorrhoids; applied to boils.

The root gave a diterpene quinone.... salvia moorcroftiana

Scutia Myrtina

Kurz.

Synonym: S. indica Brongn.

Family: Rhamnaceae.

Habitat: The Deccan peninsula from Mahabaleshwar southwards, and Orissa.

Folk: Cheemaat (Gujarat, Maharashtra); Tuvadi (Tamil Nadu); Gariki (Andhra Pradesh).

Action: Fruit—astringent. Leaf— used in an ointment applied locally to hasten parturition.... scutia myrtina

Self-reliance / Self-sufficiency / Self-management

The capacity of individuals, communities or national authorities to take the initiative in assuming responsibility for their own health development and adopting adequate measures to maintain health that are understood by them and acceptable to them, knowing their own strengths and resources and how to use them and knowing when, and for what purpose, to turn to others for support and cooperation.... self-reliance / self-sufficiency / self-management

Señora Mueller

Manufactured herbal preparation sold at botánicas and used for women’s health conditions, including menopause, infertility, vaginal infections, menstrual irregularities and uterine fibroids.... señora mueller

Rhizophora Mucronata

Lam.

Family: Rhizophoraceae.

Habitat: The Sunderbans and along the Coromandel Coast and the Andamans.

English: True Mangrove.

Siddha/Tamil: Peykkandal, Kandal, Sorapinnai.

Folk: Kamo (Bengal), Kandal (Maharashtra).

Action: Bark—astringent. Used in the treatment of haemorrhages, haematuria.

The leaves contain 9.1, unripe fruits 12.0, ripe fruits 4.2, twig bark 9-12, and wood 7-14% tannins.

The leaves gave campesterol, cholesterol, 28-isofucosterol, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol and stigmast-7-en-3 betaol. The plant gave alpha-and beta- amyrins, betulin, lupeol, oleanolic and ursolic acids; gibberellins have also been reported.

Honey collected from the flowers is reported to be poisonous.

R. apiculata Blume, also known as Kandal, is found mixed up with R. mucronata in the tidal marshes of India and the Andamans.... rhizophora mucronata

Rhynchosia Minima

(L.) DC.

Family: Papilionaceae.

Habitat: All over plains and in the Himalayas up to 1,200 m.

Folk: Raan-ghevaraa (smaller var.) (Maharashtra); Jhinki, Kammervel (Gujarat); Chittavarai (Tamil Nadu).

Action: Leaves—abortifacient. Seeds—bitter, toxic.

The leaves afforded isovitexin and apigenin derivatives.

Aerial parts gave steroidal glyco- sides, along with ergosterol peroxide, stigmasterol and lupeol; bergapten, isopimpinellin, umbelliferone and beta-sitosterol have also been isolated.

The seed coat and pericarp contained gallic and protocatechuic acid, prodelphinmidine and hydroquinone diacetate and C-glycosyl flavones.

The extract of seeds shows agglutinating activity with certain type of human red blood cells.

R. bracteata Benth. ex Baker (upper Gangetic plains) and R. jacobii Chandra & Shetty (Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu) contain vitexin, isovitexin, orientin, iso-orientin and apigenin derivatives.... rhynchosia minima

Rosa Moschata

Hook. f. non-Mill. nec Herrm.

Synonym: R. brunonii Lindl.

Family: Rosaceae.

Habitat: Central and Western Himalayas, ascending to 3,000 m.

English: Himalayan Musk Rose. (Flowers—white, fruit—orange red or dark brown.)

Ayurvedic: Kubjaka (non-classical).

Folk: Kujai, Kuujaa.

Action: Plant—used in bilious affections, irritation of the skin and eye diseases. Rose water and otto is extracted from the flowers in Himachal Pradesh.... rosa moschata

Rosa Multiflora

Thunb.

Synonym: R. polyantha Sieb. & Zucc.

Family: Rosaceae.

Habitat: Cultivated in Kulu. Occasionally found in hedges and abandoned coffee plantations in Upper Ghats.

Ayurvedic: Rakta-Taruni (non- classical).

Action: Fruit—antiseptic, applied to wounds, injuries, sprains and foul ulcers.

The fruityieldedbeta-sitosterol, sco- parone, salicylic and gallic acid. Fruits contained multiflorin; flower petals gave astragalin. A purgative compound, multinoside A acetate, has been isolated from the fruit. Quercetin-3- O-xyloside, isoquercitrin and hyperin were also isolated.

Floral absolute oil contains eugenol (22.8), phenylethanol (18.1) and hene- icosane (10.2%).

The root gave a triterpenoid, tor- mentic acid.

The plant extract, along with kojic acid or its derivatives, produced excellent skin-lightening and sun-burn preventing effects.... rosa multiflora

Rourea Minor

(Gaertn.) Alston.

Synonym: R. santaloides Wight & Arn.

Connarus santaloides Vahl.

Family: Connaraceae.

Habitat: Western parts of the Peninsula, from Konkan southward and in West Bengal and Assam.

Folk: Kal-vidhaaraa, Vaakeri (Maharashtra), Vardaar.

Action: Roots and twigs—bitter tonic; prescribed in rheumatism, pulmonary complaints, scurvy, diabetes; externally for ulcers and skin diseases. Wood—a decoction is administered after parturition and as a febrifuge. Wood, roots and fruits—poisonous.

The plant is credited with antiseptic and antitubercular properties.

The roots contain beta-D-glucoside of beta-sitosterol, hentriacontane and meso-inositol.... rourea minor

Rumex Maritimus

Linn.

Family: Polygonaceae.

Habitat: The temperate Himalayas, Assam, Bengal, Western Ghats and the Nilgiris.

English: Golden Dock.

Ayurvedic: Kunanjara.

Unani: Seeds—Beejband, (siyah or safed), Jangali Paalak.

Action: Leaves—catharitic; externally applied to burns. Seeds— incorporated in sex-tonics as aphrodisiac. (Seeds of Sida cordifolia and Abutilon indicum are also used as Beejband.) Roots are used as a substitute for rhubarb.

The leaves contain anthraquinones both in free and bound forms. The fruits contain rumarin (0.12%) rutin and hyperin. The seeds contain 5.1% tannin.

The roots are purgative; contain chrysophanic acid, saccharose and tannin (6%).

The seeds and leaves contain ru- marin, rutin, hyperin, chrysophanic acid, charose, tannin, emodin and its monoethyl ether, beta-sitosterol and its glucoside.

Habitat: The temperate Himalayas, Western Ghats and the Nilgiris.

Folk: Kulli (Kumaon).

Action: Root—purgative. A substitute for Rheum palmatum. Leaves— an infusion is given in colic, externally applied to syphilitic ulcers.

The roots contain nepodin, chryso- phanic acid, also 12.8% tannin.... rumex maritimus

Saccharum Munja

Roxb.

Synonym: S. sara Roxb. S. bengalense Retz. Erianthus munja Jesw.

Family: Gramineae; Poaceae.

Habitat: Throughout the plains and low hills of India.

Ayurvedic: Munja, Bhadramuja, Vaana, Shara, Sara, Raamshara.

Siddha/Tamil: Munjipul, Munjap- pullu.

Folk: Sarpata.

Action: Refrigerant. Useful in burning sensation, thirst, dyscrasia, erysipelas and urinary complaints.

The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India recommends the use of the root in dysuria, giddiness and vertigo.

The stem is a good source of furfural (yield 5.67%, dry basis). It yields 19.5% (on dry weight) of reducing sugars when digested with sulphuric acid; glucose, xylose, galactose and rhamnose have been identified in the hydrolysate which contains 34.5% fermentable sugars. (It can be used as a potential source of alcohol.)

In Kerala, Saccharum arundinaceum Retz. is used as Shara for dysuria, diseases due to vitiated blood, erysipelas, leucorrhoea and piles. The grass is known as Raamshara in North India. It can also be used for the production of furfural (yield 5.1% dry basis) and yields 24.1% of reducing sugars when digested with sulphuric acid. The hy- drolysate contains 65% of fermentable sugars, viz. glucose, xylose, galactose and rhamnose.

Dosage: Root—20-50 g for decoction; 6-10 g powder. (API, Vol. III.)... saccharum munja

Safe Disposal Of Unwanted Medicines

Unwanted medicines are a form of ‘controlled waste’ under the Environmental Protection Act 1990 and must be disposed of in an appropriate way. The best thing is to take any extra or unwanted medicines to a registered pharmacy. Syringes and needles (used by diabetic patients, for example) pose problems: devices exist to cut o? and retain the needle, and some local authorities in the United Kingdom arrange for collection and safe disposal. There are also local ‘needle exchange’ schemes for intravenous drug abusers.

Safe use of medicines All medicines can have unwanted effects (‘side-effects’ or, more strictly, adverse effects) that are unpleasant and sometimes harmful. It is best not to take any medicine, prescribed or otherwise, unless there is a clear reason for doing so; the possible adverse effects of treatment, and the risk of their occurring, have to be set against any likely bene?t. Remember too that one treatment can affect another already being taken. Many adverse events depend upon the recommended dose being exceeded. Some people – for example, those with allergies (see ALLERGY) to a particular group of drugs, or those with kidney or liver disease – are more likely to suffer adverse effects than otherwise healthy people.

When an individual begins a course of treatment, he or she should take it as instructed. With ANTIBIOTICS treatments especially, it is important to take the whole course of tablets prescribed, because brief exposure of bacteria to an antibiotic can make them resistant to treatment. Most drugs can be stopped at once, but some treatments can cause unpleasant, and occasionally dangerous, symptoms if stopped abruptly. Sleeping tablets, anti-EPILEPSY treatment, and medicines used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS are among the agents which can cause such ‘withdrawal symptoms’. CORTICOSTEROIDS are a particularly important group of medicines in this respect, because prolonged courses of treatment with high doses can suppress the ability of the body to respond to severe stresses (such as surgical operations) for many months or even years.... safe disposal of unwanted medicines

Spanish Moss

Protection... spanish moss

State Medicine (health Care Systems)

Major government schemes to ensure adequate health services to substantial sectors of the community through direct provision of services.... state medicine (health care systems)

Surrogate Measure

The substitution of one measure for one that cannot be measured in the course of a study.... surrogate measure

Thistle, Milk

Snake Enraging... thistle, milk

Timolol Maleate

A beta-adrenoceptor-blocking drug which is of value in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS, myocardial infarction (see HEART, DISEASES OF) and HYPERTENSION. It is also used in the treatment of GLAUCOMA. (See also ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.)... timolol maleate

Total Quality Management (tqm)

TQM is synonymous with continuous quality improvement (CQI). It is an integrative management concept of continuously improving the quality of delivered goods and services through the participation of all level and functions of the organization to meet the needs and expectations of the customer.... total quality management (tqm)

Salacia Macrosperma

Wight.

Family: Hippocrateaceae; Celas- traceae.

Habitat: The Western Ghats, from Konkan southwards.

Folk: Lendaphala (Maharashtra), Anakoranti (Kerala).

Action: Root—decoction is given after parturition. Leaves—applied to eczema.

A decoction of the roots of S. grandiflora Kurz, synonym S. longifolia Hook. (the Andamans) and S. macrophylla Blume, synonym S.flavescens Kurz and S. ovalis M. Laws. (Konkan and the An- damans) is also given after parturition.... salacia macrosperma

Salmalia Malabarica

(DC) Schott & Endl.

Synonym: Bombax ceiba Linn. Bombax malabaricum DC. Gossampinus malabarica (DC.) Merr.

Family: Bombacaceae.

Habitat: The hotter parts of India, up to 1,350 m.

Ayurvedic: Shaalmali, Mochaa, Mochaahva, Pichhila, Raktapushpa, Sthiraayu, Kankataadhya, Tuulini. Shaalmali-veshtaka (gum).

Unani: Semal. Mochras (gum).

Siddha: Mul Ilavam. Ielavampisin (gum).

Folk: Semar.

Action: Young roots (Semul- musali)—astringent, (used for dysentery) stimulant, demulcent. Fruits—stimulant, diuretic, expectorant. Used for chronic inflammation of bladder, kidney also for calculus affections. Flowers— astringent and cooling, applied to cutaneous affections. Leaves— anti-inflammatory. Stem bark— demulcent, styptic. Aqueous extract with curd is given for blood- dysentery. Bark—paste is applied to skin eruptions, boils, acne, pimples. Seeds used for chickenpox, smallpox, catarrhal affections, chronic cystitis and genitourinary diseases. Gum—astringent, demulcent, styptic. Used for diarrhoea, dysentery, haemoptysis, bleeding piles, menor- rhagia, spermatorrhoea. Root and pod—used for the treatment of low vitality and debility.

The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia ofIn- dia recommends the stem bark in bleeding disorders and in acne vul- garis.

All parts of the plant gave beta- sitosterol and its glucosides; seeds, bark and root bark, lupeol; flowers, hentri- acontane, hentriacontanol; root bark, in addition, gave 7-hydroxycadalene. The seed oil yields arachidic, linoleic, myristic, oleic and palmitic acids; seeds contain carotenes, n-hexacosanol, et- hylgallate and tocopherols; the gum contains gallic and tannic acids, yields L-arbinose, D-galactose, D-galacturo- nic acid and D-galactopyranose.

Younger roots contain more sugars (arabinose and galactose 8.2%) and peptic substances (6.0%) than the older ones. They contain mucilage, starch (71.2%), mineral matter (2.1%), tannins 0.4 and non-tannins 0.1%, along with other constituents.

The Musali compares favourably with the nutritive value of Pueraria tuberosa, Dioscorea bulbifera, Ipomoea digitata and Butea monosperma (all used in sexual debility).

A related species, Salmalia insig- nis (Wall.) Schott & Endl., synonym Bombax insigne Wall. (Assam, Western Ghats and the Andamans); is known as Semul; Dumboil (Assam), Didu (Andamans) and Kal-ilavu (Tamil Nadu).

Dosage: Stem bark—5-10 g powder. (API, Vol. III.) Flower, bark root— 3-5 g powder. (CCRAS.)... salmalia malabarica

Sapindus Mukorossi

Gaertn.

Family: Sapindaceae.

Habitat: Native to China and Japan; distributed in the Himalayas from Himachal Pradesh eastwards and in Assam.

English: Chinese Soap Berry, Soap Nut tree of North India.

Ayurvedic: Arishtaka, Phenila.

Folk: Reethaa.

Action: Fruits—emetic and expectorant; used in excessive salivation, chlorosis and epilepsy. The plant yielded triterpenoid glycosides, sapindosides, derived from hederagenin. Saponins exhibit hypotensive, anticholesterolemic, spermicidal and antimicrobial properties.

Saponin A and C sapindoside A and B, extracted from the fruit rind, showed antifungal activity. Hederagenin, isolated from the fruit rind or pericarp, is used in skin-lightening and anti- inflammatory cosmetics.

Other constituents from the plant are flavonoids—quercetin, kaempferol, apigenin and rutin.... sapindus mukorossi

Traditional Medicine

A system of treatment modalities based on indigenous knowledge pertaining to healing. See “alternative medical system”.... traditional medicine

Visceral Larva Migrans

The end results of heavy infection and migration of larva of Toxocara spp (especially T. canis - the dog Ascarid) in the viscera, producing a granulomatous reaction and pathology at the site.... visceral larva migrans

Selinum Monnieri

Linn.

Family: Umbelliferae; Apiaceae.

Habitat: East Bengal, Bhutan and Assam.

Folk: Muraa (var.).

Action: Fruits—extracts used for osteoporosis, gynaecological problems and stress-related disorders. Seeds—prescribed in rheumatism and renal diseases.

In Japan, the plant is mainly used for the treatment of swelling of women's genitals.

The aerial parts contain the chromo- nes, cnidimol and karenin. The fruits contain the benzofurans, cnidioside A, B and C, cnidiol b and C; besides fura- nocoumarins, imperatorin, bergapten, xanthotoxin, osthol and several ter- penoids. The seeds and volatile oil from the fruits also contain osthol and other coumarins.

The coumarins prevented glucocor- ticoid-induced osteoporosis in rats; they also reversed bone loss at early menopausal stage. Osthol showed antiallergic activity. Cnidioside A and B and cnidiol b alleviate physiological disorders caused by physical and mental stress; enhancement of sexual activity has also been observed.... selinum monnieri

Silybum Marianum

(L.) Gaertn.

Habitat: Western Himalayas at 1,800 and Kashmir at 2,400 m, also grown in gardens.

English: Holy Thistle, Milk Thistle.

Action: Seeds—liver protective, gallbladder protective, antioxidant. Used in jaundice and other biliary affections, intermittent fevers, uterine trouble, also as a galactagogue. Alcoholic extract used for haemorrhoids and as a general substitute for adrenaline. Seeds are used for controlling haemorrhages. Leaves—sudorific and aperient. Young leaves and flowering heads are consumed by diabetics.

Key application: In dyspeptic complaints. As an ingredient of formulations for toxic liver damage; chronic inflammatory liver disease and hepatic cirrhosis induced by alcohol, drugs or toxins. (Expanded Commission E Monographs, WHO.)

The seeds gave silymarin (flavanol lignin mixture), composed mainly of silybin A, silybin B (mixture known as silibinin), with isosilybin A, isosilybin B, silychristin, silydianin. In Germany, Milk Thistle has been used extensively for liver diseases and jaundice. Sily- marin has been shown conclusively to exert an antihepatotoxic effect in animals against a variety of toxins, particularly those of death cap mushroom, Amanita phalloides. Silybin, when given by intravenous injection to human patients up to 48 hours after ingestion of the death cap, was found to be highly effective in preventing fatalities.

Silymarin has been used successfully to treat patients with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis; it is active against hepatitis B virus, and lowers fat deposits in the liver in animals.

(For hepatic cirrhosis: 420 mg per day; for chronic active hepatitis 240 mg twice daily—extract containing 7080% silimarin.)... silybum marianum

Solanum Melongena

Linn.

Family: Solanaceae.

Habitat: Native to India; cultivated throughout India.

English: Eggplant, Brinjal.

Ayurvedic: Bhantaki, Bhantaa, Vaartaaka, Vaartaaku, Vaartaakini, Vrintaaka.

Unani: Baingan.

Siddha/Tamil: Kathirikai.

Folk: Baingan, Bhantaa.

Action: Fruit—recommended in liver complaints and for amenorrhoea. The fruit is reported to stimulate the intrahepatic metabolism of cholesterol, produces a marked drop in blood cholesterol level. Aqueous extract of fruit is reported to inhibit choline esterase activity of human plasma. Root—anti- asthmatic. Leaves—toxic; used mostly externally for the treatment of burns, cold sores and abscesses. Seeds—anticholesterolemic.

Steroidal saponins, melongosides were isolated from seeds; tigogenin, diosgenin were also obtained. Querce- tin, 3-O-rhamnoside and kaempferol- 3-O-rutinoside have been isolated from the leaves. The ethanol extract (80%) showed anti-inflammatory activity in paw oedema and cotton pellet method in rats. Crude extract of fruits showed diuresis and dose-dependent hypotensive response in normotensive rats. Ether-soluble methanolic extract exhibited strong inhibitory activity on lipoxygenase, involved in atherosclerotic processes and platelet aggregation in rats.

Solanum melongena Linn. var. incanum Kuntze, synonym S. coagulans Forsk. is known as Bana-bhantaa (also a synonym of Solanum ferox) and is used as Brihati in Kerala. Air-dried fruits and leaves from coimbatore contain 1.05 and 0.97% of alkaloids respectively. The fruits contain solaso- dine, campesterol and beta-sitosterol. Solamargine, solasodine, ursolic acid and its derivatives exhibited significant cytotoxic effects against human P2C/PRF/5 cells in vitro.... solanum melongena

Weights And Measures

It is more than a hundred years since the metric system was legalised in Britain, but it was not until 1969 that it became illegal to use any system of weights and measures other than the metric system for dispensing prescriptions.

A rationalisation of the metric system is now used, known as the International System of Units (SI – see APPENDIX 6: MEASUREMENTS IN MEDICINE).... weights and measures

Withholding / Withdrawing Medical Treatment

See “futile medical treatment”; “advanced directive”.... withholding / withdrawing medical treatment

Womb Music

The name given to the playing to crying babies of sounds comparable to those by which the unborn babe is surrounded in the womb (UTERUS), such as the beating of the mother’s heart, the bowel sounds of the baby and the like. The claim is that the replaying of these brings back the ‘peaceful music of the womb’, to which they have become conditioned, and thus ‘sings’ them to sleep.... womb music

World Medical Association

See ETHICS.... world medical association

Yerba Mate

Fidelity, Love, Lust... yerba mate

Yerba Mora

See Hierba mora.... yerba mora

Solvent Abuse (misuse)

Also known as volatile-substance abuse, this is the deliberate inhalation of intoxicating fumes given o? by some volatile liquids. Glue-sni?ng was the most common type of solvent abuse, but inhalation of fuel gases such as butane, especially in the form of lighter re?lls, is now a greater problem and has become common among children – particularly teenagers. Solvents or volatile substances are applied to a piece of cloth or put into a plastic bag and inhaled, sometimes until the person loses consciousness. He or she may become acutely intoxicated; chronic abusers may suffer from ulcers and rashes over the face as well as damage to peripheral nerves. Death can occur, probably as a result of an abnormal rhythm of the heart. TOLERANCE to the volatile substances may develop over months, but acute intoxication may lead to aggressive and impulsive behaviour. Treatment of addiction is di?cult and requires professional counselling. Victims with acute symptoms require urgent medical attention. In Britain, most solvent misusers are males under 20 years of age. Around 150 deaths occur every year. (See also DEPENDENCE.)... solvent abuse (misuse)

Sophora Mollis

Grah. ex Baker.

Synonym: Edwardsia moltis Royle.

Family: Papilionaceae; Fabaceae.

Habitat: Himalayas from Kashmir to Nepal, up to an altitude of 2,100 m.

English: Himalayan Laburnum.

Action: Seeds—used for destroying vermin. Root—used for promoting hair growth.

The seeds contain an alkaloid cyti- sine. The root imparts dark colour to hair.

The seeds of S. secundiflora Lag. ex DC., known as Mescal-or Coral-Bean (Native to America, grown in Indian gardens) also contain substantial amounts of cytisine.

The alkaloid, (-)-N-methylcytisine, isolated from the seeds, exhibited hy- poglycaemic activity in mice.... sophora mollis

Zintka Mani

(Native American) Resembling a bird that walks... zintka mani

Anecdotal Medicine

A medicament, the efficacy of which has not been proved by convincing clinical investigation and double blind trials. To the scientific mind, the difference between fact and fiction depends upon satisfying the Medicines Control Agency with worthwhile evidence of efficacy before issue of a Product Licence. ... anecdotal medicine

Stellaria Media

(Linn.) Vill.

Synonym: Alsine media Linn.

Family: Caryophyllaceae.

Habitat: Throughout India at 6001,650 m.

English: Common Chickweed.

Folk: Kokoon (Jammu); Safed Fulki, Buchbuchaa (Delhi).

Action: Antirheumatic, anti- inflammatory, astringent, refrigerant, demulcent, emollient, vulnerary, antipruritic. Dispels excessive body heat, relieves irritation. Used internally for rheumatism, externally in the form of ointment for chronic skin conditions, varicose ulcers and abscesses. Applied as a plaster for broken bones and swellings.

The plant contains saponin glyco- sides, coumarins, flavonoids (including rutin), carboxylic acid. The leaves contain vitamin C and carotene.

The plant also contains mucilage and is rich in potassium and silicon. The aerial parts, in post-flowering period, contain 44 mg/100 g of vitamn E.... stellaria media

Swietenia Mahagoni

Jacq.

Family: Symphoremataceae.

Habitat: Native to Central America; cultivated in South India.

English: West Indian Mahogany.

Siddha/Tamil: Ciminukku.

Folk: Mahaagani.

Action: Bark—astringent and antipyretic. Used as a substitute for cinchona bark is the West Indies. The bark contains 15% tannin, the wood 6%.

The seeds have been reported to contain a bitter substance; mahoganin, 7- deactyl-7-oxogedunin, cyclomahoge- nol and 6-hydroxymethyl angolensate are also present.

Tetranortriterpenoids have been isolated from cotyledons and seeds. The ether extract of the leaves inhibits platelet activity factor (PAF)-induced platelet aggregation.... swietenia mahagoni

Syzygium Malaccense

(Linn.) Merrill & Perry.

Synonym: Eugenia malccensis Linn.

Family: Myrtaceae.

Habitat: Cultivated in Bengal and South India, chiefly in gardens.

English: Malay Apple, Mountain Apple.

Action: Leaves—dried and powdered, used against stomatitis. Bark—astringent; used for making a mouthwash for thrush.

The extracts of seeds, fruits, leaves, stem and bark show varying degree of antibiotic activity against Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus. An extract of fruits (without seeds) is moderately effective against E. coli and those of bark and leaves against Shigella paradys.

The extracts of the plant, excluding root, affect the rate and amplitude of respiration and also blood pressure.... syzygium malaccense

Tea For Memory

Memory is known to be one of human’s best possessions, due to its ability to keep information, and to render it whenever necessary. Studies reveled that a balanced diet may help improve the memory, by boosting the brain’s activity. People should consume a few types of food in order to keep their mental processes active all the time: herbs, especially rosemary, herbal teas, fruit and vegetables (apples, blueberries, grapes, eggplant, red onion, broccoli, lettuce and spinach), fish and nuts and desserts sweetened with honey. The nutrients, polyphenols and anti-oxidant agents contained by these types of food are not made by the human body, but they are vital for the cognitive development. As tea for Memory, Green tea and Ginkgo Biloba tea have proven their efficiency in dealing with a large array of memory-related ailments. How Tea for Memory works Tea for Memory usually improves memory, relaxing the mind and keeping it focused. Also, it may prevent memory loss. Efficient Teas for Memory Green Tea is said to be a tea for memory. It may boost mental alertness, by enhancing memory. An amino-acid contained by the plant’s leaves is responsible for reducing stress and promoting relaxation, thus improving the quality of sleep. The lack of sleep may cause serious ailments. Nowadays, the extract of green tea is found in the treatment of Alzheimer’s and it is highly recommended in order to prevent this disease. Green tea can also be taken as capsules. To prepare Green Tea, addtwo grams of tea per 100ml of water, or one teaspoon of green tea per five ounce cup. You may drink it twice a day, sweetened or not. Ginkgo Biloba tea has a long history in the Chinese traditional medicine. The extract stimulates blood and peripheral arterial circulation, successfully improving memory as well as mental alertness. Also, it is used as a supplement in Alzheimer’s disease. To prepare Ginkgo Biloba tea, add a teaspoon of dried plant to a cup of boiling water. Steep it for 9-10 minutes. Strain it. Drink it slowly. Tea for Memory: Side effects Green tea may cause insomnia, agitation and palpitations if consumed after 5 p.m. Ginkgo Biloba tea may lead to gastrointestinal discomfort and headaches. If these side effects occur, stop consuming the tea and ask your doctor’s advice. Memory is a precious possession that people have and it is good to preserve it as long as possible. Both Green tea and Ginkgo Biloba tea are efficient as teas for memory, by improving the mental processes. They are also benefic in treating other diseases, due to their ingredients.... tea for memory

Anti-mycotics

Remedies that arrest fungal growth on the skin or mucous membrane. See: ANTI- FUNGAL. ... anti-mycotics

Arthritis – From Attack Of Mumps

While treatment would be directed towards the primary condition, Poke root should be included in any prescription.

Formula. Echinacea 1; Goldenseal half; Poke root quarter. Mix. Dose: Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon). Liquid extracts: 1 teaspoon. Tinctures: 2 teaspoons. Thrice daily, in water.

Poke root tablets/capsules. As recommended. ... arthritis – from attack of mumps

Australian Journal Of Medical Herbalism

Quarterly publication of the National Herbalists Association of Australia. Australian medicinal plants, Government reports, case studies, books, plant abstracts. For subscription details and complimentary copy of the Journal contact: NHAA, PO Box 65, Kingsgrove NSW 2208, Australia. Tel: +61(02) 502 2938. Annual subscription (Aus) $40 (overseas applicants include $15 for air mail, otherwise sent by sea mail). ... australian journal of medical herbalism

Tea For Lucid Dreams

Having a lucid dream means dreaming while being aware of the fact that you are dreaming. However, many people become lucid in the middle of the dream or, on the contrary, fall lose reality contact after being lucid at first. Although traditional medicine can’t be very helpful in these cases, alternative medicine has a few tricks up its sleeve. How a Tea for Lucid Dreams Works A Tea for Lucid Dreams’ main purpose is to make you recall what you have dreamed by calming your nervous system and improving your memory function. These teas are good for a number of other diseases, such as memory loss, headaches or migraines. However, talk to an herbalist or to your doctor before starting any kind of herbal treatment in order to make sure everything will be alright. Efficient Tea for Lucid Dreams In order to work properly, a Tea for Lucid Dreams needs to be both very efficient and one hundred percent safe (since lucid dreams are not exactly a medical problem, you may want to avoid developing one). A tea that is rich in antioxidants, nutrients, tannins, volatile oils and minerals (sodium, magnesium, iron, manganese) would be very adequate. You may want to avoid teas with a large amount of acid agents (they could cause stomach pain). If you don’t know which teas could be useful for lucid dreams, here’s a list for guidance: - Green Tea – contains all the ingredients necessary to sustain life, so it’s useful for a wide range of ailments, not just lucid dreams. If you’re suffering from infertility, anemia, asthenia, loss of appetite, digestive tract complaints or nervous system failure, this decoction could also be useful. However, you must avoid it at all costs if you’re experiencing some menstrual or menopausal symptoms. The same advice if you’re pregnant (it may cause uterine contractions and therefore miscarriage). - Valerian Tea – was been used as a sleep aid since ancient times, when the Romans and the Greeks took it before going to bed. This Tea for Lucid Dreams, thanks to its active compounds, is a mild sedative and could also work miracles on your nervous system. However, you need to make sure that you don’t exceed the number of cups recommended per day in order to avoid hallucinations, tiredness or even death. - Chamomile Tea – of course, the world’s greatest panacea shouldn’t be left aside. If you’re having trouble remembering your dreams, try a cup of Chamomile Tea before you go to bed! This Tea has a great fragrance and a pleasant smell. Plus, it’s one hundred percent safe so you can drink as much as you want. Tea for Lucid Dreams Side Effects When taken according to specifications, these teas are generally safe. However, exceeding the number of cups recommended per day may lead to a number of health problems, such as diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, upset stomach or even death! If you’ve been taking one of these decoctions for a while and you’re experience a negative response from your body, ask for medical assistance right away! Don’t take a Tea for Lucid Dreams if you’re pregnant, breastfeeding, on blood thinners or anticoagulants. The same advice in case you’re preparing for a surgery. If your doctor says it’s ok to start an herbal treatment, choose a tea that fits best your requirements and enjoy its wonderful benefits!  ... tea for lucid dreams

Terminalia Myriocarpa

Heurck & Muell.-Arg.

Family: Combretaceae.

Habitat: Eastern Himalayas, from North Bengal eastwards to Assam, Khasi Hills and Arunachal Pradesh.

English: Hollock.

Ayurvedic: Kakubha (also a synonym of Arjuna tree).

Action: Bark—cardiac stimulant, mild diuretic.

The bark gave beta-sitosterol, and about 18% tannins. Ellagic, gallic, che- bulinic and chebulagic acids—main constituents of ellagitannins, and leu- co-cyanidin, an important precursor to flavonoid tannins, have been isolated.... terminalia myriocarpa

Barefoot Doctor’s Manual

Published 1970 by the Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Hunan Province, China, to supply its barefoot doctors with a basic guide in their work of serving the rural population (“. . . because they worked in the paddy fields like any other commune member, barefooted and with trouser legs rolled up, they were given the name ‘barefoot doctors’ ” (Pekin Review, 1977)). ... barefoot doctor’s manual

Bastyr College Of Naturopathic Medicine

An institution for training and granting of the qualification, Doctor of Naturopathic Medicine, including study of two years basic medical sciences and two years clinical sciences. The philosophical approach includes personal responsibility for one’s own health, natural treatment of the whole person, prevention of disease, and to awaken the patient’s inherent healing powers. Of university status. Address: 144 N.E. 54th, Seattle, WA 98105, USA. See: NATUROPATHY. ... bastyr college of naturopathic medicine

Blackmore, Maurice

 Naturopath, Chiropractor. Pioneer of natural therapies in Australia of over 50 years. Founder of Australian based Blackmore Laboratories and the Maurice Blackmore Research Foundation. Manufacturers of herbal care preparations. A professional service is dedicated to the Australian Practitioner of Complementary Medicine. Address: 23 Roseberry Street, Balgowlah, Sydney, 2093 NSW, Australia. ... blackmore, maurice

Breasts, Milk Excessive

To reduce.

Tea. Rosemary. 1 teaspoon to each cup boiling water; infuse 15 minutes; dose – half-1 cup thrice daily. Tea. Sage. 2 teaspoons to each cup boiling water; infuse 15 minutes; dose – half-1 cup thrice daily. Old hospital remedy: Epsom’s salts. ... breasts, milk excessive

Tea For Meditation

Meditation is not something that your doctor can induce since this is not a medical problem. However, even if meditation has nothing to do with your physical status, there are a couple of remedies recommended by the alternative medicine. Some teas have the ability to enhance your respiration, concentration and decrease your blood pressure, which will definitely help you meditate a lot better. These teas could have a great effect on your entire health system by making your body release endorphins. However, you must keep in mind the fact that this is a medical treatment and it shouldn’t be used unsupervised. How a Tea for Meditation Works A Tea for Meditation’s main goal is to cleanse your respiratory system and improve your coronary system’s functions. In order to do that, a tea for Meditation needs to contain an important amount of volatile oils, nutrients, enzymes and minerals, such as manganese, magnesium and iron. This way, you’ll be able to loosen up and concentrate on your mental exercises. These teas have the ability to induce a state of calmness and nourish your nervous system so no headaches or migraines would interfere with your meditation. Efficient Tea for Meditation In order to be efficient, a Tea for Meditation must be one hundred percent safe and show results quickly (it’s understandable, considering the fact that you will take the decoction within minutes before meditation). If you don’t know which teas to choose from, here’s a list to guide you on: - Green Tea – contains all the ingredients necessary to sustain life, according to specialists and it can treat a wide range of affections, from headaches, sore throats to infertility and even diabetes. Also, you may want to give it a try if you suffer from hangovers. However, avoid this Tea for Meditation at all costs if you’re experiencing menstrual or menopausal symptoms (due to a high acids level, Green Tea may cause uterine contractions). - Oolong Tea – has half the amount of caffeine that other teas have and it’s recommended for many affections, such as infertility and sore throats. And if you’re thinking about giving up on coffee, Oolong Tea could be e great replacer. Oolong Tea will treat your stress accumulations and calm the affected areas. - Pu’er Tea – is not very popular among Europeans, but its wonderful benefits should not be left aside. If you find a provider specialized in Pu’er Tea, hold on to it because this decoction can treat nausea, stomach pain and even indigestion. Take a sip or two of Pu’er Tea before meditation and enjoy the great benefits that this tea has in store for you! Tea for Meditation Side Effects When taken properly, these teas are generally safe. However, exceeding the number of cups recommended per day might lead to a series of health problems, such as skin rash, vomiting, nausea and diarrhea. If you’ve been taking one of these teas for a while and you’re experiencing some unusual reactions, ask for medical assistance immediately. Don’t take a Tea for Meditation if you’re pregnant, breastfeeding, on blood thinners or anticoagulants.The same advice if you’re preparing for a surgery (some of the active constituents in these teas could interfere with your anesthetic). Once you have the green light from your doctor and there’s nothing that could interfere with your treatment, choose a Tea for Meditation that fits best your needs and enjoy its health benefits at home!... tea for meditation

Thomsonian Medicine

That school of medical philosophy and therapy founded by the American messianic nature therapist Samuel Thomson (b. 1769). Thomson’s great axiom was, “Heat is life, and cold is death.” He lived in New England, which explains some of this. He and the later Thomsonians made great use of vomiting, sweating, and purging to achieve these ends...crude by present standards, but saner than standard medicine of the times (mercury, lead, bleeding, etc.). The Thomsonians split vehemently from the early Eclectics before the Civil War; the latter, larger group preferred to train professional physicians as M.D.s. The first group disavowed any overt medical training (“physicking”) although the small medical sect of Physio-Medicalists, with several medical schools and some east-coast physician converts, used Thomsonian precepts within an otherwise orthodox armamentarium.. Their training, however, became less rigorous and more charismatic in time, and, unlike the Eclectic Medical Schools that, with one exception, chose to change to an A.M.A­supported curriculum to stay in business (thereby selling their souls), the Physio-Medicalist schools were too radical and erratic, and faded into history as their graduates were left, finally, with only Michigan allowing them to practice. Many of the practices of Jethro Kloss (Back to Eden) and John Christopher are neo-Thomsonian, and much of what still goes on in the old guard of alternative therapy is what Susun Weed calls the “Heroic Tradition” (no compliment intended). Rule of thumb: If you see Lobelia and Capsicum together in a formula, along with recommendations for colonics, it’s probably something Sam Thomson did first.... thomsonian medicine

Carragheen Moss

See: IRISH MOSS. ... carragheen moss

Cineraria Maritima

Dusty Miller. Senecio maritimus L. German: Aschenpflanze. French: Cendriette. Spanish: Cineraria. Italian: Cenerina. Originally an American plant. Now grows freely in Britain and the Continent. For affections of the anterior chamber of the eye. One or two drops of fresh sterilised juice instilled into the eye 2-3 times daily for several weeks have been known to remove cataract. Not used internally because of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. ... cineraria maritima

Committee On Safety Of Medicines

The Committee for safety of medicines was set up in 1963 after the thalidomide disaster. It is an advisory committee which examines drugs before clinical trials, before a product licence is granted, and when passed for marketing. A product cannot be tested in the human body without the company holding a clinical trial certificate. A product licence is renewable after five years. ... committee on safety of medicines

Cow’s Milk Allergy (cma)

An estimated 8 per cent of infants suffer from cow’s milk intolerance.

Symptoms. Irritable bowel, respiratory troubles (asthma), skin disorders (eczema) and behavioural problems. Symptoms disappear when dairy products are discontinued but re-appear when they re-enter the diet.

Treatment and prevention. Garlic, for reduction of symptoms. A switch from cow’s to goat’s milk proves effective. Cases are on record of goat’s milk checking irritable bowel and the spread of eczema. ... cow’s milk allergy (cma)

Tea For Morning Sickness

Morning Sickness is not particularly a disease, but a symptom of pregnancy. If you feel that the room is spinning around and that all scents are too strong, it is possible that you’re pregnant. However, morning sickness usually consists of vomiting, nausea, headaches, back pains and, at times, fever. This affection looks a lot like food intoxication. But just to be sure, schedule an appointment with your gynecologist. How Tea for Morning Sickness Works A Tea for Morning Sickness’ main goal is to ameliorate your weakness and restore your general health. Thanks to the active ingredients in these teas, your abdominal muscles will stop their negative response, while nourishing the nervous system. Also, morning sickness has a lot to do with your hormones, so you may want to try a tea with an elevated estrogen level or at least one that could stop your hormone level from growing. Efficient Tea for Morning Sickness In order to be efficient, a Tea for Morning Sickness needs to have the right amount of nutrients, enzymes, volatile oils and minerals (a tea rich in manganese, iron, magnesium is the best choice for your condition). You may want to avoid the ones with a high acids level, since they cause stomach acidity and, at times, even uterine contractions which might lead to miscarriage. If you don’t know which teas are best for your problem, here’s a list to help you out: - Peppermint Tea – this Tea for Morning Sickness is well known as a stomach soothing decoction, with various uses which spread on many areas of interest, from cosmetic industry to pharmaceutical remedies. This tea could lower your hormone level and induce a state of calmness to your abdominal area. You can also use it to treat diarrhea, sore throats, nausea and even headaches. Peppermint Tea is one hundred percent safe and you can take as much as you want. - Ginger Tea – although Ginger Tea is a great nausea reliever, practitioners around the world are concerned when it comes to administrating it to pregnant women. Even if this Tea for Morning Sickness is very efficient for nausea, using too much herb will cause uterine contractions due to its acid compounds. The best thing you can do is ask your doctor’s advice before taking this tea. - Raspberry Leaf Tea – also a great remedy for infertility, anemia, asthenia and other problems, this tea has a sweet taste and a pleasant smell. Practitioners around the world have discovered that this Tea for Morning Sickness could take your pain away in no time thanks to its active constituents, which include tannins, manganese and iron. And let’s not forget the vitamin C, which will energize your entire body. Tea for Morning Sickness Side Effects When taken properly, these teas are generally safe. However, exceeding the number of cups recommended per day may lead to other affection such as constipation, migraines or stomach irritations. Talk to an herbalist or to your doctor before starting any kind of herbal treatment and make sure that everything will be ok. However, if you’ve been taking one of these teas and you’re noticing some unusual responses from your body, ask for medical assistance immediately! If you have the medical approval and there’s nothing that could interfere with your treatment, choose a Tea for Morning Sickness that fits best your needs and give it a try!... tea for morning sickness

Tinospora Malabarica

Miers ex Hook. f.

Synonym: T. sinensis (Lour.) Merrill.

T. tomentosa (Colebr.) Miers.

Family: Menispermaceae.

Habitat: Throughout India, ascending to an altitude of 1,000 m.

Ayurvedic: Kandodbhava-guduchi, Vatsaadani, Padma-Guduuchi.

Folk: Gurch.

Action: Fresh leaves and stem are used in chronic rheumatism. Known as "muscle-relaxing vine" in China.

Used as a substitute for T. cordifolia. The plant is an inferior substitute as it contains less of carbohydrates, sterols, alkaloids and tannins.

Alkaloid magnoflorine shows hy- potensive as well as curare-like effect in animals.... tinospora malabarica

Tropaeolum Majus

Linn.

Family: Tropaeolaceae.

Habitat: Native to South America; grown as an ornamental and salad herb.

English: Garden Nasturtium, Indian Cress, Climbing-Nasturtium.

Action: Leaves—an infusion increases resistance to bacterial infections, reduces catarrh formation and expels phlegm. Juice of the plant—given internally for treating scrofula. Flowers—used for healing wounds. Seeds— purgative.

Common Nasturtium contains glu- cocyanates (including glycotropeo- line), spilanthol, myrosin (an enzyme), oxalic acid and vitamin C. The leaves from the young plant showed greater antibiotic activity than the stems; roots were inactive.

Extracts and preparations of T. majus are found efficacious in the infections of urinary and respiratory tract, but have no effect on infections of the biliary tract or in typhoid fever.... tropaeolum majus

Eosinophilic Myalgia Syndrome (ems)

An increase in the number of eosinophils in the blood. May occur in a number of allergies, infections, and is sometimes responsible for leukaemia. Among other causes, food supplement tryptophan has been linked. See entry.

Symptoms. Stiffness and severe muscle pain.

Treatment. Formula. Echinacea 2; Burdock 1; Yarrow 1; Poke root quarter. Dose: Liquid Extracts: 1-2 teaspoons. Tinctures: 2-3 teaspoons. Powders: 750mg (three 00 capsules or half a teaspoon). Thrice daily. ... eosinophilic myalgia syndrome (ems)

Erythema Multiform

An acute skin reaction to a virus, possibly streptococcal or herpes simplex. Often associated with infection of the mucous membranes. May manifest as a reaction to barbiturates and other drugs.

Symptoms: low blood pressure, skin lesions, toxaemia, collapse.

