The meaning of the symbols of dreams/ seen in a dream.


Hypotension

A fall in blood pressure below the normal level... hypotension

Hypertension

High arterial blood pressure... hypertension

Haematuria

The presence of blood in the urine... haematuria

Halitosis

Offensive odour of the breath... halitosis

Heart

A hollow muscular pump with four cavities, each provided at its outlet with a valve, whose function is to maintain the circulation of the blood. The two upper cavities are known as atria; the two lower ones as ventricles. The term auricle is applied to the ear-shaped tip of the atrium on each side.

Shape and size In adults the heart is about the size and shape of a clenched ?st. One end of the heart is pointed (apex); the other is broad (base) and is deeply cleft at the division between the two atria. One groove running down the front and up the back shows the division between the two ventricles; a circular, deeper groove marks o? the atria above from the ventricles below. The capacity of each cavity is somewhere between 90 and 180 millilitres.

Structure The heart lies within a strong ?brous bag, known as the pericardium. Since the inner surface of this bag and the outer surface of the heart are both covered with a smooth, glistening membrane faced with ?at cells and lubricated by a little serous ?uid (around 20 ml), the movements of the heart are accomplished almost without friction. The main thickness of the heart wall consists of bundles of muscle ?bres, some of which run in circles right around the heart, and others in loops, ?rst round one cavity, then round the corresponding cavity of the other side. Within all the cavities is a smooth lining membrane, continuous with that lining the vessels which open into the heart. The investing smooth membrane is known as epicardium; the muscular substance as myocardium; and the smooth lining membrane as endocardium.

Important nerves regulate the heart’s action, especially via the vagus nerve and with the sympathetic system (see NERVOUS SYSTEM). In the near part of the atria lies a collection of nerve cells and connecting ?bres, known as the sinuatrial node or pacemaker, which forms the starting-point for the impulses that initiate the beats of the heart. In the groove between the ventricles and the atria lies another collection of similar nerve tissue, known as the atrioventricular node. Running down from there into the septum between the two ventricles is a band of special muscle ?bres, known as the atrioventricular bundle, or the bundle of His. This splits up into a right and a left branch for the two ventricles, and the ?bres of these distribute themselves throughout the muscular wall of the ventricles and control their contraction.

Openings There is no direct communication between the cavities on the right side and those on the left; but the right atrium opens into the right ventricle by a large circular opening, and similarly the left atrium into the left ventricle. Into the right atrium open two large veins, the superior and inferior venae cavae, with some smaller veins from the wall of the heart itself, and into the left atrium open two pulmonary veins from each lung. One opening leads out of each ventricle – to the aorta in the case of the left ventricle, to the pulmonary artery from the right.

Before birth, the FETUS’s heart has an opening (foramen ovale) from the right into the left atrium through which the blood passes; but when the child ?rst draws air into his or her lungs this opening closes and is represented in the adult only by a depression (fossa ovalis).

Valves The heart contains four valves. The mitral valve consists of two triangular cusps; the tricuspid valve of three smaller cusps. The aortic and pulmonary valves each consist of three semilunar-shaped segments. Two valves are placed at the openings leading from atrium into ventricle, the tricuspid valve on the right side, the mitral valve on the left, so as completely to prevent blood from running back into the atrium when the ventricle contracts. Two more, the pulmonary valve and the aortic valve, are at the entrance to these arteries, and prevent regurgitation into the ventricles of blood which has been driven from them into the arteries. The noises made by these valves in closing constitute the greater part of what are known as the heart sounds, and can be heard by anyone who applies his or her ear to the front of a person’s chest. Murmurs heard accompanying these sounds indicate defects in the valves, and may be a sign of heart disease (although many murmurs, especially in children, are ‘innocent’).