Treatment. Same as for ERYTHEMA NODOSUM. Local antipruritics to relieve irritation. ... erythema multiform

European Journal Of Herbal Medicine

Published three times a year by The National Institute of Medical Herbalists, 9 Palace Gate, Exeter, Devon, England EX1 1JA. Material of high quality on all subjects relevant to the practice of herbal medicine, creating a forum for sharing information and opinion about developments in the field, including scientific, professional and political issues of importance to the medical herbalist. ... european journal of herbal medicine

Teas For Menopause

Aside from its social meaning, menopause brings changes to your body which need to be embraced with both maturity and responsibility. First of all, pay attention to how your body reacts and use the treatment that fits you best. If you’re tired of all the traditional drugs, give Teas for Menopause a try. Not only that they don’t have the side effects that a regular drug has, but they also contain the right amount of active ingredients. If that is the case, the most recommended treatments involve the use of: - raspberry leaf tea - ginseng tea - chasteberry tea. However, choose one tea and don’t use a mixture of teas. Their main property is that they can bring relief to your pain and also normalize your hormone level when taken individualy. How Teas for Menopause Work These Teas for Menopause have almost the same effects that Teas for Menstrual Pain have on your body. The only exception is that when it comes to menopause, we’re talking about a series of symptoms and not just one localized pain . In order to be able to treat that, you need to search for a tea that is rich in natural enzymes and has an elevated level of tannis and volatile oils.The action of these Teas for Menopause involve shutting down all pain triggers and bringing relief to your affected areas by helping your body produce the necessary amount of hormones and antibodies. Efficient Teas for Menopause If you have reached your menopause or you’re just experiencing some pre-menopausal symptoms, you may want to give these Teas for Menopause a try: - Raspberry Leaf Tea – also a great help when it comes to menstrual pain, Raspberry Leaf Tea is one of the most common fruity teas, with a good vitamin C level which can increase your immune system action. - Sage Tea – in Latin, sage means “to heal”. Well, that’s a good resume that this tea has. Its main purpose is to heal the affected areas, by increasing the estrogen level and reducing the sweat glands’ secretion. - Valerian Tea – also used as a powerful sedative in cases of insomnia, this tea has gained its popularity since ancient times, when Romans used it for a good night sleep and anxiety issues. - St. John’s Wort Tea – not only that this tea has great benefits concerning menopause, but it’s also a great help when it comes to depression. Teas for Menopause have the ability to treat both the physical and the mental problems that menopause brings. Teas you should avoid during Menopause When choosing Teas for Menopause, you may want to avoid those teas that have a high level of acidity and could upset your stomach, such as green tea or black tea. Teas for Menopause Side Effects When taken properly, these teas are generally safe. However, high dosages may lead to a series of complications, such as nausea, digestive tract ailments, nervous system affections. If you’ve been taking one of these Teas for Menopause and you’re experiencing some negative reactions, talk to your doctor as soon as possible. But if your general health is good and you have your doctor’s approval, give these Teas for Menopause a try and enjoy their benefits wisely!... teas for menopause

Vaccinium Myrtillus

Linn.

Family: Vacciniaceae.

Habitat: UK, Europe and North America. (About 21 species of Vaccinium are found in India.)

English: Bilberry, Blueberry.

Action: Astringent, diuretic, refrigerant.

Key application: Fruit—in non- specific,acute diarrhoea; topically in mild inflammation of the mucous membranes of the mouth and throat (German Commission E); anthocyanine enriched extracts of the fruit, in symptomatic treatment of problems related to varicose veins, such as heavy legs. (ESCOP.) Cranberry (Vaccinium sp.) is used in urinary incontinence and for UTI prevention. (Sharon M. Herr.)

The main constituents of the Bilberry fruit are anthocyanosides 0.5%. Other constituents include tannins, hy- droxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acids, flavonol glycosides, flavan-3-ols, iridoids, terpenes, pectins and organic plant acids. (ESCOP.)

In India, V. symplocifolium Alston, syn. V. leschenaultH Wight, known as Kilapalam in Tamil Nadu, is abundantly found in the mountains of South India up to an altitude of 2,400 m V. neil- gherrense Wight, known as Kalavu in Tamil Nadu and Olenangu in Karnata- ka, is commonly found in the hills of Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu at altitudes of 600-2,000 m.... vaccinium myrtillus

Father Pierre’s Monastery Herbs

Contain Frangula 2.5 per cent, Senna leaves 65.25 per cent, Ispaghula 6.75 per cent, Meadowsweet 5.125 per cent, Mate leaves 13.5 per cent, Nettles 6.75 per cent. Non-persistent constipation. ... father pierre’s monastery herbs

Forced March Tablet

Active principles of Kola nut, Coca leaves (caffeine and cocaine). Chiefly used in war. To allay thirst, hunger and sustain strength under mental and physical strain. Instruction to physicians: “Cola is a stimulant, tonic and restorative, decreasing the sensation of fatigue in prolonged muscular exertion or mental effort.”

Dose: One dissolved on the tongue daily. (Burroughs Wellcome during World War I) ... forced march tablet

Infurno Massage Cream

Contains Methyl sal 12.4 per cent, Capsicin 0.86 per cent, Menthol 0.5 per cent, Eucalyptus oil 2.4 per cent, rectified Camphor oil 2.4 per cent. Rheumatic aches and pains. ... infurno massage cream

Teas For Menstrual Pain

Menstrual pain is known for its acute and localized action on the abdominal area. However, not all women suffer from this affection.The good thing about menstrual pain, however, is that this is not a chronic disease and that it can go away as quickly as it came to you. All you have to do is treat it properly and wait for your body to respond. If the pain is very powerful and you need to put a stop to it, you may want to try taking an herbal treatment, in which case Raspberry leaf tea, Corn silk tea and Wild yam tea could be the answer. How Teas for Menstrual Pain Work Most of these Teas for Menstrual Pain involve helping your body release the right amount of endorphins in order to fight localized pain. Although menstrual pain is probably the most popular cause of distress for women around the world, alternative medicine found new ways to fight it alongside with traditional medicine. However, choosing one of these Teas for Menstrual Pain will only make your system healthier, without having to worry for possible side effects. The main characteristic of these Teas for Menstrual Pains is that they have a pleasant taste and fragrance and that they are generally safe, unlike traditional medicines. A cup of raspberry leaf tea brings relief to your abdominal area, by calming the muscles and increasing the uterus action. Efficient Teas for Menstrual Pain If you have a heavy menstrual flow or a severe pain crisis during periods, you may find out that the following Teas for Menstrual Pain could be the right answer to your problems: - Cramp Bark Tea – thanks to its antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory properties, Cramp Bark Tea is one of the best Teas for Menstrual Pain there is! Unfortunately, it’s rather inaccessible to the European public. However, if you find a shop that specializes in Cramp Bark products, hold on to it! Cramp Bark Tea can also be used as a detoxifier and a good face cleanser; when used topically, it may bring relief to your skin sores. - Raspberry Leaf Tea – this is a tea that may also come in hand in case you want to perform natural cosmetic procedures at home. Just soak a compress in Raspberry Leaf Tea and apply it on your face for 5 minutes to open and clean your pores. However, a cup of Raspberry Tea per day will improve your general health, bringing relief to those of you who are suffering from severe menstrual pain. - Corn Silk Tea – on this Teas for Menstrual Pain list, Corn silk Tea use needs extra caution. It is true that it can calm your menstrual pain, but you also need to measure the amount of tea you drink in order to avoid other complications: Corn Silk Tea is a very powerful urinary stimulant. - Wild Yam Tea – one of the most dangerous Teas for Menstrual Pain, Wild Yam Tea can bring relief to all kinds of pain, starting with menstrual pain, stomach pain and ending with migraines and severe headaches. However, don’t take this tea if you have protein S deficiency or a hormone-sensitive condition, such as breast cancer, uterine fibroids or endometriosis. Teas you should avoid During menstruation, you may want to avoid all teas based on a high level of acids, such as green or black teas . They will only make your pain insufferable, by increasing your stomach acidity and also your heart beat. Teas for Menstrual Pain Side Effects When taken according to specifications, these Teas for Menstrual Pain are rarely dangerous. However, if you’ve been taking one of them for a while and you’re experiencing some unusual reactions from your body, talk to a doctor as soon as possible. In high dosages, these teas may cause urinary dysfunctions, nausea, headaches and vomiting. First, make sure you’re not allergic to the tea you’re about to take in order to avoid other health complications. Once you have the green light from your doctor, give these Teas for Menstrual Pain a try and enjoy their wonderful benefits wisely!... teas for menstrual pain

Valsalva’s Manoeuvre

This is carried out by closing the mouth, holding the nose and attempting to blow hard. The manoeuvre raises pressure in the chest – and, indirectly, the abdomen – and forces air from the back of the nose down the EUSTACHIAN TUBES to the middle ear. This latter e?ect can be used to clear the tube during descent in an aircraft, when it sometimes becomes blocked or partially blocked, producing di?erential pressures on the two sides of each eardrum, usually accompanied by temporary pain and deafness.

Valsalva’s manoeuvre is involuntarily performed when a person strains to open his or her bowels: in these circumstances the passage of air to the lungs is blocked by instinctive closure of the vocal cords in the LARYNX. The resultant raised abdominal pressure helps to expel the bowel contents. The manoeuvre is also used in the study of cardiovascular physiology because the rise in pressure in the chest restricts the return of venous blood to the right atrium of the HEART. Pressure in the peripheral VEINS is raised and the amount of blood entering and leaving the heart falls. This drop in cardiac output may cause the subject to faint because the supply of oxygenated blood to the brain is reduced.... valsalva’s manoeuvre

Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia

The world’s most comprehensive source of drug information in a single volume. Provides an accurate and concise summary of the properties, actions, and uses of plant and other medicines in clinical use. All information evaluated by expert editorial staff of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. ... martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia

Masterwort

Peucedanum ostruthium (L.) Koch. Imperatoria ostruthium L. German: Meisterwurz. French: Benzoin Francais. Italian: Imperatoria. Part used: rhizome.

Constituents: flavonoids, furocoumarins, oil.

Action: antispasmodic, carminative, gastric stimulant, aromatic, expectorant, bitter, diaphoretic.

Uses: Indigestion and flatulence, loss of appetite, asthma, bronchial catarrh, menstrual pain, migraine relief.

Preparations: Thrice daily.

Tea. 1oz to 1 pint boiling water; infuse 15 minutes. Dose, half-1 cup, thrice daily.

Liquid Extract: 1-2 teaspoons in water. MASTITIS. See: BREAST. ... masterwort

Mastodynia

Pain in the breast.

Tea: equal parts, Agnus Castus and Balm. 2 teaspoons to each cup boiling water; infuse 15 minutes; 1 cup 2-3 times daily or when necessary.

Liquid Extract. Blue Cohosh BHP (1983) 1:1 in 70 per cent alcohol; dose 7-15 drops. ... mastodynia

Teas For Migraines

Migraines are described as strong headaches associated with a certain discomfort of the nervous system. Although practitioners around the world tried to find the ultimate cure for this ailment, they are still far from finding the miraculous cure. Since ancient times, herbalists used a wide range of alternative remedies to induce a state of relaxation and bring relief to those suffering from migraines. However, modern medicine found new ways to treat this condition, even if no definitive cure has been provided yet. Drink Teas for Migraines Alternative medicine, however, gives you a hand. There are a lot of teas for migraines and headaches which can successfully be used in order to treat the affected areas and calm the localized pain. If you are suffering from this condition, you may want to try one of the following teas: - Black Tea - when it comes to Teas for Migraines, Black Tea turns out to be quite a helper. Thanks to its anti-oxidant and alkaline properties, this natural remedy can calm your pain and release the necessary amount of active constituents. - Catnip Tea - another name on the Teas for Migraines list is Catnip Tea, a powerful treatment with anesthetic, sedative and relaxing properties which can be found in almost any teashop. Just make sure that you’re buying the product from a trusted provider in order to avoid unnecessary complications. - Chamomile Tea - used in both the cosmetic and the pharmaceutical industries, Chamomile Tea is probably one of the world’s greatest panaceas. When choosing Teas for Migraines, you need to make sure that the herb you’re about to use has no side effects and that its action is rapid and very effective. If that is the case, Chamomile Tea, with its calming and nourishing properties may be a good alternative to traditional medication. Also, if you suffer from sleeping disorders, Chamomile Tea might bring relief and a good night sleep. - Lavender Tea - used mostly for its memorable scent, Lavender is used by both the cosmetic industry and the cleaning products factories. However, when choosing Teas for Migraines, Lavender Tea may be just as important as the other too teas mentioned above. Thanks to a good level of tannis and volatile oils, Lavender Tea makes migraines go away within minutes. Other Effective Teas for Migraines - Tansy Tea - although it is yet unknown to the European public, Tansy Tea is one of the most efficient Teas for Migraines in the alternative medicine. Tansy Tea contains tanacetin, volatile oil, tannic acid, parthenolides, which are toxic for your body in high dosages. Although its action is very quickly, you need to be careful when taking a treatment based on Tansy Tea. Exceeding the recommended dosage may lead to death! - Thyme Tea – known mostly for its ability to treat menstrual pain, Thyme Tea is also one of the Teas for Migraines we strongly recommend. Its active ingredient is a substance called thymol, which is responsible for the calming effect that this tea has on you and your health. Also, applied topically, Thyme Tea is a good remedy for cuts and opened wounds. - White Peony Root Tea – used especially for its anti-inflammatory properties, White Peony Root Tea is probably the most effective and also the rarest of these Teas for Migraines. It contains a substance called paeoniflorin, which has a high anti-spastic action, so it can calm not only your migraines, but almost any type of localized pain. The other ingredients, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, tannins and polysaccharides make this particular herbal treatment work more efficient. By its own, paeniflorin is not as effective as used in combination with these other substances. - Yucca Tea – familiar to the South American populations and almost unknown for the Europeans, Yucca Tea is one of the teas that could probably treat almost any kind of affection. When you look in the Teas for Migraines section, you’ll notice that Yucca Tea has its own place. Thanks to a series of curative properties generated by the amount of saponins contained, Yucca Tea can treat other conditions of your body as well. If you suffer from arthritis or you just want a natural remedy for your hair, Yucca Tea is the answer! - Yerba Mate Tea – drank from special reservoirs, Yerba Mate Tea is commonly known as “the Argentine coffee”. Although it might be a little difficult to find it if you live in Europe, in case you’re looking for Teas for Migraines and you run into a teashop specialized in Yerba Mate products, hold on to it! It is said that this miraculous tea has all the ingredients necessary to sustain life. Specialists even call it “the new green tea”, thanks to its many curative properties. If you suffer from severe migraines, there’s no point in spending a lot of money on traditional pain killers. Just give one of these teas a try and enjoy its wonderful benefits!... teas for migraines

Matico

Piper angustifolium, R & P. Soldier’s herb. German: Soldatenkraut. French: Herbe du soldat. Italian: Erba di soldato. Part used: leaves.

Constituents: resins, tannins, camphor oil.

Action: stimulant, astringent, anti-haemorrhage, urinary antiseptic, styptic, diuretic.

Uses: Copious mucous discharge, diarrhoea, piles, leucorrhoea. Bleeding from lungs, bowel or bladder. Externally: styptic for healing wounds.

Preparations: Thrice daily.

Tea: 2-3 teaspoons to each cup boiling water; infuse 15 minutes; dose, half-1 cup.

Liquid Extract: 1-2 teaspoons in water. Powder: dose, 2-8g.

Tincture BPC 1923: dose: 4-8ml. ... matico

Maytenus

Medicinal plant which produces maytansine, a substance with anti-cancer properties. “It is a well-known Japanese remedy,” says Dr Rene Haller. “You grind up the stem, mix it with vaseline. Applied to skin cancers it is effective.”

M.E. Myalgic encephalomyelitis. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. See: MYALGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS. ... maytenus

Medical Accidents

Legal guidance sought by the sufferer when making claims against a doctor or health authority is available from: Action for Victims of Medical Accidents (AVMA), Bank Chambers, 1 London Road, Forest Hill, London SE23 3TP. ... medical accidents

Thyme Tea Treats Menstrual Pains

Thyme Tea has been used since the old times to cure respiratory problems thanks to a very important volatile oil called thymol that acts as an antiseptic. Thyme is a perennial edible herb with small green leaves and lavender purple flowers. The best thing about it is that can be harvested all year round, even if in the winter the roots are frozen and dried and you need to pay more attention. Thyme is usually pest free, but if you’re thinking about growing it in your backyard, watch out for greenfly. Thyme Tea Properties Thyme Tea is usually added in cures concerning coughs, cold or fever episodes, not to mention its anti-fungal properties. Thanks to this particular quality, Thyme Tea is used to treat athlete’s foot and other skin conditions. The main ingredient of this tea is thymol, which has been discovered recently. However, people used to drink Thyme Tea for ages thanks to its curative properties. Thyme Tea Benefits The benefits of Thyme Tea are many, starting with its wonderful help concerning chest and respiratory problems, sore throat or even flatulence. Also, Thyme Tea it’s a great remedy for menstrual pains and premenstrual symptoms as well. The thymol found in this tea is used by the great medical companies to produce mouthwashes to treat gums infections and any other respiratory track inflammation. Thyme Tea had expectorant properties and it’s prescribed by many doctors as an adjuvant in clearing lung mucus. And let’s not forget the wonderful benefits that Thyme Tea offers when treating some of the digestive track problems such as excessive flatulence, nausea, indigestion, colic and loss of appetite. Aside from that, you can apply Thyme leaves on your cuts and opened wounds in order to disinfect and calm the affected area. How to make Thyme Tea Preparing Thyme Tea is easy. If you want to make 2 cups of tea, you need 2 cups of boiling water and 2 teaspoons of Thyme leaves. First, finely chop the herbs and pour the boiling water over it. Let it steep for about 10 or 15 minutes, depending on how concentrated you want it to be. You can drink it hot or keep it in your refrigerator and drink it cold whenever you want. However, don’t let the herbs boil too much: boiled plants lose their curative properties and you’ll not be able to try Thyme Tea’s wonderful benefits. Thyme Tea Side Effects According to many herbalists, drinking too much Thyme Tea can cause allergic reactions in your body or even increase its toxicity level. Also, if you are allergic to rosemary, basil, catmint, hyssop, oregano and celery, you’ll also be allergic to this tea. The best thing you can do is talk to your doctor before starting a treatment based on Thyme Tea. If you don’t know which aliments and teas cause you allergic reactions, see a specialist before taking any type of herbal treatment. Thyme Tea Contraindications Do not take Thyme Tea if you are pregnant or breastfeeding. Also, if you are experiencing vomiting episodes, it is best to talk to your doctor before making any move. Since Thyme Tea causes a highly expectorant reaction, it is indicated to drink a small quantity of it in order to avoid ulcers and other gastric problems. Drinking Thyme Tea usually causes no problem if you don’t drink more than 2 cups per day. So, if you have a sore throat and you are willing to try a natural remedy, Thyme Tea can be the right answer. Just pay attention to our indications and enjoy the wonderful benefits of this tea!... thyme tea treats menstrual pains

Ventilago Madraspatana

Gaertn.

Family: Rhamnaceae.

Habitat: Maharashtra and South India.

Ayurvedic: Taamravalli, Kaivartikaa, Vaamataruni.

Siddha/Tamil: Pappili-chaka, Vempadam, Sural-pattai.

Folk: Kevati.

Action: Root bark—carminative, stomachic, febrifuge; used in atonic dyspepsia, debility and skin diseases. The plant is used against scabies.

The roots contain anthraquinones, ventinones A and B, physcion and chrysophanol. The root bark afforded naphthalene derivatives and several naphthaquinones, anthraquinones— islandicin, emodin, xanthorin and its 5-methyl ether.

In South India, V. bombaiensis Dalz. is found in Mukkali forest, Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu, and V. goughii in Coorg, Nilgiris and Kurnool.... ventilago madraspatana

Meier

Beat. Privatdocent ETH, Dr sc nat Pharmacist. Head of R & D Dept at Zeller AG, Herbal Medicines, Romanshorn, Switzerland. Medical plant researcher at ETH, Department of Pharmacy, Zurich. Developed modern strategies for analysis of herbal medicines, especially in the field of HPLC. University teacher in pharmacognosy and phytochemistry. C/O Zeller AG, Ch-8590 Romanshorn, Switzerland. ... meier

Memory, Weak

 Amnesia – from slightly impaired to complete loss. Forgetfulness associated with ageing, depression, alcoholism, low thyroid function, Alzheimer’s disease.

Alternatives: to improve concentration.

Teas, Liquid extracts, tinctures or powders: Ginseng, Gotu Kola, Hawthorn (berries or blossoms), Holy Thistle, Horsetail, Kola nuts, Periwinkle (minor), Rosemary, Skullcap, Vervain, Ginkgo.

Ginkgo: impressive results reported.

Practitioner. Ephedra.

Supplements. B-complex, B6, B12, E. Phosphorus, Zinc. ... memory, weak

Menstrual Cramp

Cramp in the womb. See: DYSMENORRHOEA. ... menstrual cramp

Menstruation, Prolonged

 May be caused by a decline in hormone levels. Indicated: Agnus Castus, Black Cohosh.

See: MENORRHAGIA. ... menstruation, prolonged

Milk Leg

See: VENOUS THROMBOSIS. ... milk leg

Vinca Major

(Linn.) Pich.

Synonym: V pubescens Urv.

Family: Apocynaceae.

Habitat: Native to Europe. Found in the Himalayas, West Bengal and Palni Hills.

English: Green Periwinkle, Greater Periwinkle.

Action: Astringent, antihaemor- rhagic, hypotensive. Used to treat menorrhagia and leucorrhoea.

The herb contains indole alkaloids; majdine, isomajdine, majoridine, aku- ammine, akuammigine, carpanaubine, irvine, reserpine, serpentine, sarpagi- ne, tetrahydroalstonine, vincamajine and vincamajoreine; and tannins.

The cytotoxic dimeric alkaloids present in Vinca rosea L., used in the treatment of certain types of cancer, have not been found in Vinca major.... vinca major

Vinca Minor

Linn.

Family: Apocynaceae.

Habitat: Grown in Indian gardens as an ornamental.

English: Lesser Periwinkle.

Action: Astringent and circulatory stimulant (contain alkaloid vin- camine). Used for gastric catarrh, chronic dyspepsia; restlessness, headache, dizziness, and for the prevention of premature aging of brain cells, as a geriatic support.

The herb contains indole alkaloids (0.15-1.4%). The major constituent in vincamine; others include vinic, apovincamine, vincadifformin.

Vincamine is hypotensive; increases blood flow and oxygen supply to the brain. The vincamine content in the herb is low and fluctuates greatly. Overdose of the extract brings about a severe drop in blood pressure.

Vincamine, as a pure substance is available for therapeutic administration.... vinca minor

Viscum Monoicum

Roxb. ex DC.

Family: Viscaceae; Laoranthaceae.

Habitat: Sikkim, a parasite of Strychnos nux-vomica tree.

Ayurvedic: Katukavalli, Pashu- mohanikaa.

Siddha/Tamil: Pulluri, Pullurivi.

Folk: Kuchleikaa-malang, Kuchle- kaa-baandaa.

Action: Properties more or less similar to Strychnos nux-vomica. Used as a substitute for strychnine and brucine. (The plant is also parasitic on Albizia amara, A. odoratissima, Pongamia pin- nata and Ziziplus oenoplia.)... viscum monoicum

Wahlenbergia Marginata

(Thunb.) A. DC.

Synonym: W. gracilis Schrad.

Family: Campanulaceae.

Habitat: Native to South Africa; occurring throughout India.

Folk: Tosad kesari, Dudma Saaga.

Action: Root—used in pulmonary infections. Herb—used externally for strengthening the loose teeth, also for skin diseases.

The flower contains delphinidin- chloride-3, 5-diglucoside. The roots contain glucose, sucrose, methyl 9, 12-octadecadienoate, beta-sitosterol, beta-sitosterol glucoside and lupenone.... wahlenbergia marginata

Zataria Multiflora

Boiss.

Family: Labiatae.

Habitat: Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan. Imported into India.

English: Wild Thyme.

Unani: Saatar Faarsi, Al-Saatar, Origanon.

Action: Herb—stimulant, anti- inflammatory, anodyne, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, anthelmintic, antilithic. Detoxifies liver, stomach and intestines. Used for inflammatory conditions of the liver.

Essential oil contained phenols 69% (consisted mainly of carvacrol and traces of thymol) and nonphenols 31% (including p-cymene, cineol, borneol, zatarinol). Besides essential oil, the drug contains alkanes, beta-sitosterol, betulin, fatty acids and triterpenic ke- tones.... zataria multiflora

Milk Fever

The flow of milk does not naturally commence until the third day after delivery when a slight feverishness with chill may be experienced. With filling of the breast and suckling by the child relief is felt. The condition is not usually in need of medication but where difficult, as it can be to anorexics and those in feeble health, a cup of Chamomile tea suffices. Combine with Skullcap for those of nervous disposition. ... milk fever

Mills

Simon, MA FNIMH. Joint Director of the Centre for Complementary Health Studies, University of Exeter (England). President, National Institute of Medical Herbalists (1983-1988) and (1990-1991). Member of the Therapeutics Revision Committee, The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia. UK representative to ESCOP. Mr Mills is in private practice as a herbal consultant in Exeter, England. ... mills

Mineral Nutrients

Dietary minerals. See entries: CALCIUM, CHROMIUM, COBALT, COPPER, DOLOMITE, FLUORINE, IODINE, IRON, MAGNESIUM, MANGANESE, MOLYBDENUM, PHOSPHORUS, POTASSIUM, SELENIUM, SODIUM, SULPHUR, ZINC. ... mineral nutrients

Mitchell

Hugh, MNIMH (Hon.), F.Inst.H.F.R., Past Manager, Crude Drugs Division, Potter & Clarke, London. Later, joint Managing Director, Brome & Schimmer Ltd. Chairman, Mitchfield Botanies Ltd. President, British Herbal Medicine Association. Past Chairman, British Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Chairman, Board of Governors, School of Phytotherapy. Founder member of ESCOP and member of the Executive and General Council. ... mitchell

West Indian Medlar

Mimusops elengi

Sapotaceae

San: Bakulah

Hin: Bakul, Maulsiri

Ben: Bakul

Mal: Ilanji, Elanji

Tam: Magilam, Ilanci

Tel: Pogada

Kan: Pagademara

Guj: Barsoli, Bolsari

Importance: Spanish cherry, West Indian Medlar or Bullet wood tree is an evergreen tree with sweet- scented flowers having ancient glamour. Garlands made of its flowers are ever in good demand due to its long lasting scent. Its bark is used as a gargle for odontopathy, ulitis and ulemorrhagia. Tender stems are used as tooth brushes. It is also useful in urethrorrhoea, cystorrhoea, diarrhoea and dysentery. Flowers are used for preparing a lotion for wounds and ulcers. Powder of dried flowers is a brain tonic and is useful as a snuff to relieve cephalgia. Unripe fruit is used as a masticatory and will help to fix loose teeth. Seeds are used for preparing suppositories in cases of constipation especially in children (Warrier et al,1995). The bark and seed coat are used for strengthening the gum and enter into the composition of various herbal tooth powders, under the name of “Vajradanti”, where they may be used along with tannin-containing substances like catechu (Acacia catechu), pomegranate (Punica granatum) bark, etc. The bark is used as snuff for high fever accompanied by pains in various parts of the body. The flowers are considered expectorant and smoked in asthma. A lotion prepared from unripe fruits and flowers is used for smearing on sores and wounds. In Ayurveda, the important preparation of Mimusops is “Bakuladya Taila”, applied on gum and teeth for strengthening them, whereas in Unani system, the bark is used for the diseases of genitourinary system of males (Thakur et al, 1989).

Distribution: It is cultivated in North and Peninsular India and Andaman Islands. It is grown as an avenue tree in many parts of India.

Botany: Mimusops elengi Linn. belongs to the family Sapotaceae. It is an evergreen tree with dark grey fissured bark and densely spreading crown. Leaves are oblong, glabrous and leathery with wavy margins. Flowers are white, fragrant, axillary, solitary or fascicled. Fruits are ovoid or ellipsoid berries. Seeds are 1-2 per fruit, ovoid, compressed, greyish brown and shiny (Warrier et al, 1995). Other important species belonging to the genus Mimusops are M. hexandra Roxb. and M. kauki Linn. syn. Manilkara kauki Dub.(Chopra et al, 1980).

Agrotechnology: Mimusops prefers moist soil rich in organic matter for good growth. The plant is propagated by seeds. Fruits are formed in October-November. Seeds are to be collected and dried. Seeds are to be soaked in water for 12 hours without much delay and sown on seedbeds. Viability of seeds is less. After germination they are to be transferred to polybags. Pits of size 45cm cube are to be taken and filled with 5kg dried cowdung and top soil. To these pits, about 4 months old seedlings from the polybags are to be transplanted with the onset of monsoon. Addition of 10kg FYM every year is beneficial. Any serious pests or diseases do not attack the plant. Flowering commences from fourth year onwards. Bark, flowers, fruit and seeds are the economic parts.

Properties and activity: -sitosterol and its glucoside, -spina-sterol, quercitol, taraxerol and lupeol and its acetate are present in the aerial parts as well as the roots and seeds. The aerial parts in addition gave quercetin, dihydroquercetin, myricetin, glycosides, hederagenin, ursolic acid, hentriacontane and -carotene. The bark contained an alkaloid consisting largely of a tiglate ester of a base with a mass spectrum identical to those of laburinine and iso-retronecanol and a saponin also which on hydrolysis gave -amyrin and brassic acid. Seed oil was comprised of capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, arachidic, oleic and linoleic acids.

Saponins from seed are spermicidal and spasmolytic. The aerial part is diuretic. Extract of flower (1mg/kg body weight) showed positive diuretic action in dogs. Bark is tonic and febrifuge. Leaf is an antidote for snakebite. Pulp of ripe fruit is antidysenteric. Seed is purgative. Bark and pulp of ripe fruit is astringent (Husain et al, 1992).... west indian medlar

Zea Mays

Linn.

Family: Gramineae; Poaceae.

Habitat: Native to South America. Grown as a food crop mainly in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir.

English: Maize, Corn, Indian Corn.

Ayurvedic: Mahaa-Kaaya.

Unani: Makkaa, Zurraa Makkaa.

Action: Corn Silk—diuretic, urinary demulcent, antilithic. Used for cystitis, urethritis, prostatitis, irritation of the urinary tract by phosphatic and uric acids, nephritis, uncontrollable bladder, retention, pus in the urine, bed-wetting.

The corn silk gave saponins; alan- toin; sterols, especially beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol; alkaloid hordenine; polyphenols; mucilage; potassium; vitamin C and K; cryptoxanthin, antho- cyanins, plant acids, tannin.

The glycoproteins, seperated from corn silk, inhibited IgE antibody formation and enhanced IgG and IgM formation; they showed antiviral and antitumour activities.... zea mays

Mitogenics

Cell proliferants. Comfrey, Marigold. ... mitogenics

Mitral Disease

A serious defect of the mitral valve of the heart. Two kinds: (1) a permanently deformed narrowed valve (mitral stenosis), or (2) a dilated, over-stretched or distorted valve through enlargement of the left ventricle. In this case imperfect closure causes back pressure which produces chest symptoms. Incompetence leads to enlargement of the heart. Often a legacy from rheumatic fever in children. Sooner or later the liver congests with possible jaundice. Presence of albumin in the urine follows kidney involvement.

Treatment. See: HEART – LEFT VENTRICULAR FAILURE. ... mitral disease

Molybdenum

Trace element. RDA 0.15 to 0.5mg.

Deficiency. Sexual impotence in aged men. Decayed teeth, allergy, palpitation.

Believed to be linked with cancer of the gullet in China where soil is deficient in this element.

Body effects. Male sexual libido, dental health, iron metabolism, function of some enzymes.

Sources. Most foods. Liver, oats, buckwheat, barley, wholegrains, lima beans, sunflower seeds, pulses, Soya beans and flour.

Note: High levels of uric acid (a cause of gout and gravel) have been linked with a high content of the element in some native soils – especially in Armenia. ... molybdenum

Yerba Mate Tea - The New Green Tea

Yerba Mate Tea remained unknown to the general public until a while ago, when the South American tea gained an impressive popularity among world-wide practitioners. Yerba Mate is a small tree that grows mainly in hot climate regions such as Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay. Yerba Mate Tea can be made from this tree’s leaves and stems. Ancient civilizations believed that this tea was the drink of gods thanks to its curative properties and its ability to purify houses and temples. The custom is to drink Yerba Mate tea from a special container called bombilla and using a straw. Yerba Mate Tea Properties Yerba Mate Tea has a bitter-sweet taste and is very similar to the camellia sinensis tea. Scientists found that Yerba Mate tea contains 196 active ingredients, making this South American tea one of the richest decoctions on Earth. The main substances of this tea are: tannins, antioxidants, polyphenols, amino acids, saponins, vitamins and flavonoids. Herbalists discovered that Yerba Mate Tea contains all the ingredients capable to sustain life. Many recent studies refer to this tea as “the new green tea”. Yerba Mate Tea Benefits Aside from its cultural background, Yerba Mate Tea is one of the best teas on Earth, thanks not only to its numerous chemical ingredients, but also to a large amount of diseases that can treat. Although in the Latin Americas this tea is as popular (if not more popular) than the tea, it remains still unknown to European public. However, Yerba Mate Tea may come in hand in case you’re suffering from one of the following problems: - Low energy level and fatigue, by giving your health system a boost. - Central nervous system problems, such as headaches and severe migraines, by helping your body produce and release more endorphins. - Gastrointestinal disorders, such as stomach pains and intestinal infections, flushing out of your system all microbes and unwanted parasites. How to make Yerba Mate Tea Infusion Preparing Yerba Mate Tea couldn’t be any easier. Just take the dried lives (if you live in South America, try to use the freshly-picked ones. They have a stronger flavor), put them in a teapot and add boiling water. Use a teaspoon of every cup of tea you want to make and wait 15 minutes for the wonderful benefits of this tea to be released. Drink it hot or cold, from a glass or a bombilla. Yerba Mate Tea Side Effects There are no reported cases of Yerba Mate Tea side effects. However, in order to avoid any kind of complications, it’s best not to drink more than 4 cups of tea per day. If you’re still having doubts about taking a treatment based on Yerba Mate Tea, talk to a specialist and gather more information. Yerba Mate Tea Contraindications When taken in high dosages, Yerba Mate Tea may lead to a number of negative reactions from your body, such as lung cancer, esophageal cancer, laryngeal cancer and kidney cancer. Before starting any herbal treatment, talk to a specialist in order to be informed of the implied risks. If you feel confident in your health, you already have your doctor’s ok on this matter andyou’re willing to follow a list of basic instructions, give Yerba Mate Tea a try and enjoy its great benefits!... yerba mate tea - the new green tea

Anthroposophical Medicine

Holistic medicine based on the work of Dr Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925) an Austrian scientist who founded the Anthroposophical Society in 1913. To Steiner disease was more than a group of physical symptoms. It was a malfunction of man on one of four planes. These planes consist of (1) the physical body, which is surrounded by (2) the etheric body. (3) He also declared man to have an astral body (our inner life of emotional reactions) and (4) a consciousness of the personal ego – the “I”.

Steiner equated these planes with the doctrine of the elements earth, fire, air and water as understood by the Ancient World. In health all four work together in one “harmonious integrated whole”. Bad health was a sign that the balance between these states had been disrupted.

The school of thought believes that disease may be a preparation for future life towards which reincarnation is a feature. It is not possible to be an anthroposophical doctor without a fundamental relationship with the plant kingdom. It is believed that to heal the four-fold dimensions of man demands a high level spiritual awareness which is not always acquired through the usual channels of medical education. The movement has its international centre at the Goetheanum, Dornach, Switzerland. See: RUDOLF STEINER. ... anthroposophical medicine

Mucolytics

Agents that disperse or dissolve mucus. Of use for such conditions as glue ear or abdominal complications associated with cystic fibrosis in children. Quillaia bark, Lungwort.

See also: EXPECTORANTS. ... mucolytics

Multivitamin Formula

Alternative to vitamin and mineral supplements. The following are rich in vitamins and minerals, and may be taken singly or in combination:– Alfalfa, Horsetail, Iceland Moss, Irish Moss, Kelp, Nettles, Oats, Parsley root, Spirulina. ... multivitamin formula

Musician’s Cramp

Overuse syndrome.

Occupational tenosynovitis. Pain in hands, limbs, shoulders, neck.

Treatment. Radical rest, avoiding turning door handles, taps, writing, housework.

Teas, decoctions: St John’s Wort, Ginseng, Valerian, Alfalfa, Oats.

Tablets/capsules. Cramp bark. Valerian. St John’s Wort, Ginseng, Black Cohosh.

Formula. Cramp bark 1; Ginseng 1; Ginger half. Dose: Liquid Extracts: 1 teaspoon. Tinctures: 2 teaspoons. Powders: half a teaspoon. Thrice daily.

Topical. Arnica cream or lotion.

Supplements. Vitamins B6, C, E. Calcium, Dolomite, Magnesium. ... musician’s cramp

Antibody, Monoclonal

An artificially produced antibody that neutralizes only one specific antigen (foreign protein).

Monoclonal antibodies are produced in a laboratory by stimulating the growth of a large number of antibody-producing cells that are genetically identical. In effect, this process enables antibodies to be tailor-made so that they will react with a particular antigen.

Monoclonal antibodies are used in the study of human cells, hormones, microorganisms, and in the development of vaccines. They are also being used in the diagnosis and treatment of some forms of cancer.... antibody, monoclonal

Self Medication

The Government and health authorities of the UK and Europe express their desire that citizens take more responsibility for their own health. Also, the public’s disquiet towards some aspects of modern medicine leads them to seek alternatives elsewhere. As a generation of health-conscious people approach middle age, it is less inclined to visit the doctor but to seek over-the-counter products of proven quality, safety and efficacy for minor self-limiting conditions. This has the advantage of freeing the doctor for more serious cases. Intelligent self-medication has come to stay.

Prescriptions. While specimen combinations appear for each specific disease in this book, medicines from the dispensary may be varied many times during the course of treatment. The practitioner will adapt a prescription to a patient’s individual clinical picture by adding and subtracting agents according to the changing basic needs of the case. For instance, a first bottle of medicine or blend of powders may include a diuretic to clear the kidneys in preparation for the elimination of wastes and toxins unleashed by active ingredients.

The reader should never underestimate the capacity of herbal medicine to regenerate the human body, even from the brink of disaster.

Acknowledgements. I am indebted to my distinguished mentor, Edgar Gerald Jones, Mansfield, Nottinghamshire, England, to whom I owe more than I could ever repay. I am indebted also to the National Institute of Medical Herbalists, and to the British Herbal Medicine Association, both of which bodies have advanced the cause of herbal medicine. I have drawn heavily upon the British Herbal Pharmacopoeias 1983 and 1990, authentic publications of the BHMA, and have researched major works of ancient and modern herbalism including those pioneers of American Eclectic Medicine: Dr Samuel Thomson, Dr Wooster Beach, Dr Finlay Ellingwood and their British contemporaries. All made a vital contribution in their day and generation. I have endeavoured to keep abreast of the times, incorporating the latest scientific information at the time of going to press. For the purposes of this book I am especially indebted to my friend Dr John Cosh for checking accuracy of the medical material and for his many helpful suggestions.

A wealth of useful plants awaits further investigation. Arnica, Belladonna and Gelsemium are highly regarded by European physicians. It is believed that these plants, at present out of favour, still have an important role in medicine of the future. The wise and experienced clinician will wish to know how to harness their power to meet the challenge of tomorrow’s world.

Perhaps the real value of well-known alternative remedies lies in their comparative safety. Though largely unproven by elaborate clinical trials, the majority carry little risk or harm. Some have a great potential for good. The therapy is compatible with other forms of treatment.

The revival of herbal medicine is no passing cult due to sentimentality or superstition. It indicates, rather, a return to that deep devotion to nature that most of us have always possessed, and which seems in danger of being lost in the maze of modern pharmacy. It is an expression of loyalty to all that is best from

the past as we move forward into the 21st century with a better understanding of disease and its treatment. I believe the herbal profession has a distinguished and indispensible contribution to make towards the conquest of disease among peoples of the world, and that it should enjoy a place beside orthodox medicine.

Who are we to say that today’s antibiotics and high-tech medicine will always be available? In a world of increasing violence, war and disaster, a breakdown in the nation’s health service might happen at any time, thus curtailing production of insulin for the diabetic, steroids for the hormone-deficient, and anti-coagulants for the thrombotic. High-technology can do little without its specialised equipment. There may come a time when we shall have to reply on our own natural resources. It would be then that a knowledge of alternatives could be vital to survival. ... self medication

Anti-microbials

Plant medicines that destroy or inhibit growth of disease-causing bacteria or other micro-organisms. Aniseed, Barberry, Bayberry, Bearberry, Benzoin, Blood root, Buchu, Camphor, Caraway oil, Catechu, Cayenne, Cinnamon, Clove, Cornsilk, Coriander, Echinacea, Elecampane, Eucalyptus, Fennel seed, Garlic, Gentian, Goldenseal, Guaiacum, Heather flowers (Calluna), Hemlock Spruce bark, Juniper, Kava Kava, Kino, Labrador tea, Lavender, Liquorice, Lovage root, Mandrake, Marigold, Marjoram, Meadowsweet, Mountain Grape, Myrrh, Nasturtium, Olive, Orthosiphon, Parsley root, Peppermint, Peruvian balsam, Plantain, Propolis, Rosemary, Rue, Sage, St John’s Wort, Southernwood, Thuja, Thyme, Turmeric, White Pond Lily, Wild Indigo, Wood Sage, Wormwood, Yarrow. ... anti-microbials

Arachnoid Mater

The middle of the 3 layers of membrane (meninges) that cover the brain.... arachnoid mater

Artificial Rupture Of Membrane

See amniotomy.... artificial rupture of membrane

Aviation Medicine

The medical speciality concerned with the physiological effects of air travel and with the causes and treatment of medical problems that may occur during a flight.... aviation medicine

Barrier Method

A method of preventing pregnancy by blocking the passage of sperm to the uterus, for example by using a condom or a diaphragm. (See also contraception, barrier methods of.)... barrier method

Biceps Muscle

The name given to a muscle originating as 2 separate parts, which then fuse. It is the commonly used name for the biceps brachii muscle of the upper arm, which bends the arm at the elbow and rotates the

forearm. The biceps femoris at the back of the thigh bends the leg at the knee and extends the thigh.... biceps muscle

Billings’ Method

Also called the mucus inspection method, a technique in which a woman notes changes in the characteristics of mucus produced by the cervix in order to predict ovulation for the purposes of contraception or family planning.... billings’ method

Bowel Movements, Abnormal

See faeces, abnormal.... bowel movements, abnormal

Calendar Method

A method of contraception, also called the rhythm method, based on abstaining from sexual intercourse around the time of ovulation (calculated by a woman’s menstrual cycles). The method is unreliable because the menstrual cycle may vary (see contraception, natural methods).... calendar method

Arthritis – Menopausal

Joint stiffness of the menopause due to diminished output of progesterone and oestrogen. Not really a separate disease but one form in which rheumatoid arthritis may present.

Alternatives. Agnus Castus, Alfalfa, Black Cohosh, Blue Cohosh, Cramp bark, Hawthorn, Hops, Liquorice, Sage, Sarsaparilla, Wild Yam, Yarrow.

Tea. Formula. Equal parts: Alfalfa, Hops, Sage. 1 heaped teaspoon to each cup boiling water; infuse 5-10 minutes; 1 cup freely.

Chinese medicine: Sage tea.

Formula. Agnus castus 2; Black Cohosh 1; Valerian half; Juniper quarter. Mix. Dose: Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon). Liquid Extracts: 1 teaspoon. Tinctures: 2 teaspoons, in water, or cup of Nettle tea.

Nettle tea. Favourable results reported.

Evening Primrose oil.

Diet. Oily fish. Low fat, Low salt. High fibre.

Supplements. Vitamins A, B6, B-complex, C, E. Calcium, Magnesium, Zinc. ... arthritis – menopausal

Ayurveda Medicine

System of sacred medicine originating from Ancient India, dating from 1000 to 3000BC. Most likely it goes back to Babylonian times. It is generally believed that Western medicine has grown out of Greek medicine which, in turn scholars claim to have come from India.

Ayur (“life”) and veda (“science”), the science of life, is part of the Hindu writings – the Artharva- veda. By 500BC many of these writings, including a vast collection of ‘Materia medica’ gravitated to the University of Benares, to be joined 700 years later with another huge volume of medical literature which together formed the basis of the Ayurveda system. In rural India where Western medicine is absent it is still practised by 80 per cent of the population. Like the medical culture of China, that of India is among the oldest in the world. Today, its practitioners are skilled in gynaecology, obstetrics and other specialties.

It is a branch of Holistic medicine whereby body imbalances are restored by a natural regime, baths, fasting, enemas, cleansing diets and herbs. Time is given up to meditation and prayer for which many mantras exist. Those who practise it support the role of preventive medicine, insisting it is not only a system of cure but a metaphysical way of life touching body, mind and spirit. A strict daily discipline embraces yoga and special foods to maintain a sound and wholesome life. Ayurvedic medicine regards the herb Valerian as important for epilepsy.

Important Ayurvedic medicines include Borage, Liquorice, Cinnamon, Garlic, Gotu Kola and Wild Yam, renowned for their versatility. Of special importance to this system of medicine is the hypoglycaemic plant, Gymnema sylvestre, used since the 6th century for a condition known as “honey urine”, which today grows in popularity in the West for the treatment of diabetes. ... ayurveda medicine

Breasts, Mastectomy

Surgical operation for removal of the breast. Follow-up treatment to promote healing with minimum scarring. Marigold, St John’s Wort (Hypericum), Oil of Evening Primrose. Vitamin E. Fenugreek seeds.

Alternatives. Tea. Equal parts: Marigold petals, St John’s Wort, Mullein. 2 teaspoons to each cup boiling water; infuse 15 minutes. 1 cup 3 or more times daily.

Tissue regeneration. Fenugreek tea.

Capsules. Oil of Evening Primrose: 2 × 250mg, 3 times daily.

Liquid Extract Blue Cohosh BHP (1983) 7-15 drops (0.5-1ml).

Topical. Oil of Evening Primrose. Comfrey dusting powder. Aloe Vera juice. Vitamin E cream. Diet. Lacto-vegetarian.

Information. BCC, Free Help Line. UK telephone: 0500 245345. ... breasts, mastectomy

Breasts, Mastitis

Inflammation of the breast. Maybe of the new born, of puberty; associated with mumps, abscess; or occurs during breastfeeding when a milk duct may become blocked and infected by bacteria – usually Staphylococcus aureus. Mothers should suckle the baby until the breast is completely empty. Chronic mastitis is known as fibro adenosis. Should acute mastitis get out of hand, abscess may form requiring more drastic treatment such as incision to release pus.

Symptoms. Local tenderness, feverishness, general agitation. Pain following mumps. Nipple discharge. Alternatives. Where there is feverishness add Elderflowers (one part).

Tea. Combine equal parts: Comfrey leaves. Wild Thyme. German Chamomile. Red Clover. 1 heaped teaspoon to each cup boiling water; infuse 5-15 minutes. Drink freely.

Tablets/capsules. Poke root. Red Clover. Echinacea.

Powders. Formula: Echinacea 2; Red Clover 1; Poke root 1. Mix. Dose: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one- third teaspoon) thrice daily.

Tinctures. Formula. Echinacea 2; Marigold 1; Agnus Castus 2; Poke root 1. Dose: 1-2 teaspoons thrice daily, in water.

Poultice: (1) Fresh Plantain leaves beaten in pestle and mortar, applied cold. (2) Comfrey powder or Slippery Elm powder (or both) sprinkled on suitable material wrung out in boiling water and applied. (3) German Chamomile and Comfrey leaves. (Arthur Hyde, MNIMH) (4) Bring to boil, equal parts Chamomile flowers and Marshmallow leaves in milk and water. Remove when boiling point is reached. Saturate linen or suitable material. Apply every 12 hours. (Rev. John Wesley) (6) Bathe with juice of Houseleek. (Traditional, Norfolk villages)

Evening Primrose oil: internally and externally.

Poke root. An important ingredient of prescription for acute condition. ... breasts, mastitis

Calf Muscles

The muscles extending from the back of the knee to the heel.

The gastrocnemius muscle starts behind the knee and forms the bulky part of the calf; under it is the soleus muscle which starts at the back of the tibia (shin).

The 2 muscles join to form the Achilles tendon, which connects them to the heel.

Contraction of the calf muscles pulls the heel up and is important in walking, running, and jumping.

Pain in these muscles occurs because of cramp, sciatica, or, more rarely, deep vein thrombosis.

The calf muscles may be affected by claudication (pain caused by walking and relieved by rest).... calf muscles

Breasts, Milk Scanty

To promote milk production: Alfalfa, Aniseed, Borage, Caraway, Centuary, Balm, Dill, Fennel, Goat’s Rue, Holy Thistle, Nettles, Burnet Saxifrage, Bitter Milkwort, Marshmallow root, Raspberry leaves, Vervain. John Parkinson (1640) recommended Agnus Castus. Formula (1). Fenugreek seeds 2; Aniseeds 1. Mix. 2 teaspoons to each cup water gently simmered 2 minutes in a covered vessel. Dose: 1 cup 3 or more times daily. Consume seeds.

Formula (2). Equal parts: Goat’s Rue, Raspberry leaves. Mix. 1 heaped teaspoon to each cup boiling water; infuse 5-10 minutes. Dose: 1 cup 3 or more times daily.

Tablets/capsules. Agnus Castus, Fenugreek, Borage. ... breasts, milk scanty

Breasts, Nursing Mother Exhaustion

Inability to cope with incessant demands of the child. Heaviness of shoulders and back. Headache, pains, possible anaemia, lack of energy, insomnia, mental depression. Usually a combination of invigorating herb teas suffices. Alcohol-based tinctures, liquid extracts, etc, are contra-indicated. Bananas, to counter potassium deficiency. Oatmeal porridge. Alternatives. Teas. Oats. Raspberry leaves. Ginseng, Wood Betony, Vervain.

Gerard tea. Equal parts: Raspberry leaves, Lemon Balm leaves, Agrimony leaves. Mix. Made as ordinary tea: 2-3 teaspoons to small teapot; infuse few minutes. Drink freely.

Fenugreek tea: consume seeds as well as liquor.

Gentian root. 2 teaspoons to cup cold water left to steep overnight. Half-1 cup before meals.

Pollen..

Diet. Oatmeal porridge. Honey.

Supplements. Multivitamins, B-complex, B6, B12. ... breasts, nursing mother exhaustion

British Herbal Medicine Association

Before the Medicine’s Bill proceeded to the Statute book to become the Medicine’s Act 1968, so great was the threat to the practice of herbal medicine and sale of herbal preparations, that the profession and trade were galvanised into mobilising opposition. Thus, the British Herbal Medicine Association was formed in 1964. In the ensuing struggle, important concessions were won that ensured survival.

The BHMA is recognised by the Medicines Control Agency as the official representative of the profession and the trade. Its objects are (a) to defend the right of the public to choose herbal remedies and be able to obtain them; (b) to foster research in herbal medicine and establish standards of safety which are a safeguard to the user; (c) to encourage the dissemination of knowledge about herbal remedies, and (d) do everything possible to advance the science and practice of herbal medicine, and to further recognition at all levels.

Membership is open to all interested in the future of herbal medicine, including herbal practitioners, herbal retailers, health food stores, wholesalers, importers, manufacturers, pharmacists, doctors and research workers.

The BHMA produces the British Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Its Scientific Committee is made up of senior herbal practitioners, university pharmacologists and pharmacognosists. Other publications include: BHMA Advertising Code (1978), Medicines Act Advertising guidelines (1979), the Herbal Practitioner’s Guide to the Medicine’s Act (F. Fletcher Hyde), and miscellaneous leaflets on ‘Herbs and Their Uses’.

The BHMA does not train students for examination but works in close co-operation with the National Institute of Medical Herbalists, and with the European Scientific Co-operative on Phytotherapy.

Chairmen since its inception: Frank Power, 1964-1969; Fred Fletcher-Hyde, 1969-1977; Hugh Mitchell 1977-1986; James Chappelle 1986-1990; Victor Perfitt 1990-.

During the years the association has secured important advantages for its membership, particularly continuity of sale of herbal medicines in health food shops. It continues to maintain vigilance in matterss British and European as they affect manufacturing, wholesaling, retailing, prescribing and dispensing.

See: BRITISH HERBAL PHARMACOPOEIA and BRITISH HERBAL COMPENDIUM. ... british herbal medicine association

British Herbal Medicine Association, Scientific Committee, 1995

Peter R. Bradley MSc CChem FRSC (Chairman). Whitehall Laboratories.

Sheila E. Drew BPharm PhD MRPharms. Deputy Head of Technical Services, William Ransom & Son plc.

Fred Fletcher-Hyde BSc FNIMH. President Emeritus, British Herbal Medicine Association. President Emeritus, National Institute of Medical Herbalists.

Simon Y. Mills MA FNIMH. Director, Centre for Complementary Health Studies, University of Exeter. Hugh W. Mitchell MNIMH (Hon). President, British Herbal Medicine Association. Managing Director, Mitchfield Botanics Ltd.

Edward J. Shellard BPharm PhD DSc(Hon) (Warsaw Medical Academy) FRPharmS CChem FRSC FLS. Emeritus Professor of Pharmacognosy, University of London.

Arnold Webster CChem MRSC. Technical Director, English Grains Ltd.

Peter Wetton BSc LRSC. G.R. Lane Health Products Ltd.

Hein Zeylstra FNIMH. Principal. School of Phytotherapy, Sussex. ... british herbal medicine association, scientific committee, 1995

Cervical Mucus Method

A form of contraception based on identifying periods for abstinence from intercourse according to the changes in the mucus secreted by a woman’s cervix (see contraception, natural methods of).... cervical mucus method

Charcot–marie–tooth Disease

An inherited muscle-wasting disease of the legs (see peroneal muscular atrophy).... charcot–marie–tooth disease

Compos Mentis

Latin for “of sound mind’’.... compos mentis

Contraception, Hormonal Methods Of

The use by women of synthetic progestogen drugs, which are often combined with synthetic oestrogens, to prevent pregnancy.

These drugs suppress ovulation and make cervical mucus thick and impenetrable to sperm.

They also cause thinning of the endometrium (lining of the uterus), which reduces the chance of a fertilized egg implanting successfully.

The best-known form of hormonal contraception is the contraceptive pill (see oral contraceptives).

The hormones can also be given as contraceptive implants under the skin, by injection (see contraceptives, injectable), or be released by IUDs.... contraception, hormonal methods of

Cancer – Mouth And Lips

Epithelioma.

Causes: occupational hazards, contact with toxic metals and minerals.

A Health Department’s committee found an increased risk of developing mouth cancer from “snuff- dipping”, the practice of sucking tobacco from a small sachet, “tobacco teabags”.

Of possible value:– Fresh plant juices, Houseleek, Aloe Vera.

Teas: Chickweed, Mullein, Comfrey. 1 heaped teaspoon to each cup boiling water; infuse 15 minutes; dose – 1 cup thrice daily, increasing to as much as well tolerated.

Condurango Liquid extract. 10-30 drops in water before meals.

Goldenseal Liquid extract. 3-5 drops in water before meals.

George Burford MD. Condurango and Goldenseal.

E.H. Ruddock MD 1925. “Several cases of cancer of the lips have been cured by Goldenseal.”

Topical. Wipe area with Liquid Extract Condurango, Goldenseal, Thuja, Poke root or fresh plant juices of above. Slippery Elm paste: powdered Slippery Elm in few drops milk or water.

Mouthwash. Equal parts: Liquid Extract Goldenseal, Liquid Extract Bayberry, Tincture Myrrh and Glycerine. Some may be swallowed as internal medicine. Comfrey, Mullein or Chickweed cream.

Diet. See: DIET – CANCER.

Treatment by a general medical practitioner or hospital oncologist. ... cancer – mouth and lips

Council For Complementary And Alternative Medicine

A General Medical Council style organisation with a single Register, common ethics and disciplinary procedures for its members. To promote high standards of education, qualification and treatment; to preserve the patient’s freedom of choice.

Founder groups: The National Institute of Medical Herbalists, College of Osteopaths, British Naturopathic and Osteopathic Association, The British Chiropractic Association, The Society of Homoeopaths, The British Acupuncture Association, The Traditional Acupuncture Society and the Register of Traditional Chinese Medicine.

Objects: to provide vital unified representation to contest adverse legislation; to promote the interests of those seeking alternative treatments; to maintain standards of competent primary health care; to protect the practice of alternative medicine if Common Law is encroached upon. The Council prefers to work in harmony with the orthodox profession in which sense it is complementary. Council’s first chairman: Simon Mills, FNIMH. Address: 10 Belgrave Square, London SW1X BPH. ... council for complementary and alternative medicine

Cudweed, Marsh

 Gnaphalium uliginosum L. German: Ruhrkraut. French: Immortelle. Italian: Canapicchie. Part used: herb.

Action: Astringent, antitussive, antiseptic, anti-catarrhal, anti-inflammatory.

Uses: Quinsy, sore throat, tonsillitis, pharyngitis (tea used as a gargle every 2 hours). Inflammation of the parotid gland (mumps). Bleeding from respiratory mucous surfaces. Whooping cough, croup. Lice infestation (wash hair with tea). High blood pressure. (Russia)

Preparations: Thrice daily.

Tea. 1 heaped teaspoon to each cup boiling water; infuse 15 minutes, half cup freely, acute cases; thrice daily, chronic. Addition of 2 drops Tincture Myrrh enhances action.

Powder: dose, 2-4g.

Liquid Extract: half-1 teaspoon in water.

Tincture BHP (1983) 1 part to 5 parts 45 per cent alcohol. Dose: 1-4ml (15-60 drops). ... cudweed, marsh

Contraception, Withdrawal Method Of

See coitus interruptus.... contraception, withdrawal method of

Cross-matching

A procedure to determine compatibility between the blood of a person requiring a blood transfusion and that of a donor.

Red blood cells from one person are combined with serum from the other.

Clumping of red blood cells indicates the presence of antibodies, showing the blood is not compatible.... cross-matching

Cystourethrography, Micturating

An X-ray procedure for studying the bladder while urine is passed. Micturating cystourethrography is most commonly used in young children to detect abnormal reflux of urine as the bladder empties.... cystourethrography, micturating

Defence Mechanisms

Techniques used by the mind to cope with unpleasant or unwelcome emotions, impulses, experiences, or events. Repression of emotions surrounding a particular event or refusing to accept an event (denial) are both defence mechanisms.... defence mechanisms

De Morgan’s Spots

Harmless red or purple raised spots in the skin, consisting of a cluster of minute blood vessels. About 2 mm across, the spots usually affect middle-aged or older people. With increasing age, the spots become more numerous but do not increase in size. They may bleed if injured. Treatment is unnecessary.... de morgan’s spots

Familial Mediterranean Fever

An inherited condition that affects certain Sephardic Jewish, Armenian, and Arab families. Its cause is unknown. Symptoms usually begin between the ages of 5 and 15 years, and include recurrent episodes of fever, abdominal and chestpain, and arthritis. Red skin swellings sometimes occur, and affected people may also suffer psychiatric problems. Attacks usually last from 24–48 hours but may be longer. Between attacks there are usually no symptoms. Although there is no specific treatment for familial Mediterranean fever, known sufferers can reduce the incidence of attacks by taking colchicine. Death may eventually occur from amyloidosis, which is a complication of the condition.... familial mediterranean fever

Fetal Heart Monitoring

The use of an instrument to record and/or listen to an unborn baby’s heartbeat during pregnancy and labour. Monitoring is carried out at intervals throughout pregnancy if tests indicate that the placenta is not functioning normally or if the baby’s growth is slow. During labour, monitoring can detect fetal distress, in which oxygen deprivation causes abnormality in the fetal heart-rate.

The simplest form of fetal heart monitoring involves the use of a special fetal stethoscope. Cardiotocography, a more sophisticated electronic version, makes a continuous paper recording of the heartbeat together with a recording of the uterine contractions. The heartbeat is picked up either externally by an ultrasound transducer strapped to the mother’s abdomen or, as an alternative during labour, internally by an electrode attached to the baby’s scalp that passes through the vagina and cervix.... fetal heart monitoring

Heart–lung Machine

A machine that temporarily takes over the function of the heart and lungs to facilitate operations such as open heart surgery, heart transplants, and heart–lung transplants.

A heart–lung machine consists of a pump (to replace the heart’s function) and an oxygenator (to replace the lung’s function). It bypasses the heart and lungs, and the heart can be stopped.

Use of a heart–lung machine tends to damage red blood cells and to cause blood clotting. These problems can be minimized, however, by the administration of heparin, an anticoagulant drug, beforehand.heart–lung transplant A procedure in which the heart and lungs of a patient are removed, and replaced with donor organs. This surgery is used to treat diseases in which the lung damage has affected the heart, or vice versa. Such diseases include cystic fibrosis, fibrosing alveolitis, and some severe congenital heart defects (see heart disease, congenital). A heart–lung machine is used to take over the function of the patient’s heart and lungs during the operation, which is no more dangerous than a heart transplant.

heart-rate The rate at which the heart contracts to pump blood around the body. Most people have a heart-rate of between 60 and 100 beats per minute at rest. This rate tends to be faster in childhood and to slow slightly with age. Very fit people may have a resting rate below 60 beats per minute.

The heart muscle responds automatically to any increase in the amount of blood returned to it from active muscles by increasing its output. During extreme exercise, heart-rate may increase to 200 contractions per minute and the output to almost 250 ml per beat.

The heart-rate is also regulated by the autonomic nervous system. The parts of this system concerned with heart action are a nucleus of nerve cells, called the cardiac centre, in the brainstem, and 2 sets of nerves (the parasympathetic and sympathetic).

At rest, the parasympathetic nerves – particularly the vagus nerve – act on the sinoatrial node to maintain a slow heart-rate. During or in anticipation of muscular activity, this inhibition lessens and the heart-rate speeds up.

Sympathetic nerves release noradrenaline, which further increases the heart-rate and force of contraction. Sympathetic activity can be triggered by fear or anger, low blood pressure, or a reduction of oxygen in the blood.

Release of adrenaline and noradrenaline by the adrenal glands also acts to increase heart-rate.

The rate and rhythm of the heart can be measured by feeling the pulse or by listening with a stethoscope; a more accurate record is provided by an ECG.

A resting heart-rate above 100 beats per minute is termed a tachycardia, and a rate below 60 beats per minute a bradycardia. (See also arrhythmia, cardiac.)... heart–lung machine

Infant Mortality

The number of infants who die during the 1st year of life per 1,000 live births, usually expressed as per year. About 2 in 3 of all infant deaths occur during the neonatal period (the 1st month of life). Most of those who die are very premature (born before the 30th week of pregnancy) or have severe birth defects.

infarction Death of an area of tissue due to ischaemia (lack of blood supply). Common examples include myocardial infarction, which is also known as heart attack, and pulmonary infarction, which is lung damage caused by a pulmonary embolism – a blood clot that has moved into a vessel in the lung and is obstructing the flow of blood. (See also necrosis.)... infant mortality

Involuntary Movements

Uncontrolled movements of the body. These movements occur spontaneously and may be slow and writhing (see athetosis); rapid, jerky, and random (see chorea); or predictable, stereotyped, and affecting 1 part of the body, usually the face (see tic). They may be a feature of a disease (for example, Huntington’s disease) or a side effect of certain drugs used to treat psychiatric conditions.... involuntary movements

Jealousy, Morbid

Preoccupation with the potential sexual infidelity of one’s partner. The sufferer, most often a man, becomes convinced that his partner is having an affair. Morbid jealousy is usually caused by a personality disorder, depression, or paranoia, but may also occur in those suffering from alcohol dependence or organic brain syndrome (see brain syndrome, organic).... jealousy, morbid

Laurence–biedl–moon Syndrome

A rare inherited disorder characterized by increasing obesity, retinitis pigmentosa that may lead to blindness, learning difficulties, polydactyly, and hypogonadism.

(See also genetic disorders.)... laurence–biedl–moon syndrome

Macrobiotics

A dietary system in which foods with a balance of yin and yang are eaten. Foods are classified as yin or yang depending on factors such as their colour, texture, and taste.... macrobiotics

First Aid And Medicine Chest

Various aspects of first aid are described under the following: ABRASIONS, BLEEDING, CUTS, SHOCK, EYES, FAINTING, FRACTURES, INJURIES, POISONING, WOUNDS, WITCH HAZEL.

Avoid overstocking; some herbs lose their potency on the shelf in time, especially if exposed. Do not keep on a high shelf out of the way. Experts suggest a large box with a lid to protect its contents, kept in a cool dry place away from foods and other household items. Store mixtures containing Camphor separately elsewhere. Camphor is well-known as a strong antidote to medicinal substances. Keep all home-made ointments in a refrigerator. However harmless, keep all remedies out of reach of children. Be sure that all tablet containers have child-resistant tops.

Keep a separate box, with duplicates, permanently in the car. Check periodically. Replace all tablets when crumbled, medicines with changed colour or consistency. Always carry a large plastic bottle of water in the car for cleansing dirty wounds and to form a vehicle to Witch Hazel and other remedies. Label all containers clearly.

Health care items: Adhesive bandages of all sizes, sterile gauze, absorbant cotton wool, adhesive tape, elastic bandage, stitch scissors, forceps (boiled before use), clinical thermometer, assorted safety pins, eye-bath for use as a douche for eye troubles, medicine glass for correct dosage.

Herbal and other items: Comfrey or Chickweed ointment (or cream) for sprains and bruises. Marshmallow and Slippery Elm (drawing) ointment for boils, abscesses, etc. Calendula (Marigold) ointment or lotion for bleeding wounds where the skin is broken. An alternative is Calendula tincture (30 drops) to cupful of boiled water allowed to cool; use externally, as a mouth rinse after dental extractions, and sipped for shock. Arnica tincture: for bathing bruises and swellings where the skin is unbroken (30 drops in a cup of boiled water allowed to cool). Honey for burns and scalds. Lobelia tablets for irritating cough and respiratory distress. Powdered Ginger for adding to hot water for indigestion, vomiting, etc. Tincture Myrrh, 5-10 drops in a glass of water for sore throats, tonsillitis, mouth ulcers and externally, for cleansing infected or dirty wounds. Tincture Capsicum (3-10 drops) in a cup of tea for shock, or in eggcup Olive oil for use as a liniment for pains of rheumatism. Cider vinegar (or bicarbonate of Soda) for insect bites. Oil Citronella, insect repellent. Vitamin E capsules for burns; pierce capsule and wipe contents over burnt area. Friar’s balsam to inhale for congestion of nose and throat. Oil of Cloves for toothache. Olbas oil for general purposes. Castor oil to assist removal of foreign bodies from the eye. Slippery Elm powder as a gruel for looseness of bowels. Potter’s Composition Essence for weakness or collapse. Antispasmodic drops for pain.

Distilled extract of Witch Hazel deserves special mention for bleeding wounds, sunburn, animal bites, stings, or swabbed over the forehead to freshen and revive during an exhausting journey. See: WITCH HAZEL.

Stings of nettles or other plants are usually rendered painless by a dock leaf. Oils of Tea Tree, Jojoba and Evening Primrose are also excellent for first aid to allay infection. For punctured wounds, as a shoemaker piercing his thumb with an awl or injury from brass tacks, or for shooting pains radiating from the seat of injury, tincture or oil of St John’s Wort (Hypericum) is the remedy. ... first aid and medicine chest

Madaus

DR & Co. West Germany

The firm was founded in Bonn in 1919 by the brothers Dr Gerhard Madaus, Friedemund Madaus and Hans Madaus, as a result of a personal family experience. As a child one of the brothers was seriously ill and his recovery was greatly aided by treatment with medicinal plants and herbs. Impressed by this experience the eldest brother studied medicine. After the First World War the three brothers began the manufacture of medicaments on a small scale.

In 1936 the first Biological Institute was established, in which the effects of constituents were examined. Intensive research work induced Dr Gerhard Madaus to publish, in 1938, a three volume work entitled “Manual of Biological Medicine” which, even today, still enjoys a high reputation in the professional world.

The House of Madaus has its own research departments in pharmacology, pathology, botany and immunisation biology.

Their preparation of Convallaria (Lily of the Valley) in natural compound form has outstandingly proved itself in heart failure. Work on Horse Chestnut, Echinacea and Agnus Castus has advanced herbal pharmacy worldwide. ... madaus

Diaphragm Muscle

The dome-shaped sheet of muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen. It is attached to the spine, ribs, and sternum (breastbone)

and plays an important role in breathing. There are openings in the diaphragm for the oesophagus and major nerves and blood vessels. To inhale, the diaphragm’s muscle fibres contract, pulling the whole diaphragm downwards and drawing air into the lungs. (See also breathing.)... diaphragm muscle

Diving Medicine

See scuba-diving medicine; decompression sickness.... diving medicine

Expressing Milk

A technique used by breast-feeding women for removing milk from the breasts.

It may be needed if the woman’s breasts are overfull (see engorgement).

A woman may want to express milk so that it can be given to the baby in her absence, or so that an infant unable to feed at the breast, due to prematurity, for example, can benefit from breast milk.

Milk can be expressed by hand or with a breast pump.... expressing milk

Falciparum Malaria

The most severe form of malaria, caused by the parasitic protozoan PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM.... falciparum malaria

Folk Medicine

Any form of medical treatment that is based on popular tradition, such as the charming of warts or the use of copper bracelets to treat rheumatism.... folk medicine

Glioblastoma Multiforme

A fastgrowing and highly cancerous type of primary brain tumour.

Glioblastoma multiforme is a type of glioma that often develops in the cerebrum.

The cause is unknown.

Treatment may include surgery, radiotherapy, and/or chemotherapy.... glioblastoma multiforme

Gluteus Maximus

The large, powerful muscle in each of the buttocks that gives them their rounded shape.

The gluteus maximus is responsible for moving the thigh sideways and backwards.... gluteus maximus

Maidenhair Fern

Venus hair. Adiantum capillus-veneris. German: Venushaar. French: Adianthe. Italian: Adianto. Iranian: Hansa padi. Indian: Mubarakha. Arabian: Shuir-el-jin. Parts used: the fern and rhizomes.

Constituents: terpenoids, flavonoid glycosides.

Action: demulcent expectorant, pectoral stimulant, anti-tussive, mucilaginous, galactagogue, anti- dandruff.

Uses: detoxicant for alcoholism; coughs, sore throat, bronchitis.

Preparations: Average dose, half-2 grams. Thrice daily.

Tea. quarter-1 teaspoon to each cup boiling water; infuse 15 minutes. Half a cup. Liquid Extract BHP (1983) 1:1 in 25 per cent alcohol. Dose, half-2ml.

Powder: half-2 grams. ... maidenhair fern

Manna

“Bread of Heaven” Tamarix mannifera, ehr. Believed to be the food of the Old-Testament Israelites during their 40 years wanderings through the wilderness. “Even to this day a “manna” falls like dew or hoar frost and lands like beads on grass, stones and twigs. It is sweet like honey and sticks to the teeth. A secretion exuded from the tamarisk trees and bushes when pierced by a certain kind of plant-louse or small insect which lives off the tree indigenous to Sinai. They exude a kind of resinous exudation the shape and size of a coriander seed. When it falls to the ground it is white in colour but later becomes a yellowish browny. When left a long time it solidifies, tastes like honey, and is an exportable commodity. Carefully preserved it is the perfect ‘iron ration’ keeping indefinitely as discovered by the Arabs since biblical times.” (Dr Werner Keller, “The Bible as History”, Pub: Hodder and Stoughton) ... manna

Manufacturing

Criteria for manufacture of herbal preparations are efficacy, safety and purity. To ensure Government requirement, manufacturers test all incoming crude material by first placing it in quarantine, an area specially set aside for quality control. Material is inspected against standard samples by sight, taste, touch and microscopic analysis. Samples are taken for chemical reaction in a laboratory equipped for this purpose.

Herbal preparations are required to meet the same high pharmaceutical standards as conventional medicine.

Today’s exacting standards ensure an absence of sugar, yeast, gluten, milk derivatives, cornstarch, wheat, artificial colours, flavours, and preservatives.

The Department of Health expects manufacturers to standardise active constituents where possible and to ensure purity by eliminating from crude material pesticide residues, aflatoxins and heavy metal contaminants. Chromotography, in one of its forms (thin-layer, gas or high-pressure liquid) are used to assess purity, potency, accurate identity and contamination by lead, cadmium, etc. A Geiger-counter reveals the presence or absence of radio-activity. Each plant has its own signature or ‘fingerprint’ showing density and other important characteristics.

Failure to meet Government requirements empowers a purchaser to return the whole consignment to the supplier. Thus, a high standard of manufacturing practice is maintained.

See: Medicines Act leaflet 39, Revised Guidelines DHSS Nov 1985 ... manufacturing

Hamstring Muscles

A group of muscles at the back of the thigh. The upper ends of the hamstring muscles are attached by tendons to the pelvis; the lower ends are attached by tendons called hamstrings to the tibia and fibula. The hamstring muscles bend the knee and swing the leg backwards from the thigh. Tearing of the hamstring muscles is common in sports. Repeated strenuous exercise may sprain the muscles (see overuse injury).... hamstring muscles

Holistic Medicine

A form of therapy that treats the whole person, not just specific disease symptoms. A holistic approach is emphasized by many practitioners of complementary medicine.... holistic medicine

Mate Tea

Yerba mate. Paraguay tea. Jesuit’s Brazil tea. Ilex paraguariensis, Hook. Keynote: Reviver. Dried leaves.

National drink of Paraguay and Brazil. Less astringent and contains less tannin than ordinary tea. Contains caffeine, but regarded as a good substitute for ordinary tea.

Action: stimulant to the brain and nervous system. Anti-rheumatic, diuretic. General tonic, mild antispasmodic, assists elimination of uric acid.

Uses: Physical exhaustion from stress. Rheumatism, gout. Nervous headache (Fletcher Hyde). Preparations. Average dose, 1-4 grams. Thrice daily.

Tea: 1-2 teaspoons to each cup boiling water; infuse 10 minutes. Freely.

Liquid Extract (seldom used): 1 teaspoon in water, as necessary. ... mate tea

Menstrual Headache

Menstrual migraine. Headache with lowering mood, muddled thinking, sluggish dopey feeling preceded by visual or sensory aura, dizziness, pain around eyes, persistent tiredness. These suggest underlying hypothalamic disturbance – a nerve-cause which, together with progesterone deficiency may trigger menstrual migraine.

Treatment. Uterine restoratives, nerve relaxants. Formula. Tea. Equal parts: Raspberry leaves; Skullcap; Agnus Castus. 1 heaped teaspoon to each cup boiling water; infuse 5-15 minutes; drink freely. Alternative formula. Agnus Castus 2; Black Cohosh 1. Dose: Liquid Extracts: 1-2 teaspoons. Tinctures:

2-3 teaspoons. Powders: 750mg (three 00 capsules or half a teaspoon). Thrice daily.

Feverfew: good results reported.

Evening Primrose oil capsules. 500mg thrice daily.

Sleep. One in two patients find relief in ‘sleeping it off’ any time of the day or night. Hot bath. Passion flower tea or tablets.

Diet. High fibre, low fat, low salt. Hot soup. A cooked meal but not with rich fatty or spicy foods. Oatmeal porridge.

Supplements. Vitamin B6, 50mg daily. Magnesium, Zinc.

Preventative: Raspberry leaf tea 3 days before periods. ... menstrual headache

Motherwort

Leonurus cardiaca L. German: Herzgespann. French: Agripaume. Spanish: Agripalma. Italian: Cardiaca. Chinese: T’ui. Part used: herb.

Constituents: flavonoids, iridoids including rutin, diterpenes.

Action: antispasmodic, laxative, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, vaso-constrictor. (Simon Mills) Nerve and heart sedative. Hypotensive. Action similar to Valerian. (Dr Rudolf F. Weiss) Cardiotonic.

Uses: angina on effort, simple uncomplicated heart conditions to enhance exercise duration; tachycardia from hyperactive thyroid, hypertension, absent or painful menstruation (hence its name), menopausal flushes, schizophrenic tendency, pre-menstrual tension.

“Drink Motherwort tea and live to be a source of continuous astonishment and frustration to waiting heirs.” (Old saying)

Not given in pregnancy.

Combines well with Vervain (equal parts) for relaxing nervine.

Practitioner combinations: Menstrual disorders, equal parts: Black Cohosh, Cramp bark, Motherwort. Heart disorders: Motherwort 1; Hawthorn 1; Lily of the Valley half.

Benzodiazepine addiction to assist withdrawal: equal parts, Motherwort, Skullcap and Valerian. Infusions, extracts or tinctures.

Preparations: Thrice daily.

Tea: 1-2 teaspoons to each cup boiling water; infuse 15 minutes. Half-1 cup.

Tea combination: equal parts, Motherwort, Balm and Lime flowers. 2 teaspoons to cup boiling water: infuse 15 minutes, 1 cup thrice daily. Angina and heart symptoms – to ameliorate.

Liquid Extract: 1:1, 25 per cent alcohol. Dose: 2-4ml (30-60 drops).

Tincture: 1:5, 25 per cent alcohol. Dose: 5-10ml (1-2 teaspoons).

Powders. 2 to 4g.

Tablets/capsules. Popular combination. Powdered extract Motherwort 4:1 – 50mg. Powdered Passion flower BHP (1983) – 90mg. Powdered extract Lime flowers 3:1 – 67mg. For a calming and sedating effect in stressful situations and insomnia. (Gerard House)

Note: Motherwort needs to be taken for weeks. ... motherwort

Holter Monitor

A wearable device used in ambulatory electrocardiography (ECG) to record the heart’s electrical activity

continuously for 24 hours or longer.

The monitor records by means of electrodes attached to the chest and allows the detection of intermittent arrhythmias.... holter monitor

Hyperthermia, Malignant

A rapid rise in body temperature to a dangerously high level, brought on by general anaesthesia. The condition is rare. In most cases, susceptibility is inherited; people suffering from certain muscle disorders may also be at risk. The patient’s body temperature rises soon after the anaesthetic is given. Emergency treatment and intensive care are needed.... hyperthermia, malignant

Indian Medicine

Traditional Indian, or Ayurvedic, medicine was originally based largely on herbal treatment, although simple surgical techniques were also used. Indian medicine later developed into a scientifically based system with a wide range of surgical techniques (such as operations for cataracts and kidney stones) along with the herbal tradition.... indian medicine

Medicine’s Act, 1968. 

An enabling Act allowing subsequent definitive statutory instruments to be issued at the discretion of the Medicines Control Agency. The Act controls all aspects of the sale of medicines in the United Kingdom; with no exceptions.

Medicines fall into three categories: POM (Prescription Only Medicines), P (Pharmacy Only), and OTC (Over The Counter). POM and P medicines must be prescribed by a registered medical practitioner and dispensed by a pharmacist. P medicines can be sold only by a registered pharmacist. Health stores are concerned with the OTC products, the sale of which is governed by S.I. Medicines General Sales List, Order 1980, No 1922.

All medicines and substances used as medicine bearing a medicinal claim on label or advertising material must be licenced. Without a licence it is not lawful for any person, in his business, to manufacture, sell, supply, export, or import into the United Kingdom any medicinal products unless some exemption is provided in the Act or subsequent regulations. The prefix ML, followed by the Manufacturer’s number must appear on the label together with the product licence number prefixed by the capitals PL. For example, if any person other than a pharmacist sells a medicinal product which claims to relieve indigestion or headache, but the label of which bears no licence number, that shopkeeper (and the manufacturer) will be breaking the law.

All foods are exempt from licencing provided no claims are made of medicinal benefits.

A special licence (manufacturer’s) is required by any person who manufactures or assembles a medicinal product. (Section 8) He must hold a Product Licence for every product he manufactures unless some special exemption is provided by the Act. He may of course act to the order of the product licence holder. (Section 23)

“Manufacture” means any process carried on in the course of making a product but does not include dissolving or dispersing the product in, or diluting or mixing it with some other substance used as a vehicle for the purpose of administering it. It includes the mixture of two or more medicinal products.

“Assembly” means enclosing a medicinal product in a container which is labelled before the product is sold or supplied, or, where the product is already enclosed in a container in which it is supplied, labelling the container before the product is sold or supplied in it. (Section 132)

From the practitioner’s point of view, herbal medicines are exempt from the Act and no licence is required.

The consulting herbalist in private practice who compounds his own preparations from medicinal substances may apply to the Medicines Control Agency, 1 Nine Elms Lane, London SW8 5NQ for a manufacturer’s licence to authorise mixture and assembly, for administration to their patients after he has been requested in their presence to use his own judgement as to treatment required. Products thus sold, will be without any written recommendation and not advertised in any way.

The “assembly” aspect of his licence refers to his ability to buy in bulk, repackage and label. Where he uses prepackaged products and does not open the packet, or relabel, a licence is not required. He will not be able to use terms, “Stomach mixture”, “Nerve mixture”, etc, implying cure of a specific condition.

It is necessary for the practitioner to have a personal consultation with his patient before making his prescription. Subsequent treatment may be supplied by a third person or by post at the discretion of the practitioner.

A licence is required where one or more non-herbal ingredients (such as potassium iodide, sodium citrate, etc) are included. Dispensing non-herbal remedies constitutes “manufacture” for which a licence is required. (MAL 24 (3))

The main thing the licensing authority looks for before granting a licence is evidence of safety. The manufacturers’ premises must be licenced. A wholesaler or distributor, also, must have a licence.

Where a product is covered by a Product Licence certain medicinal claims may be made. Where claims are made, the Act requires a warning to appear on the label worded: “If you think you have the disease to which this product refers, consult a registered medical practitioner before taking this product. If you are already receiving medical treatment, tell your doctor you are also taking this product.” (SI 41, s.5)

Labels of all medicines, tablets, etc, must carry the words: “Keep out of the reach of children”.

Under the Act it is illegal for medicines to be offered for sale for cancer, diabetes, epilepsy, glaucoma, kidney disease, locomotor ataxy, paralysis, sexually transmitted diseases and tuberculosis; these diseases to be treated by a registered medical practitioner only.

Definition of a herbal remedy. A “herbal remedy” is a medicinal product consisting of a substance produced by subjecting a plant or plants to drying, crushing or any other process, or of a mixture whose sole ingredients are two or more substances so produced, or of a mixture whose sole ingredients are one or more substances so produced and water or some other inert substances. (Section 132)

No licence is required for the sale, supply, manufacture or assembly of any such herbal remedy in the course of a business in which the person carrying on the business sells or supplies the remedy for administration to a particular person after being requested by or on behalf of that person, and in that person’s presence, to use his own judgement as to the treatment required. The person carrying on the business must be the occupier of the premises where the manufacture or assembly takes place and must be able to close them so as to exclude the public. (Section 12 (1))

No licence is required for the sale, supply, manufacture or assembly of those herbal remedies where the process to which the plant or plants are subjected consists only of drying, crushing or comminuting and the remedy is sold or supplied under a designation which only specifies the plant or plants and the process and does not apply any other name to the remedy; and without any written recommendation (whether by means of a labelled container or package or a leaflet or in any other way) as to the use of the remedy. (Section 12 (2)) This exemption does not apply to imported products. Except where a herbal product is supplied for a medicinal use, legally it is not even a medicinal product.

The 1968 Act has been a great step forward in the history of herbal medicine, The British Herbal Medicine Association and the National Institute of Medical Herbalists fought and won many special concessions. In years following the Act standards rose sharply. Practitioners enjoy a measure of recognition, with power to manufacture and dispense their own medicines and issue official certificates for incapacitation for work.

See: BRITISH HERBAL MEDICINE ASSOCIATION. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL HERBALISTS. ... medicine’s act, 1968. 

Macrolide Drugs

A class of antibiotic drugs used to treat a wide range of infections including those of the ear, nose, throat, respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, and skin.

Common macrolides include azithromycin and erythromycin.... macrolide drugs

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

See MRSA.... methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus

Methylenedioxymethamfetamine

See

Ecstasy.... methylenedioxymethamfetamine

Mexiletine

An antiarrhythmic drug used to treat certain heart-rhythm disorders, usually after a myocardial infarction.

Possible adverse effects include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and tremor.... mexiletine

Micro-

A prefix meaning small, as in microorganisms (tiny organisms).... micro-

Middle-ear Effusion, Persistent

See glue ear.... middle-ear effusion, persistent

Middle-ear Infection

See otitis media.... middle-ear infection

Milk–alkali Syndrome

A rare type of hypercalcaemia accompanied by alkalosis and kidney failure. The syndrome is due to excessive, long-term intake of calciumcontaining antacid drugs and milk. It is most common in people with a peptic ulcer and associated kidney disorders. Symptoms include weakness, muscle pains, irritability, and apathy. Treatment is to reduce milk and antacid intake.... milk–alkali syndrome

Milk Of Magnesia

A magnesium preparation as an antacid and laxative drug.... milk of magnesia

Mineralization, Dental

The deposition of calcium crystals and other mineral salts in developing teeth. (See calcification, dental.)... mineralization, dental

Mineralocorticoid

The term used to describe a corticosteroid hormone that controls the amount of salts that are excreted in urine.... mineralocorticoid

Minerals

In nutrition, chemical elements that are essential in the diet.

At least 20 minerals, including potassium, sodium, and calcium, are vital for health.

Some, such as iron and zinc, are needed in only tiny amounts (see trace elements).... minerals

Mineral Supplements

Dietary supplements containing one or more minerals in tablet or liquid form.Some mineral supplements may be harmful in excess. Iron is the most commonly taken mineral supplement and is used to treat irondeficiency anaemia. It may also be given to pregnant or breast-feeding women.

(See also individual mineral entries.)... mineral supplements

Minilaparotomy

A procedure for female sterilization (see sterilization, female).... minilaparotomy

Minimal Access Surgery

See minimally invasive surgery.... minimal access surgery

Minimal Brain Dysfunction

A hypothetical condition thought to account for behavioural and other problems in children for which no physical cause is found. It may be a cause of some learning difficulties, difficulty in concentrating, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity.... minimal brain dysfunction

Mouse-ear

Mouse-ear hawkweed. Hieracium pilosella L. Dried herb. Keynote: cough. Constituents: flavonoids, coumarin.

Action: antitussive, anticatarrhal, expectorant, diuretic, sialogogue, antispasmodic, astringent, antibiotic (fresh plant only). A drying agent for profuse mucous discharge.