Action At each heartbeat the two atria contract and expel their contents into the ventricles, which at the same time they stimulate to contract together, so that the blood is driven into the arteries, to be returned again to the atria after having completed a circuit in about 15 seconds through the body or lungs as the case may be. The heart beats from 60 to 90 times a minute, the rate in any given healthy person being about four times that of the respirations. The heart is to some extent regulated by a nerve centre in the MEDULLA, closely connected with those centres which govern the lungs and stomach, and nerve ?bres pass to it in the vagus nerve. The heart rate and force can be diminished by some of these ?bres, by others increased, according to the needs of the various organs of the body. If this nerve centre is injured or poisoned – for example, by lack of oxygen – the heart stops beating in human beings; although in some of the lower animals (e.g. frogs, ?shes and reptiles) the heart may under favourable conditions go on beating for hours even after its entire removal from the body.... heart

Hepatic

Having to do with the liver... hepatic

Hepatitis

Inflammation of the liver; jaundice... hepatitis

Hysteria

A neurotic disorder with varying symptoms... hysteria

Haem

An iron-containing porphyrin (see PORPHYRINS) compound that combines with the protein GLOBULIN to make HAEMOGLOBIN, a constituent of erythrocytes (red blood cells).... haem

Haemoptysis

Spitting of blood... haemoptysis

Haemorrhage

Bleeding; blood loss.... haemorrhage

Haemorrhoids

Haemorrhoids, or piles, are varicose (swollen) veins in the lining of the ANUS. They are very common, affecting nearly half of the UK population at some time in their lives, with men having them more often and for a longer time.

Varieties Haemorrhoids are classi?ed into ?rst-, second- and third-degree, depending on how far they prolapse through the anal canal. First-degree ones do not protrude; second-degree piles protrude during defaecation; third-degree ones are trapped outside the anal margin, although they can be pushed back. Most haemorrhoids can be described as internal, since they are covered with glandular mucosa, but some large, long-term ones develop a covering of skin. Piles are usually found at the three, seven and eleven o’clock sites when viewed with the patient on his or her back.

Causes The veins in the anus tend to become distended because they have no valves; because they form the lowest part of the PORTAL SYSTEM and are apt to become over?lled when there is the least interference with the circulation through the portal vein; and partly because the muscular arrangements for keeping the rectum closed interfere with the circulation through the haemorrhoidal veins. An absence of ?bre from western diets is probably the most important cause. The result is that people often strain to defaecate hard stools, thus raising intra-abdominal pressure which slows the rate of venous return and engorges the network of veins in the anal mucosa. Pregnancy is an important contributory factor in women developing haemorrhoids. In some people, haemorrhoids are a symptom of disease higher up in the portal system, causing interference with the circulation. They are common in heart disease, liver complaints such as cirrhosis or congestion, and any disease affecting the bowels.

Symptoms Piles cause itching, pain and often bleeding, which may occur whenever the patient defaecates or only sometimes. The piles may prolapse permanently or intermittently. The patient may complain of aching discomfort which, with the pain, may be worsened.

Treatment Prevention is important; a high-?bre diet will help in this, and is also necessary after piles have developed. Patients should not spend a long time straining on the lavatory. Itching can be lessened if the PERINEUM is properly washed, dried and powdered. Prolapsed piles can be replaced with the ?nger. Local anaesthetic and steroid ointments can help to relieve symptoms when they are relatively mild, but do not remedy the underlying disorder. If conservative measures fail, then surgery may be required. Piles may be injected, stretched or excised according to the patient’s particular circumstances.

Where haemorrhoids are secondary to another disorder, such as cancer of the rectum or colon, the underlying condition must be treated – hence the importance of medical advice if piles persist.... haemorrhoids

Hemiplegia

Paralysis of one side of the body... hemiplegia

Hepatomegaly

Enlargement of the liver... hepatomegaly

Hernia

The protrusion of an internal organ through a defect in the wall of the anatomical cavity in which it lies.... hernia

Herpes

Inflammation of the skin or mucous membrane with clusters of deep seated vesicles... herpes

Hiatus Hernia

An upwards protrusion of the stomach through the diaphragm wall. It is particularly common in women in their fourth and fifth decades.... hiatus hernia