Uses: whooping cough, cough productive of much mucus. Profuse catarrh, haemoptysis (blood in the sputum), brucellosis (Malta fever), colitis. Bruised fresh plant used by Spanish shepherds for injuries in the field. Nosebleeds. Liver disorders.

BHP (1983) combination: Mouse-ear, White Horehound, Mullein and Coltsfoot (whooping cough). Preparations. Average dose: 2-4 grams, or equivalent; thrice daily (5-6 times daily, acute cases). Works best as a tea or in combination of teas rather than in alcohol.

Tea: 1-2 teaspoons to each cup boiling water; infuse 15 minutes; dose, half-1 cup.

Liquid Extract: 30-60 drops, in water.

Home tincture: 1 part to 5 parts 45 per cent alcohol (Vodka, gin, etc). Macerate 8 days, shake daily.

Filter. Dose: 1-3 teaspoons in water.

Powder. 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon). ... mouse-ear

Muscae Voltantes

Moving specks, threads or black spots before the eyes. Floating debris in the vitreous humour of the eye and which are visible as ‘floating spots’.

Treatment: directed towards stomach, liver and alimentary canal.

Teas: Centuary, Holy Thistle, Meadowsweet, Wormwood, Balmony, Agrimony, Chiretta.

Formula. Tea: equal parts, Agrimony, Meadowsweet, Dandelion root. 1 heaped teaspoon to each cup boiling water; infuse 15 minutes. 1 cup thrice daily.

Decoction. 1 teaspoon Barberry bark steeped overnight in large cup cold water. One-third cup before meals, thrice daily.

Formula. Equal parts: Meadowsweet, Fringe Tree, Echinacea. Dose: Liquid Extracts: 1 teaspoon. Tinctures: 1-2 teaspoons. Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon). Thrice daily.

Diet. See: DIET – GENERAL DIET. ... muscae voltantes

Muscles

General aches, pain and soreness. Non-specific.

Alternatives. Internal. Prickly Ash bark, Plantain, Mullein, Yarrow, White Willow, Black Cohosh, Guaiacum, Feverfew.

Tablets/capsules. Prickly Ash bark, Black Cohosh, Guaiacum.

Formula. White Willow 2; Black Cohosh 1; Guaiacum quarter; few grains Cayenne or drops Tincture Capsicum. Dose: Liquid Extracts: 1 teaspoon. Tinctures: 2 teaspoons. Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon). Thrice daily.

Topical. Castor oil packs. Massage oils. Gold Fire ointment, Epsom salt baths.

Supplements. Niacin, B-complex, B6, Kelp, Dolomite, Calcium, Zinc.

See: RHEUMATIC and other relative disorders for specific treatments. ... muscles

Mustard, Common

 White or black mustard. Brassica alba L., Brassica nigra L. German: (white) Echter senf, (black) Senfkohl. French: (white) Moutarde blanche, (black) Moutarde noire. Spanish: Mostaza (black and white). Italian: Mostardo. Arabian: Khardal. Indian: Raigis. Malayan: Savi sasavi. Iranian: Sipandan. Seeds.

Constituents: sinigrin (black), sinalbin (white), mucilage, sinapine.

Action: diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, rubefacient, stimulant. As a counter-irritant it induces inflammation causing dilation of blood vessels, thus increasing flow of blood to a specific area, externally.

Uses: Internal. As a tea for colds, influenza and early stage of fevers for profuse sweat to reduce a raised temperature. Hypothermia (quarter of a teaspoon powder in honey, banana mash or tea) to stimulate body heat. Today, rarely used internally.

Emetic: 1 tablespoon powder or seeds in pint tepid water.

Uses: External. As a poultice for painful chests to promote increased circulation for the relief of bronchitis, pleurisy, intercostal neuralgia. Chilblains. Cold, painful joints of old age.

Foot-bath: 1 tablespoon in muslin bag to 2 pints boiling water. Cool, stir well.

Preparations: As necessary. Quarter of a teaspoon powder to each cup boiling water (honey increases palatability).

Powder: sprinkle in boots or shoes for fisherman’s cold feet.

Oil: for cold arthritic joints: 1 part Mustard powder or seeds gently simmered in 20oz vegetable oil half hour. Strain. Bottle. external use only Internal use – practitioner only ... mustard, common

Maladjustment

Failure to adapt to a change in one’s environment, resulting in inability to cope with work or social activities.

Maladjustment can occur as a reaction to stressful situations, such as divorce or moving house.

There may be feelings of depression or anxiety, or behavioural problems in children and in adolescents.

Maladjustment usually disappears when a person is removed from the stressful situation or adapts to it.... maladjustment

Myasthenia Gravis (mg)

Autoimmune disorder. Nerve weakness due to defective nerve impulse transmission. Rare. Neuro-muscular disease with spells of extreme weakness. Sight, voice and breathing are most at risk. Often misdiagnosed as neurosis. Muscles fail to respond to directions from the brain. May be associated with a tumour of the thymus, removal of which is curative.

Symptoms: weakened eye muscles producing drooping eyelids (ptosis). Double vision (diplopia). Weakness of neck muscles served by the cranial nerves. Thymus gland abnormality. Difficult swallowing, chewing, slurred speech, fatigue, ‘simply cannot hold her head up’.

Lid-lag test and Tensilon tests establish diagnosis.

Treatment should give support to the thymus gland.

Alternatives. To improve nerve transmission: but not cure. Ephedra tea BHP (1983). 1 teaspoon to each cup boiling water; infuse 15 minutes, thrice daily.

Formula. Oats 2; Ginseng 1; Sarsaparilla 1; pinch Cayenne or drops Tincture Capsicum. Dose: Liquid Extracts: 1 teaspoon. Tinctures: 2 teaspoons. Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon). Thrice daily.

Practitioner: Ephedrine.

Diet: Gluten-free. ... myasthenia gravis (mg)

Myocardial Infarction (mi)

Disease of the heart in which a segment of left ventricular muscle dies as a result of blockage of a coronary artery. Obstructed blood supply may lead to thrombosis and heart failure. Chief symptom is severe pain in the chest, arms and possibly throat (angina).

Alternative Treatment:– Tea. Combine equal parts Hawthorn flowers and leaves, Lime flowers, Motherwort. 1-2 teaspoons in each cup of boiling water; infuse 10-15 minutes. 1 cup thrice daily.

Alfalfa tea: anti-cholesterol.

Liquid Extracts. Motherwort 1; Hawthorn 2;

Valerian 3. Dose: 30-60 drops thrice daily.

Tinctures: dose, 60-120 drops.

Tincture Lily of the Vally BHP (1983). 1:5 in 40 per cent alcohol; dose: 0.5-1ml, thrice daily.

Diet. See: DIET – HEART AND CIRCULATION.

Supplements. Daily. Vitamin A 7500iu; Vitamin B6 50mg; Vitamin C 200mg; Vitamin E 400iu; Magnesium 300mg; Selenium 200mcg; Zinc 15mg. ... myocardial infarction (mi)

National Institute Of Medical Herbalists

Est. 1864. The oldest and only body of professional medical herbalists, now known as phytotherapists, in Europe. Membership by examination after completion of course of training. A stipulated period of clinical practice must be completed before the final examination is taken.

Members are directly involved with patient-care, carrying full responsibility for their recommendations, prescribing medication suitable to the individual biological requirements of each patient. Their role includes patient-counselling, health education and research.

Official recognition of the Institute, indicating its growing importance in the field of medicine came with the historic Grant of Arms by Her Majesty’s College of Heralds. Members regard this as evidence that the Royal Charter of King Henry VIII still stands and that there is no monopoly in healing the sick. See: HENRY VIII, HERBALISTS’ CHARTER.

The Institute played a major role in winning vital concessions for the survival of the herbalist in the passage through Parliament of the Medicine’s Bill. See: MEDICINE’S ACT, 1968.

In connection with the NIMH degree courses in herbal medicine are available at a London University, and Exeter University.

The Institute provides professional indemnity cover for its members, and is engaged in a series of clinical trials to evaluate traditional remedies.

All members are required to adhere to a strict professional Code of Ethics and are entitled to carry after their names the letters of qualification: MNIMH or FNIMH.

Members have a key role in preventative medicine and health promotion in their contribution to improvement of the nation’s health.

Address: 56 Longbrook Street, Exeter EX4 6AH, from which a list of members is obtainable. ... national institute of medical herbalists

Otitis Media – Glue Ear

Secretory form. A common form of inflammation of the middle ear in children and which may be responsible for conduction deafness.

Causes: chronic catarrh with obstruction of the Eustachian tubes of dietetic origin. Starchy foods should be severely restricted. The ear is clogged with a sticky fluid usually caused by enlarged adenoids blocking the ventilation duct which connects the cavity with the back of the throat.

Conventional treatment consists of insertion of ‘grommets’ – tiny flanged plastic tubes about one millimetre long – which are inserted into the eardrum, thus ensuring a free flow of air into the cavity.

Fluid usually disappears and hearing returns to normal.

Tre atme nt. Underlying cause treated – adenoids, tonsils, etc. Sinus wash-out with Soapwort, Elderflowers, Mullein or Marshmallow tea. Internal treatment with anti-catarrhals to disperse. Alternatives:– German Chamomile tea. (Traditional German).

Teas. Boneset, Cayenne, Coltsfoot, Elderflowers, Eyebright, Hyssop, Marshmallow leaves, Mullein, Mint, Yarrow.

Powders. Combine: Echinacea 2; Goldenseal quarter; Myrrh quarter; Liquorice half. Dose: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon), thrice daily.

Tinctures. Combine: Echinacea 2; Yarrow 1; Plantain 1. Drops: Tincture Capsicum. Dose: 1-2 teaspoons thrice daily.

Topical. Castor oil drops, with cotton wool ear plugs, Oils of Garlic or Mullein. If not available, use Almond oil. Hopi Indian Ear Candles for mild suction and to impart a perceptible pressure regulation of sinuses and aural fluids.

Diet. Gluten-free diet certain. No confectionery, chocolate, etc. Salt-free. Low-starch. Milk-free. Abundance of fruits and raw green salad materials. Supplements. Vitamins A, B-complex, C. E. ... otitis media – glue ear

Malalignment

Positioning of teeth in the jaw so that they do not form a smooth arch shape when viewed from above or below (see malocclusion).

Malalignment may also refer to a fracture in which the bone ends are not in a straight line.... malalignment

Malar Flush

A high colour over the cheekbones, with a bluish tinge caused by reduced oxygen concentration in the blood.

Malar flush is considered to be a sign of mitral stenosis, which often follows rheumatic fever.

However, malar flush is not always present in mitral stenosis, and many people with this colouring do not have heart disease.... malar flush

Mallory–weiss Syndrome

A tear at the lower end of the oesophagus, causing vomiting of blood. The syndrome is commonly caused by retching and vomiting after drinking excessive amounts of alcohol. Less often, violent coughing, a severe asthma attack, or epileptic convulsions may be the cause.

An endoscope is passed down the oesophagus to confirm the diagnosis. The tear generally heals within 10 days and no special treatment is usually required. However, a blood transfusion may sometimes be necessary.... mallory–weiss syndrome

Anaemia, Megaloblastic

An important type of anaemia caused by a deficiency of vitamin B12 or another vitamin, folic acid. Either of these deficiencies seriously interferes with production of red blood cells in the bone marrow. An excess of cells called megaloblasts appears in the marrow. Megaloblasts give rise to enlarged and deformed red blood cells known as macrocytes.

Vitamin B12 is found only in foods of animal origin, such as meat and dairy products. It is absorbed from the small intestine after first combining with intrinsic factor, a chemical produced by the stomach lining. The most common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency is failure of the stomach lining to produce intrinsic factor, usually due to an autoimmune disorder; this is called pernicious anaemia. Total gastrectomy (removal of the stomach) prevents production of intrinsic factor, and removal of part of the small intestine prevents B12 absorption, as does the intestinal disorder Crohn’s disease. In a minority of cases, vitamin B12 deficiency is due to a vegan diet.

Folic acid is found mainly in green vegetables and liver. The usual cause of deficiency is a poor diet. Deficiency can also be caused by anything that interferes with the absorption of folic acid from the small intestine (for example Crohn’s disease or coeliac disease). Folic acid requirements are greater than normal in pregnancy.

Many people with mild megaloblastic anaemia have no symptoms. Others may experience tiredness, headaches, a sore mouth and tongue, and mild jaundice. If B12 deficiency continues for a long time, additional symptoms due to nerve damage, including numbness and tingling in the feet, may develop.

Megaloblastic anaemia is diagnosed by blood tests and a bone marrow biopsy. Megaloblastic anaemia due to poor diet can be remedied with a short course of vitamin B12 injections or folic acid tablets and the introduction of a normal diet. A lifelong course of vitamin B12 injections or folic acid tablets is required if the underlying cause of malabsorption is untreatable.... anaemia, megaloblastic

Bone Marrow Biopsy

A procedure to obtain a sample of cells from the bone marrow (aspiration biopsy) or a small core of bone with marrow inside (trephine biopsy). The sample is usually taken, under local anaesthesia, from the sternum (breastbone) or iliac crests (upper part of the hip-bones). Microscopic examination gives information on the development of the blood components

surrounding tissues. Radionuclide scanning detects areas throughout the skeleton in which there is high bone-cell activity. This type of scanning and on the presence of cells foreign to the marrow.

It is useful in the diagnosis of many blood disorders, including leukaemia and anaemia.

It can also show whether bone marrow has been invaded by lymphoma or cells from other tumours.... bone marrow biopsy

Contraception, Natural Methods Of

Methods of avoiding conception based on attempts to pinpoint a woman’s fertile period around the time of ovulation, so that sexual intercourse can be avoided at this time. The calendar method is based on the assumption that ovulation occurs around 14 days before menstruation. Because of its high failure rate, it has been largely superseded by other methods. The temperature method is based on the normal rise of a woman’s body temperature in the second half of the menstrual cycle, after ovulation has occurred. The woman takes her temperature daily using an ovulation thermometer. Sex is considered to be only safe after there has been a sustained temperature rise for at least 3 days.

The cervical mucus method attempts to pinpoint the fertile period by observing and charting the amount and appearance of cervical mucus during the menstrual cycle.

Recognized changes in the mucus occur before and often at ovulation.

The symptothermal method combines the temperature and cervical mucus methods.... contraception, natural methods of

Erythema Multiforme

Acute inflammation of the skin, and sometimes of the mucous membranes. The disease can occur as a reaction to certain drugs, or may accompany viral infections such as herpes simplex or bacterial infections such as streptococcal infections. Other possible causes are pregnancy, vaccination, and radiotherapy. Half of all cases occur for no apparent reason.

A symmetrical rash of red, often itchy spots erupts on the limbs and sometimes on the face and the rest of the body. The spots may blister or form raised, pale-centred weals, called target lesions. Those affected may have a fever, sore throat, headache, and/or diarrhoea. In a severe form of erythema multiforme, known as Stevens–Johnson syndrome, the mucous membranes of the mouth, eyes, and genitals are affected and become ulcerated.

Corticosteroid drugs may be given to reduce the inflammation. People with Stevens–Johnson syndrome are also given analgesic drugs and may need intensive care.... erythema multiforme

Maoi

An abbreviation for monoamine oxidase inhibitor drugs.... maoi

Marrow, Bone

See bone marrow.... marrow, bone

Dry Mouth

a condition that occurs as a result of reduced salivary flow from a variety of causes, including therapeutic agents, *Sjögren’s syndrome, connective?tissue diseases, diabetes, excision or absence of a major salivary gland, or radiotherapy to the head and neck that destroys the salivary glands. It causes swallowing and speech difficulties, inflamed gums, an increased incidence of dental caries, and loss of denture stability in people who have lost their teeth. Patients with their own teeth should be given strict dietary advice, chlorhexidine or fluoride mouthwashes, and sugar-free nonacidic saliva substitutes; they require special monitoring by their dentist. Medical name: xerostomia.... dry mouth

Extraembryonic Membranes

the membranous structures that surround the embryo and contribute to the placenta and umbilical cord. They include the *amnion, *chorion, *allantois, and *yolk sac. In humans the allantois is always very small and by the end of pregnancy the amnion and chorion have fused into a single membrane and the yolk sac has disappeared.... extraembryonic membranes

Extraordinary Means

life-prolonging treatments that are not regarded as beneficial (i.e. they do nothing to promote recovery or relieve suffering) and that may even be burdensome to the patient. It has been argued that there is no moral obligation to prolong life and/or to impose greater suffering by extraordinary means. ‘Extraordinary’ does not mean unusual: treatments that are considered routine may be classed as extraordinary when they are no longer clinically effective or are considered *futile. Another way to describe the appropriateness of such interventions is to talk of ‘proportionate’ and ‘disproportionate’ means. See artificial nutrition and hydration.... extraordinary means

Extrinsic Muscle

a muscle, such as any of those controlling movements of the eyeball, that has its origin some distance from the part it acts on. See also eye.... extrinsic muscle

Eye Movement Desensitization And Reprocessing Therapy

(EMDR) a type of psychotherapy used for the treatment of significant anxiety or distress caused by traumatic events or in the context of *post-traumatic stress disorder. The aim is to separate the emotional from the actual memory of the event in order to reduce the anxiety related to the memory.... eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy

Familial Mixed Hyperlipidaemia

see hyperlipidaemia.... familial mixed hyperlipidaemia

Female Genital Mutilation

(female circumcision) removal of the clitoris, labia minora, and labia majora for cultural reasons. The extent of excision varies between countries and ethnic groups. The anatomically least damaging form is clitoridectomy (removal of the clitoris); the next form entails excision of the prepuce, clitoris, and all or part of the labia minora. The most extensive form, infibulation, involves excision of clitoris, labia minora, and labia majora. The vulval lips are sutured together and a piece of wood or reed is inserted to preserve a small passage for urine and menstrual fluid. In the majority of women who are circumcised, *episiotomy, often extensive, is required to allow delivery of a child. FGM removes most of the possibility of sexual pleasure for a woman, is unethical, and in children is a form of *child abuse: it is prohibited under the Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003.... female genital mutilation

First-pass Metabolism

a process in which a drug administered by mouth is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and transported via the portal vein to the liver, where it is metabolized. As a result, in some cases only a small proportion of the active drug reaches the systemic circulation and its intended target tissue. First-pass metabolism can be bypassed by giving the drug via sublingual or buccal routes.... first-pass metabolism

Flavin Mononucleotide

see FMN.... flavin mononucleotide

Friction Murmur

(friction rub) a scratching sound, heard over the heart with the aid of the stethoscope, in patients who have *pericarditis. It results from the two inflamed layers of the pericardium rubbing together during activity of the heart.... friction murmur

Functional Independence Measure

(FIM) a table recommended by the WHO for assessing the degree of whole-person disability, being particularly useful for judging the extent of recovery from serious injury. It has five grades, ranging from 0 (fully independent) to 4 (completely dependent).... functional independence measure

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

(fMRI) a type of *magnetic resonance imaging that measures the increased hemodynamic response seen with neural activity in the brain or spinal cord. fMRI has allowed major advances in brain mapping (i.e. matching sections of the brain with particular behaviours, thoughts, or emotions).... functional magnetic resonance imaging

Genitourinary Medicine

the medical specialty concerned with the study and treatment of *sexually transmitted diseases.... genitourinary medicine

Gomori’s Method

a method of staining for the demonstration of enzymes, especially phosphatases and lipases, in histological specimens. [G. Gomori (1904–57), Hungarian histochemist]... gomori’s method

Graham Steell Murmur

a soft high-pitched heart *murmur best heard over the second left intercostal space in early *diastole. It is a sign of *pulmonary regurgitation. [Graham Steell (1851–1942), British physician]... graham steell murmur

Leukaemia, Chronic Myeloid

A type of leukaemia, also called chronic granulocytic leukaemia, which is caused by the overproduction of granulocytes, neutrophils, or polymorphonuclear leukocytes (see blood cells). The cause is unknown. This type of leukaemia usually has 2 phases: a chronic phase, which may last for several years, and a more cancerous phase, which is known as the blastic, accelerated, or acute phase.

During the chronic phase, symptoms may include fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Visual disturbances, abdominal pain, and priapism may also occur. The symptoms of the more cancerous phase are like those of the acute forms of leukaemia (see leukaemia, acute). The diagnosis is made from blood tests and a bone marrow biopsy. Treatment of the chronic phase includes anticancer drugs. When the disease transforms into the acute phase, treatment is similar to that given for acute leukaemia.... leukaemia, chronic myeloid

Manic–depressive Illness

A mental disorder that is characterized by a disturbance of mood. The disturbance may be unipolar (consisting of either depression or mania) or bipolar (swinging between the two). In a severe form that is sometimes referred to as manic– depressive psychosis, there may also be grandiose ideas or negative delusions.

Abnormalities in brain biochemistry, or in the structure and/or function of certain nerve pathways within the brain, could underlie manic–depressive illness. An inherited tendency is also an established causative factor.Severe manic–depressive illness often needs hospital treatment. Antidepressant drugs and/or ECT are used to treat depression, and antipsychotic drugs are given to control manic symptoms. Carbamazepine or lithium may be used to prevent relapse.

Group therapy, family therapy, and individual psychotherapy may be useful in treatment. Cognitive–behavioural therapy may also be helpful. With treatment, more than 80 per cent of patients improve or remain stable. Even those with severe illness may be restored to near normal health with lithium.... manic–depressive illness

Mastoid Bone

The lower part of the temporal bone in the skull. It has a projection, known as the mastoid process, which can be felt behind the ear. The mastoid bone is honeycombed with air cells. These are connected to a cavity called the mastoid antrum, which leads into the middle ear. Infections of the middle ear (see otitis media) occasionally spread through the mastoid bone to cause acute mastoiditis.... mastoid bone

Maternal Mortality

The death of a woman during pregnancy, or within 42 days of childbirth, miscarriage, or an induced abortion, from any pregnancyrelated cause. Maternal mortality rate describes the number of such deaths per year per set number of pregnancies.

Maternal deaths may occur as a direct result of complications of pregnancy, or indirectly due to a medical condition worsened by pregnancy. Major direct causes include pulmonary embolism, antepartum haemorrhage, postpartum haemorrhage, hypertension, eclampsia, and puerperal sepsis. Indirect causes include heart disease, epilepsy, and some cancers.

Maternal mortality is lowest for 2nd pregnancies. It rises with age, being greatest for women over 40.... maternal mortality

Mdma

The hallucinogenic substance methylenedioxymethamfetamine, which has the street name Ecstasy.... mdma

Median Nerve

One of the main nerves of the arm. It is a branch of the brachial plexus and runs down the arm from the shoulder into the hand. The median nerve controls the muscles that carry out bending movements of the wrist, fingers, and thumb, and that rotate the forearm palm-inwards. The nerve also conveys sensations from the thumb and first 3 fingers, and from the region of the palm at their base.

Damage to the nerve may result from injury to the shoulder, a Colles’ fracture just above the wrist, or pressure on the nerve where it passes through the wrist (carpal tunnel syndrome).

Symptoms of damage include numbness and weakness in areas controlled by the nerve.... median nerve

Megaloblastic Anaemia

See anaemia, megaloblastic.... megaloblastic anaemia

Meig’s Syndrome

A rare condition in which a tumour of an ovary is accompanied by ascites and a pleural effusion. The fluid usually disappears when the tumour is removed.... meig’s syndrome

Melanoma, Juvenile

A raised, reddishbrown skin blemish which sometimes appears on the face or legs in early childhood (see naevus). Although they are usually harmless, an unsightly growth,or one suspected of being skin cancer, can be removed surgically.... melanoma, juvenile

Melanoma, Malignant

The most serious of the 3 types of skin cancer, the other 2 being basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Malignant melanoma is a tumour of melanocytes, the cells that produce melanin, and is due to long-term exposure to strong sunlight. There are an increasing number of new cases and deaths in the each year from this skin cancer.

Tumours usually develop on exposed skin but may occur anywhere on the body. A melanoma usually grows from an existing mole, which may enlarge, become lumpy, bleed or crust over, change colour, develop an irregular edge, turn into a scab, or become itchy. Occasionally, a melanoma develops in normal skin. The tumour often spreads to other parts of the body. Diagnosis is by a skin biopsy and the melanoma is removed surgically. Radiotherapy or anticancer drugs may also be necessary.... melanoma, malignant

Melanosis Coli

Black or brown discoloration of the colon lining, associated with chronic constipation and prolonged use of certain laxative drugs, such as senna, rhubarb, and cascara.

The discoloration is most common in elderly people and is usually symptomless, clearing up when the laxatives are stopped.

Rarely, it is associated with colon cancer (see colon, cancer of).... melanosis coli

Memory, Loss Of

See amnesia.... memory, loss of

Menotrophin

A gonadotrophin hormone given as a drug to stimulate cell activity in the ovaries and testes. It is used as a treatment for certain types of male and female infertility, as it prepares the ovary for ovulation and may help stimulate sperm production. It is used along with human chorionic gonadotrophin (see gonadotrophin, human chorionic).

In women, menotrophin may cause multiple pregnancy, abdominal pain, bloating, and weight gain.

In men, it may cause enlargement of the breasts.... menotrophin

Menstruation, Irregular

A variation in the normal pattern of menstruation. Irregular menstruation can include variations in the interval between periods, in the duration of menstrual bleeding, or in the amount of blood that is lost.

The most common cause of irregular menstruation is a disturbed balance of oestrogen hormones and progesterone hormone. Other causes include stress, travel, a change in the method of contraception, unsuspected pregnancy, or early miscarriage.

Menstruation is often irregular for the first few years, and for several years before the menopause.... menstruation, irregular

Menstruation, Disorders Of

An abnormality in the monthly cycle of menstrual bleeding. Menstrual disorders may be a sign of a problem in the pelvic area, such as fibroids, endometriosis, or pelvic inflammatory disease, but the cause is often unknown.

Dysmenorrhoea (painful periods) is the most common type of menstrual disorder. Other types of menstrual disorder are amenorrhoea (absence of menstruation), polymenorrhoea (too frequent menstruation), oligomenorrhoea (infrequent periods or scanty blood loss), and menorrhagia (excessive bleeding).

Some women have extreme variations in the length of menstrual cycles or menstrual periods, or in the amount of blood lost (see menstruation, irregular).... menstruation, disorders of

Mental Hospital

A hospital, formerly known as an asylum, specializing in the treatment of psychiatric illness.

Most admissions to mental hospitals are for acute psychiatric illness.

The majority of admissions are voluntary, but in some cases detention under the Mental Health Act may be necessary.... mental hospital

Menthol

An alcohol prepared from mint oils.

Menthol is an ingredient of several over-the-counter inhalation preparations used to treat a blocked or stuffy nose.... menthol

Meprobamate

An antianxiety drug used in the treatment of anxiety and stress. It also acts as a muscle relaxant.... meprobamate

Meptazinol

A weak opioid analgesic drug used for the short-term relief of moderate to severe pain, such as after surgery and during childbirth. Possible adverse effects include nausea, vomiting, and dizziness.... meptazinol

Mesenteric Lymphadenitis

An acute abdominal disorder, mainly affecting children, in which lymph nodes in the mesentery become inflamed. The main symptoms of pain and tenderness in the abdomen may mimic appendicitis. There may also be mild fever. Mesenteric lymphadenitis usually clears up rapidly, needing only analgesic drugs to reduce pain and fever.... mesenteric lymphadenitis

Mesterolone

An androgen hormone (male sex hormone) used as replacement therapy in hypogonadism because testosterone cannot be given orally.

Side effects can include prostate problems, headache, and depression.... mesterolone

Metabolism, Inborn Errors Of

Inherited defects of body chemistry. Inborn errors of metabolism are caused by single gene defects, which lead to abnormal functioning of an enzyme.

Some of these gene defects are harmless, but others are severe enough to result in death or physical or mental handicap. Examples include Tay–Sachs disease, phenylketonuria, Hurler’s syndrome, and Lesch–Nyhan syndrome. Collectively, inborn errors of metabolism affect around 1 child in 5,000.

Symptoms are usually present at or soon after birth. They may include unexplained illness or failure to thrive, developmental delay, floppiness, persistent vomiting, or seizures.

Routine tests are performed on newborn babies for some genetic disorders, such as phenylketonuria.

Treatment is not needed for some inborn errors of metabolism. For others, avoidance of a specific environmental factor may be sufficient. In some cases, the missing enzyme or the protein that it produces can be manufactured using genetic engineering techniques, or a vitamin supplement can help compensate for the defective enzyme. If the enzyme is made in blood cells, a bone marrow transplant may provide a cure.

People with a child or a close relative who is affected may benefit from genetic counselling before planning a pregnancy.... metabolism, inborn errors of

Metacarpal Bone

One of 5 long, cylindrical bones within the hand. The bones run from the wrist to the base of each digit, with the heads of the bones forming the knuckles.... metacarpal bone

Metatarsal Bone

One of 5 long, cylindrical bones within the foot. The bones make up the central skeleton of the foot and are held in an arch by the surrounding ligaments.... metatarsal bone

Metatarsophalangeal Joint

The joint between each metatarsal bone and its adjoining toe bone (see phalanges). The metatarsophalangeal joint at the base of the big toe is commonly affected by gout and by hallux rigidus.... metatarsophalangeal joint

Mesangiocapillary Glomerulonephritis

(membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis) a renal disease characterized by changes in the glomeruli with mesangial cell proliferation and thickening of the capillary wall (see juxtaglomerular apparatus). Three types are distinguished. Type 1 is associated with immune deposits in the subendothelial space and the mesangial cells, and may sometimes be associated with cryoglobulinaemia (see cryoglobulin) and infection with the hepatitis C virus. Type 2, also known as dense deposit disease, is associated with a ribbon of electron-dense material within the glomerular basement membrane. Type 3 is associated with immune deposits in the subendothelium, the basement membrane, and the subepithelial spaces. All three types have a variable presentation, ranging from asymptomatic abnormalities of the urinary sediment through *nephrotic syndrome to subacute renal failure. Apart from treatment of any coexisting hepatitis C, there is no consensus regarding specific treatment of these conditions.... mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis

Mesenteric Adenitis

see adenitis.... mesenteric adenitis

Mesenteric Ischaemia

impairment of the blood flow to the arteries that supply the small and large intestine. The arteries include the *coeliac axis and the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries. Partial or total occlusion of blood flow may occur abruptly or over a protracted period (acute vs. chronic mesenteric ischaemia). Causes of an acute episode include migration of an arterial blood clot or embolus into the mesenteric vessels, an arterial blood clot in patients with atherosclerosis, profound low blood pressure, or states promoting coagulation. Typically a patient presents with severe abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, diarrhoea, and rectal bleeding. Rapid diagnosis is essential since impaired intestinal blood flow predisposes to the development of gangrene and necrosis of the bowel. Treatment includes aggressive fluid resuscitation, pain relief, antibiotics, surgical resection of nonviable bowel, and radiological or surgical *revascularization of implicated arteries. In chronic mesenteric ischaemia, abdominal pain precipitated by eating is the main symptom, often accompanied by loss of appetite and marked weight loss.... mesenteric ischaemia

Mesial

adj. 1. medial. 2. relating to or situated in the *median line or plane. 3. designating the surface of a tooth towards the midline of the jaw.... mesial

Mesiodens

n. a supernumerary tooth that may occur in the midline of the palate, between the central incisors, and may interfere with their eruption and therefore the occlusion.... mesiodens

Mesna

n. a drug administered to prevent the toxic effects of *alkylating agents, particularly *ifosfamide and *cyclophosphamide, on the bladder. It binds with the toxic metabolite acrolein in the urine.... mesna

Mesoappendix

n. the *mesentery of the appendix.... mesoappendix

Mesometrium

n. the broad ligament of the uterus: a sheet of connective tissue that carries blood vessels to the uterus and attaches it to the abdominal wall.... mesometrium

Mesomorphic

adj. describing a *body type that has a well developed skeletal and muscular structure and a sturdy upright posture. —mesomorph n. —mesomorphy n.... mesomorphic

Mesonephros

(Wolffian body) n. the second area of kidney tissue to develop in the embryo. Its excretory function only lasts for a very brief period before it degenerates. However, parts of it become incorporated into the male reproductive structures. Its duct – the Wolffian (or mesonephric) duct – persists in males as the epididymis and vas deferens, which conduct sperm from the testis. —mesonephric adj.... mesonephros

Mesophilic

adj. describing organisms, especially bacteria, that grow best at temperatures of about 25–45°C. Compare psychrophilic; thermophilic.... mesophilic

Mesosalpinx

n. a fold of peritoneum that surrounds the Fallopian tubes. It is the upper part of the broad ligament that surrounds the uterus.... mesosalpinx

Mesosome

n. a structure occurring in some bacterial cells, formed by infolding of the cell membrane. Mesosomes are associated with the DNA and play a part in cell division.... mesosome

Mesotendon

n. the delicate connective tissue membrane that surrounds a tendon.... mesotendon

Mesovarium

n. the *mesentery of the ovaries.... mesovarium

Mesozeaxanthin

n. a yellow pigment in the *macula at the back of the eye, where the vision is sharpest. The macula also contains the dietary carotenoids *lutein, from which mesozeaxanthin is derived, and zeaxanthin, and all three pigments are thought to protect the eye from the ageing process.... mesozeaxanthin

Messenger Rna

a type of RNA that carries the information of the *genetic code of the DNA from the cell nucleus to the ribosomes, where the code is translated into protein. See transcription; translation.... messenger rna

Minipill

An oral contraceptive containing a progestogen drug.

It makes the mucus lining the cervix so thick that sperm cannot pass through.

It also has other effects that impede conception.

Possible adverse effects include irregular periods, bleeding between periods, ectopic pregnancy, and ovarian cysts.... minipill

Miotic Drugs

Drugs used in the treatment of glaucoma to reduce pressure in the eye. Used topically, miotic drugs cause the pupil to contract, which opens up the drainage channels and drains fluid from the front of the eye. Side effects include headache, particularly over the eye, and blurred vision. Common miotics include carbachol and pilocarpine. (See also mydriatic drugs.)... miotic drugs

Mites And Disease

Mites are small animals, usually less than 1.2 mm, with 8 legs. Many species have piercing and blood-sucking mouthparts.

Species causing disorders include the scabies mite, which burrows in human skin causing intense itching; the housedust mite, which can cause asthma when inhaled in dust; and chiggers (American harvest mites), which are found in thick grass and cause an itchy rash when they bite. Mites in grain or fruit may cause skin irritation, sometimes known as grocers’ or bakers’ itch.Certain mites transmit diseases, particularly scrub typhus and rickettsial pox.... mites and disease

Mitochondrial Dna

Mitochondria have their own DNA. In human mitochondria, the is a double-helical circle that codes for 13 proteins. Mitochondria have a distinctive genetic code, and their genomes are not changed by meiosis during reproduction, making the useful in genetic studies.

The significance of mitochondria having their own is that diseases can be inherited via abnormalities of mitochondrial , and inheritance of the is maternal, directly from the egg.... mitochondrial dna

Mitral Valve Prolapse

A common, slight deformity of the mitral valve, in the left side of the heart, that can produce a degree of mitral incompetence. The prolapse is most common in women and causes a heart murmur. It may be inherited, but the cause is often unknown.Usually, there are no symptoms, and treatment is not needed. Occasionally, the condition may produce chest pain, arrhythmia, or, rarely, heart failure. Often, no treatment is required for mitral valve prolapse, but some people may be treated with beta-blocker drugs, diuretic drugs, antiarrhythmic drugs, or, rarely, heart-valve surgery.... mitral valve prolapse

Molar Pregnancy

A pregnancy in which a tumour develops from the placental tissue and the embryo does not develop normally. A molar pregnancy may be noncancerous (a hydatidiform mole) or may invade the wall of the

uterus (an invasive mole). A molar pregnancy that becomes cancerous is called a choriocarcinoma.

If the dead embryo and placenta are not expelled from the uterus after a miscarriage, the dead tissue is called a carneous mole.... molar pregnancy

Mongolian Blue Spot

A blue-black pigmented spot found on the lower back and buttocks at birth. The spots are a type of naevus and are caused by a concentration of melanocytes (pigmentproducing cells). Mongolian blue spots are commonly found in black or Asian children, and they usually disappear by the age of 3–4 years.... mongolian blue spot

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors

Also known as MAOIs, one of the 3 main types of antidepressant drug.

They work by preventing the breakdown of certain neurotransmitters by the enzyme monoamine oxidase.

The increased levels of neurotransmitters that result are associated with improved mood.

Common drugs include phenelzine and isocarboxazid.

All MAOIs interact with certain other drugs and foods such as cheese and red wine; but moclobemide is known as a reversible , which makes the adverse reactions less likely to occur.... monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Monosodium Glutamate

A food additive that is used as a flavour enhancer and seasoning. Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is the sodium salt of an amino acid. A short-lived illness involving pain in the neck and chest, palpitations, feeling hot, and a headache may occur in some people after eating food to which large amounts of MSG have been added.... monosodium glutamate

Mons Pubis

The rounded swelling over the front of the pubic bone. The mons pubis, which becomes covered with hair at puberty, is formed by a pad of fatty tissue under the skin.... mons pubis

Monteggia’s Fracture

Fracture of the ulna just below the elbow, with dislocation of the radius from the elbow joint.... monteggia’s fracture

Mood Disorders

Disorders in which the emotions are affected: mania, depression, and manic–depressive illness.... mood disorders

Mononucleosis, Infectious

An acute viral infection characterized by a high temperature, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes, particularly in the neck.

Commonly called glandular fever, it is caused by the Epstein–Barr virus and is most common during adolescence or early adulthood. One common mode of transmission is thought to be kissing.

In the body, the virus multiplies in the lymphocytes (also called mononuclear cells), which develop an atypical appearance. The first symptoms are a fever and headache, followed by swollen lymph nodes and a severe sore throat. Rarely, enlargement of the tonsils may obstruct breathing. Mild inflammation of the liver may occur, leading to jaundice.

Diagnosis is often made from the symptoms and a blood test.

Recovery usually takes 4–6 weeks, with rest the only treatment needed.

In rare cases, corticosteroid drugs are given to reduce severe inflammation, particularly if breathing is obstructed.

For 2–3 months after recovery, patients often feel depressed, lack energy, and have daytime sleepiness.... mononucleosis, infectious

Mosquito Bites

Mosquitoes are flying insects found throughout the world. The females bite humans or animals to obtain blood, which they need to produce eggs. The males do not bite. A doctor should be consulted if there is a severe skin reaction to a mosquito bite.

As well as being irritating, mosquito bites can also transmit diseases. The main disease-transmitting mosquitoes belong to 3 groups: ANOPHELES (which transmits malaria), AEDES (which carries yellow fever), and CULEX (which transmits filariasis).

Preventive measures should be taken in any area where mosquitoes are rampant. The most effective measures are wearing long sleeves and socks, placing mosquito screens over windows, and using insect-repellent sprays or slowburning coils that release insecticidal smoke. Mosquito nets should be placed over beds. (See also insect bites; insects and disease.)... mosquito bites

Mouth

The oral cavity, which breaks food down for swallowing (see mastication) and is used in breathing. In addition, it helps to convert sound vibrations from the larynx into speech.... mouth

Mouth Cancer

Forms of cancerous tumour that affect the lips, tongue, and oral cavity. Lip cancer and tongue cancer are the most common types.

Predisposing causes of mouth cancer are poor oral hygiene, drinking alcoholic spirits, tobacco-smoking, chewing tobacco, and inhaling snuff. Irritation from ill-fitting dentures or jagged teeth are other factors. Men are affected twice as often as women; most cases occur in men over the age of 40.

Mouth cancer usually begins with a whitish patch, called leukoplakia, or a small lump. These may cause a burning sensation, but are usually painless. As the tumour grows, it may develop into an ulcer or a deep fissure, which may bleed and erode surrounding tissue.

Diagnosis is based on a biopsy. Treatment consists of surgery, radiotherapy, or both. Extensive surgery may cause facial disfigurement and problems with eating and speaking, which may require reconstructive surgery. Radiotherapy sometimes damages the salivary glands (see mouth, dry).

When mouth cancer is detected and treated early, the outlook is good.... mouth cancer

Mouth, Dry

The result of inadequate production of saliva. Dry mouth is usually a temporary condition caused by fear, infection of a salivary gland, or the action of anticholinergic drugs.

Rarely, permanent dry mouth may occur as part of Sjögren’s syndrome or from radiotherapy to treat mouth cancer.

Dryness usually causes difficulty in swallowing and speaking, interference with taste, and tooth decay (see caries, dental).

It may be relieved by spraying the inside of the mouth with artificial saliva.... mouth, dry

Mouth Ulcer

An open sore caused by a break in the mucous membrane lining the mouth. The ulcers are white, grey, or yellow spots with an inflamed border. The most common types are aphthous ulcers (see ulcer, aphthous) and ulcers caused by the herpes simplex virus. A mouth ulcer may be an early stage of mouth cancer and may need to be investigated with a biopsy if it fails to heal within a month.... mouth ulcer

Movement

Bodily movements include skeletal movements and movements of soft tissues and body organs. All movement is brought about by the actions of muscles and may be voluntary, involuntary, or a reflex action.

All voluntary skeletal movements are initiated in the part of the cerebrum (main mass of the brain) called the motor cortex. Signals are sent down the spinal cord along nerve fibres, and from there along separate nerve fibres to the appropriate muscles. Control relies on information supplied by sensory nerve receptors, in the muscles and elsewhere, that record the position of the different parts of the body and the amount of contraction in each muscle. This information is integrated in specific regions of the brain (including the cerebellum and basal ganglia) that control the coordination, initiation, and cessation of movement.

Skeletal movements can also occur as simple reflexes in response to certain sensory warning signals; the movement is automatic and less controlled, involving far fewer nerve connections.

Some body movements do not involve the skeleton. For example, eye and tongue movements are brought about by contractions of muscles that are attached to soft tissues. These movements may be voluntary or reflex.

Movements of the internal organs are involuntary; they include the heartbeat and peristalsis.... movement

Moxisylyte

A vasodilator drug used in the treatment of Raynaud’s disease. Side effects include nausea, diarrhoea, hot flushes, headache, and dizziness.... moxisylyte

Mucocele

A swollen sac or cavity within the body that is filled with mucus secreted by its inner lining.... mucocele

Mucolytic Drugs

Drugs that make sputum (phlegm) less sticky and easier to cough up. An example is acetylcysteine.... mucolytic drugs

Mucus Method Of Contraception

See contraception, natural methods of.... mucus method of contraception

Multiple Myeloma

Also called myelomatosis, multiple myeloma is a rare, cancerous condition in which plasma cells in the bone marrow proliferate uncontrollably and function incorrectly. It occurs in middle- to old age.

Plasma cells are a type of B-lymphocyte that produce immunoglobulins, which help protect against infection. In multiple myeloma, the proliferating plasma cells produce excessive amounts of one type of immunoglobulin, while production of other types is impaired. This makes infection more likely.Proliferation of the abnormal cells causes pain and destroys bone tissue.

Affected vertebrae may collapse and compress nerves, causing numbness or paralysis. Blood calcium levels increase as bone is destroyed, as may the level of one or more immunoglobulins. These changes in the blood may damage the kidneys, leading to kidney failure. There may also be anaemia and a tendency for abnormal bleeding.

The disease is diagnosed by a bone marrow biopsy, by blood tests or urinalysis, and by X-rays. Treatment includes the use of anticancer drugs, radiotherapy, and supportive measures, including blood transfusions, antibiotic drugs, and analgesic drugs.... multiple myeloma

Multiple Personality

A rare disorder in which a person has 2 or more distinct personalities, each of which dominates at different times. The personalities are usually very different from each other.... multiple personality

Multiple Pregnancy

See pregnancy, multiple.... multiple pregnancy

Multivitamins

Over-the-counter preparations, containing a combination of vitamins, that are used as a dietary supplement. (See vitamin supplements.)... multivitamins

Mupirocin

A topical antibacterial cream or ointment used to treat skin infections such as impetigo.... mupirocin

Muscle Spasm

Sudden and involuntary contraction of a muscle. Muscle spasm is a normal reaction to pain and inflammation around a joint. Common causes are muscle strain, disc prolapse, and stress. Usually, the cause of the spasm is treated. Muscle-relaxant drugs may also be needed. (See also spasticity.)... muscle spasm

Muscle-relaxant Drugs

A group of drugs used to relieve muscle spasm and spasticity. Muscle-relaxant drugs are used mainly in the treatment of nervoussystem disorders such as multiple sclerosis and painful muscular conditions such as torticollis. They are occasionally used to relieve muscle rigidity caused by injury. Some types are used to cause temporary paralysis during surgery under general anaesthesia.Except for dantrolene, muscle-relaxant drugs partly block nerve signals that stimulate muscle contraction. Dantrolene interferes with the chemical activity in muscle cells needed for contraction.

The drugs may cause muscle weakness and drowsiness. In rare cases, dantrolene causes liver damage.... muscle-relaxant drugs

Muscular System

The muscles of the body that are attached to the skeleton. These muscles are responsible for voluntary movement, and also support and stabilize the skeleton. In most cases, a muscle attaches to a bone (usually by means of a tendon) and crosses over a joint to attach to another bone. Muscles can produce movement by contracting and shortening to pull on the bone to which they are attached. They can only pull, not push, and are therefore arranged so that the pull of one muscle or group of muscles is opposed to another, enabling a movement to be reversed. Although most actions of the skeletal muscles are under conscious control, reflex movements of certain muscles occur in response to stimuli.

There are more than 600 muscles in the body, classified according to the type of movement they produce.

An extensor opens out a joint, a flexor closes it; an adductor draws a part of the body inwards, an abductor moves it outwards; a levator raises it, a depressor lowers it; and constrictor or sphincter muscles surround and close orifices.... muscular system

Mydriatic Drugs

A group of drugs used to treat uveitis and to dilate the pupil during examination of the inside of the eye and for surgery. Mydriatics work by relaxing the circular muscles of the iris, causing the pupil to dilate. Common mydriatic drugs include tropicamide, cyclopentolate, homatropine, and phenylephrine. (See also cycloplegia; miotic drugs.)... mydriatic drugs

Myeloma, Multiple

See multiple myeloma.... myeloma, multiple

Myelopathy

Any disease or disorder of the spinal cord.... myelopathy

Myelosclerosis

An increase of fibrous tissue within the bone marrow (also known as myelofibrosis), in which the marrow’s ability to produce blood cells is impaired. Myelosclerosis may be primary (occurring with no obvious cause) or secondary (resulting from another bone marrow disease).

The main symptoms of myelosclerosis are those of anaemia. Enlargement of the spleen, night sweats, loss of appetite, and weight loss also commonly occur. In secondary myelosclerosis, the underlying disease may cause other symptoms. Treatment of primary myelosclerosis includes blood transfusions to relieve symptoms. A few patients may develop acute leukaemia. Treatment of secondary myelosclerosis depends on the underlying cause.... myelosclerosis

Myofascial Pain Syndrome

See temporomandibular joint syndrome.... myofascial pain syndrome

Myxoedema

A condition in which there is thickening and coarsening of the skin and other body tissues (most noticeably

in the face). Myxoedema is usually due to hypothyroidism; in such cases, the condition is commonly accompanied by weight gain, hair loss, sensitivity to cold, and mental dullness. The term “myxoedema” is sometimes used for adult hypothyroidism.... myxoedema

Period, Menstrual

See menstruation.... period, menstrual

Peroneal Muscular Atrophy

A rare, inherited disorder characterized by muscle wasting in the feet and calves and then in the hands and forearms.

The condition, also known as Charcot–Marie– Tooth disease, is caused by degeneration of some peripheral nerves.

It is more common in boys, and usually appears in late childhood or adolescence.

Muscle wasting stops halfway up the arms and legs, making them look like inverted bottles; sensation may be lost.

There is no treatment, but the sufferer rarely becomes totally incapacitated because the disease usually progresses very slowly.

Life expectancy is normal.... peroneal muscular atrophy

Occupational Medicine

A branch of medicine dealing with the effects of various occupations on health, and with an individual’s capacity for particular types of work. It includes prevention of occupational disease and injury and the promotion of health in the working population. Epidemiology is used to analyse patterns of sickness absence, injury, illness, and death. Clinical techniques are used to monitor the health of a particular workforce. Assessment of psychological stress and hazards of new technology are part of the remit. Occupational health risks are reduced by dust control, appropriate waste disposal, use of safe work stations and practices, limiting exposure to harmful substances, and screening for early evidence of occupational disorders.... occupational medicine

Physical Medicine And Rehabilitation

A branch of medicine concerned with caring for patients who have become disabled through injury or illness.... physical medicine and rehabilitation

Pregnancy, Multiple

The presence of more than 1 fetus in the uterus. Multiple pregnancy can occur if 2 or more ova (eggs) are fertilized at the same time, or if a single fertilized egg divides early in development.

Twins occur in about 1 in 80 pregnancies, triplets in about 1 in 8,000, and quadruplets in about 1 in 73,000.

Multiple pregnancies are more common in women who are treated with fertility drugs or if a number of fertilized ova are implanted during in vitro fertilization.... pregnancy, multiple

Prescription-only Medicine

Drugs and medicines that are not available over the counter and can only be obtained by prescription.

Prescription-only medicines are those whose safe use is difficult to ensure without medical supervision.... prescription-only medicine

Progressive Muscular Atrophy

A type of motor neuron disease in which the muscles of the hands, arms, and legs become weak and wasted and twitch involuntarily. The condition eventually spreads to other muscles.... progressive muscular atrophy

Psoas Muscle

A muscle that bends the hip upwards towards the chest.

There are 2 parts: psoas major and psoas minor.

Psoas major acts to flex the hip and rotate the thigh inwards.

Psoas minor bends the spine down to the pelvis.... psoas muscle

Quadriceps Muscle

A muscle with 4 distinct parts that is located at the front of the thigh and straightens the knee.

The most common disorder of the quadriceps is a haematoma caused by a direct blow.... quadriceps muscle

Reproductive System, Male

The male organs involved in the production of sperm and in sexual intercourse. Sperm and male sex hormones (androgen hormones) are produced in the testes, which are suspended in the scrotum. From each testis, sperm pass into an epididymis, where they mature and are stored. Shortly before ejaculation, sperm are propelled into a duct called the vas deferens, which carries the sperm to the seminal vesicles behind the bladder. These 2 sacs produce seminal fluid, which is added to the sperm to produce semen.

Semen travels along 2 ducts to the urethra.

The ducts pass through the prostate gland, which produces secretions that are added to the semen.

At orgasm, semen is ejaculated from the urethra through the erect penis, which is placed in the woman’s vagina during sexual intercourse.... reproductive system, male

Scuba-diving Medicine

A medical speciality concerned with the physiological hazards of diving with self-contained underwater breathing apparatus.

Most hazards stem from the pressure increase with depth.

Conditions treated include burst lung and decompression sickness.... scuba-diving medicine

Secretory Otitis Media

An alternative name for glue ear.... secretory otitis media

Statistics, Medical

The collection and analysis of numerical data relating to medicine.

Information on the incidence and prevalence of various conditions is an important aspect of medical statistics.... statistics, medical

Sterilization, Male

See vasectomy. ... sterilization, male

Stork Mark

A small, flat, harmless, pinkish-red skin blemish found in many newborn babies.

Such marks, which may be temporary, are a type of haemangioma and are usually found around the eyes and at the nape of the neck.... stork mark

Stretch-mark

Another name for stria.... stretch-mark

Symptothermal Method

See contraception, natural methods of.... symptothermal method

Temperature Method

See contraception, natural methods of.... temperature method

Tone, Muscle

The natural tension in the muscle fibres. At rest, all muscle fibres are kept in a state of partial contraction by nerve impulses from the spinal cord. Abnormally high muscle tone causes an increased resistance to movement, spasticity, and rigidity. Abnormally low muscle tone causes floppiness (see hypotonia; hypotonia in infants).... tone, muscle

Trapezius Muscle

A large, diamondshaped muscle extending from the back of the skull to the lower part of the spine in the chest and across the width of the shoulders.

It is attached to the top and back of the shoulderblade and to the outermost part of the collarbone.

The trapezius helps support the neck and spine and is involved in moving the arm.... trapezius muscle

Tests, Medical

Tests may be performed to investigate the cause of symptoms and establish a diagnosis, to monitor the course of a disease, or to assess response to treatment. A medical testing programme carried out on apparently healthy people to find disease at an early stage is known as screening.

The accuracy of a test is based on its sensitivity (ability to correctly identify diseased subjects), specificity (ability to correctly identify healthy subjects), and predictive value.

The predictive value is determined by a mathematical formula that involves the number of accurate test results and the total number of tests performed.

The best tests have both high specificity and high sensitivity, and therefore high predictive value.... tests, medical

Trench Mouth

See gingivitis, acute ulcerative.... trench mouth

Triceps Muscle

The muscle at the back of the upper arm. At the upper end of the triceps are 3 “heads”; 1 is attached to the outer edge of the scapula (shoulderblade), and the other 2 to either side of the humerus (upper-arm bone). The lower part of the triceps is attached to the olecranon process of the ulna (the bony prominence on the elbow). Contraction of the muscle straightens the arm. (See also biceps muscle.)... triceps muscle

Uterine Muscle Relaxants

Drugs that are used to delay the premature delivery of a fetus. Beta2-adrenoceptor stimulants, such as salbutamol, relax the muscle of the uterus and may postpone labour for days or weeks in at-risk pregnancies of 24–33 weeks’ gestation. Delay of premature labour for up to 48 hours allows time for corticosteroid drugs to be given to the mother to help the fetal lungs to mature.... uterine muscle relaxants

Witches’ Milk

A thin, white discharge from the nipple of a newborn infant, caused by maternal hormones that entered the fetus’s circulation through the placenta. Witches’ milk occurs quite commonly. It is usually accompanied by enlargement of 1 or both of the baby’s breasts. The condition is harmless and usually disappears spontaneously within a few weeks.... witches’ milk

Withdrawal Method

See coitus interruptus.... withdrawal method

Accident And Emergency Medicine

accident and emergency medicine: an important specialty dealing with the immediate problems of the acutely ill and injured. See also ED.... accident and emergency medicine

Abdominal Migraine

a condition characterized by intermittent central abdominal pain that may be associated with nausea, and often vomiting. It usually occurs in children between the ages of three and ten years and is more common in those with a family history of migraine headaches. Typically these children develop migraine headaches when they are older.... abdominal migraine

Accessory Muscles

muscles of the shoulder girdle and chest wall that (in addition to the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm) are utilized during *respiratory distress to help the flow of air in and out of the lungs. Use of these muscles can be a sign of the degree of difficulty that the patient is in, for example in cases of asthma or *airway obstruction.... accessory muscles

Adenosine Monophosphate

see AMP.... adenosine monophosphate

Adhesion Molecules

*cell-surface molecules that are important for binding cells to neighbouring cells (intercellular adhesion molecules, ICAM) and tissues. Absence or weakening of intercellular binding facilitates the local spread of cancer.... adhesion molecules

Age-related Macular Degeneration

(AMD, ARMD) see macular degeneration.... age-related macular degeneration

American Medical Association

(AMA) a professional organization for US physicians. Its purposes include dissemination of scientific information through journals, a weekly newspaper, and a website; representation of the profession to Congress and state legislatures; keeping members informed of pending health and medical legislation; evaluating prescription and non-prescription drugs; and cooperating with other organizations in setting standards for hospitals and medical schools. The AMA maintains a comprehensive directory of licensed physicians in the US.... american medical association

Ante Mortem

before death. Compare post mortem.... ante mortem

Anti-müllerian Hormone

see Müllerian duct.... anti-müllerian hormone

Anxiety Management

a *behaviour therapy designed to allow patients who suffer from anxiety disorders to reduce their symptoms by learning how to achieve states of relaxation and deal with excessive *rumination about anxiety-provoking thoughts.... anxiety management

Apnoea Monitor

an electronic alarm that is activated by a sensor that responds to a baby’s respiratory movements. It can be used at home to monitor babies thought to be at risk of *sudden infant death syndrome.... apnoea monitor

Aqueous Misdirection

(malignant glaucoma) a rare form of secondary angle-closure *glaucoma marked by raised intraocular pressure and shallowing of the central and peripheral anterior chamber.... aqueous misdirection

Arnold–chiari Malformation

a congenital disorder in which there is distortion of the base of the skull with protrusion of the lower brainstem and parts of the cerebellum through the opening for the spinal cord at the base of the skull (see banana and lemon signs). It is associated commonly with *neural tube defects, *hydrocephalus, and a *syringomyelia. [J. Arnold (1835–1915) and H. Chiari (1851–1916), German pathologists]... arnold–chiari malformation

Arteriovenous Malformation

see angioma.... arteriovenous malformation

Artificial Rupture Of Membranes

(ARM) see amniotomy.... artificial rupture of membranes

Ash-leaf Macules

impalpable pale spots that may be seen anywhere on the body and are a cutaneous sign of *tuberous sclerosis. Identification is facilitated by examination of the skin with an ultraviolet light source (*Wood’s light).... ash-leaf macules

Atypical Mole Syndrome

(dysplastic naevus syndrome) a condition in which patients have numerous moles, some of which are relatively large and irregular in shape or pigmentation. There may be a family history of this syndrome or of malignant *melanoma.... atypical mole syndrome

Austin Flint Murmur

a heart *murmur that is loudest in diastole and associated with a third heart sound. It is a sign of *aortic regurgitation, which allows retrograde filling and rapid rise in left intraventricular pressure. This prevents the mitral valve from opening fully, giving rise to the murmur, which is best heard in the mitral area (apex) rather than the aortic area (where the problem lies). [Austin Flint (1812–86), US physician]... austin flint murmur

Barium Swallow And Meal

a radiological technique used to assess the anatomy and function of the upper gastrointestinal tract. The patient swallows radiopaque contrast (barium sulphate), which coats the mucosal surfaces of the oesophagus, stomach, and duodenum. The descent of the barium is charted by a series of radiographs. Gas-forming agents (such as sodium bicarbonate) may be given to aid gastric distension and improve the quality of the images. This can be used to diagnose disorders of oesophageal motor function, tumours, peptic ulcers, hiatus *hernias, and *gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Many indications for this examination have been replaced by the use of an endoscope.... barium swallow and meal

Barlow Manoeuvre

a test for *congenital dislocation of the hip that detects whether or not a hip can be readily dislocated. With the baby lying supine and the pelvis steadied with one hand, the hip being tested is gently adducted and backward pressure is applied to the head of the femur. If the hip is dislocatable, a clunk will be felt and sometimes heard (Von Rosen’s sign). If the hip is gently abducted, it will usually relocate. [T. Barlow (1845–1945), British physician]... barlow manoeuvre

Basement Membrane

the thin delicate membrane that lies at the base of an *epithelium. It is composed of mucopolysaccharide and fibres of protein.... basement membrane

Basilar Membrane

a membrane in the *cochlea of the ear that separates two of the three channels (scalae) that run the length of the spiral cochlea. The organ of Corti is situated on the basilar membrane, inside the scala media.... basilar membrane

Becker Muscular Dystrophy

a *sex-linked (X-linked) disorder in which affected males develop an increase in muscle size followed by weakness and wasting. It usually starts between the ages of 5 and 15, and 25 years after onset most patients are wheelchair-bound. Although most men become severely disabled, life expectancy is close to normal. The disorder is similar to Duchenne *muscular dystrophy but less severe. [P. E. Becker (20th century), German geneticist]... becker muscular dystrophy

Behaviour Modification

the use of the methods of behaviourist psychology (see behaviourism) – especially operant *conditioning – to alter people’s behaviour. Behaviour modification has wider applications than *behaviour therapy, since it is also used in situations in which the client is not ill; for example, in education. See also chaining; prompting.... behaviour modification

Billings Method

a method of planning pregnancy involving the daily examination of cervical mucus, which varies in consistency and colour throughout the menstrual cycle. Use of a Billings mucus observation chart to help identify the type of mucus enables the woman to have six days’ warning of impending ovulation. [J. and E. Billings (20th century), Australian physicians]... billings method

Biological Response Modifier

(BRM) a therapeutic agent, such as *interferon or *interleukin, that influences the body’s defence mechanisms to act against infection and disease. In small amounts, these substances are produced naturally by the body; larger doses have been genetically developed for use against rheumatoid arthritis, hepatitis, and cancer (especially melanoma and renal cancer).... biological response modifier

Brandt–andrews Method

a technique for expelling the placenta from the uterus. Upward pressure is applied to the uterus through the abdominal wall while holding the umbilical cord taut. When the uterus is elevated in this way, the placenta will be in the cervix or upper vagina and is then expelled by applying pressure below the base of the uterus. [T. Brandt (1819–95), Swedish obstetrician; H. R. Andrews (1872–1942), British gynaecologist]... brandt–andrews method

Breast-milk Jaundice

prolonged jaundice lasting several weeks after birth in breast-fed babies for which no other cause can be found. It improves with time and is not an indication to stop breast-feeding.... breast-milk jaundice

British Medical Association

(BMA) a professional body for doctors and also an independent trade union dedicated to protecting individual members and the collective interests of doctors. It has a complex structure that allows representation both by geographical area of work and through various committees, including the General Practice Committee (GPC), Central Consultants and Specialists Committee, Junior Doctors Committee, and the Medical Students Committee.... british medical association

Bruch’s Membrane

the transparent innermost layer of the *choroid, which is in contact with the retinal pigment epithelium (see retina). [K. W. L. Bruch (1819–84), German anatomist]... bruch’s membrane

Bull’s-eye Maculopathy

see maculopathy.... bull’s-eye maculopathy

Burns–marshall Manoeuvre

a manoeuvre used during an assisted *breech presentation. The baby’s legs and trunk should be allowed to hang until the nape of the neck is visible at the mother’s perineum so that its weight exerts gentle downwards and backwards traction to promote flexion of the head. The fetal trunk is then swept in a wide arc over the maternal abdomen by grasping both the feet and maintaining gentle traction; the aftercoming head is slowly born in this process.

burr n. see bur.... burns–marshall manoeuvre

Campbell De Morgan Spots

see angioma. [C. G. de Morgan (1811–76), British physician]... campbell de morgan spots

Cellophane Maculopathy

see epiretinal membrane.... cellophane maculopathy

Cell-surface Molecules

molecules on the surface of cell membranes that are responsible for most cellular functions directly related to their immediate environment. Many have very precise functions of adhesion (see adhesion molecules), metabolic exchange, hormone reception, respiration, and immune reactions. Cell-to-cell exchanges involve specialized surface structures (junctions), which form a communicating nexus.... cell-surface molecules

Central Pontine Myelinolysis

acute paralysis, dysphagia, and dysarthria resulting from damage to the myelin sheaths of nerve cells in the brainstem. It occurs most commonly as a complication of rapid correction of severe hyponatraemia (low serum sodium).... central pontine myelinolysis

Charcot–marie–tooth Disease

(peroneal muscular atrophy) a group of inherited diseases of the peripheral nerves, also known as hereditary sensorimotor neuropathy, causing a gradually progressive weakness and wasting of the muscles of the legs and the lower part of the thighs. The hands and arms are eventually affected. The genetic defect responsible for the most common form, type Ia, is a duplication on chromosome 17. The diagnosis is made by nerve conduction tests followed by genetic blood tests. [J. M. Charcot; P. Marie (1853–1940), French physician; H. H. Tooth (1856–1925), British physician]... charcot–marie–tooth disease

Chief Medical Officer

(CMO) the most senior medical adviser to the UK government, who is responsible for providing expert advice on health issues (including health-related emergencies). The CMO is responsible to the Secretary of State for Health and acts as leader of profession for Directors of Public Health. There are separate CMOs appointed to advise the devolved governments in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.... chief medical officer

Clinical Medical Officer

see community health.... clinical medical officer

Clinical Medicine

the branch of medicine dealing with the study of actual patients and the diagnosis and treatment of disease at the bedside, as opposed to the study of disease by *pathology or other laboratory work.... clinical medicine

Cochlear Microphonic

the electrical potential generated by the cochlea in response to an acoustic stimulus. It can be detected by *auditory brainstem response audiometry or *electrocochleography and is useful in the diagnosis of *auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder.... cochlear microphonic

Co-magaldrox

n. see aluminium hydroxide.... co-magaldrox

Community Mental Health Team

(CMHT) a multidisciplinary team consisting of psychiatrists, psychiatric nurses, psychologists, social workers, and occupational therapists who treat patients with severe mental illness in the community.... community mental health team

Community Midwife

(domiciliary midwife) (in Britain) a registered *nurse with special training in midwifery (both hospital and domiciliary practice). The midwife must be registered with the *Nursing and Midwifery Council in order to practise; this requires regular refresher courses to supplement the basic qualification of Registered Midwife (RM). Community midwives are attached to general practices or hospitals, and their work includes home deliveries and antenatal and postnatal care in the community.... community midwife

Comparative Mortality Figure

see occupational mortality.... comparative mortality figure

Confocal Microscopy

a light microscopic technique used to increase optical resolution and contrast.... confocal microscopy

Conus Medullaris

the conical end of the spinal cord, at the level of the lower end of the first lumbar vertebra.... conus medullaris

Cox Maze Procedure

a cardiac surgical procedure performed to prevent atrial *fibrillation. Multiple atrial incisions are made in a mazelike pattern. These incisions heal with scar tissue that does not conduct electricity, thus interrupting the abnormal electrical impulses that trigger atrial fibrillation. [J. Cox (21st century), US surgeon]... cox maze procedure

Cricothyroid Membrane

the fibrous tissue in the anterior aspect of the neck between the lower border of the *thyroid cartilage (the ‘Adam’s apple’) and the upper border of the *cricoid cartilage, lying immediately below it. It is the site where certain emergency airway devices can be inserted.... cricothyroid membrane

Cystoid Macular Oedema

swelling of the central area of the retina (macula), usually occurring as a result of trauma, posterior *uveitis, or ocular surgery.... cystoid macular oedema

Defence Mechanism

the means whereby an undesirable impulse or emotion can be avoided or controlled. Defence mechanisms are regarded as normal forms of self-protection; however, used excessively, they can become pathological. Many defence mechanisms have been described, including *repression, *projection, *reaction formation, *sublimation, and *splitting.... defence mechanism

Defensive Medicine

health care that becomes distorted by real or exaggerated fear of legal action so that medical decisions are taken with a view to protecting the professional against legal liability. See also negligence.... defensive medicine

Descemet’s Membrane

the membrane that forms the deepest layer of the *stroma of the cornea of the eye. The endothelium lies between it and the aqueous humour. [J. Descemet (1732–1810), French anatomist]... descemet’s membrane

Developmental Milestones

skills gained by a developing child, which should be achieved by a given age. Examples of such milestones include smiling by six weeks and sitting unsupported by eight months. Failure to achieve a particular milestone by a given age is indicative of *developmental delay. See table.... developmental milestones

Diagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders

see DSM.... diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

Disease-modifying Antirheumatic Drug

(DMARD) any of various drugs used in the treatment of rheumatic disease: they affect the progression of the disease by suppressing the disease process. DMARDs include drugs affecting the immune response (immunomodulators), such as *immunosuppressants (e.g. methotrexate) and *cytokine inhibitors; *gold salts; *penicillamine; *sulfasalazine; and *hydroxychloroquine.... disease-modifying antirheumatic drug

Diurnal Variation Of Mood

a common symptom of *depression, in which the patient regularly experiences different mood states at different times of day. Classically, a depressed patient will complain of particularly low mood in the morning and this gradually improves during the day.... diurnal variation of mood

Domiciliary Midwife

see community midwife.... domiciliary midwife

Epiretinal Membrane

(cellophane maculopathy) a transparent membrane that forms on the retina, over the *macula. Contraction of this causes wrinkling of the retina (macular pucker) and hence distorted vision.... epiretinal membrane

Epley Particle Repositioning Manoeuvre

a series of head and body movements used to move microscopic debris from the posterior *semicircular canal in the inner ear. It is used in the treatment of *benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.... epley particle repositioning manoeuvre

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

(ECMO) a technique that is accepted as a rescue treatment for otherwise fatal respiratory failure in newborn babies or infants due to prematurity or overwhelming septicaemia (e.g. meningitis). It involves modified prolonged *cardiopulmonary bypass to support gas exchange, which allows the lungs to rest and recover. ECMO is only available in selected high-technology centres.... extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

General Medical Council

(GMC) the regulatory body of the medical profession in the UK, which was established in 1858 by the Medical Act and has statutory powers. It licenses doctors to practise medicine and has the power to revoke licences or place restrictions on practice. The governing body of the GMC, its Council, comprises 12 members, 6 of which are medically qualified and 6 of which are not. Its purpose is to protect, promote, and maintain the health and safety of the public by ensuring proper standards in the practice of medicine and medical education and training. Following various high-profile cases involving malpractice, there has been a shift in the role of the GMC from one of simple registration to that of *revalidation of doctors.

GMC website: includes the Council’s guide to Good Medical Practice... general medical council

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance that is diagnosed during pregnancy (see glucose tolerance test). Women at increased risk of gestational diabetes include those with a personal history of the condition, obesity, or a family history of diabetes, and those who have had a previously unexplained stillbirth. In most cases gestational diabetes resolves at the end of the pregnancy, but such women are at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes thereafter. It is treated by dietary control with or without insulin or metformin to avoid the fetal complications of *macrosomia and hypoglycaemia. See also pregestational diabetes.... gestational diabetes mellitus

Grand Multiparity

the condition of a woman who has had five or more previous pregnancies. Such women are more prone to fetal malpresentations, postpartum haemorrhage, and rupture of the uterus.... grand multiparity

Green Monkey Disease

see Marburg disease.... green monkey disease

Gut Microbiota

n. the microbe population living in the intestine (sometimes formerly called gut flora).... gut microbiota

Harvest Mite

see Trombicula.... harvest mite

Health Maintenance Organization

(HMO) in the USA, a type of prepaid group medical practice with a defined and restricted patient population. Each enrolled patient pays a fixed fee regardless of the amount of physician services used. The HMO physicians assume responsibility for the health care of the enrolled members and provide a wide range of inpatient and outpatient services.... health maintenance organization

Health Service Manager

an administrator with special training and skills in management who is concerned with the planning and provision of health services and with managing performance. Some managers enter the profession via the NHS Graduate Management Training Scheme; for others the basic training is in disciplines other than health; however, doctors, nurses, and others may fill such posts, sometimes combining them with professional appointments. See also National Health Service.... health service manager

Helicopter-based Emergency Medical Services

see HEMS.... helicopter-based emergency medical services

Hereditary Multiple Exostoses

see exostosis.... hereditary multiple exostoses

Heroic Measures

a mainly US term for therapies instituted to save a patient’s life when all other options have failed. These may have serious or even fatal side-effects, but the risk is considered worth taking since the patient will surely otherwise die. Many people specify ‘no heroic measures’ in their *advance directive (‘living will’).... heroic measures

Hibernating Myocardium

an area of heart muscle subject to critical coronary ischaemia sufficient to cause reversible impairment of function but insufficient to result in death of the muscle. Also known as viable myocardium, it is detected by MRI scanning of the heart. The clinical importance is that restoration of normal coronary blood flow may improve heart muscle contraction.... hibernating myocardium

Hib/menc

a combined vaccine that protects against Haemophilus influenzae type b infection (see Hib vaccine) and meningococcal disease (see meningitis C vaccine). It is offered to all babies at the age of 1 year. See also immunization.... hib/menc

House-dust Mite

see Dermatophagoides.... house-dust mite

Human Menopausal Gonadotrophins

commercially available preparations of *follicle-stimulating hormone and *luteinizing hormone. They are used mainly to treat infertility in women with gonadotrophin deficiency due to hypopituitarism and to stimulate superovulation in women undergoing in vitro fertilization.... human menopausal gonadotrophins

Hyaloid Membrane

the transparent membrane that surrounds the *vitreous humour of the eye, separating it from the retina.... hyaloid membrane

2 Months

DTaP/IPV/Hib/HepB pneumococcal vaccine, rotavirus (oral route)... 2 months

3 Months

DTaP/IPV/Hib/HepB, MenC, rotavirus (oral route)... 3 months

4 Months

DTaP/IPV/Hib/HepB, pneumococcal vaccine, MenB2... 4 months

12–13 Months

Hib/MenC, MMR, pneumococcal vaccine, MenB booster... 12–13 months

3 Years 4 Months

DTaP/IPV, MMR... 3 years 4 months

In Articulo Mortis

Latin: at the moment of death.... in articulo mortis

Inborn Error Of Metabolism

any one of a group of inherited conditions in which there is a disturbance in either the structure, synthesis, function, or transport of protein molecules. There are over 1500 inborn errors of metabolism; examples are *phenylketonuria, *homocystinuria, and *hypogammaglobulinaemia.... inborn error of metabolism

Independent Mental Capacity Advocate

(IMCA) a person who must, by virtue of the *Mental Capacity Act 2005, be contacted to represent the *best interests of a patient who lacks *capacity and has no family or friends while acting as a proxy in medical decision-making. IMCAs are available via the local Independent Mental Capacity Advocacy Service.... independent mental capacity advocate

Infant Mortality Rate

(IMR) the number of deaths of children under one year of age per 1000 live births in a given year. Included in the IMR are the neonatal mortality rate (calculated from deaths occurring in the first four weeks of life) and postneonatal mortality rate (from deaths occurring from four weeks). Neonatal deaths are further subdivided into early (first week) and late (second, third, and fourth weeks). In prosperous countries neonatal deaths account for about two-thirds of infant mortalities, the majority being in the first week (in the UK the major cause is prematurity and related problems). The IMR is usually regarded more as a measure of social affluence than a measure of the quality of antenatal and/or obstetric care; the latter is more truly reflected in the *perinatal mortality rate.... infant mortality rate

Intensity-modulated Radiotherapy

(IMRT) radiotherapy using multiple beams with variable intensity across each field, resulting in dose distributions that can fit to concave shapes and thus reduce dose to surrounding healthy tissues and organs. It can be used to treat a wide range of cancers and can enable safe delivery of higher doses to tumours.... intensity-modulated radiotherapy

Intercostal Muscles

muscles that occupy the spaces between the ribs and are responsible for controlling some of the movements of the ribs. The superficial external intercostals lift the ribs during inspiration; the deep internal intercostals draw the ribs together during expiration.... intercostal muscles

Intrinsic Muscle

a muscle that is contained entirely within the organ or part it acts on. For example, there are intrinsic muscles of the tongue, whose contractions change the shape of the tongue.... intrinsic muscle

 jacksonian March

see epilepsy. [J. H. Jackson (1835–1911), British neurologist]...  jacksonian march

Knight’s-move Thinking

a form of *formal thought disorder, common in psychosis, in which connections between sentences or parts of sentences are without a coherent train of thought.... knight’s-move thinking

Kocher Manoeuvre

a method for *reduction of an anteriorly dislocated shoulder by manipulation. Longitudinal traction is applied to the elbow, pulling down the shoulder, then the forearm, bent at the elbow, is externally rotated to 90°. [E. T. Kocher (1841–1917), Swiss surgeon]... kocher manoeuvre

Laparoscopic Myolysis

see fibroid.... laparoscopic myolysis

Laryngeal Mask

an airway tube with an elliptical inflatable cuff at one end for insertion into the mouth of a patient requiring artificial ventilation. It is designed to fit snugly in the patient’s throat over the top of the laryngeal opening. While it is relatively easy to insert and allows delivery of effective artificial ventilation, it does not provide the absolute protection of the airway from vomitus afforded by an endotracheal tube (see intubation).... laryngeal mask

Laurence–moon–biedl Syndrome

an autosomal *recessive condition characterized by obesity, short stature, learning disabilities, *retinitis pigmentosa, *hypogonadism, and delayed puberty. [J. Z. Laurence (1830–74), British ophthalmologist; R. C. Moon (1844–1914), US ophthalmologist; A. Biedl (1869–1933), Austrian physician]... laurence–moon–biedl syndrome

Local Medical Committee

(LMC) a group of representatives of the general practitioners working in a defined geographical area. There are separate LMCs for each area, and the members speak on behalf of the local practitioners by whom they are elected. Similar arrangements and responsibilities apply for dentists, pharmacists, and optometrists practising in the NHS outside hospitals.... local medical committee

Løvset’s Manoeuvre

rotation of the trunk of the fetus during a breech birth to facilitate delivery of the arms and the shoulders. This procedure is used when the fetal arms are extended due to previous inappropriate traction. [J. Løvset (20th century), Norwegian obstetrician]... løvset’s manoeuvre

Low-molecular-weight Heparin

a type of *heparin that is more readily absorbed and requires less frequent administration than standard heparin preparations used as *parenteral anticoagulant therapy to prevent and treat deep vein thrombosis following surgery or during kidney dialysis. Preparations in use include, dalteparin sodium, enoxaparin sodium, and tinzaparin sodium.... low-molecular-weight heparin

Machinery Murmur

a continuous heart *murmur that indicates patent *ductus arteriosus or arteriovenous *fistula.... machinery murmur

Macleod’s Syndrome

(Swyer-James syndrome) pulmonary *emphysema affecting only one lung and beginning in childhood or in adolescence; it occurs secondarily to necrotizing bronchitis, probably caused by a virus. [W. M. Macleod (1911–77), British physician]... macleod’s syndrome

Macr

(macro-) combining form denoting large size. Example: macrencephaly (abnormally enlarged brain).... macr

Macrocephaly

(megalocephaly) n. abnormal largeness of the head in relation to the rest of the body. Compare microcephaly.... macrocephaly

Macrocheilia

n. hypertrophy of the lips: a congenital condition in which the lips are abnormally large. Compare microcheilia.... macrocheilia

Macrodactyly

n. abnormally large size of one or more of the fingers or toes.... macrodactyly

Macrodontia

(megadontia, megalodontia) n. a condition in which the teeth are unusually large. Macrodontia may be true generalized (all the teeth are larger than normal), relative generalized (all teeth appear larger than normal, usually because the jaw is abnormally small), or localized (affecting a single tooth or teeth in one part of the mouth).... macrodontia

Macrogamete

n. the nonmotile female sex cell of the malarial parasite (Plasmodium) and other protozoans. The macrogamete is similar to the ovum of animals and larger than the male sex cell (see microgamete).... macrogamete

Macrogametocyte

n. a cell that undergoes meiosis to form mature female sex cells (macrogametes) of the malarial parasite (see Plasmodium). Macrogametocytes are found in human blood but must be ingested by a mosquito before developing into macrogametes.... macrogametocyte

Macrogenitosoma

n. excessive bodily growth with marked enlargement of the genitalia. Macrogenitosoma praecox is a variant occurring in early childhood.... macrogenitosoma

Macroglia

n. one of the two basic classes of *glia (the non-nervous cells of the central nervous system), divided into *astrocytes and *oligodendrocytes. Compare microglia.... macroglia

Macroglobulin

n. 1. (immunoglobulin M, IgM) a protein of the globulin series that is present in the blood and functions as an antibody, forming an effective first-line defence against bacteria in the bloodstream. See also immunoglobulin. 2. an abnormal form of IgM (see paraprotein) produced by *lymphoma cells or in other plasma-cell disorders, such as multiple *myeloma.... macroglobulin

Macroglobulinaemia

n. the presence in the blood of excessive amounts of *macroglobulin (IgM), produced by a malignant proliferation of the lymphocytes in certain *lymphomas. See Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinaemia.... macroglobulinaemia

Macrognathia

n. a condition in which one or both jaws are abnormally large. It can be associated with pituitary *gigantism, tumours, and other disorders. It can often be corrected with surgery.... macrognathia

Macromelia

n. abnormally large size of the arms or legs. Compare micromelia.... macromelia

Macronormoblast

n. an abnormal form of any of the cells (*normoblasts) that form a series of precursors of red blood cells. Macronormoblasts are unusually large but have normal nuclei (compare megaloblast); they are seen in certain anaemias in which red cell production is impaired.... macronormoblast

Macroprolactin

n. a physiologically inactive form of the hormone prolactin, bound to immunoglobulin G to create a much bigger molecule. It is found in a small proportion of people but is important because some laboratory assays will detect it as prolactin, leading to a falsely elevated prolactin level in the blood and a misdiagnosis of hyperprolactinaemia (see prolactin).... macroprolactin

Macroscopic

adj. visible to the naked eye. Compare microscopic.... macroscopic

Macrosomia

n. abnormally large size. In fetal macrosomia the baby is large for its gestational age. This condition is associated with poorly controlled maternal diabetes, the increased size being due to excessive production of fetal insulin and thence to increased deposition of glycogen in the fetus, and maternal obesity.... macrosomia

Macrotia

n. a congenital deformity of the external ear in which the *pinna is larger than normal.... macrotia

Maculopathy

n. any abnormality of the *macula of the eye. For example, bull’s-eye maculopathy describes the appearance of the macula in some toxic conditions (e.g. chloroquine toxicity) and in some hereditary disorders of the macula. See also epiretinal membrane.... maculopathy

Madarosis

n. 1. a congenital deficiency of the eyelashes and eyebrows, which are sometimes absent altogether. 2. a deficiency of the eyelashes alone, caused by chronic *blepharitis.... madarosis

Maddox Rod

a series of transparent cylinders that change a point source of light into a linear streak perpendicular to the axis of the rods, used in the assessment of binocular visual functions. [E. E. Maddox (1860–1933), British ophthalmologist]... maddox rod

Madopar

n. see levodopa.... madopar

Madurella

n. a genus of widely distributed fungi. The species M. grisea and M. mycetomi cause the tropical infection *Madura foot.... madurella

Maduromycosis

n. see Madura foot.... maduromycosis

Mag3

mercaptoacetyltriglycine: a tracer used in nuclear medicine, during *renography, when labelled with technetium-99m. This agent is cleared by glomerular filtration and tubular secretion by the kidneys. It can be used to measure effective renal plasma flow and to give anatomical information. Compared with a *DTPA scan, it can be used in patients with impaired renal function.... mag3

Magenta

n. see fuchsin.... magenta

Maggot

n. the wormlike larva of a fly, which occasionally infests human tissues (see myiasis). Disinfected maggots may be used to assist in the cleaning and healing of serious wounds by feeding on dead tissue.... maggot

Magic Bullet

a colloquial name for any drug treatment that is designed to target diseased tissue without adversely affecting healthy tissue. The term has been used especially in reference to new treatments for cancer.... magic bullet

Magill’s Forceps

long angled forceps for use with a *laryngoscope in removing foreign bodies from the mouth and throat of an unconscious patient. [Sir I. V. Magill (1888–1975), British anaesthetist]... magill’s forceps

Magnesium Carbonate

a weak *antacid used to relieve indigestion. It is taken alone or combined with other compounds in mixtures, powders, and tablets.... magnesium carbonate

Magnesium Hydroxide

a magnesium salt used as an osmotic *laxative to treat constipation. It is also combined with *aluminium hydroxide in antacid preparations.... magnesium hydroxide

Magnetic Imager

see 3-D magnetic imager.... magnetic imager

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

(MRS) a diagnostic technique that utilizes the phenomenon of *nuclear magnetic resonance to obtain a biochemical profile of tissues by exciting elements other than hydrogen in water and other body components. It is particularly useful for biochemical analysis of tissues in the living body. This technique is used clinically in the brain and prostate.... magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Magpi Operation

meatal advancement and glanuloplasty operation: a simple surgical procedure designed to correct minor to moderate degrees of coronal or subcoronal *hypospadias. This single-stage operation corrects any associated minor degrees of *chordee and transfers the urethral opening to the glans, allowing normal urination.... magpi operation

Main D’accoucheur

(obstetrician’s hand) the appearance of the hand in a carpopedal *spasm (see also tetany). The wrist is flexed, the fingers are tightly adducted, and the thumb is apposed across the palm.... main d’accoucheur

Major Histocompatibility Complex

see MHC.... major histocompatibility complex

Maladie De Roger

(Roger’s disease) a form of congenital heart disease in which there is a small *ventricular septal defect that produces a loud heart *murmur. It usually causes no symptoms. [H. L. Roger (1809–91), French physician]... maladie de roger

Malakoplakia

n. a rare form of chronic inflammatory disorder due to the defective destruction of phagocytosed bacteria. It is characterized by the formation of soft yellow plaques and nodules composed of foamy macrophages containing basophilic cytoplasmic inclusions (Michaelis–Gutmann bodies). Malakoplakia occurs most commonly in the urinary tract but can also occur in the skin.... malakoplakia

Malar Bone

see zygomatic bone.... malar bone

Malarone

n. see proguanil.... malarone

Malassezia

(Pityrosporum) n. a genus of yeasts producing superficial infections of the skin. The species M. furfur (including P. orbiculare and P. ovale) causes *pityriasis versicolor.... malassezia

Malignant Vasovagal Syndrome

see neurocardiogenic syncope.... malignant vasovagal syndrome

Mallory Bodies

large irregular masses abnormally located in the hepatocytes of the liver. They are found in patients with alcoholic hepatitis, alcoholic cirrhosis, Wilson’s disease, primary biliary cirrhosis, clinical obesity, and hepatoma. [F. B. Mallory (1862–1941), US pathologist]... mallory bodies

Mallory’s Triple Stain

a histological stain consisting of water-soluble aniline blue or methyl blue, orange G, and oxalic acid. Before the stain is applied the tissue is mordanted, then treated with acid fuchsin and phosphomolybdic acid. Nuclei stain red, muscle red to orange, nervous tissue lilac, collagen dark blue, and mucus and connective tissue become blue. [F. B. Mallory]... mallory’s triple stain

Mallory–weiss Syndrome

trauma of the mucosal lining at the junction of the oesophagus (gullet) and stomach following protracted vomiting and retching. It is associated with *haematemesis and rarely perforation of the oesophagus. [G. K. Mallory (1926– ), US pathologist; S. Weiss (1899–1942), US physician]... mallory–weiss syndrome

Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool

see MUST.... malnutrition universal screening tool

Malpighian Body

the part of a *nephron comprising the blood capillaries of the glomerulus and its surrounding Bowman’s capsule. [M. Malpighi (1628–94), Italian anatomist]... malpighian body

Malpighian Layer

the stratum germinativum: one of the layers of the *epidermis.... malpighian layer

Malposition

n. (in obstetrics) an abnormal position of the fetal head when this is the presenting part in labour (see presentation). The head is in such a position that the diameter of the skull in relation to the pelvic opening is greater than normal (e.g. occipital transverse, occipital posterior: see occiput). This is likely to result in a prolonged and complicated labour.... malposition

Maltase

n. an enzyme, present in saliva and pancreatic juice, that converts maltose into glucose during digestion.... maltase

Maltoma

(MALT lymphoma) n. a mucosal associated lymphoid tissue tumour of low-grade malignancy, treated by chemotherapeutic agents.... maltoma

Maltose

n. a sugar that consists of two molecules of glucose. Maltose is formed from the digestion of starch and glycogen and is found in germinating cereal seeds.... maltose

Malt-worker’s Lung

a form of extrinsic allergic *alveolitis seen in people who work with barley.... malt-worker’s lung