Homeopathy

Almost two centuries old, it is a system of medicine in which the treatment of disease (symptom pictures) depends on the administration of minute doses (attenuations) of substances that would, in larger doses, produce the same symptoms as the disease being treated. Homeopaths don’t like that “disease” word, preferring to match symptoms, not diagnostic labels. Although by no means harmless, homeopathic doses are devoid of drug toxicity. Many practitioners these days prefer high, almost mythic potencies, sometimes resorting to a virtual “laying on of hands” to attain the alleged remedy. When M.D.s used homeopathy frequently (turn of the century), there were violent battles between low potency advocates and the high potency charismatics. Some preferred low potencies or even mother tinctures (herbs!), which I find quite reasonable (naturally), such as Boericke. Others sought ever higher and higher potencies, tantamount to dropping an Arnica petal in Lake Superior in September and extracting a drop of water at the mouth of the St. Lawrence River the following April. Kent and Clarke were such homeopaths. Philosophically, to me, we are all surrounded in a subtle tide of unimaginably complex pollutants and organochemical recombinants...all low and middle potency homeopathic attenuations...our milieu itself is Mother Nosode...how can we be expected to respond to elegant but unimaginably subtle influences when our very bones radiate a low-potency gray noise. If you have no idea what I am talking about, just consider it a family argument.

... homeopathy

Hormone

A chemical produced in the body by endocrine glands and carried in the blood to other organs where the hormone causes processes to change in the target organ. A chemical messenger.... hormone

Hydrophobia

Exaggerated fear of water as in rabies... hydrophobia

Hypoglycaemia

A de?ciency of glucose in the blood – the normal range being 3·5–7·5 mmol/l (see DIABETES MELLITUS). It most commonly occurs in diabetic patients – for example, after an excessive dose of INSULIN and heavy exercise, particularly with inadequate or delayed meals. It may also occur in non-diabetic people, however: for example, in very cold situations or after periods of starvation. Hypoglycaemia is normally indicated by characteristic warning signs and symptoms, particularly if the blood glucose concentration is falling rapidly. These include anxiety, tremor, sweating, breathlessness, raised pulse rate, blurred vision and reduced concentration, leading – in severe cases – to unconsciousness. Symptoms may be relieved by taking some sugar, some sweet biscuits or a sweetened drink. In emergencies, such as when the patient is comatose (see COMA), an intramuscular injection of GLUCAGON or intravenous glucose should be given. Early treatment is vital, since prolonged hypoglycaemia, by starving the brain cells of glucose, may lead to irreversible brain damage.... hypoglycaemia

Hypothermia

Greatly decreased temperature... hypothermia

Hypoxia

Lack of sufficient oxygen, such as occurs at high altitudes.... hypoxia

Haematemesis

Vomiting of blood... haematemesis

Haematoma

Haematoma means a collection of blood forming a de?nite swelling. It is found often upon the head of newborn children after a protracted and di?cult labour (cephalhaematoma). It may occur as the result of any injury or operation.... haematoma

Haemoglobin

The colouring compound which produces the red colour of blood. Haemoglobin is a chromoprotein, made up of a protein called globin and the iron-containing pigment, haemin. When separated from the red blood corpuscles – each of which contains about 600 million haemoglobin molecules – it is crystalline in form.

Haemoglobin exists in two forms: simple haemoglobin, found in venous blood; and oxy-haemoglobin, which is a loose compound with oxygen, found in arterial blood after the blood has come into contact with the air in the lungs. This oxyhaemoglobin is again broken down as the blood passes through the tissues, which take up the oxygen for their own use. This is the main function of haemoglobin: to act as a carrier of oxygen from the lungs to all the tissues of the body. When the haemoglobin leaves the lungs, it is 97 per cent saturated with oxygen; when it comes back to the lungs in the venous blood, it is 70 per cent saturated. The oxygen content of 100 millilitres of blood leaving the lungs is 19·5 millilitres, and that of venous blood returning to the lungs, 14·5 millilitres. Thus, each 100 millilitres of blood delivers 5 millilitres of oxygen to the tissues of the body. Human male blood contains 13–18 grams of haemoglobin per 100 millilitres; in women, there are 12–16 grams per 100 millilitres. A man weighing 70 kilograms (154 pounds) has around 770 grams of haemoglobin circulating in his red blood corpuscles.... haemoglobin