Malunion

n. *union of the fragments of a fracture in an unsatisfactory position. It occurs if fracture *reduction is inadequate or the splintage is inadequate to maintain the bone fragments in the correct position until healing occurs. Malunion may require surgical correction with *osteotomy.... malunion

Mamilla

n. see nipple.... mamilla

Mamillary Bodies

two paired rounded swellings in the floor of the *hypothalamus, immediately behind the pituitary gland.... mamillary bodies

Mamma

n. see breast.... mamma

Mammothermography

n. the technique of examining the breasts for the presence of abnormalities by *thermography.... mammothermography

Mancinism

n. the condition of being left-handed.... mancinism

Mandibular Advancement Splint

(MAS) an orthodontic device used to advance the mandible to improve the airway in the pharynx during sleep in the treatment of *obstructive sleep apnoea.... mandibular advancement splint

Manikin

n. see homunculus.... manikin

Mannosidosis

n. a progressive autosomal *recessive disorder causing deficiency of the enzyme mannosidase; this results in errors of carbohydrate metabolism and lysosomal function, leading to a spectrum of learning difficulties and muscle weakness.... mannosidosis

Mann–whitney U Test

see significance.... mann–whitney u test

Manslaughter

n. in law, the unlawful killing of a person that does not amount to murder owing to the absence of malicious intent. It comprehends both voluntary manslaughter, where the killing was a deliberate act but is held to have arisen from diminished responsibility (i.e. from an abnormality of mind that does not amount to *insanity), and involuntary manslaughter, where the killing was an accident arising from recklessness or gross *negligence. In rare cases, medical professionals have been convicted of the involuntary manslaughter of their patients.... manslaughter

Mantle

adj. (in radiotherapy) see treatment field.... mantle

Manual Lymphatic Drainage

a series of therapeutic movements, using massage, developed to enhance lymph drainage, alleviate swelling, and improve wound healing.... manual lymphatic drainage

Manual Vacuum Aspiration

(MVA) see vacuum aspiration.... manual vacuum aspiration

Manuka Honey

a honey, produced in Australia and New Zealand from nectar of the manuka (or tea) tree, that is reported to have antibacterial and antioxidant properties and is used to promote wound healing. The thickness of the honey acts as a moist protective barrier.... manuka honey

Maple Syrup Urine Disease

(aminoacidopathy) an inborn defect of amino acid metabolism causing an excess of valine, leucine, isoleucine, and alloisoleucine in the urine, which has an odour like maple syrup. Treatment is dietary; if untreated, the condition leads to learning disabilities and death in infancy.... maple syrup urine disease

Maraviroc

n. an *antiretroviral drug (ARV) used, in combination with other ARVs, for treating refractory HIV infection. It acts by binding to and antagonizing CCR5, a receptor for a class of *chemokines on the host cell needed by some HIV viruses to enter the cell. Side-effects include gastrointestinal upsets, cough, and dizziness.... maraviroc

Marcus Gunn Jaw-winking Syndrome

a congenital condition characterized by drooping (*ptosis) of one eyelid. On opening or moving the mouth, the droopy lid elevates momentarily, resembling a wink. It is believed to be due to an abnormal innervation of the levator muscle by the trigeminal nerve. [R. Marcus Gunn (1850–1909), British ophthalmologist]... marcus gunn jaw-winking syndrome

Marion’s Disease

obstruction of the outlet of the bladder caused by enlargement of the muscle cells in the neck of the bladder. [J. B. C. G. Marion (1869–1960), French surgeon]... marion’s disease

Marjolin’s Ulcer

a carcinoma that develops at the edge of a chronic *ulcer of the skin, usually a venous ulcer in the ankle region. [J. N. Marjolin (1780–1850), French surgeon]... marjolin’s ulcer

Mast

(masto-) combining form denoting the breast.... mast

Mastoid

n. the *mastoid process of the temporal bone. See also mastoiditis.... mastoid

Mastoidectomy

n. an operation to remove some or all of the air cells in the bone behind the ear (the *mastoid process of the temporal bone) when they have become infected (see mastoiditis) or invaded by *cholesteatoma. See also atticotomy.... mastoidectomy

Matched Pair Study

see case control study.... matched pair study

Maternal Death

deaths of women while pregnant or within 42 days of the end of the pregnancy from any cause related to, or aggravated by, the pregnancy or its management, but not from accidental or incidental causes. These deaths can be subdivided into four main categories: (1) direct deaths: directly related to pregnancy; (2) indirect deaths: due to pre-existing maternal disease aggravated by pregnancy; (3) coincidental: unrelated to pregnancy; (4) late deaths: occurring between six weeks and one year following delivery. See also maternal mortality rate.... maternal death

Matrix Band

a flexible metal or plastic strip that is placed round a tooth to restore a wall, thus aiding the insertion of a dental filling to restore anatomical form and function.... matrix band

Matrix Metalloproteinase

(MMP) any one of a group of zinc-containing proteases capable of digesting the extracellular tissue matrix. These enzymes play an important role in cell division, cell migration, inflammation, neoplastic invasion (*metastasis), and *angiogenesis.... matrix metalloproteinase

Maternal Mortality Rate

the number of deaths due to complications of pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium per 100,000 live births (see also stillbirth). In 1952 concern about maternal mortality resulted in Britain in the setting up of a triennial *confidential enquiry into every such death to identify any shortfall in resources or care. The first triennial report was published in 1985. Since 2014 reports have been produced annually by MBRRACE-UK (Mothers and Babies: Reducing Risk through Audits and Confidential Enquiries Across the UK). Levels of *maternal deaths are currently low: a report published in 2017 (covering 2013–15) counted 202 obstetric-related deaths (8.76 per 100,000 live births). Thromboembolism was the commonest direct cause of death (30 deaths, 1.13 per 100,000 live births), while heart disease was the commonest indirect cause of death (54 deaths, 2.34 per 100,000 live births).... maternal mortality rate

Maturation

n. the process of attaining full development. The term is applied particularly to the development of mature germ cells (ova and sperm).... maturation

Maturity-onset Diabetes Of The Young

(MODY, monogenic diabetes) a range of rare but important forms of type 2 *diabetes mellitus caused by a single autosomal *dominant genetic defect. The two commonest forms are mutations of the HNF-1? gene (MODY 3), which often responds to treatment with *sulphonylurea drugs, and mutations of the glucokinase gene (MODY 2), causing a mild elevation of blood glucose levels usually responsive to dietary management.... maturity-onset diabetes of the young

Mauriceau–smellie–viet Manoeuvre

(MSV manoeuvre) a technique used in breech delivery to promote flexion of, and safely deliver, the fetal head.... mauriceau–smellie–viet manoeuvre

Maxillary Sinus

(maxillary antrum) see paranasal sinuses.... maxillary sinus

Maxillofacial

adj. describing or relating to the region of the head, neck, face, jaws, and related structures.... maxillofacial

Maximin Principle

see veil of ignorance.... maximin principle

Maximum Intensity Projection

(MIP) a *post-processing technique used in CT and MRI scanning. When projecting a volume, maximum brightness encountered along the viewing plane will be displayed. This is particularly useful in vascular imaging.... maximum intensity projection

Maxwell

n. a unit of magnetic flux equal to a flux of 1 gauss per square centimetre.... maxwell

Maydl Hernia

a rare hernia that contains two adjacent loops of intestine. The intra-abdominal section of intestine between the two loops within the hernia may become strangulated. [K. Maydl (1853-1903), Bohemian surgeon]... maydl hernia

Mayer–rokitansky–küster–hauser Syndrome

(Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser syndrome, Müllerian agenesis) congenital absence of the uterus and upper part of the vagina due to failure of development of the *Müllerian duct. It may be associated with skeletal, renal, and auditory abnormalities, but usually presents with amenorrhoea in a patient with otherwise normal secondary sexual characteristics. There is a multidisciplinary approach to treatment, with psychological support, counselling, discussion of creation of a ‘neovagina’ with gradual use of vaginal dilators, and/or surgical vaginal reconstruction. Surrogacy is the only option for childbearing, although oocyte donation from the mother to a surrogate can be discussed. [K. W. Mayer (1795–1868), German gynaecologist; K. von Rokitansky (1804–78), Austrian pathologist; H. Küster and G. A. Hauser (20th century), German gynaecologists]... mayer–rokitansky–küster–hauser syndrome

Mayo Operation

an overlapping repair of an umbilical hernia. [W. J. Mayo (1861–1939), US surgeon]... mayo operation

Mbrrace-uk

see confidential enquiries.... mbrrace-uk

Mcburney’s Point

the point on the abdomen that overlies the anatomical position of the appendix and is the site of maximum tenderness in acute appendicitis. It lies one-third of the way along a line drawn from the anterior superior iliac spine (the projecting part of the hipbone) to the umbilicus. [C. McBurney (1845–1913), US surgeon]... mcburney’s point

Mccormick Toy Test

a hearing test used in preschool children in which the child must discriminate between similar speech sounds. The test consists of 14 toys that are paired because their names sound similar; for example, tree and key, plane and plate. Having first identified all the objects, the child is then asked in a quiet voice to indicate a particular toy (e.g. Can you find the key?).... mccormick toy test

Mccune–albright Syndrome

polyostotic *fibrous dysplasia of long bones coupled with *café au lait spots and precocious puberty, occurring in both males and females. [D. J. McCune (1902–76), US paediatrician; F. Albright (1900–69), US physician]... mccune–albright syndrome

Mcrobert’s Manoeuvre

a manoeuvre that overcomes most cases of *shoulder dystocia when the fetal shoulders are unable to pass through the mother’s pelvis. The maternal hips are sharply flexed against her abdomen: this rotates the maternal pelvis to encourage delivery.... mcrobert’s manoeuvre

Mdct

see multidetector computerized tomography.... mdct

Mdds

see mal de debarquement syndrome.... mdds

Mdrd Egfr

see eGFR.... mdrd egfr

Mechanoreceptor

n. a group of cells that respond to mechanical distortion, such as that caused by stretching or compressing a tissue, by generating a nerve impulse in a sensory nerve (see receptor). Touch receptors, *proprioceptors, and the receptors for hearing and balance all belong to this class.... mechanoreceptor

Mechanotherapy

n. the use of mechanical equipment during physiotherapy to produce regularly repeated movements in part of the body. This is done to improve the functioning of muscles and joints.... mechanotherapy

Meckel’s Cartilage

a cartilaginous bar in the fetus around which the *mandible develops. Part of Meckel’s cartilage develops into the malleus (an ear ossicle) in the adult. [J. F. Meckel, the Younger (1781–1833), German anatomist]... meckel’s cartilage

Meconism

n. poisoning from the effects of eating or smoking *opium or the products derived from it, especially *morphine.... meconism

Meconium Aspiration

a condition occurring during childbirth in which the baby inhales meconium into the lungs during delivery. This can cause plugs in the airways and the baby may become short of oxygen (hypoxic). Treatment is to assist breathing if necessary, with physiotherapy and antibiotics.... meconium aspiration

Median Raphe

a ridge of skin extending from the anus through the perineum. In males it extends further up the scrotum and penis. It represents a fusion line from embryological development and may be the site of cysts and other harmless structures.... median raphe

Mediastinitis

n. inflammation of the midline partition of the chest cavity (mediastinum), usually complicating a rupture of the oesophagus (gullet). Sclerosing mediastinitis often leads to *fibrosis, which may cause compression of other structures in the thorax, such as the superior vena cava, the bronchial tree, or the oesophagus.... mediastinitis

Medical

adj. 1. of or relating to medicine, the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease. 2. of or relating to conditions that require the attention of a physician rather than a surgeon. For example, a medical ward of a hospital accommodates patients with such conditions.... medical

Medical Assistant

1. a health service worker who is not a registered medical practitioner (often in the armed forces) working in association with a doctor to undertake minor treatments and preliminary assessments. In poorer countries, particularly in rural areas where qualified resources are short (e.g. China), agricultural workers receive limited training in health care and continue in a dual role as barefoot doctors; elsewhere, limited training concentrates more on environmental issues: the workers so trained are known as sanitarians. 2. in the USA, a person – licensed or unlicensed, certified or uncertified – who provides administrative and/or clinical assistance in a physician’s office or other health-care facility. Administrative duties typically include filling out insurance forms, billing, and bookkeeping, while clinical duties may include taking medical histories, preparing patients to be examined, and preparing blood and urine specimens.... medical assistant

Medical Certificate

a certificate stating a doctor’s diagnosis of a patient’s medical condition, disability, or fitness to work (see statement of fitness for work). It is known informally as a ‘fit note’ (formerly a ‘sick note’). See Appendix 8.... medical certificate

Medical Committee

see local medical committee.... medical committee

Medical Emergency Team

(MET) a team, usually consisting of a group of physicians, anaesthetists, and senior nurses, that can be summoned urgently to attend to patients with deteriorating medical conditions. The aim is to prevent further deterioration and to decide if enhanced levels of care are appropriate (e.g. on the high-dependency or intensive care units). The team will also assume the role of the *cardiac-arrest team.... medical emergency team

Medical Jurisprudence

the study or practice of the legal aspects of medicine. See forensic medicine.... medical jurisprudence

Medically Indigent Patients

see charity patients.... medically indigent patients

Medical Tourism

travelling internationally to undergo surgery or otherwise be treated for an illness or condition. This may be done to save money, to avoid having to wait for treatment, or to receive a treatment not available in the home country.... medical tourism

Medicines And Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency

(MHRA) a UK government agency that regulates the use of medicinal drugs and medical devices. The agency regulates and issues *licences for the clinical trial, manufacture, and marketing of new products. It also applies the regulations governing the collection, storage, and use of human blood and blood products.

MHRA section of the website... medicines and healthcare products regulatory agency

Medical Ethics

the standards of conduct required of medical professionals and also the academic study of ethical issues arising from the practice of medicine. From the *Hippocratic oath onwards, standards are designed to reassure that professionals subscribing to them will act in the *best interests of, and will avoid harming, their patients. Today they lay greater emphasis on patient *autonomy, while the contemporary study of medical ethics is concerned with a great variety of complex societal and social issues related to medical practice and research. Medical ethics is now taught in all medical schools in the UK as an essential part of a professional training, and the wider field of *bioethics is becoming a recognized academic specialty. See also clinical ethics; feminist ethics; public health ethics; publication ethics; virtue ethics.

Guidance on good medical practice from the website of the General Medical Council... medical ethics

Medicochirurgical

adj. of or describing matters that are related to both medicine and surgery. A medicochirurgical disorder is one that calls for treatment by both a physician and a surgeon.... medicochirurgical

Medium

n. 1. any substance, usually a broth, agar, or gelatin, used for the *culture of microorganisms or tissue cells. An assay medium is used to determine the concentration of a growth factor or chemical by measuring the amount of growth it produces in a particular microorganism; all other nutrients are present in amounts adequate for growth. 2. see contrast medium.... medium

Medullary Carcinoma

a tumour whose consistency was thought to resemble that of bone marrow. Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid has associations with tumours of other organs (multiple endocrine neoplasia; see MENS) and is often familial: it arises from the *C cells of the thyroid and produces calcitonin, which can often be used as a *tumour marker.... medullary carcinoma

Medullated Nerve Fibre

(myelinated nerve fibre) see myelin.... medullated nerve fibre

Megadontia

n. see macrodontia.... megadontia

Megakaryoblast

n. a cell that gives rise to the platelet-forming cell *megakaryocyte, found in the blood-forming tissue of the bone marrow. It is derived from a *haemopoietic stem cell and matures via an intermediate stage (promegakaryocyte) into a megakaryocyte.... megakaryoblast

Megakaryocyte

n. a cell in the bone marrow that produces *platelets. It is large (35–160 ?m in diameter), with an irregular multilobed nucleus, and with *Romanowsky stains its abundant cytoplasm appears pale blue with fine reddish granules. See also thrombopoiesis.... megakaryocyte

Megal

(megalo-) combining form denoting abnormal enlargement. Example: megalomelia (of limbs).... megal

Megaloblast

n. an abnormal form of any of the cells that are precursors of red blood cells (see erythroblast). Megaloblasts are unusually large and their nuclei fail to mature in the normal way; they are seen in the bone marrow in certain anaemias (megaloblastic anaemias) due to deficiency of vitamin B12 or folate. —megaloblastic adj.... megaloblast

Megalocephaly

n. 1. see macrocephaly. 2. overgrowth and distortion of skull bones (see leontiasis).... megalocephaly

Megalocyte

n. see macrocyte.... megalocyte

Meglitinides

pl. n. a group of *oral hypoglycaemic drugs, including repaglinide and nateglinide, used for treating type 2 *diabetes mellitus. They act by stimulating insulin release from the pancreas and should be taken before each meal.... meglitinides

Megophthalmia

n. an abnormally large eyeball.... megophthalmia

Meibomianitis

n. inflammation of the *meibomian glands of the eyelids.... meibomianitis

Meigs Syndrome

the rare combination of a benign ovarian *fibroma with *ascites and a right-sided pleural effusion. [J. V. Meigs (1892–1963), US gynaecologist]... meigs syndrome

Meissner’s Plexus

(submucous plexus) a fine network of parasympathetic nerve fibres in the wall of the alimentary canal, supplying the muscles and mucous membrane. [G. Meissner (1829–1905), German physiologist]... meissner’s plexus

Melan

(melano-) combining form denoting 1. black coloration. 2. melanin. Example: melanaemia (the presence in the blood of melanin).... melan

Melanism

(melanosis) n. an unusually pronounced darkening of body tissues caused by excessive production of the pigment *melanin. For example, melanism may affect the hair, the skin (after sunburn, during pregnancy, or in *Addison’s disease), or the eye.... melanism

Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone

(MSH) a peptide hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. In humans it stimulates production and dispersal of melanin in the melanocytes. Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (?-MSH), which is released by neurons in the hypothalamus, suppresses appetite and regulates energy balance. It also stimulates sexual activity and is involved in regulation of heart rate and blood pressure.... melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Megaureter

n. gross dilatation of the *ureter. This occurs above the site of a long-standing obstruction in the ureter, which blocks the free flow of urine from the kidney. A common cause of megaureter is reflux of urine from the bladder into the ureters (see vesicoureteric reflux), but some of the most striking examples are found in so-called idiopathic megaureter. In this condition, which may affect one or both ureters, there is a segment of normal ureter of varying length at the extreme lower end of the bladder, above which the ureter is enormously dilated. Both reflux and idiopathic megaureter can be complicated by urinary infection and/or renal impairment. Treatment of megaureter is by corrective surgery if functional obstruction can be demonstrated. Surgery for reflux is normally reserved for children with gross reflux distending the renal pelvis and is usually carried out in the first few months of life.... megaureter

Melanonychia

n. blackening of the nails with the pigment *melanin.... melanonychia

Melanophore

n. see melanin.... melanophore

Melanoplakia

n. pigmented areas of *melanin in the mucous membrane lining the inside of the cheeks.... melanoplakia

Melanosis

n. 1. see melanism. 2. a disorder in the body’s production of the pigment melanin. 3. *cachexia associated with the spread of the skin cancer *melanoma. —melanotic adj.... melanosis

Melanuria

n. the presence of dark pigment in the urine. This may be caused by the presence of melanin or its precursors, in some cases of *melanoma; it may alternatively be caused by metabolic disease, such as *porphyria.... melanuria

Melas

mitochondrial encephalopathy lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes: a rare metabolic disorder, usually inherited from the mother, that results in short stature and high levels of lactic acid in the blood (see lactic acidosis). Affected individuals are usually diagnosed in late childhood and early adult life. See also mitochondrial disorders.... melas

Melkersson–rosenthal Syndrome

a rare disorder characterized by the occurrence together of facial paralysis, enlargement of the glottis, and swollen lips, which is due to lymphatic *stasis and the consequent build-up of protein in the facial tissues. [E. Melkersson (1898–1932), Swedish physician; C. Rosenthal (20th century), German neurologist]... melkersson–rosenthal syndrome

Melomelus

n. a fetus with one or more pairs of supernumerary limbs.... melomelus

Memantine Hydrochloride

an *NMDA-receptor antagonist drug indicated for treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimer’s-type dementia. Its most common side-effects are dizziness, headache, and constipation.... memantine hydrochloride

Membrane Bone

a bone that develops in connective tissue by direct *ossification, without cartilage being formed first. The bones of the face and skull are membrane bones.... membrane bone

Membranous Labyrinth

see labyrinth.... membranous labyrinth

Membranous Nephropathy

a common cause of the *nephrotic syndrome in adults. The diagnosis is established by renal biopsy, which shows diffuse global subepithelial deposits within the glomerulus. Most cases of membranous nephropathy are idiopathic, but there are associations with infection (e.g. hepatitis B), malignancy (especially lung cancer), autoimmune disease (e.g. SLE, Hashimoto’s disease), and drugs (e.g. gold and penicillamine). Recent studies suggest that idiopathic membranous nephropathy is an autoimmune disease with antibodies directed against an antigen (PLA2R, a phospholipase A2 receptor) on the *podocyte cell membrane. Without treatment, outcome is very variable: some patients will make a full recovery, while others will progress to end-stage kidney failure. Immunosuppressant treatment is often tried when there is evidence of declining renal function.... membranous nephropathy

Memokath

n. trade name for a nickel-titanium alloy prostatic *stent used as a minimally invasive treatment for men with *lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (see prostate gland) who are unfit for surgery. The stent is placed in the prostatic section of the urethra and bladder neck using a flexible cystoscope. The stent expands when warm water is passed through it; cold water causes contraction and allows removal. Less commonly this stent can be used in the ureter in the management of ureteric strictures.... memokath

Memory Cell

a long-lived lymphocyte that is formed following primary infection. It enables a faster and more robust immune response following a second exposure to the antigen.... memory cell

Menacwy Vaccine

a vaccine that provides protection against four different strains (A, C, W, and Y) of the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis (the meningococcus) that causes *meningitis and septicaemia. It also prevents the carriage of the bacteria in the nose and back of the throat. In Britain it is offered to children aged 14 years and students going to college and university for the first time.... menacwy vaccine

Mencap

a British voluntary association that promotes the welfare of people with learning disabilities and their families, through education, campaigning, and the provision of resources for projects.... mencap

Mendel’s Laws

rules of inheritance based on the breeding experiments of the Austrian monk Gregor Mendel (1822–84), which showed that the inheritance of characteristics is controlled by particles now known as *genes. In modern terms they are as follows. (1) Each body (somatic) cell of an individual carries two factors (genes) for every characteristic and each gamete carries only one. It is now known that the genes are arranged on chromosomes, which are present in pairs in somatic cells and separate during gamete formation by the process of *meiosis. (2) Each pair of factors segregates independently of all other pairs at meiosis, so that the gametes show all possible combinations of factors. This law applies only to genes on different chromosomes; those on the same chromosome are affected by *linkage. See also dominant; recessive.... mendel’s laws

Ménétrier’s Disease

a rare disorder caused by *hypertrophy of the mucosa. It is characterized by diffusely enlarged gastric folds and excess mucus production, leading to anaemia, protein loss, and peripheral oedema. [P. Ménétrier (1859–1935), French physician]... ménétrier’s disease

Mening

(meningo-) combining form denoting the meninges.... mening

Meningitis B Vaccine

(MenB) a vaccine that provides protection against the B strain of the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis (the meningococcus), which accounts for more than 90% of meningococcal infections in young children. The MenB vaccine is offered to all babies with their primary *immunizations at 2 and 4 months of age and as a booster at 12 months. See meningitis.... meningitis b vaccine

Meningitis C Vaccine

(MenC) a vaccine that provides protection against the C strain of the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis (the meningococcus), which accounts for approximately 50% of all cases of meningococcal meningitis and tends to occur in clusters. Owing to the success of the MenC vaccination programme begun in 1999 there have been almost no recent cases of meningitis C disease in babies and young children in the UK. The vaccine was previously offered to all babies at 12 weeks of age but is now given at 12 months as part of Hib/MenC vaccine and at 14 years as the MenACWY vaccine.... meningitis c vaccine

Meningococcaemia

n. the presence of meningococci (bacteria of the species Neisseria meningitidis) in the bloodstream. See meningitis.... meningococcaemia

Meningoencephalocele

n. see neural tube defects.... meningoencephalocele

Meningoencephalomyelitis

n. see meningoencephalitis.... meningoencephalomyelitis

Meningovascular

adj. relating to or affecting the meninges covering the brain and spinal cord and the blood vessels that penetrate them to supply the underlying neural tissues. The term is also used to describe tertiary syphilitic infection of the nervous system.... meningovascular

Meninx

n. 1. the thin layer of mesoderm that surrounds the brain of the embryo. It gives rise to most of the skull and the membranes that surround the brain. See also chondrocranium. 2. see meninges.... meninx

Menkes Kinky-hair Disease

a genetic disorder characterized by severe learning disabilities, seizures, poor vision, colourless fragile hair, and chubby red cheeks. It is inherited as an X-linked (see sex-linked) recessive characteristic. There is no treatment and affected infants usually die before the age of three. [J. H. Menkes (1928–2008), US neurologist]... menkes kinky-hair disease

Mens

multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes, designated as type 1 (Wermer’s syndrome), type 2A (Sipple’s syndrome), and type 2B. These involve tumour formation or hyperplasia in various combinations of endocrine glands. Type 1 involves the parathyroid, pituitary, and pancreas, whereas type 2A involves the thyroid medullary cells, the adrenal medulla (*phaeochromocytoma), and the parathyroids. Type 2B is similar to 2A, but patients tend to resemble people with *Marfan’s syndrome and have multiple *neuromas on their mucous membranes. These conditions are inherited as autosomal *dominant characteristics.... mens

Mental Health Act Commission

a regulating body in England and Wales, governed by the Mental Health Act 2007, that was responsible for regularly visiting psychiatric hospitals, reviewing psychiatric care, giving second opinions on the need for certain psychiatric treatments, and acting as a forum for the discussion of psychiatric issues. It was subsumed under the *Care Quality Commission in April 2009.... mental health act commission

Mental State Examination

(MSE) a full psychiatric examination of signs and symptoms, which takes place during a psychiatric interview and should apply only to signs and symptoms elicited at that time; it should not take into account historical information. The examination is usually divided into the following subheadings: appearance and behaviour, speech, mood, *affect, thought and perception, *insight, and orientation. Usually it also includes a *risk assessment.... mental state examination

Menstrual Cycle

the periodic sequence of events in sexually mature nonpregnant women by which an egg cell (ovum) is released from the ovary at four-weekly intervals until *menopause. The stages of the menstrual cycle are shown in the diagram. An ovum develops within a *Graafian follicle in the ovary. When mature, it bursts from the follicle and travels along the Fallopian tube to the uterus. A temporary endocrine gland – the corpus luteum – develops in the ruptured follicle and secretes the hormone *progesterone, which causes the lining of the uterus (endometrium) to become thicker and richly supplied with blood in preparation for pregnancy. If the ovum is not fertilized the cycle continues: the corpus luteum shrinks and the endometrium is shed at *menstruation. If fertilization does take place the fertilized ovum becomes attached to the endometrium and the corpus luteum continues to secrete progesterone, i.e. pregnancy begins.... menstrual cycle

Mental Capacity Act 2005

legislation for England and Wales, which came into force in October 2007, to govern the treatment of people who lack *capacity to make decisions. It gives legal force to the importance of *autonomy in health care and to *advance directives, decisions, or statements. It also provides statutory legislation for medical and social decision-makers to act in the patient’s best interests should he or she lose capacity (see Independent Mental Capacity Advocate). It allows proportionate force to implement decisions made in a patient’s best interests. For Scotland the current legislation is the Adults with Incapacity (Scotland) Act 2000.... mental capacity act 2005

Mental Health Review Tribunal

(MHRT) a tribunal, established under the Mental Health Act 1959 and now operating under the Mental Health Act 2007, to which applications may be made for the discharge from hospital of a person compulsorily detained there under provisions of the Act (see compulsory admission). When a patient is subject to a restriction order an application may only be made after his or her first six months of detention. The powers of the tribunal, which comprises both legally and medically qualified members, include reclassifying unrestricted patients, recommending leave of absence for a patient, delaying discharge, and transferring patients to other hospitals. Detained patients may also apply to have a managers hearing to review their detention. The powers of the managers hearing are slightly different from those of the MHRT, but both are defined in the Mental Health Act 2007 and both can discharge a patient from a section of the Mental Health Act.... mental health review tribunal

Mento

combining form denoting the chin.... mento

Mentum

n. the chin.... mentum

Mepacrine

n. a drug sometimes used to treat giardiasis. Digestive upsets and headache may occur and the skin often turns yellow.... mepacrine

Mercaptoacetyltriglycine

n. see MAG3.... mercaptoacetyltriglycine

Mercurialism

(hydrargyria) n. mercury poisoning. Metallic mercury is absorbed through the skin and alimentary canal, and its vapour is taken in through the lungs. Acute poisoning causes vomiting, severe abdominal pains, bloody diarrhoea, and kidney damage, with failure to produce urine. Treatment is with *chelating agents. Chronic poisoning causes mouth ulceration, loose teeth, loss of appetite, and intestinal and renal disturbances, with anaemia and nervous irritability. Treatment is removing the patient from further exposure.... mercurialism

Merocrine

(eccrine) adj. describing a type of *secretion in which the glandular cells remain intact during the process of secretion.... merocrine

Merozoite

n. a stage in the life cycle of the malaria parasite (*Plasmodium). Many merozoites are formed during the asexual division of the schizont (see schizogony). The released merozoites may invade new red blood cells or new liver cells, and continue the asexual phase with the production of yet more merozoites, effectively spreading the infection. Alternatively, merozoites invade red blood cells and begin the sexual cycle with the formation of male and female sex cells (see microgametocyte; macrogametocyte).... merozoite

Mers

see Middle East respiratory syndrome.... mers

Mesangial Cells

see juxtaglomerular apparatus.... mesangial cells

Mesaortitis

n. inflammation of the middle layer (media) of the wall of the aorta, generally the result of late syphilis. Aneurysm formation may result. The infection can be eradicated with penicillin.... mesaortitis

Mesarteritis

n. inflammation of the middle layer (media) of an artery, which is often combined with inflammation in all layers of the artery wall. It is seen in syphilis, polyarteritis, temporal arteritis, and Buerger’s disease.... mesarteritis

Mesenchyme

n. the undifferentiated tissue of the early embryo that forms almost entirely from *mesoderm. It is loosely organized and the individual cells migrate to different parts of the body where they form most of the skeletal and connective tissue, the blood and blood system, and the visceral (smooth) muscles.... mesenchyme

Metabolic Syndrome

(insulin resistance syndrome, syndrome X) a very common condition in which impaired glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose, or type 2 diabetes (see glucose tolerance test) is combined with central obesity (increased fat within the abdomen), raised blood pressure (*hypertension), and *hyperlipidaemia. It is associated with a risk of premature vascular disease (heart attack and stroke). The principal underlying cause is *insulin resistance, which is genetically determined.... metabolic syndrome

Metacarpal

1. adj. relating to the bones of the hand (*metacarpus). 2. n. any of the bones forming the metacarpus.... metacarpal

Metacarpus

n. the five bones of the hand that connect the *carpus (wrist) to the *phalanges (digits).... metacarpus

Metacentric

n. a chromosome in which the centromere is at or near the centre of the chromosome. —metacentric adj.... metacentric

Metacercaria

n. (pl. metacercariae) a mature form of the *cercaria larva of a fluke. Liver fluke metacercariae are enveloped by thin cysts and develop on various kinds of vegetation.... metacercaria

Metachromasia

(metachromatism) n. 1. the property of a dye of staining certain tissues or cells a colour that is different from that of the stain itself. 2. the variation in colour produced in certain tissue elements that are stained with the same dye. 3. abnormal coloration of a tissue produced by a particular stain. —metachromatic adj.... metachromasia

Metaethics

n. philosophical study of the theoretical foundations of *ethics, as opposed to practical ethics.... metaethics

Metagonimus

n. a genus of small flukes, usually less than 3 mm in length, that are common as parasites of dogs and cats in the Far East, N Siberia, and the Balkan States. Adult flukes of M. yokogawai occasionally infect the human duodenum if undercooked fish (the intermediate host) is eaten. They may cause inflammation and some ulceration of the intestinal lining, which produces a mild diarrhoea. Flukes can be easily removed with tetrachloroethylene.... metagonimus

Metamorphopsia

n. a condition in which objects appear distorted. It is usually due to a disorder of the retina affecting the *macula (the most sensitive part).... metamorphopsia

Metanephrine And Normetanephrine

metabolites of the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline, respectively. Both hormones are released in excess from a *phaeochromocytoma, and measurement of their metabolites is the most reliable screening test for this rare but potentially lethal condition. The test is best carried out on a complete 24-hour urine collection.... metanephrine and normetanephrine

Metanephros

n. the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the *nephrogenic cord. It does not become functional until birth, since urea is transferred across the placenta to the mother.... metanephros

Metaphase

n. the second stage of *mitosis and of each division of *meiosis, in which the chromosomes line up at the centre of the *spindle, with their centromeres attached to the spindle fibres.... metaphase

Metaraminol

n. a *sympathomimetic drug that stimulates alpha receptors and is used as a *vasoconstrictor to treat acute *hypotension.... metaraminol

Metastasize

vb. (of a malignant tumour) to spread by *metastasis.... metastasize

Metastatic Calcification

the calcification of otherwise normal tissues in patients with *hypercalcaemia. Compare dystrophic calcification.... metastatic calcification

Metatarsal

1. adj. relating to the bones of the foot (*metatarsus). 2. n. any of the bones forming the metatarsus.... metatarsal

Metathalamus

n. a part of the *thalamus consisting of two nuclei through which impulses pass from the eyes and ears to be distributed to the cerebral cortex.... metathalamus

Metencephalon

n. part of the hindbrain, formed by the pons and the cerebellum and continuous below with the medulla oblongata. See brain.... metencephalon

Meter

combining form denoting an instrument for measuring. Example: perimeter (instrument for measuring the field of vision).... meter

Methaemalbumin

n. a chemical complex of the pigment portion of haemoglobin (haem) with the plasma protein *albumin. It is formed in the blood in such conditions as *blackwater fever or paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria, in which red blood cells are destroyed and free haemoglobin is released into the plasma. In such conditions methaemalbumin can be detected in both the blood and urine.... methaemalbumin

Methenamine

(hexamine) n. a drug used for the prevention and treatment of chronic or recurrent lower urinary tract infections. High doses may cause irritation of the stomach or bladder.... methenamine

Methicillin

n. see meticillin.... methicillin

Methotrimeprazine

n. see levomepromazine.... methotrimeprazine

Methylated Spirits

a mixture consisting mainly of ethyl alcohol with *methyl alcohol and petroleum hydrocarbons. The addition of pyridine gives it an objectionable smell, and the dye methyl violet is added to make it recognizable as unfit to drink. It is used as a solvent, cleaning fluid, and fuel.... methylated spirits

Methyl Green

a basic dye used for colouring the stainable part of the cell nucleus (chromatin) and – with pyronin – for the differential staining of RNA and DNA, which give a red and a green colour respectively.... methyl green

Methylisothiazolinone

n. a preservative chemical commonly used in water-based products, such as cosmetics and toiletries. It is responsible for an epidemic of allergic contact *dermatitis, with intermittent facial dermatitis being the commonest presentation.... methylisothiazolinone

Methylmalonic Aciduria

(methylmalonic acidaemia, aminoacidopathy) a defect of amino acid metabolism causing an excess of methylmalonic acid in the urine and blood. There are two types: one is an *inborn error of metabolism due to a deficiency of the enzyme methylmalonyl-CoA mutase; the other is an acquired type due to deficiency of vitamin B12, which results in defective synthesis of adenosylcobalamin (a cofactor in this metabolic process).... methylmalonic aciduria

Methyl Violet

(gentian violet) a dye used mainly for staining protozoans.... methyl violet

Meticillin

(methicillin) n. a semisynthetic penicillin that was originally used to treat infections by penicillin-resistant staphylococci. It has been superseded for this purpose by *flucloxacillin but continues to be used to test the drug sensitivity of staphylococci. Meticillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) can be responsible for increasing rates of infection in hospitals. Until recently, such infections have responded to *vancomycin, but strains of bacilli have emerged that are resistant to vancomycin, giving rise to infections that are very difficult to treat. See also superinfection.... meticillin

Metr

(metro-) combining form denoting the uterus.... metr

Metry

combining form denoting measuring or measurement.... metry

Mhra

see Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency.... mhra

Mhrt

see Mental Health Review Tribunal.... mhrt

Mibg

Meta-IodoBenzylGuanidine: a radioactive *tracer, labelled with iodine-123 or iodine-131, which binds to adrenergic nerve tissue. With the aid of a gamma camera, it can be used to detect the presence of a range of adrenergic tumours, including *neuroblastoma and *phaeochromocytoma.... mibg

Micelle

n. one of the microscopic particles into which the products of fat digestion (i.e. fatty acids and monoglycerides), present in the gut, are dispersed by the action of *bile salts. Fatty material in this finely dispersed form is more easily absorbed by the small intestine.... micelle

Michaelis–gutmann Bodies

see malakoplakia.... michaelis–gutmann bodies

Micr

(micro-) combining form denoting 1. small size. 2. one millionth part.... micr

Microaerophilic

adj. describing microorganisms that grow best at very low oxygen concentrations (i.e. below the atmospheric level).... microaerophilic

Microalbumin:creatinine Ratio

a laboratory measurement used as a screening test for the first signs of kidney damage in *diabetes mellitus. It detects an increase in the very small levels of the protein albumin present in urine, relative to the concentration of creatinine. It is best measured in an early morning urine sample. See microalbuminuria.... microalbumin:creatinine ratio

Microalbuminuria

n. the presence of albumin in the urine at levels that are higher than normal (>30 mg/24 hours) but lower than those detected by standard urine protein dipsticks (>300 mg/24 hours). The usual screening method for microalbuminuria is to measure the *microalbumin:creatinine ratio. In people with diabetes microalbuminuria is an important risk factor for the development of progressive kidney damage and (particularly in those with type 2 diabetes) coronary heart disease. At an early stage of microalbuminuria its presence may be reversed by careful control of blood pressure and blood glucose.... microalbuminuria

Microaneurysm

n. a minute localized swelling of a capillary wall, which is found in the retina of patients with diabetic *retinopathy. It is recognized as a small red dot when the interior of the eye is examined with an *ophthalmoscope.... microaneurysm

Microblepharon

(microblepharism) n. the condition of having abnormally small eyelids.... microblepharon

Microbubbles

pl. n. (in radiology) an ultrasound *contrast medium consisting of suspensions of biocompatible gas-filled microspheres that are introduced into the vascular system or the Fallopian tubes in order to enhance ultrasound images.... microbubbles

Microcheilia

n. abnormally small size of the lips. Compare macrocheilia.... microcheilia

Microcytosis

n. the presence of abnormally small red cells (microcytes) in the blood. Microcytosis is a feature of certain anaemias (microcytic anaemias), including iron-deficiency anaemias, certain *haemoglobinopathies, anaemias associated with chronic infections, etc.... microcytosis

Microdactyly

n. abnormal smallness or shortness of the fingers.... microdactyly

Microdebrider

n. a surgical instrument that comprises a small powered partially guarded rotating blade to remove tissue during operative procedures. An inbuilt suction–irrigation system removes the resulting tissue fragments and blood. It is most commonly used in *endoscopic sinus surgery but can also be used to perform tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy and in some types of laryngeal and bronchial surgery.... microdebrider

Microdochectomy

n. excision of a single mammary duct that is causing nipple discharge. The duct is sent for histology to determine the presence of a papilloma or carcinoma.... microdochectomy

Microdontia

n. a condition in which the teeth are unusually small. It may be generalized, where all teeth are involved, or localized, where only a few teeth are involved.... microdontia

Microelectrode

n. an extremely fine wire used as an electrode to measure the electrical activity in small areas of tissue. Microelectrodes can be used for recording the electrical changes that occur in the membranes of cells, such as those of nerve and muscle.... microelectrode

Microfilaria

n. (pl. microfilariae) the motile embryo of certain nematodes (see filaria). The slender microfilariae, 150–300 ?m in length, are commonly found in the circulating blood or lymph of patients suffering an infection with any of the filarial worms, e.g. Wuchereria. They mature into larvae, which are infective, within the body of a bloodsucking insect, such as a mosquito.... microfilaria

Microgamete

n. the motile flagellate male sex cell of the malarial parasite (Plasmodium) and other protozoans. The microgamete is similar to the sperm cell of animals and smaller than the female sex cell (see macrogamete).... microgamete

Microgametocyte

n. a cell that undergoes meiosis to form 6–8 mature male sex cells (microgametes) of the malarial parasite (see Plasmodium). Microgametocytes are found in human blood but must be ingested by a mosquito before developing into microgametes.... microgametocyte

Microglia

n. one of the two basic classes of *glia (the non-nervous cells of the central nervous system), having a mainly scavenging function (see macrophage). Compare macroglia.... microglia

Microglossia

n. abnormally small size of the tongue.... microglossia

Micrognathia

n. a condition in which one or both jaws are unusually small. It is a symptom of various craniofacial conditions and may require surgery to correct.... micrognathia

Micrograph

(photomicrograph) n. a photograph of an object as viewed through a microscope. An electron micrograph is photographed through an electron microscope; a light micrograph through a light microscope.... micrograph

Microgyria

n. a developmental disorder of the brain in which the folds (convolutions) in its surface are small and its surface layer (cortex) is structurally abnormal. It is associated with mental and physical retardation.... microgyria

Microhaematocrit

n. a measurement of the proportion of red blood cells in a volume of circulating blood. It is determined by taking a sample of the patient’s blood in a fine tube and spinning it in a centrifuge until settling is complete. See packed cell volume.... microhaematocrit

Microkeratome

n. a surgical instrument with an oscillating blade designed for creating the corneal flap in laser *refractive surgery.... microkeratome

Microlithiasis

n. multiple tiny calcifications seen within the testes. Testicular germ-cell tumour is associated with testicular microlithiasis, but a direct relationship is not established.... microlithiasis

Micromanipulation

n. the manipulation of extremely small structures under the microscope, as in *microdissection, or *microsurgery.... micromanipulation

Micromelia

n. abnormally small size of the arms or legs. Compare macromelia.... micromelia

Micrometastasis

n. a secondary tumour that is undetectable by clinical examination or diagnostic tests but is visible under the microscope.... micrometastasis

Microperimetry

n. mapping the pattern of a patient’s retinal sensitivity onto an image of that individual’s fundus (back of the eye) to measure the patient’s response to light stimuli at various retinal points. The data are superimposed on an image captured by a scanning laser *ophthalmoscope or by fundus photography to precisely identify areas of impaired or preserved function.... microperimetry

Microphotograph

n. 1. a photograph reduced to microscopic proportions. 2. (loosely) a *photomicrograph.... microphotograph

Micropipette

n. an extremely fine tube from which minute volumes of liquid can be delivered. It can also be used to draw up minute quantities of liquid for examination. Using a micropipette it is possible to add or take away material from individual cells under the microscope.... micropipette

Microscopic

adj. 1. too small to be seen clearly without the use of a microscope. 2. of, relating to, or using a microscope.... microscopic

Microscopic Polyangiitis

(MPA) an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of small blood vessels, leading to reduced kidney function and breathlessness. It is associated with the presence of antinuclear cytoplasmic antibodies (*ANCA) and can be treated with corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, or rituximab.... microscopic polyangiitis

Microsome

n. a small particle consisting of a piece of *endoplasmic reticulum to which ribosomes are attached. Microsomes are formed when homogenized cells are centrifuged. —microsomal adj.... microsome

Microsurgical Epididymal Sperm Aspiration

see MESA.... microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration

Microtia

n. a congenital deformity of the external ear in which the *pinna is small or absent. The ear canal may also be absent, giving a conductive *deafness. Microtia may be associated with other congenital deformities.... microtia

Microvascular

adj. involving small vessels. The term is often applied to techniques of *microsurgery for reuniting small blood vessels (the same techniques are applied frequently to nerve suture).... microvascular

Microvillus

n. (pl. microvilli) one of a number of microscopic hairlike structures (about 5 ?m long) projecting from the surface of epithelial cells (see epithelium). They serve to increase the surface area of the cell and are seen on absorptive and secretory cells. In some regions (particularly the intestinal tract) microvilli form a dense covering on the free surface of the cells: this is called a brush border.... microvillus

Microwave Ablation

(MWA) an *ablation technique in which microwaves are used to burn tumour tissues. This has some advantages over *radiofrequency ablation because the heat generated is field heating, as in conventional microwave machines. This makes it possible to get a bigger ablation zone and means that the ablation is not affected by the heat-sink effect of adjacent blood vessels.... microwave ablation

Microwave Endometrial Ablation

see endometrial ablation.... microwave endometrial ablation

Microwave Therapy

a form of *diathermy using electromagnetic waves of extremely short wavelength. In modern apparatus the electric currents induced in the tissues have frequencies of up to 25,000 million cycles per second.... microwave therapy

Micturating Cystourethrogram

(MCU) see urethrography.... micturating cystourethrogram

Middle Ear Myoclonus

spontaneous involuntary rhythmical contraction of the stapedius and/or tensor tympani muscles in the middle ear that can give rise to a form of *pulsatile tinnitus.... middle ear myoclonus

Middle Ear Reflex

involuntary contraction of the stapedius and/or tensor tympani muscles in the middle ear in response to various stimuli. The stapedius contracts in response to sound (see stapedial reflex). The tensor tympani is thought to contract during chewing. The sound-evoked middle ear reflex can be detected using a *tympanometer.... middle ear reflex

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome

(MERS) a viral respiratory infection that was first identified in 2012. Humans seem to be infected most easily by contact with dromedary camels (hence the informal name camel flu), although human-to-human infection also occurs. Symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Although the syndrome is often mild, death occurs in about a third of diagnosed cases. Most reported cases have been in the Arabian Peninsula, although there was a major outbreak in South Korea in 2015. At present there is no vaccine or treatment.... middle east respiratory syndrome

Midgut

n. the middle portion of the embryonic gut, which gives rise to most of the small intestine and part of the large intestine. Early in development it is connected with the *yolk sac outside the embryo via the *umbilicus.... midgut

Midstream Specimen Of Urine

(MSU) a specimen of urine that is subjected to examination for the presence of microorganisms. In order to obtain a specimen that is free of contamination, the periurethral area is cleansed and the patient is requested to discard the initial flow of urine before collecting the specimen in a sterile container.... midstream specimen of urine

Mikulicz’s Disease

swelling of the lacrimal and salivary glands as a result of infiltration with *lymphoid tissue. [J. von Mikulicz Radecki (1850–1905), Polish surgeon]... mikulicz’s disease

Milan Criteria

criteria used to select patients with cirrhosis and *hepatoma for liver transplantation. Transplantation can be considered if patients have a single tumour under 5 cm in size, or no more than three tumours that are less than 3 cm in size, and show no evidence of extrahepatic symptoms and no vascular invasion.... milan criteria

Mild Cognitive Impairment

(MCI) cognitive impairment beyond that expected for age and education that does not interfere with normal daily function. When memory loss is the predominant symptom it is termed amnestic MCI and is frequently seen as an early stage of *Alzheimer’s disease. However, other aspects of cognition can be affected and symptoms can be stable or even remit.... mild cognitive impairment

Miliaria Rubra

see prickly heat.... miliaria rubra

Miliary Tuberculosis

acute generalized *tuberculosis characterized by lesions in affected organs, which resemble millet seeds.... miliary tuberculosis

Milk Formulas

see Appendix 12.... milk formulas

Milk Rash

a spotty red facial rash that is common during the first few months of life; it disappears without treatment.... milk rash

Miller–deiker Syndrome

a chromosomal abnormality resulting in a characteristic facial appearance and the absence of the grooves on the surface of the brain (see lissencephaly). Affected individuals have severe learning disabilities.... miller–deiker syndrome

Milli

prefix denoting one thousandth part.... milli

Milliamp

n. short for milliampere: one thousandth of an *ampere (10?3 A; symbol: mA). In radiography, the mA setting on an X-ray machine determines the number of X-ray photons produced per second. The setting is important to obtain appropriate exposure and varies with body size (among other factors). See also kilovolt.... milliamp

Milligram

n. one thousandth of a gram. Symbol: mg.... milligram

Millimetre

n. one thousandth of a metre (10?3 m). Symbol: mm.... millimetre

Millimole

n. one thousandth of a mole (see mole1). The concentration of a solution is expressed in millimoles per litre. Symbol: mmol.... millimole

Milroy’s Disease

see lymphoedema. [W. F. Milroy (1855–1942), US physician]... milroy’s disease

Minimally Conscious State

(MCS) a disorder of consciousness distinct from *persistent vegetative state (PVS) and locked-in syndrome (see vegetative state). Unlike PVS, patients with MCS have partial preservation of conscious awareness although the level of awareness frequently fluctuates over time.... minimally conscious state

Mini-mental State Examination

(MMSE) a brief 30-point questionnaire that is used to screen for cognitive impairment in the diagnosis of dementia. It is also used to estimate the severity of cognitive impairment and to follow the course of cognitive changes in an individual over time, thus making it an effective way to document response to treatment. It tests functions including arithmetic, memory, and orientation.... mini-mental state examination

Minitracheostomy

n. temporary *tracheostomy using a needle or fine-bore tube inserted through the skin.... minitracheostomy

Minimal Change Nephropathy

the commonest cause of *nephrotic syndrome in children and an important cause of this syndrome in adults. The condition is so named because of the apparent lack of abnormalities seen on light microscopy of biopsy samples. Changes can, however, be seen on electron microscopy, with effacement of the *podocyte foot processes along the glomerular basement membrane. It is postulated that minimal change disease is a T-cell disease and that *cytokine damage to the podocytes leads to loss of the selective filtering characteristics of the glomerulus. The condition usually responds to corticosteroids and has a good prognosis, but there is clinical overlap with primary *focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, which may have similar histological appearances in its early stages, tends not to respond to steroids, and is associated with a poor renal prognosis.... minimal change nephropathy

Miotic

1. n. a drug that causes the pupil of the eye to contract by constricting the ciliary muscle (see ciliary body). Miotics, such as *pilocarpine, are used to reduce the pressure in the eye in the treatment of glaucoma: contraction of the ciliary muscle increases the angle between the iris and cornea through which aqueous humour drains from the eye. 2. adj. showing *miosis.... miotic

Miracidium

n. (pl. miracidia) the first-stage larva of a parasitic *fluke. Miracidia hatch from eggs released into water with the host’s excreta. They have *cilia and swim about until they reach a snail. The miracidia then bore into the snail’s soft tissues and there continue their development as *sporocysts.... miracidium

Misophonia

n. dislike of or aversion to particular sounds, irrespective of the level of that sound. See hyperacusis, phonophobia.... misophonia

Missed Case

a person with a communicable disease in whom the symptoms and signs are so minimal that either there is no request for medical assistance or the doctor fails to make the diagnosis. The patient usually has partial immunity to the disease, but since the infecting organisms are of normal virulence, nonimmune contacts can be affected with the full manifestations of the illness. The period of infectivity is confined to the shortened duration of the illness (in contrast to a *carrier, in whom the pathogen is present without necessarily causing any ill effect). Alternatively, the subject has had the disease but retains some of the pathogens (e.g. in the throat or bowel) and so acts as a continuing reservoir of infection.... missed case

Misuse Of Drugs Act 1971

(in the UK) an Act of Parliament restricting the use of dangerous drugs. These controlled drugs are divided into three classes: class A drugs (e.g. heroin, morphine and other potent opioid analgesics, cocaine, LSD) cause the most harm when misused; class B drugs include amphetamines, barbiturates, and cannabis, and class C drugs include most benzodiazepines and anabolic steroids. The Act specifies certain requirements for writing prescriptions for these drugs. The Misuse of Drugs (Supply to Addicts) Regulations 1997 and the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001 lay down who may supply controlled drugs and the rules governing their supply, prescription, etc.... misuse of drugs act 1971

Mite

n. a free-living or parasitic arthropod belonging to a group (Acarina) that also includes the *ticks. Most mites are small, averaging 1 mm or less in length. A mite has no antennae or wings, and its body is not divided into a distinct head, thorax, and abdomen. Medically important mites include the many species causing dermatitis (e.g. Dermatophagoides) and the harvest mite (see Trombicula), which transmits scrub typhus.... mite

Mitochondrial Disorders

a group of inherited conditions transmitted through mitochondrial DNA (see mitochondrion), which can affect any organ and can present at any age. Most of these conditions are very rare; examples of those that are less rare include *Leigh syndrome, congenital *lactic acidosis, *MELAS, and Pearson syndrome.... mitochondrial disorders

Mitochondrion

(chondriosome) n. (pl. mitochondria) a structure, occurring in varying numbers in the cytoplasm of every cell, that is the site of the cell’s energy production. Mitochondria contain *ATP and the enzymes involved in the cell’s metabolic activities, and also their own DNA; mitochondrial genes (which in humans encode 13 proteins) are inherited through the female line. Each mitochondrion is bounded by a double membrane, the inner being folded inwards to form projections (cristae). —mitochondrial adj.... mitochondrion

Mitogen

n. any substance that can cause cells to begin division (*mitosis).... mitogen

Mitomycin

an *anthracycline antibiotic that inhibits the growth of cancer cells. It causes severe marrow suppression but is of use in the treatment of stomach, breast, and bladder cancers.... mitomycin

Mitotic Index

the proportion of cells in a tissue that are dividing at a given time.... mitotic index

Mitoxantrone

n. an *anthracycline antibiotic used in the treatment of certain cancers, including metastatic breast cancer and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Side-effects are usually mild.... mitoxantrone

Mixed Affective State

a state of disordered mood that combines elements of *mania and *depression; it is a common feature of *bipolar affective disorder. Symptoms include overactivity, flight of ideas, depressed mood, and suicidal *ideation.... mixed affective state

Mitral Regurgitation

(mitral incompetence) failure of the *mitral valve to close, allowing a reflux of blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the left atrium. It may be due to mitral valve prolapse (MVP) in which one or both valve leaflets flop back into the left atrium (also known as ‘floppy mitral valve’). It also results from chronic rheumatic scarring of the valve, or is secondary to left ventricular muscle damage. Its manifestations include breathlessness, atrial *fibrillation, embolism, enlargement of the left ventricle, and a systolic *murmur. Mild cases are symptomless and require no treatment, but in severe cases the affected valve should be repaired or replaced with an artificial one (mitral prosthesis).... mitral regurgitation

Mixed Connective Tissue Disease

a disease with features in common with systemic *lupus erythematosus, *polymyositis, and *scleroderma. It is characterized by high levels of antibodies to ribonucleoprotein and most commonly affects women between 20 and 40 years of age.... mixed connective tissue disease

Mmhg

a unit of pressure equal to 1 millimetre of mercury. 1 mmHg = 133.3224 pascals.... mmhg

Mmse

see Mini-Mental State Examination.... mmse

Mobitz Type I And Type Ii

types of abnormality on an *electrocardiogram (ECG) tracing that indicate forms of *heart block, in which the communication between the upper and lower chambers of the heart is impaired. [W. Mobitz (20th century), German cardiologist]... mobitz type i and type ii

Modality

n. 1. a form of sensation, such as smell, hearing, tasting, or detecting temperature. Differences in modality are not due to differences in the structure of the nerves concerned, but to differences in the working of the sensory receptors and the areas of brain that receive the messages. 2. one form of therapy as opposed to another, such as the modality of physiotherapy contrasted with that of radiotherapy.

mode n. see mean.... modality

Modecate

n. see fluphenazine.... modecate

Modelling

n. 1. a technique used in *behaviour modification, whereby an individual learns a behaviour by observing someone else doing it. Together with *prompting, it is useful for introducing new behaviours to the individual. 2. An element of normal social learning and development whereby children learn through emulating other people’s behaviour (often that of parents, other adults, or other children).... modelling

Modified Release

(sustained release) describing an oral drug formulation that releases the active component slowly over a long period.... modified release

Modiolus

n. the conical central pillar of the *cochlea in the inner ear.... modiolus

Mods

see multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.... mods

Moduretic

n. see amiloride.... moduretic

Mody

see maturity-onset diabetes of the young.... mody

Mohs’ Micrographic Surgery

a surgical technique used for removing primarily high-risk nonmelanoma skin cancers, particularly basal cell carcinoma. The technique allows the surgeon to see beyond the visible tumour as the specimen is removed and the histology checked in stages. At each stage, if the tumour involves the margins, further tissue is resected until they are clear. There is an extremely high cure rate. [F. E. Mohs (1910–2002), US surgeon]... mohs’ micrographic surgery

Molar–incisor Hypomineralization

a defect involving a deficiency in the mineralization of permanent first molar and incisor teeth during their maturation phase, thought to be due to a disturbance of development around the time of birth. It often presents in discolouration (yellow, brown, cream, or white depending on severity) and results in the affected teeth being more susceptible to decay.... molar–incisor hypomineralization

Molarity

n. the strength of a solution, expressed as the weight of dissolved substance in grams per litre divided by its molecular weight, i.e. the number of moles per litre. Molarity is indicated as 0.1 M, 1 M, 2 M, etc.... molarity

Molecular Imaging

an emerging area of imaging that exploits recent developments of molecular and cell biology to create new markers. Most molecular imaging uses versions of these markers labelled with radioactive isotopes, which – after administration – are localized in the body and can be detected using such techniques as *positron emission tomography, *SPECT scanning, *magnetic resonance imaging, and optical imaging.... molecular imaging

Molteno Implant

a valved device used in the surgical treatment of some types of glaucoma to control intraocular pressure by allowing fluid to drain from the anterior chamber into the subconjunctival space.... molteno implant

Monilia

n. the former name of the genus of yeasts now known as *Candida.... monilia

Molar Solution

a solution in which the number of grams of dissolved substance per litre equals its molecular weight, i.e. a solution of molarity 1 M.

mole1 n. the *SI unit of amount of substance, equal to the amount of substance that contains as many elementary units as there are atoms in 0.012 kilograms of carbon-12. The elementary units, which must be specified, may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, etc., or a specified group of such entities. One mole of a compound has a mass equal to its molecular weight expressed in grams. Symbol: mol.

mole2 n. a nonmalignant collection of pigmented cells in the skin. Moles are rare in infancy, increase in numbers during childhood and especially in adolescence, but decline in numbers in old age. They vary widely in appearance, being flat or raised, smooth or hairy. Changes in the shape, colour, etc., of moles in adult life should be investigated as this may be an early sign of malignant *melanoma. Medical name: pigmented naevus. See also atypical mole syndrome.... molar solution

Monoamine Oxidase

(MAO) an enzyme that catalyses the oxidation of a large variety of monoamines, including adrenaline, noradrenaline, and serotonin. Monoamine oxidase is found in most tissues, particularly the gastrointestinal tract and nervous system, and exists in two forms in humans: monoamine oxidase A primarily breaks down noradrenaline and serotonin, whereas monoamine oxidase B primarily degrades dopamine. Drugs that act as inhibitors of monoamine oxidase A may be used in the treatment of depression (see MAO inhibitor); monoamine oxidase B inhibitors are used to treat Parkinson’s disease.... monoamine oxidase

Monoblast

n. the earliest identifiable cell that gives rise to a *monocyte. It is probably identical with the *myeloblast and matures via an intermediate stage (promonocyte). It is normally found in the blood-forming tissue of the *bone marrow but may appear in the blood in certain diseases, most notably in acute monoblastic *leukaemia.... monoblast

Monochorionicity

n. see chorionicity; twins. —monochorionic adj.... monochorionicity

Monochromat

n. a person who is completely colour-blind. There are two types. The rod monochromat appears to have totally defective *cones: he or she has very poor visual acuity as well as the inability to discriminate colours. The cone monochromat has normal visual acuity: the cones appear to respond normally to light but to be completely unable to discriminate colours. It is possible in this case that the defect does not lie in the cones themselves but in the integration of the nerve impulses as they pass from the cones to the brain. Both types of colour blindness are probably inherited.... monochromat

Monochromatic

adj. denoting radiation, especially light, of the same frequency or wavelength.... monochromatic

Monocular

adj. relating to or used by one eye only. Compare binocular.... monocular

Monocytosis

n. an increase in the number of *monocytes in the blood. It occurs in a variety of diseases, including monocytic *leukaemia and infections due to some bacteria and protozoa.... monocytosis

Monodactylism

n. the congenital absence of all but one digit on each hand and foot.... monodactylism

Monodelusional Disorder

a condition marked by a persistent delusion not associated with any other *mental illness. It is often of a *paranoid or persecutory nature, but can have any delusional content. Treatment is often difficult because patients commonly lack insight and refuse to try medication. When compliance can be achieved, the majority of patients respond well to antipsychotic medication.... monodelusional disorder

Monogenic Diabetes

see maturity-onset diabetes of the young.... monogenic diabetes

Monoiodotyrosine

n. an iodine-containing substance produced in the thyroid gland from which the *thyroid hormones are derived.... monoiodotyrosine

Mononeuritis

n. disease affecting a single peripheral nerve. Mononeuritis multiplex is the separate involvement of two or more nerves. See also peripheral neuropathy.... mononeuritis

Monophasic Defibrillator

see defibrillator.... monophasic defibrillator

Monophyletic

adj. describing a number of individuals, species, etc., that have evolved from a single ancestral group. Compare polyphyletic.... monophyletic

Monoploid

adj. see haploid.... monoploid

Monosomy

n. a condition in which there is one chromosome missing from the normal (*diploid) set. Compare trisomy. —monosomic adj.... monosomy

Mons

n. (in anatomy) a rounded eminence. The mons pubis is the mound of fatty tissue lying over the pubic symphysis.... mons

Mood Disorder

see affective disorder.... mood disorder

Mood Stabilizer

a drug used in the treatment of bipolar affective disorder to reduce the severity of manic and depressive episodes. Mood stabilizers include *lithium and antiepileptics. More recently antipsychotics have been marketed as mood stabilizers but evidence about their efficacy for this purpose is scarce and their clinical usefulness needs further evaluation.... mood stabilizer

Mooren’s Ulcer

a severe ulceration at the periphery of the cornea, characterized by an overhanging advancing edge and vascularization of the ulcer bed. It is usually very painful, progressive, and difficult to control. [A. Mooren (1829–99), German ophthalmologist]... mooren’s ulcer

Moral Agency

the ability to make moral judgments and to take responsibility for choices and actions.... moral agency

Morality

n. those values, normative rules, or principles according to which intentions or behaviours are judged to be *good or bad, *right or wrong. Such judgment can arise from cultural, religious, or philosophical beliefs. See ethics.... morality

Moraxella

n. a genus of short rodlike Gram-negative aerobic bacteria, usually occurring in pairs. They exist as parasites in many warm-blooded animals. The species M. lacunata causes conjunctivitis.... moraxella

Morbilliform

adj. describing a *maculopapular skin rash resembling that of measles. A morbilliform rash is usually caused by viral infection, medications, or both.... morbilliform

Mordant

n. (in microscopy) a substance, such as alum or phenol, used to fix a *stain in a tissue.... mordant

Moro Reflex

(startle reflex) a primitive reflex seen in newborn babies in response to the stimulus of a sudden noise or movement: the baby will fling its arms and legs wide and will appear to stiffen; the arms and legs are then drawn back into flexion. The Moro reflex should disappear spontaneously by four months. Its presence beyond this age is suggestive of an underlying neurological disorder, such as cerebral palsy. [E. Moro (1874–1951), German paediatrician]... moro reflex

Morpho

combining form denoting form or structure.... morpho

Morphogenesis

n. the development of form and structure of the body and its parts.... morphogenesis

Morphous

combining form denoting form or structure (of a specified kind).... morphous

Morquio–brailsford Disease

a defect of *mucopolysaccharide metabolism (see inborn error of metabolism) that causes dwarfism with a *kyphosis, a short neck, *knock-knee, and an angulated sternum in affected children. Intelligence is normal. [L. Morquio (1865–1935), Uruguayan physician; J. F. Brailsford (1888–1961), British radiologist]... morquio–brailsford disease

Mortification

n. see necrosis.... mortification

Mosquito

n. a small winged bloodsucking insect belonging to a large group – the *Diptera (two-winged flies). Its mouthparts are formed into a long proboscis for piercing the skin and sucking blood. Female mosquitoes transmit the parasites responsible for several major infectious diseases, such as *malaria. The mosquito-borne zika virus has recently been shown to cause *microcephaly. See Anopheles; Aëdes; Culex.... mosquito

Motile

adj. being able to move spontaneously, without external aid: usually applied to a *microorganism or a cell (e.g. a sperm cell).... motile

Motivational Interviewing

a technique that combines psychiatric assessment with elements of problem-solving *psychotherapy. It is mostly used with patients who have substance misuse problems. The interviewer elicits the psychiatric history and the extent of the patient’s difficulties, gives educational information, and tries to motivate the patient to change his or her habits.... motivational interviewing

Motor Cortex

the region of the *cerebral cortex that is responsible for initiating nerve impulses that bring about voluntary activity in the muscles of the body. It is possible to map out the cortex to show which of its areas is responsible for which particular part of the body. The motor cortex of the left cerebral hemisphere is responsible for muscular activity in the right side of the body.... motor cortex

Motor Nerve

one of the nerves that carry impulses outwards from the central nervous system to bring about activity in a muscle or gland. Compare sensory nerve.... motor nerve

Motor Neuron

one of the units (*neurons) that goes to make up the nerve pathway between the brain and an effector organ, such as a skeletal muscle. An upper motor neuron has a cell body in the brain and an axon that extends into the spinal cord, where it ends in synapses. It is thus entirely within the central nervous system. A lower motor neuron, on the other hand, has a cell body in the spinal cord or brainstem and an axon that extends outwards in a cranial or spinal motor nerve to reach an effector.... motor neuron

Moulding

n. the changing of the shape of an infant’s head during labour, due to movement of the bones of the skull, brought about by the pressures to which it is subjected when passing through the birth canal.... moulding

Mouthwash Test

a simple noninvasive procedure that enables the detection of *carriers for single gene defects, e.g. *cystic fibrosis. Epithelial cells from the buccal cavity are obtained from a saline mouthwash: from these it is possible to isolate DNA, which is amplified by the *polymerase chain reaction to enable gene analysis.... mouthwash test

Mrcp

magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography. See cholangiography.... mrcp

Msv Manoeuvre

see Mauriceau–Smellie–Viet manoeuvre.... msv manoeuvre

Mucin

n. the principal constituent of *mucus. Mucin is a *glycoprotein.... mucin

Muco

combining form denoting 1. mucus. 2. mucous membrane.... muco

Mucociliary Transport

the process by which cilia (see cilium) move a thin film of *mucus from the upper and lower respiratory tracts towards the digestive tract. Particles of dust and microorganisms are trapped on the mucus and thereby removed from the respiratory tract.... mucociliary transport

Mucopolysaccharide

n. one of a group of complex carbohydrates functioning mainly as structural components in connective tissue. Mucopolysaccharide molecules are usually built up of two repeating sugar units, one of which is an amino sugar. An example of a mucopolysaccharide is *chondroitin sulphate, occurring in cartilage.... mucopolysaccharide

Mucoprotein

n. one of a group of proteins found in the *globulin fraction of blood plasma. Mucoproteins are globulins combined with a carbohydrate group (an amino sugar). They are similar to *glycoproteins but contain a greater proportion of carbohydrate.... mucoprotein

Mucopus

n. a mixture of *mucus and *pus.... mucopus

Mucor

n. a genus of mould fungi commonly seen on dead and decaying organic matter. They can be pathogenic in humans.... mucor

Mucormycosis

n. infection caused by fungi of the genus *Mucor. It most commonly affects the sinuses, lungs, or brain in immunocompromised patients.... mucormycosis

Muga Scan

(multiple-gated acquisition scan) a technique used in *nuclear medicine for studying the left-ventricular function and wall motion of the heart. The patient’s red cells are labelled with radioactive technetium-99m. A gamma camera, connected to an ECG, collects information over a prolonged period for each phase of heart movement (ECG gating) to form an image of the blood pool within the heart at specific points in the cardiac cycle. Tomographic reconstructions can be made to give cross-sectional images of the heart in different phases of the cardiac cycle, using reconstruction *algorithms comparable to CT scanning (see SPECT scanning).... muga scan

Müllerian Duct

(paramesonephric duct) either of the paired ducts that form adjacent to the Wolffian ducts (see mesonephros) in the embryo. In the female these ducts develop into the Fallopian tubes, uterus, and part of the vagina. In the male anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), produced by the fetal testis, arrests their development and by the tenth week of fetal life they have degenerated almost completely. In females AMH is produced by the ovary and levels are used as a measure of certain aspects of ovarian function, such as response to in vitro fertilization and assessing such conditions as polycystic ovary syndrome, premature ovarian failure, and intersex conditions in infants. [J. P. Müller (1801–58), German physiologist]... müllerian duct

Multifactorial

adj. describing a condition that is believed to have resulted from the interaction of genetic factors, usually polygenes, with an environmental factor or factors. Many disorders, e.g. spina bifida and anencephaly, are thought to be multifactorial.... multifactorial

Multifocal Lenses

lenses containing more than one segment made to different prescriptions for visual correction. See bifocal lens; trifocal lenses.... multifocal lenses

Multi-organ Failure

(MOF) see multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.... multi-organ failure

Multiplanar Reconstruction

(MPR) a computer technique that allows images to be created, after the information has been collected (see post-processing), in any of the three named planes – *axial, *sagittal, or *coronal – or variations of these, such as oblique or curved planes. The effect is similar to allowing parts of the body to be sliced away, revealing the tissues inside so that they can be studied.... multiplanar reconstruction

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia

(MEN) see MENS.... multiple endocrine neoplasia

Multidetector Computerized Tomography

(MDCT) a development of *spiral CT scanning that uses more than one array of detectors opposite the X-ray tube, so that more tissue can be included, with thinner cuts, in a single rotation of the machine. This is particularly important for three-dimensional reconstruction of tissues. It also allows volumetric scanning or *isotropic imaging, which are best achieved when the thickness of the slice is similar to the size resolution of the detectors in the other two planes. Modern CT scanners are now usually equipped with between 16 and 640 detector arrays. The technique is particularly valuable for imaging fast-moving structures, such as the heart.... multidetector computerized tomography

Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome

(MODS, multi-organ failure, multiple organ failure, MOF) a common cause of death following severe injury, overwhelming infection, or immune deficiency states.... multiple organ dysfunction syndrome

Multiple System Atrophy

(MSA) a condition that results from degeneration of cells in the *basal ganglia (resulting in *parkinsonism), the *cerebellum (resulting in *ataxia), the *pyramidal system, and the *autonomic nervous system (resulting in symptoms of autonomic failure, such as postural hypotension).... multiple system atrophy

Multipotent

adj. see stem cell.... multipotent

Multisystem

adj. describing a disease that affects many systems of the body.... multisystem

Mummification

n. 1. the conversion of dead tissue into a hard shrunken mass, chiefly by dehydration. 2. (in dentistry) the application of a fixative to the dental pulp to prevent decomposition.... mummification

Murphy’s Sign

a sign of inflammation of the gall bladder (see cholecystitis): continuous pressure over the gall bladder while the patient is taking a deep breath will cause pain at the point of maximum inhalation. [J. B. Murphy (1857–1916), US surgeon]... murphy’s sign

Muscae Volitantes

see floaters.... muscae volitantes

Muscle Relaxant

an agent that reduces tension in voluntary muscles. Drugs such as *baclofen, *dantrolene, and *diazepam are used to relieve skeletal muscular spasms in various spastic conditions, parkinsonism, and tetanus. The drugs used to relax voluntary muscles during the administration of anaesthetics in surgical operations act by blocking the transmission of impulses at neuromuscular junctions. Nondepolarizing muscle relaxants, e.g. *atracurium besilate, cisatracurium, pancuronium, and rocuronium, bind to receptor sites normally occupied by acetylcholine; depolarizing muscle relaxants, e.g. *suxamethonium, mimic the action of acetylcholine but *depolarization is prolonged.... muscle relaxant

Muscle Spindle

a specialized receptor, sensitive to stretch, that is embedded between and parallel to the fibres of striated muscles. These receptors are important for coordinated muscular movement. See also stretch receptor.... muscle spindle

Muscularis

n. a muscular layer of the wall of a hollow organ (such as the stomach) or a tubular structure (such as the intestine or the ureter). The muscularis mucosae is the muscular layer of a mucous membrane complex, especially that of the stomach or intestine.... muscularis

Muscular Rheumatism

any aching pain in the muscles and joints. Commonly the symptoms are due to *fibrositis; wear and tear of the joints (*osteoarthritis); or to inflammation of the muscles associated with abnormal immune reactions (*polymyalgia rheumatica). Generalized muscle pain with specific tender points and fatigue is called *fibromyalgia.... muscular rheumatism

Musculo

combining form denoting muscle.... musculo

Musculocutaneous Nerve

a nerve of the *brachial plexus that supplies some muscles of the arm and the skin of the lateral part of the forearm.... musculocutaneous nerve

Mushroom

n. the aerial fruiting (spore-producing) body of various fungi. Edible species include field mushrooms and cultivated mushrooms (Agaricus campestris and A. bisporus), the chanterelle (Cantherellus cibarius), and the parasol (Lepiota procera). However, great care must be taken in identifying edible fungi. Many species are poisonous, especially the death cap and panther cap (see Amanita).... mushroom

Musical Tinnitus

a form of tinnitus characterized by hearing snippets of music or indistinct speech, usually seen in association with significant *deafness.... musical tinnitus

Mutant

adj. affected by or showing the effects of a mutation. —mutant n.... mutant

Mutualism

n. the intimate but not necessarily obligatory association between two different species of organism in which there is mutual aid and benefit. Compare symbiosis.... mutualism

Mycelium

n. (pl. mycelia) the tangled mass of fine branching threads that make up the feeding and growing part of a *fungus.... mycelium

Mycophenolate Mofetil

(MMF) an immunosuppressant drug used to prevent rejection in organ transplantation and also in the treatment of severe eczema. It is derived from the fungus Penicillium stoloniferum and acts by blocking purine synthesis in lymphocytes. Side-effects may limit its use.... mycophenolate mofetil

Mycota

n. see undecenoic acid.... mycota

Myel

(myelo-) combining form denoting 1. the spinal cord. 2. bone marrow. 3. myelin.... myel

Myelencephalon

n. see medulla oblongata.... myelencephalon

Myelination

n. the process in which *myelin is laid down as an insulating layer around the axons of certain nerves. Myelination of nerve tracts in the central nervous system is completed by the second year of life.... myelination

Myelodysplastic Syndromes

(MDS) a group of diseases in which the production of any one or all types of blood cells by the bone marrow is disrupted. Although myelodysplastic syndromes were previously referred to as preleukaemia, only a minority of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes develop leukaemia.... myelodysplastic syndromes

Myeloid Leukaemia

a variety of *leukaemia in which the type of blood cell that proliferates abnormally originates in the blood-forming (myeloid) tissue of the bone marrow. Myeloid leukaemias may be acute or chronic and may involve any one of the cells produced by the marrow. Blood cells in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia contain a reciprocal *translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 (see Philadelphia chromosome); molecular characterization of the translocation has led to the development of specific drugs to block the effects of this abnormality (see tyrosine kinase inhibitor).... myeloid leukaemia

Myeloid Tissue

a tissue in the *bone marrow in which the various classes of blood cells are produced. See also haemopoiesis.... myeloid tissue

Myeloma Kidney

see cast nephropathy.... myeloma kidney

Myelomalacia

n. softening of the tissues of the spinal cord, most often caused by an impaired blood supply.... myelomalacia

Myeloproliferative Disorders

(MPD) a group of diseases in which there is excessive production of blood cells in the bone marrow. Myeloproliferative disorders include *polycythaemia vera, essential *thrombocythaemia, idiopathic *myelofibrosis, and chronic *myeloid leukaemia.... myeloproliferative disorders

Myenteric Reflex

a reflex action of the intestine in which a physical stimulus causes the intestine to contract above and relax below the point of stimulation.... myenteric reflex

Myenteron

n. the muscular layer of the *intestine, consisting of a layer of circular muscle inside a layer of longitudinal muscle. These muscles are used in *peristalsis. —myenteric adj.... myenteron

Mylohyoid

n. a muscle in the floor of the mouth, attached at one end to the mandible and at the other to the hyoid bone.... mylohyoid

Myoblast

n. a cell that develops into a muscle fibre. —myoblastic adj.... myoblast

Myocardial Perfusion Scan

(thallium scan) a method to detect and quantify myocardial *ischaemia. An intravenously injected *radionuclide that is taken up by normal heart muscle can be imaged using a *gamma camera. Areas of scar due to *myocardial infarction emit little or no radioactivity and are seen as ‘cold spots’. Exercise is mimicked by infusing drugs to increase the heart rate in order to provoke cold spots in the diagnosis of ischaemic heart disease.... myocardial perfusion scan

Myocardial Stunning

the temporary loss of function of an area of heart muscle due to transient blockage of a coronary artery. It is typically seen following myocardial infarction that is treated promptly by successful emergency *percutaneous coronary intervention. The stunning may last up to two weeks.... myocardial stunning

Myocyte

n. a muscle cell.... myocyte

Myoepithelium

n. a tissue consisting of cells of epithelial origin having a contractile cytoplasm. Myoepithelial cells play an important role in encouraging the secretion of substances into ducts.... myoepithelium

Myofibril

n. one of numerous contractile filaments found within the cytoplasm of *striated muscle cells. When viewed under a microscope myofibrils show alternating bands of high and low refractive index, which give striated muscle its characteristic appearance.... myofibril

Myogenic

adj. originating in muscle: applied to the inherent rhythmicity of contraction of some muscles (e.g. cardiac muscle), which does not depend on neural influences.... myogenic

Myoglobinuric Acute Renal Failure

acute kidney injury caused by myoglobin that is released from damaged skeletal muscle (*rhabdomyolysis). This is usually the result of trauma and the condition was first recognized in victims trapped and crushed during the London Blitz. Muscle injury can also occur with pressure necrosis, particularly in the unconscious or immobile patient, or with a *compartment syndrome. Rarely it may complicate intensive muscular exercise or extensive viral myositis and it is a recognized complication of modest overexertion in some inherited disorders of muscle metabolism, such as *McArdle’s disease.... myoglobinuric acute renal failure

Myogram

n. a recording of the activity of a muscle. See electromyography.... myogram

Myograph

n. an instrument for recording the activity of muscular tissues. See electromyography.... myograph

Myohaemoglobin

n. see myoglobin.... myohaemoglobin

Myohaemoglobinuria

n. see myoglobinuria.... myohaemoglobinuria

Myokymia

n. prominent quivering of a few muscle fibres, not associated with any other abnormal features. It is usually a benign condition. See also fasciculation.... myokymia

Myology

n. the study of the structure, function, and diseases of the muscles.... myology

Myolysis

n. see fibroid.... myolysis

Myometritis

n. inflammation of the muscular wall (myometrium) of the uterus.... myometritis

Myoneural Junction

see neuromuscular junction.... myoneural junction

Myoplasm

n. see sarcoplasm.... myoplasm

Myoplasty

n. the plastic surgery of muscle, in which part of a muscle is partly detached and used to repair tissue defects or deformities in the vicinity of the muscle. It is frequently used in *flap surgery and anal operations (*anoplasty).... myoplasty

Myosarcoma

n. a malignant tumour of muscle. See also leiomyosarcoma; rhabdomyosarcoma.... myosarcoma

Myosis

n. see miosis.... myosis

Myotactic

adj. relating to the sense of touch in muscles.... myotactic

Myotatic Reflex

see stretch reflex.... myotatic reflex

Myotome

n. that part of the segmented mesoderm in the early embryo that gives rise to all the skeletal muscle of the body. Visceral (smooth) muscles develop from unsegmented mesoderm (see mesenchyme). See also somite.... myotome

Myotonic

adj. 1. relating to muscle tone. 2. relating to *myotonia.... myotonic

Myotonus

n. 1. a tonic muscular spasm. 2. muscle tone.... myotonus

Myringa

n. the eardrum (see tympanic membrane).... myringa

Myroxylon Pereirae

a fragrant resin used as a screener in patch testing for allergy to fragrance ingredients.... myroxylon pereirae

Myxofibroma

n. a benign tumour of fibrous tissue that contains myxomatous elements (see myxoma) or has undergone mucoid degeneration.... myxofibroma

Myxoid Cyst

a small (and often painful) cyst containing a thick sticky fluid that develops over the end joint of a finger or toe. It may be in communication with the underlying joint.... myxoid cyst

Myxosarcoma

n. a *sarcoma containing mucoid material, such as a *liposarcoma or a *fibrosarcoma.... myxosarcoma

Myxovirus

n. one of a group of RNA-containing viruses that are associated with various diseases in animals and humans. The orthomyxoviruses cause diseases of the respiratory tract, most notably influenza. The related paramyxoviruses include the *respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and the agents that cause measles, mumps, and parainfluenza.... myxovirus

Myxoedema Coma

a life-threatening condition due to severe *hypothyroidism, which is often precipitated by an acute event, such as surgery, prolonged exposure to cold, infection, trauma, other severe illness, or sedative drugs. It manifests as hypothermia, slowing of the heart rate with a reduction in blood pressure and sometimes heart failure, pleural and peritoneal effusions, urinary retention, and a gradually reduced conscious state resulting in coma. Blood tests show hypothyroidism, *hyponatraemia, hypercholesterolaemia, retention of carbon dioxide, and anaemia. Treatment is with intravenous *thyroxine at a high dosage until the patient wakes up, when tablets can be administered. Support on a ventilator and intravenous fluids may be needed. Active slow rewarming should be undertaken.... myxoedema coma

Neonatal Mortality Rate

see infant mortality rate.... neonatal mortality rate

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

a life-threatening syndrome seen after starting *antipsychotic medication. It is characterized by confusion, muscle rigidity, fever, pallor and sweating, urinary incontinence, and a high level of *creatine kinase. Its symptoms can appear similar to *catatonia. Treatment in a high-dependency unit with high-dose benzodiazepines and immediate cessation of antipsychotic drugs is usually indicated.... neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Nude Mouse

a mouse born without a thymus and therefore no T lymphocytes. Human tumours will often grow in these mice. For unknown reasons these mice are also hairless, hence the name.... nude mouse

Nursing And Midwifery Council

(NMC) a statutory body that regulates the nursing and midwifery professions in the public interest. See nurse.... nursing and midwifery council

Obturator Muscle

either of two muscles that cover the outer surface of the anterior wall of the pelvis (the obturator externus and obturator internus) and are responsible for lateral rotation of the thigh and movements of the hip.... obturator muscle

Oral Medicine

see stomatology.... oral medicine

Ortolani Manoeuvre

a test for *congenital dislocation of the hip in which, with the baby lying supine and the pelvis steadied with one hand, the examiner attempts to relocate a dislocated hip by gently abducting the hip while simultaneously pushing upwards on the greater trochanter. If the hip is dislocated, it will relocate with a detectable and sometimes audible clunk. [M. Ortolani (20th century), Italian orthopaedic surgeon]

os1 n. (pl. ossa) a bone.

os2 n. (pl. ora) the mouth or a mouthlike part.... ortolani manoeuvre

Palatal Myoclonus

rhythmical contraction of the palatal muscles. There are two forms, ordinary and essential. Ordinary palatal myoclonus is idiopathic and can result in *pulsatile tinnitus. Essential palatal myoclonus has no link to pulsatile tinnitus but may be associated with lesions of the brainstem.... palatal myoclonus

Pectoral Muscles

the chest muscles (see illustration). The pectoralis major is a large fan-shaped muscle that works over the shoulder joint, drawing the arm forward across the chest and rotating it medially. Beneath it, the pectoralis minor depresses the shoulder and draws the scapula down towards the chest.... pectoral muscles

Pelvic-floor Muscle Training

see Kegel exercises.... pelvic-floor muscle training

Perinatal Mortality Rate

(PNM) the total number of babies born dead after 24 weeks gestation (*stillbirths) and of live-born babies that die in the first week of life, regardless of gestational age at birth (early neonatal deaths), per 1000 live births and stillbirths. See infant mortality rate. See also confidential enquiries.... perinatal mortality rate

Plaster Model

(in dentistry) an accurate positive cast of the teeth and jaws made from modified plaster of Paris. A pair of models are used to study the dentition, particularly before treatment. Models are also used to construct dentures, orthodontic appliances, and such restorations as crowns.... plaster model

Pocket Resuscitation Mask

a compressible and easily carried mask, which can be expanded and fitted over the mouth and nose of a nonbreathing patient in order to perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation through a small valve without contact between the mouth of the rescuer and that of the patient.... pocket resuscitation mask

Post Mortem

Latin: after death. See autopsy.... post mortem

Postural Muscles

(antigravity muscles) muscles (principally extensors) that serve to maintain the upright posture of the body against the force of gravity.... postural muscles

Practice Manager

the person responsible for running a doctor’s surgery, whose role involves managing staff, accounts, and medical records as well as developing the practice’s business strategy. Practice managers also liaise with external bodies, such as local NHS trusts and social service departments, to ensure efficient communication between the various organizations.... practice manager

Premature Rupture Of Membranes

see PROM; PPROM; labour.... premature rupture of membranes

Prime Mover

see agonist.... prime mover

Public Health Medicine

the specialty concerned with preventing disease and improving health in populations as distinct from individuals. Formerly known as community medicine or social medicine, it includes *epidemiology, *health promotion, *health service planning, *health protection, and evaluation. See also public health consultant.... public health medicine

Radiofrequency Palatal Myoplasty

(RPM) see palatoplasty.... radiofrequency palatal myoplasty

Recurrent Miscarriage

see miscarriage.... recurrent miscarriage

Reissner’s Membrane

the membrane that separates the scala vestibuli and the scala media of the *cochlea of the ear. [E. Reissner (1824–78), German anatomist]... reissner’s membrane

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

(rTMS) see transcranial magnetic stimulation.... repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

Resuscitation Mannikin

a life-size model of a person for practising all aspects of basic and advanced life support, including endotracheal *intubation and *defibrillation.... resuscitation mannikin

Risk Of Malignancy Index

(RMI) a scoring system that combines ultrasound findings, menopausal status and age, and serum CA125 levels to give an estimate of the risk of malignancy in a woman with a mass in the Fallopian tubes or ovaries. If the total RMI score is <200 the risk of malignancy is considered to be low. If the total RMI score is >200 the chances of malignancy are raised and management should be planned with a gynaecological oncologist.... risk of malignancy index

St Mark’s Solution

an electrolyte solution used to prevent dehydration in patients who have a large watery output of faecal fluid from their *stoma, often due to *short bowel syndrome. Originally formulated in St Mark’s hospital in London, the solution consists of 1l water, six heaped 5-ml teaspoons glucose, one level 5-ml teaspoon salt, and half a heaped 2.5-ml teaspoon sodium bicarbonate.... st mark’s solution

Second Messenger

an organic molecule that acts within a cell to initiate the response to a signal carried by a chemical messenger (e.g. a hormone) that does not itself enter the cell. Examples of second messengers are *inositol triphosphate and cyclic *AMP.... second messenger

Semipermeable Membrane

a membrane that allows the passage of some molecules but not others. Cell membranes (see cell) are semipermeable. Semipermeable membranes are used clinically in *haemodialysis for patients with kidney failure.... semipermeable membrane

Semont Liberatory Manoeuvre

a series of head and body movements used to move microscopic debris from the posterior *semicircular canal in the inner ear. It is used in the treatment of *benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.... semont liberatory manoeuvre

Serous Membrane

(serosa) a smooth transparent membrane, consisting of *mesothelium and underlying elastic fibrous connective tissue, lining certain large cavities of the body. The *peritoneum of the abdomen, *pleura of the chest, and *pericardium of the heart are all serous membranes. Each consists of two portions: the parietal portion lines the walls of the cavity, and the visceral portion covers the organs concerned. The two are continuous, forming a closed sac with the organs essentially outside the sac. The inner surface of the sac is moistened by a thin fluid derived from blood serum, which allows frictionless movement of organs within their cavities. Compare mucous membrane.... serous membrane

Sister Mary Joseph Nodule

a metastatic tumour nodule in the umbilicus that originates from a tumour in the pelvis or abdomen, particularly ovarian and stomach cancer. [Sister Mary Joseph Dempsey (1856–1939), US nurse]... sister mary joseph nodule

Small-bowel Meal

(barium follow-through) a technique for examining the small bowel, often used when small-bowel enema is not tolerated. The patient swallows dilute *barium sulphate suspension and then a series of abdominal radiographs are taken. A complete examination occurs when contrast reaches the first part of the large bowel (caecum). This technique is particularly useful for investigating small-bowel *Crohn’s disease.... small-bowel meal

Social Marketing

the application of marketing techniques to achieve behaviour change for a social benefit, for example reduction in *health inequalities.... social marketing

Space Maintainer

a custom-made orthodontic appliance that maintains an existing space in the dentition to allow a permanent tooth to erupt into the space. It may be removable or cemented into place.... space maintainer

Spinal Muscular Atrophy

(SMA) a hereditary condition in which cells of the spinal cord die and the muscles in the arms and legs become progressively weaker. Eventually the respiratory muscles are affected and death usually results from respiratory infection. Most affected individuals are wheelchair-bound by the age of 20 and few survive beyond the age of 30. The gene responsible has been located: in affected children it is inherited as a double *recessive. There are three forms of the disease, based on severity of the symptoms and the age at which they appear. Type 1 (infantile spinal muscular atrophy) is the most acute and aggressive form of the condition (see Werdnig–Hoffmann disease). Type 2 develops between the ages of 6 months and 2 years and type 3 (Kugelberg–Welander disease), the least severe form, appears between 2 and 17 years of age.... spinal muscular atrophy

Standardized Mortality Ratio

(SMR) the ratio of observed mortality rate to expected mortality rate (calculated using indirect standardization), expressed as an integer where 100 represents agreement between observed and expected rates. See standardized rates.... standardized mortality ratio

Sternocleidomastoid Muscle

see sternomastoid muscle.... sternocleidomastoid muscle

Sternomastoid Muscle

(sternocleidomastoid muscle) a long muscle in the neck, extending from the mastoid process to the sternum and clavicle. It serves to rotate the neck and flex the head.... sternomastoid muscle

Strawberry Mark

(strawberry naevus) see naevus.... strawberry mark

Striated Muscle

a tissue comprising the bulk of the body’s musculature. It is also known as skeletal muscle, because it is attached to the skeleton and is responsible for the movement of bones, and voluntary muscle, because it is under voluntary control. Striated muscle is composed of parallel bundles of multinucleate fibres (each containing many myofibrils), which reveal cross-banding when viewed under the microscope. This effect is caused by the alternation of actin and myosin protein filaments within each myofibril (see illustration). According to the ‘sliding filament’ theory, when muscle contraction takes place, the two sets of filaments slide past each other, so reducing the length of each unit (sarcomere) of the myofibril. The sliding is caused by a series of cyclic reactions, requiring ATP, resulting in a change in orientation of projections on the myosin filaments; each projection is first attached to an actin filament but contracts and releases it to become reattached at a different site.... striated muscle

Substance Misuse

the nonclinical, or recreational, use of pharmacologically active substances such that continued use results in adverse physiological or psychological effects (see dependence). Substances commonly misused include alcohol (see alcoholism), *amphetamines, *cannabis, *cocaine, *Ecstasy, *heroin, *lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and organic solvents (by inhalation), but also many prescribed medications, such as co-codamol, quetiapine, or pregabalin.... substance misuse

Surrogate Mother

a woman who becomes pregnant (by artificial insemination or embryo insertion) following an arrangement made with another party (usually a couple unable themselves to have children) in which she agrees to give the child she carries to that party when it is born. Surrogacy arrangements are made on the understanding that no payment is involved between either parties although reasonable expenses can be paid. See also section 30 order.

Details of surrogacy at the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority website... surrogate mother

Systolic Anterior Motion

(SAM) the state of the *mitral valve when it is abnormally pulled forward during ventricular contraction, a characteristic feature of *hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.... systolic anterior motion

Therapeutic Misconception

a common misunderstanding on the part of patients involved in a research trial that they themselves will benefit from its findings. Researchers and recruiters for research have an ethical duty to check for this misunderstanding and to correct it wherever possible. If they do not, the principle of *informed consent may be breached.... therapeutic misconception

Thin Membrane Disease

an inherited disease of the kidneys in which the glomerular basement membrane, which filters waste material from the blood, is too thin, allowing small amounts of blood to pass across it. This can be a cause of benign familial haematuria and thin membrane disease is a common finding in renal biopsy series where the procedure has been carried out as part of the investigation of *haematuria. Thin membranes are also found in other conditions, e.g. in some cases of *Alport’s syndrome and *Berger’s nephropathy.... thin membrane disease

3-d Magnetic Imager

an instrument that harnesses magnetic technology to give a virtual image of an endoscope during colonoscopy. It aids steering and minimalizes looping of the endoscope. An external antenna tracks the magnetic field generated by coils built inside the endoscope, enabling real-time 3D imaging of this instrument. Trade name: ScopeGuide.... 3-d magnetic imager

Thrombotic Microangiopathy

the formation of thrombi in arterioles and capillaries, leading to haemolytic anaemia and *thrombocytopenia. The term encompasses primary *haemolytic uraemic syndrome and *thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, as well as the microangiopathies that can complicate pregnancy (pregnancy-related haemolytic uraemic syndrome, *HELLP syndrome), *malignant hypertension, *scleroderma, *antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, organ transplantation, and cancer.... thrombotic microangiopathy

Tinnitus Masker

the former name for a *white noise instrument.... tinnitus masker

Torus Mandibularis

a benign bony growth that develops on the mandible on the side closest to the tongue. It is predominantly a bilateral condition.... torus mandibularis

Trabecular Meshwork

the tissue, located in the anterior chamber of the eye at the angle between the cornea and iris, that consists of a group of tiny canals through which aqueous fluid drains into *Schlemm’s canal and exits the anterior chamber.... trabecular meshwork

Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery

(TEMS) a minimally invasive surgical procedure for rectal polyps not suitable for colonoscopic resection. For early rectal cancer it can be an alternative to lower anterior resection of the rectum. The procedure is performed through the anus and rectum using an *operating microscope and microsurgical instruments.... transanal endoscopic microsurgery

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

(TMS) stimulation of the brain by strong magnetic fields that induce electric currents in the underlying brain tissue. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), consisting of a series of TMS pulses, is used to treat depression. Its clinical utility is controversial, with inconsistent research results regarding its efficacy. Although there have been some small studies regarding its use with other conditions, such as OCD, rTMS is not currently used routinely in the treatment for any illness other than depression.... transcranial magnetic stimulation

Transmural Myocardial Infarction

a *myocardial infarction that involves the full thickness of the left ventricular wall.... transmural myocardial infarction

Tumour Marker

a substance produced by a tumour that can be used to aid detection of the tumour and to monitor its size and the effects of treatment. An example is *alpha-fetoprotein, which is used to monitor treatment of malignant *teratomas. See also CA125; CA19-9; carcino-embryonic antigen; human chorionic gonadotrophin.... tumour marker

Ultrasound Marker

the appearance, on *ultrasonography of a pregnant woman, of a feature suggesting an abnormality in the fetus. Such markers can be classified as major fetal structural abnormalities or minor ultrasound features called soft markers. The latter are usually transient and may resolve spontaneously, but they may indicate the risk of a serious chromosomal abnormality in the fetus. An example is increased nuchal translucency (see nuchal translucency scanning).... ultrasound marker

Verner–morrison Syndrome

see VIPoma. [J. V. Verner (1927– ), US physician; A. B. Morrison (1922– ), Irish pathologist]... verner–morrison syndrome

Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential Test

(VEMP) a test used to measure the response of the *saccule. It is used in the diagnosis of *superior canal dehiscence syndrome, *Ménière’s disease, and other disorders of the inner ear.... vestibular evoked myogenic potential test

Viable Myocardium

see hibernating myocardium.... viable myocardium

Viscoelastic Material

a material exhibiting both viscous and elastic properties. It is used in ophthalmic surgery to help maintain the shape of ocular tissues as well as lubricate and minimize trauma. It is commonly used in intraocular surgery, such as cataract surgery. Viscoelastic materials are also used in dentistry for impression and filling materials.... viscoelastic material

Waldenstrom’s Macroglobulinaemia

(lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma) a type of low-grade relatively slow-growing non-Hodgkin’s *lymphoma characterized by enlarged lymph nodes and high levels of abnormal IgM (*macroglobulin) in the blood (see macroglobulinaemia). [J. G. Waldenstrom (1906–96), Swedish physician]... waldenstrom’s macroglobulinaemia

Weigart–meyer Rule

the relationship of the upper and lower parts of a two-part kidney with two ureters and their drainage into the bladder. It states that the upper ureter inserts lower and more medially into the bladder in contrast to the lower ureter, which inserts higher and more laterally into the bladder. [C. Weigert (1845–1904), German pathologist; R. Meyer (1864–1947), German physician]... weigart–meyer rule

Woods’ Screw Manoeuvre

an internal rotational manoeuvre to facilitate delivery in cases of *shoulder dystocia that have not responded to other measures. Using the fingertips of both hands, pressure is applied from behind the anterior shoulder and in front of the posterior shoulder. [C. E. Woods (20th century), US obstetrician]... woods’ screw manoeuvre

Macerate

soak until soft.... macerate

Chamomile, Maroc

Ormenis multicaulis

FAMILY: Asteraceae (Compositae)

SYNONYMS: O. mixta, Anthemis mixta, Moroccan chamomile.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A handsome plant, 90 to 125 cms high with very hairy leaves and tubular yellow flowers, surrounded by white ligulets.

DISTRIBUTION: Native to north west Africa and southern Spain, having probably evolved from the very common Ormenis species which grows all around the Mediterranean. Also found growing on the plains in Israel. The oil is distilled in Morocco.

OTHER SPECIES: It is distantly related to the German and Roman chamomile botanically, although it does not resemble them physically.

HERBAL/FOLK TRADITION: This is one of the more recent oils to appear on the market, and as such it does not have a long history of usage. The oil is often mistaken for a ‘true’ chamomile, though it should more correctly be called ‘Ormenis oil’ since: ‘Chemically and olfactorily, the oil is distinctly different from the German or the Roman chamomile oils, and cannot be considered as a replacement for them.’.

ACTIONS: Antispasmodic, cholagogue, emmenagogue, hepatic, sedative.

EXTRACTION: Essential oil by steam distillation from the flowering tops.

CHARACTERISTICS: Pale yellow to brownish yellow mobile liquid with a fresh-herbaceous top note and a sweet rich-balsamic undertone. It blends well with cypress, lavender, lavandin, vetiver, cedarwood, oakmoss, labdanum, olibanum and artemisia oils.

PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS: Unknown.

SAFETY DATA: Generally non-toxic and non-irritant – more specific safety data is unavailable at present.

AROMATHERAPY/HOME: USE ‘Sensitive skin, colic, colitis, headache, insomnia, irritability, migraine, amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, menopause, liver and spleen congestion.’. Little is known about its therapeutic history and usage.

OTHER USES: Employed extensively in perfumery work, especially in colognes, chypres and fougère fragrance.... chamomile, maroc

Greenland Moss

Rhododendron groenlandicum

FAMILY: Ericaceae

SYNONYMS: Ledum, Labrador tea, marsh tea, swamp tea, bog Labrador tea, rusty Labrador tea, Hudson’s Bay tea (formerly Ledum groenlandicum).

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This beautiful, hardy plant is a shrub belonging to the heather family, which can reach one metre in height. It is recognizable by its thick, leathery evergreen leaves whose edges coil under and are quite unique, being deep green on top with a downy-fuzz beneath. New leaves have a woolly mat of white hairs underneath; mature leaves have reddish hairs. All leaves are dotted with resinous glands and are fragrant, with a pungent scent, when crushed. The fluffy white flowers, which are borne in spring, are also strongly aromatic.

DISTRIBUTION: The plant is native to North America, from Greenland and Labrador across to Alaska, as far north as the treeline. It is absent from the far North and the dry prairies. The Latin name groenlandicum refers to the fact that it grows in Greenland where it is still widespread, often growing in dense colonies.

OTHER SPECIES: Ledum is a genus name, which includes 8 species of evergreen shrubs native to cool temperate and sub-arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere, commonly known as Labrador tea. The common name Ledum is also applied to Rhododendron tomentsum subsp. subarcticum (formerly L. decumbens) which is known as Northern Labrador tea. This species, which is similar but slightly smaller, grows farther north on tundra at up to 1,800 metres and contains toxic alkaloids known to be poisonous to livestock. It lacks the characteristic fuzz on the underside of the mature leaves and the flowers of L. groenlandicum.

HERBAL/FOLK TRADITION: This strongly aromatic herb has been used in folk medicine for centuries. Brewed as a medicinal beverage known as Labrador tea, it was used by practically all Canada’s First Nations peoples as a tonic and to treat certain respiratory, digestive and kidney ailments; as a remedy for headaches and various types of rheumatism; and to facilitate childbirth. The herbal tea also served to clean wounds and was applied to insect bites. It is said that the plant was used for over 5,000 years by the native people of North America, to protect themselves from scurvy, and the Cree used it for fevers and colds: indeed it was regarded as a ‘cure-all’ by the indigenous people. In the fur-trading era, the French Canadian coureurs-de-bois used Labrador tea to extend their supplies of black tea: it thus became a substitute for unaffordable Chinese tea during times of economic crisis. However, like other plants in the heather family, Greenland moss contains an andromedo-toxin that can cause poisoning if used in excess.

According to recent clinical trials, Greenland moss essential oil has a natural affinity for the immune system and can be an effective immune system supporter. The oil also helps counteract blood toxicity and aids liver regeneration, valuable in cases of liver intoxication originating from circulation disorders, viral hepatitis, enteritis and cirrhosis (fatty liver). Clinical research suggests that the essential oil functions like an enzyme in the liver, digesting toxic waste and fat molecules. It is also indicated for obesity, oedema, water retention and thyroid regulation. The oil has also been studied at the University of Quebec, and was found to be a strong antioxidant and natural anti-inflammatory: it also showed anticancer activity against colon carcinoma and lung carcinoma cells.

ACTIONS: Analgesic, antibacterial, anticancerous, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumoral, antispasmodic, antioxidant, anti-infectious, antiseptic, carminative, cicatrizing, decongestant, digestive tonic, immune support, liver support, stomachic, tonic.

EXTRACTION: Greenland moss oil is extracted by steam distillation from the leaves.

CHARACTERISTICS: A clear, pale-yellow liquid, with a fresh-herbaceous, medicinal and slightly sweet aroma and earthy-woody undertones.

PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS: The main chemical constituents are limonene (up to 35 per cent), sabinene, selinene, bornyl acetate with other monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes.

SAFETY DATA: Possible skin sensitization: always dilute for topical use. Avoid during pregnancy and by children. NB: Abusive consumption of the tea derived from its leaves may cause indigestion, and may even have a toxic effect due to the high level of tannins that it contains.

AROMATHERAPY/HOME: USE

Skin Care: Allergies, skin problems.

Circulation Muscles And Joints: Aching muscles and joints.

Respiratory System: Colds, coughs, bronchitis, hoarseness, influenza, laryngitis.

Digestive System: Addictions, alcoholism, allergies, cellulite, fatty liver, hepatitis (viral), hypothyroid, liver problems (toxic liver, support and detoxifier), lymph nodes (inflamed), obesity, thyroid regulation and water retention.

Immune System: Tonic and immune support.

Nervous System: Anxiety, nervous debility tension.

OTHER USES: The plant is still used as a local ‘tea plant’ in parts of the Northern Hemisphere.... greenland moss

Mandarin

Citrus reticulata

FAMILY: Rutaceae

SYNONYMS: C. nobilis, C. madurensis, C. unshiu, C. deliciosa, European mandarin, true mandarin, tangerine, satsuma.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A small evergreen tree up to 6 metres high with glossy leaves, fragrant flowers and bearing fleshy fruit. The tangerine is larger than the mandarin and rounder, with a yellower skin, more like the original Chinese type.

DISTRIBUTION: Native to southern China and the Far East. Brought to Europe in 1805 and to America forty years later, where it was renamed the tangerine. The mandarin is produced mainly in Italy, Spain, Algeria, Cyprus, Greece, the Middle East and Brazil; the tangerine in Texas, Florida, California and Guinea.

OTHER SPECIES: There are many cultivars within this species: the terms tangerine (C. reticulata) and mandarin are used somewhat interchangeably, as is the word satsuma. They could be said to represent different chemotypes since the oils are quite different; see the Botanical Classification section.

HERBAL/FOLK TRADITION: The name comes from the fruit which was a traditional gift to the Mandarins of China. In France it is regarded as a safe children’s remedy for indigestion, hiccoughs, etc, and also for the elderly since it helps strengthen the digestive function and liver.

EXTRACTION: Essential oil by cold expression from the outer peel. A mandarin petitgrain oil is also produced in small quantities by steam distillation from the leaves and twigs.

CHARACTERISTICS: Mandarin oil is a yellowy-orange mobile liquid with a blue-violet hint, having an intensely sweet, almost floral citrus scent. It blends well with other citrus oils, especially neroli, and spice oils such as nutmeg, cinnamon and clove. Tangerine oil is an orange mobile liquid with a fresh, sweet, orangelike aroma. It has less body than mandarin and is little used in perfumery work.

PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS: Limonene, methyl methylanthranilate, geraniol, citral, citronella!, among others.

SAFETY DATA: Non-toxic, non-irritant, nonsensitizing. Possibly phototoxic, although it has not been demonstrated decisively.

AROMATHERAPY/HOME: USE

Skin care: Acne, congested and oily skin, scars, spots, stretch marks, toner.

Circulation muscles and joints: Fluid retention, obesity.

Digestive system: Digestive problems, dyspepsia, hiccoughs, intestinal problems.

Nervous system: Insomnia, nervous tension, restlessness. It is often used for children and pregnant women and is recommended in synergistic combinations with other citrus oils.

OTHER USES: Mandarin oil is used in soaps, cosmetics and perfumes, especially colognes. It is employed as a flavouring agent especially in sweets, soft drinks and liqueurs.... mandarin

Melilotus

Melilotus officinalis

FAMILY: Fabaceae (Leguminosae)

SYNONYMS: Common melilot, yellow melilot, white melilot, corn melilot, melilot trefoil, sweet clover, plaster clover, sweet lucerne, wild laburnum, king’s clover, melilotin (oleoresin).

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A bushy perennial herb up to 1 metre high with smooth erect stems, trifoliate oval leaves and small sweet-scented white or yellow flowers. The scent of the flowers becomes stronger on drying.

DISTRIBUTION: Native to Europe and Asia Minor. Other similar species are found in Asia, the USA and Africa. The flowers are mainly cultivated in England, France, Germany and the USSR.

OTHER SPECIES: There are several similar species such as M. arvensis, the oil of which is also used in perfumery and flavouring work.

HERBAL/FOLK TRADITION: The leaves and shoots are used on the Continent for conditions which include sleeplessness, thrombosis, nervous tension, varicose veins, intestinal disorders, headache, earache and indigestion. In the form of an ointment or plaster, it is used externally for inflamed or swollen joints, abdominal and rheumatic pain, also bruises, cuts and skin eruptions.

ACTIONS: Anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic, antispasmodic, astringent, emollient, expectorant, digestive, insecticidal (against moth), sedative.

EXTRACTION: A concrete (usually called a resinoid or oleoresin) by solvent extraction from the dry flowers.

CHARACTERISTICS: A viscous dark green liquid with a rich, sweet-herbaceous ‘new mown hay’ scent.

PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS: Mainly coumarins – melilotic acid and orthocoumaric acid. Safety data in 1953 in some countries including the USA, coumarin was banned from use in flavourings due to toxicity levels. Some coumarins are also known to be phototoxic.

AROMATHERAPY/HOME: USE None.

OTHER USES: The oleoresin is used in high-class perfumery work. Extensively used for flavouring tobacco in countries without the coumarin ban.... melilotus

Manuka

Leptospermum scoparium

FAMILY: Myrtaceae

SYNONYMS: New Zealand tea tree, kahikatoa, red manuka, manex.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Manuka plant is an elegant, bushy evergreen shrub with deep green small spiky leaves that bears small flowers of white to pink in colour. The blossom is produced from September to February and most profusely in the later months. Its size ranges from a creeping plant to a small tree – trees can reach heights of up to 8 metres, especially when found within dense woodland. The leaves and flowers are strongly aromatic.

DISTRIBUTION: Manuka is the only Leptospermum species native to New Zealand, where it is widely distributed in various climatic and altitudinal zones. The physical characteristics, such as flower and leaf colour, leaf size and shape, branching habit, and foliage density vary considerably among populations. The plant can now be found in Australia where it seems to acclimatize well to varied terrain from marshland to dry mountain slopes. The essential oil is generally harvested from wild plants, as little farming of Manuka is currently undertaken.

OTHER SPECIES: The family Myrtaceae yields many valuable essential oils including eucalyptus, myrtle and tea tree. Another native tree of New Zealand called kanuka (Kunzea ericoides), sometimes called white or tree manuka, although superficially similar to L. scoparium in that both are collectively known as ‘tea trees’, is actually genetically a very distinct species. Kanuka in its typical form can grow into a tree up to 30 metres tall. It is also used to produce an essential oil.

HERBAL/FOLK TRADITION: For centuries, New Zealand Maori have used manuka to treat a wide range of complaints. Early New Zealand records indicate that the plant’s bark, leaves, sap and seed capsules were used in beverages and medicinal preparations. A decoction of the leaves was drunk for urinary complaints and as a febrifuge. The steam from leaves boiled in water was inhaled for head colds. A decoction was prepared from the leaves and bark and the warm liquid was rubbed on stiff muscles and aching joints. The emollient white gum, called ‘pai manuka’, was given to nursing babies and also used to treat scalds and burns. Chewing the bark is said to have a relaxing effect and enhance sleep. It is said that Captain James Cook used the leaves of the plant as a tea to combat scurvy during long explorations of the southern hemisphere; later, early European settlers of New Zealand adopted Captain Cook’s use of the plant as a tea.

Recently, scientists have confirmed that manuka oil is up to 33 times stronger than tea tree essential oil for protecting against specific strains of bacteria; it is also effective against the MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staph. Aureus) bacteria, which is resistant to normal antibiotics.

ACTIONS: Analgesic, antibacterial, antibiotic, antifungal, antihistamine, anti-inflammatory, anti-infectious, antimicrobial, antiseptic, astringent, deodorant, digestive, expectorant, immune stimulant, insecticide, sedative, vulnerary.

EXTRACTION: Steam distilled from the leaves, twigs and branches.

CHARACTERISTICS: A mobile liquid with a distinctive fresh, spicy, herbaceous aroma with a honey-like sweetness. It blends well with bay leaf, bergamot, black pepper, cajuput, cedarwood atlas, cinnamon, clove bud, elemi, ginger, juniper, lavender, nutmeg, peppermint, rose, rosemary, sandalwood, thyme, vetiver and ylang ylang.

PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS: The main active constituents of manuka oil are isoleptospermone, ?-pinene, ?-pinene, myrcene, ?-cymene, 1,8-cineole, linalol, methylcinnamate, ?-farnesine, isoleptospermone, leptospermone, sesquiterpenes such as cadina-3, 5-diene and ?-amorphene, and triketones. However, within the species of manuka there are at least nine different chemotypes: oil which contains high levels of triketones, found in the East Cape area of North Island in New Zealand appears to possess the greatest antimicrobial potential. Other chemotypes however are thought to reveal greater anti-inflammatory and analgesic tendencies. It is important to be aware of these various chemotypes when selecting an oil for therapeutic purposes.

SAFETY DATA: Generally it is thought to be non-sensitizing, non-toxic, and non-irritant. It can in some individuals, produce mild irritation but has a low irritancy compared to Australian tea tree oil. Avoid use during pregnancy because of spasmolytic activity.

AROMATHERAPY/HOME: USE

Skin care: Acne, abscesses, athlete’s foot skin, bed sores, blisters, boils, burns, carbuncles, cold sores, cracked skin, dandruff, dermatitis, eczema, fungal infections, insect bites and stings, lice, nail infections, oily skin, pimples, ringworm, sores, sunburn, tinea and ulcers.

Circulation, muscles and joints: Aches and pains, muscular tension, sprains and stiffness in joints, rheumatism.

Respiratory system: Coughs, cold, ’flu congestion, as well as asthma and hayfever.

Immune system: Tonic

Nervous system: Nervous debility.

OTHER USES: The essential oil is much used in phyto-cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations mainly for its potent antimicrobial properties. Commercial development of the essential oil has led to a range of products for the topical treatment of various conditions including joint pain, eczema and psoriasis. The oil is also used in perfumes and soaps. The scented flowers of the shrub attract bees, which are used for making the popular manuka honey.... manuka

Marjoram, Sweet

Origanum majorana

FAMILY: Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

SYNONYMS: Marjorana hortensis, knotted marjoram.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A tender bushy perennial plant (cultivated as an annual in colder climates), up to 60 cms high with a hairy stem, dark green oval leaves and small greyish white flowers in clusters or ‘knots’. The whole plant is strongly aromatic.

DISTRIBUTION: Native to the Mediterranean region, Egypt and North Africa. Major oil-producing countries include France, Tunisia, Morocco, Egypt, Bulgaria, Hungary and Germany.

ACTIONS: Analgesic, anaphrodisiac, antioxidant, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antiviral, bactericidal, carminative, cephalic, cordial, diaphoretic, digestive, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, fungicidal, hypotensive, laxative, nervine, sedative, stomachic, tonic, vasodilator, vulnerary.

EXTRACTION: Essential oil by steam distillation of the dried flowering herb. An oleoresin is also produced in smaller quantities.

CHARACTERISTICS: A pale yellow or amber coloured mobile liquid with a warm, woody, spicy camphoraceous odour. It blends well with lavender, rosemary, bergamot, chamomile, cypress, cedarwood, tea tree and eucalyptus.

OTHER SPECIES: There is a great deal of confusion regarding the various species of marjoram or oregano. The most common types are the pot or French marjoram (Origanum onites or Marjorana onites), which is a hardier plant than the sweet marjoram and of a spreading nature; the Spanish marjoram or oregano (Thymus mastichina) and the wild or common marjoram or oregano (Origanum vulgare) which is used to produce the so-called ‘oregano oil’. See entries on common oregano, Spanish oregano and also the Botanical Classification section.

HERBAL/FOLK TRADITION: A traditional culinary herb and folk remedy. It was used by the ancient Greeks in their fragrances, cosmetics and medicines; the name oregano derives from a Greek word meaning ‘joy of the mountains’. lt is a versatile herb which has a soothing, fortifying and warming effect; it aids digestive and menstrual problems, as well as nervous and respiratory complaints.

It is ‘comforting in cold diseases of the head, stomach, sinews and other parts, taken inwardly or outwardly applied ... helps diseases of the chest, obstructions of the liver and spleen.’. It is also very helpful for muscular and rheumatic pain, sprains, strains, stiff joints, bruises, etc.

PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS: Terpinenes, terpineol, sabinenes, linalol, carvacrol, linalyl acetate, ocimene, cadinene, geranyl acetate, citral, eugenol, among others.

SAFETY DATA: Non-toxic, non-irritant, non-sensitizing. Not to be used during pregnancy.

AROMATHERAPY/HOME: USE

Skin care: Chilblains, bruises, ticks.

Circulation muscles and joints: Arthritis, lumbago, muscular aches and stiffness, rheumatism, sprains, strains.

Respiratory system: Asthma, bronchitis, coughs.

Digestive system: Colic, constipation, dyspepsia, flatulence.

Genito-urinary system: Amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, leucorrhoea, PMT.

Immune system: Colds.

Nervous system: Headache, hypertension, insomnia, migraine, nervous tension and stress-related conditions.

OTHER USES: The oil and oleoresin are used as fragrance components in soaps, detergents, cosmetics and perfumes. Employed in most major food categories, especially meats, seasonings and sauces, as well as soft drinks and alcoholic beverages such as vermouths and bitters.... marjoram, sweet

Mint, Cornmint

Mentha arvensis

FAMILY: Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

SYNONYMS: Field mint, Japanese mint.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A rather fragile herb with leafy stems up to 60 cms high, lance-shaped leaves and lilac-coloured flowers borne in clustered whorls in the axils of the upper leaves.

DISTRIBUTION: Native to Europe and parts of Asia (Japan and China); naturalized in North America. Major producers of the oil include China, Brazil, Argentina, India and Vietnam.

OTHER SPECIES: There are many varieties and chemotypes of this herb, which is used for large-scale oil production, such as the Chinese type M. arvensis var. glabrata, and the Japanese species M. arvensis var. piperascens.

HERBAL/FOLK TRADITION: It is used therapeutically in many of the same ways as peppermint; the bruised leaves are applied to the forehead to relieve nervous headache. In the East it is used to treat rheumatic pain, neuralgia, toothache, laryngitis, indigestion, colds and bronchitis. In Chinese medicine, it is also employed for relieving earache, treating tumours and some skin conditions.

ACTIONS: Anaesthetic, antimicrobial, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cytotoxic, digestive, expectorant, stimulant, stomachic.

EXTRACTION: Essential oil by steam distillation from the flowering herb. The oil is usually dementholized since it contains so much menthol that it is otherwise solid at room temperature.

CHARACTERISTICS: Dementholized oil – a colourless or pale yellow liquid with a strong, fresh, bitter-sweet minty odour, somewhat like peppermint.

PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS: Menthol (70–95 per cent), menthane (10–20 per cent), pinene, menthyl acetate, isomenthone, thujone, phellandrene, piperitone and menthofuran, among others. Constituents vary according to source.

SAFETY DATA: Non-toxic, non-irritant (except in concentration); may cause sensitization in some individuals. Menthol is a dermal irritant.

AROMATHERAPY/HOME: USE None. Use peppermint in preference, since it is not fractionated like the commercial cornmint oil and has a more refined fragrance.

OTHER USES: Used in some pharmaceutical preparations, such as cough lozenges, herb teas and syrups, mainly in the form of menthol. Extensively employed in soaps, toothpastes, detergents, cosmetics, perfumes and especially industrial fragrances. Used by the food industry especially for flavouring confectionery, liqueurs and chewing gum. However, it is mainly used for the isolation of natural menthol.... mint, cornmint

Mint, Peppermint

Mentha piperita

FAMILY: Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

SYNONYMS: Brandy mint, balm mint.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A perennial herb up to 1 metre high with underground runners by which it is easily propagated. The ‘white’ peppermint has green stems and leaves; the ‘black’ peppermint has dark green serrated leaves, purplish stems and reddish-violet flowers.

DISTRIBUTION: Originally a cultivated hybrid between M. viridis and M. aquatica, known to have been propagated from before the seventeenth century in England. Naturalized throughout Europe and America, it is cultivated worldwide. The oil is produced mainly in France, England, America, Russia, Bulgaria, Italy, Hungary, Morocco and China.

OTHER SPECIES: There are several different strains or chemotypes of peppermint. In addition there are numerous other species of mint, such as spearmint, apple mint, pennyroyal, water mint and pineapple mint – some of which are used to produce essential oils (see Botanical Classification section). Peppermints grown in northern regions, including the Mitcham peppermint, are considered of superior quality.

HERBAL/FOLK TRADITION: Mints have been cultivated since ancient times in China and Japan. In Egypt evidence of a type of peppermint has been found in tombs dating from 1000 BC. It has been used extensively in Eastern and Western medicine for a variety of complaints, including indigestion, nausea, sore throat, diarrhoea, headaches, toothaches and cramp.

It is current in the British Herbal Pharmacopoeia for intestinal colic, flatulence, common cold, vomiting in pregnancy and dysmenorrhoea.

ACTIONS: Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiphlogistic, antipruritic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antiviral, astringent, carminative, cephalic, cholagogue, cordial, emmenagogue, expectorant, febrifuge, hepatic, nervine, stomachic, sudorific, vasoconstrictor, vermifuge.

EXTRACTION: Essential oil by steam distillation from the flowering herb (approx. 3–4 per cent yield).

CHARACTERISTICS: A pale yellow or greenish liquid with a highly penetrating, grassy-minty camphoraceous odour. It blends well with benzoin, rosemary, lavender, marjoram, lemon, eucalyptus and other mints.

PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS: Menthol (29–48 per cent), menthane (20–31 per cent), menthyl acetate, menthofuran, limonene, pulegone, cineol, among others.

SAFETY DATA: Non-toxic, non-irritant (except in concentration), possible sensitization due to menthol. Use in moderation.

AROMATHERAPY/HOME: USE

Skin care: Acne, dermatitis, ringworm, scabies, toothache.

Circulation muscles and joints: Neuralgia, muscular pain, palpitations.

Respiratory system: Asthma, bronchitis, halitosis, sinusitis, spasmodic cough – ‘When inhaled (in steam) it checks catarrh temporarily, and will provide relief from head colds and bronchitis: its antispasmodic action combines well with this to make it a most useful inhalation in asthma.’.

Digestive system: Colic, cramp, dyspepsia, flatulence, nausea.

Immune system: Colds, ’flu, fevers.

Nervous system: Fainting, headache, mental fatigue, migraine, nervous stress, vertigo.

OTHER USES: Flavouring agent in pharmaceuticals, and ingredient in cough, cold and digestive remedies. Flavouring agent in many foods, especially chewing gum and sweets, alcoholic and soft drinks; also widely used to flavour tobacco. Fragrance component in soaps, toothpaste, detergents, cosmetics, colognes and perfumes.... mint, peppermint

Mint, Spearmint

Mentha spicata

FAMILY: Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

SYNONYMS: M. viridis, common spearmint, garden spearmint, spire mint, green mint, lamb mint, pea mint, fish mint.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A hardy branched perennial herb with bright green, lance-shaped, sharply toothed leaves, quickly spreading underground runners and pink or lilac-coloured flowers in slender cylindrical spikes.

DISTRIBUTION: Native to the Mediterranean region, now common throughout Europe, western Asia and the Middle East. It was introduced to the USA where it has become a very popular flavouring. The oil is produced in midwest USA, Hungary, Spain, Yugoslavia, the USSR and China.

OTHER SPECIES: There are several different types of spearmint, especially in the USA, such as the curly mint (M. spicata var. crispa). In Russia the oil from M. verticellata is also sold as spearmint oil.

HERBAL/FOLK TRADITION: Valued all over the world as a culinary herb, as shown by its folk names. It was used by the ancient Greeks as a restorative and to scent their bathwater. The distilled water is used to relieve hiccough, colic, nausea, indigestion and flatulence. ‘Applied to the forehead and temples, it eases the pains in the head, and is good to wash the heads of young children with, against all manner of breakings out, sores or scabs ... being smelled unto, it is comforting to the head.’.

ACTIONS: Anaesthetic (local), antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, cephalic, cholagogue, decongestant, digestive, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, hepatic, nervine, stimulant, stomachic, tonic.

EXTRACTION: Essential oil by steam distillation from the flowering tops.

CHARACTERISTICS: A pale yellow or olive mobile liquid with a warm, spicy-herbaceous, minty odour. It blends well with lavender, lavandin, jasmine, eucalyptus, basil and rosemary and is often used in combination with peppermint.

PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS: L-carvone (50–70 per cent), dihydrocarvone, phellandrene, limonene, menthone, menthol, pulegone, cineol, linalol, pinenes, among others.

SAFETY DATA: Non-toxic, non-irritant, non-sensitizing.

AROMATHERAPY/HOME: USE ‘The properties of spearmint oil resemble those of peppermint but its effects are less powerful ... it is better adapted to children’s maladies.’.

Skin care: Acne, dermatitis, congested skin.

Respiratory system: Asthma, bronchitis, catarrhal conditions, sinusitis.

Digestive system: Colic, dyspepsia, flatulence, hepatobiliary disorders, nausea, vomiting.

Immune system: Colds, fevers, ’flu.

Nervous system: Fatigue, headache, migraine, nervous strain, neurasthenia, stress.

OTHER USES: Used as a fragrance component, mainly in soaps and colognes. Primarily used as a flavour ingredient in a wide range of products, including toothpaste, chewing gum, sweets, alcoholic and soft drinks.... mint, spearmint

Schinus Molle

Schinus molle

FAMILY: Anacardiaceae

SYNONYMS: Peruvian pepper, Peruvian mastic, Californian pepper tree.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A tropical evergreen tree up to 20 metres high with graceful, drooping branches, feathery foliage and fragrant yellow flowers. The berries or fruit have an aromatic, peppery flavour.

DISTRIBUTION: Native to South America; found growing wild in Mexico, Peru, Guatemala and other tropical regions, including California. It has been introduced into North and South Africa and the Mediterranean region. The fruits are collected for essential oil production in Spain, Guatemala and Mexico.

OTHER SPECIES: Closely related to the mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus) – see entry on mastic.

HERBAL/FOLK TRADITION: In Greece and other Mediterranean countries an intoxicating beverage is made from the fruits of the tree. The fruit is also used as a substitute for black pepper in the growing areas. During World War II, the oil of black pepper was unavailable and was consequently replaced by schinus molle.

ACTIONS: Antiseptic, antiviral, bactericidal, carminative, stimulant, stomachic.

EXTRACTION: Essential oil by steam distillation from the fruit or berries. (An oil from the leaves is also produced in small quantities.)

CHARACTERISTICS: A pale green or olive, oily liquid with a warm, woody-peppery scent with a smoky undertone. It blends well with oakmoss, clove, nutmeg, cinnamon, black pepper and eucalyptus.

PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS: Mainly phellandrene, also caryophyllene, pinene and carvacrol.

SAFETY DATA: Non-toxic, non-irritant, nonsensitizing.

AROMATHERAPY/HOME: USE See black pepper.

OTHER USES: Used as a substitute for black pepper in perfumery and flavouring work.... schinus molle

Circulation, Muscles And Joints:

Accumulation of toxins (M,S,B):

Angelica, white birch, carrot seed, celery seed, coriander, cumin, sweet fennel, grapefruit, juniper, lovage, parsley.

Aches and pains (M,C,B):

Ambrette, star anise, aniseed, French basil, West Indian bay, cajeput, calamintha, camphor (white), chamomile (German & Roman), coriander, eucalyptus (blue gum & peppermint), silver fir, galbanum, ginger, immortelle, lavandin, lavender (spike & true), lemongrass, sweet marjoram, mastic, mint (peppermint & spearmint), niaouli, nutmeg, black pepper, pine (longleaf & Scotch), rosemary, sage (clary & Spanish), hemlock spruce, thyme, turmeric, turpentine, vetiver.

Arthritis (M,S,C,B):

Allspice, angelica, benzoin, white birch, cajeput, camphor (white), carrot seed, cedarwood (Atlas, Texas & Virginian), celery seed, chamomile (German & Roman), clove bud, coriander, eucalyptus (blue gum & peppermint), silver fir, ginger, guaiacwood, juniper, lemon, sweet marjoram, mastic, myrrh, nutmeg, parsley, black pepper, pine (longleaf & Scotch), rosemary, Spanish sage, thyme, tumeric, turpentine, vetiver, yarrow.

Cellulitis (M,S,B):

White birch, cypress, sweet fennel, geranium, grapefruit, juniper, lemon, parsley, rosemary, thyme.

Debility/poor muscle tone (M,S,B):

Allspice, ambrette, borneol, ginger, grapefruit, sweet marjoram, black pepper, pine (longleaf & Scotch), rosemary, Spanish sage.

Gout (M,S,B):

Angelica, French basil, benzoin, carrot seed, celery seed, coriander, guaiacwood, juniper, lovage, mastic, pine (longleaf & Scotch), rosemary, thyme, turpentine.

High blood pressure & hypertension (M,B,V):

cananga, garlic, true lavender, lemon, sweet marjoram, melissa, clary sage, yarrow, ylang ylang.

Muscular cramp & stiffness (M,C,B):

Allspice, ambrette, coriander, cypress, grapefruit, jasmine, lavandin, lavender (spike & true), sweet marjoram, black pepper, pine (longleaf & Scotch), rosemary, thyme, vetiver.

Obesity (M,B):

White birch, sweet fennel, juniper, lemon, mandarin, orange (bitter & sweet).

Oedema & water retention (M,B):

Angelica, white birch, carrot seed, cypress, sweet fennel, geranium, grapefruit, juniper, lavage, mandarin, orange (bitter & sweet), rosemary, Spanish sage.

Palpitations (M):

Neroli, orange (bitter & sweet), rose (cabbage & damask), ylang ylang.

Poor circulation & low blood pressure (M,B):

Ambrette, Peru balsam, West Indian bay, benzoin, white birch, borneol, cinnamon leaf, coriander, cumin, cypress, eucalyptus blue gum, galbanum, geranium, ginger, lemon, lemongrass, lovage, neroli, niaouli, nutmeg, black pepper, pine (longleaf & Scotch), rose (cabbage & damask), rosemary, Spanish sage, hemlock spruce, thyme, violet.

Rheumatism (M,C,B):

Allspice, angelica, star anise, aniseed, Peru balsam, French basil, West Indian bay, benzoin, white birch, borneol, cajeput, calamintha, camphor (white), carrot seed, cedarwood (Atlas, Texas & Virginian), celery seed, chamomile (German & Roman), cinnamon leaf, clove bud, coriander, cypress, eucalyptus (blue gum & peppermint), sweet fennel, silver fir, galbanum, ginger, immortelle, juniper, lavandin, lavender (spike & true), lemon, lovage, sweet marjoram, mastic, niaouli, nutmeg, parsley, black pepper, pine (longleaf & Scotch), rosemary, Spanish sage, hemlock spruce, thyme, turmeric, turpentine, vetiver, violet, yarrow.

Sprains & strains (C):

West Indian bay, borneol, camphor (white), chamomile (German & Roman), clove bud, eucalyptus (blue gum & peppermint), ginger, immortelle, jasmine, lavandin, lavender (spike & true), sweet marjoram, black pepper, pine (longleaf & Scotch), rosemary, thyme, turmeric, vetiver.... circulation, muscles and joints:




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