Haemophilia

An inherited disorder of blood COAGULATION which results in prolonged bleeding even after minor injury. There is a de?ciency of factor VIII, an essential clotting factor in the coagulation cascade – the complex series of biochemical events that leads from injury of the wall of a blood vessel to the formation of a blood clot that checks bleeding. Haemophilia is a sex-linked recessive disorder (though a small number of cases arise by spontaneous mutation), so that, if females carry the disease, one-half of their sons will be affected and one-half of their daughters will be carriers. The sons of haemophiliacs are unaffected but one-half of their daughters will be carriers.

Haemophilia affects approximately 1:4,000 of the UK population but only 1:20,000 is severely affected. Severity of the disease depends upon the percentage, compared with normal, of factor VIII activity present. Less than 1 per cent and there will be spontaneous bleeding into joints and muscles; 1–5 per cent and there will be occasional spontaneous bleeding and severe bleeding after minor injury; 5–25 per cent and there will only be severe bleeding after major injury. Before treatment was available, severe haemophiliacs suffered from acute pain and deformity from bleeds into joints and muscles. Bleeding also occurred into the gut, kidneys and brain, and few survived past adolescence.

Freeze-dried factor VIII may be kept in domestic refrigerators. Haemophiliacs can use it to abort minor bleeds by reconstituting it and injecting it intravenously. More major bleeding or preparation for surgery involves raising factor VIII levels to 30–100 per cent by giving cryoprecipitate.

With treatment, most haemophiliacs lead normal lives, although obviously dangerous or contact sports should be avoided. Before donors of blood were screened for HEPATITIS B and C or for HIV infection (see AIDS/HIV), some individuals with haemophilia receiving factor VIII were unwittingly infected with those diseases. Today’s screening procedures make such infections very unlikely.

There is a National Haemophilia Register and each registered sufferer carries a card with details about his or her condition. Information may also be obtained from NHS haemophilia centres and the Haemophilia Society.... haemophilia

Hallux Rigidus

Sti?ness of the joint between the great toe and the foot, which induces pain on walking. It is usually due to a crush injury or stubbing of the toe. Such stubbing is liable to occur in adolescents with a congenitally long toe. If trouble-some, the condition is treated by an operation to create a false joint.... hallux rigidus

Handicap

A disadvantage for a given individual, resulting from an impairment or a disability that limits or prevents the fulfilment of a role that is normal (depending on age, sex and social and cultural practice) for that individual. The term handicap thus reflects interaction with, and adaptation to, the individual’s surroundings. See also “disability”; “impairment”.... handicap

Hand

In structure, the hand has a bony basis of eight small carpal bones in the wrist, ?ve metacarpal bones in the ?eshy part of the hand, and three phalanges in each ?nger – two only in the thumb. From the muscles of the forearm, 12 strong tendons run in front of the wrist. Of these, nine go to the ?ngers and thumb and are bound down by a strong band, the ?exor retinaculum, in front of the wrist. They are enclosed in a complicated synovial sheath, and pass through the palm and down the ?ngers. Behind the wrist, 12 tendons likewise cross from forearm to hand.

Forming the ball of the thumb and that of the little ?nger, and ?lling up the gaps between the metacarpal bones, are other muscles, which act to separate and bring together the ?ngers, and to bend them at their ?rst joints (knuckles).... hand

Hantavirus

Also known as Four Corners virus. A rodent virus from the white-footed deer mouse of the USA. Causes severe respiratory disease of humans.... hantavirus

Health

The state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Health has many dimensions (anatomical, physiological and mental) and is largely culturally defined.... health

Health Centre

A centre that may carry out promotive, protective, preventive, diagnostic, curative and rehabilitative health care activities for ambulant people.... health centre

Heartburn

A burning sensation experienced in the region of the heart and up the back to the throat. It is caused by an excessive acidity of the gastric juice – often aggravated by dietary indiscretions – and is relieved temporarily by taking alkaline substances, such as 1·2 grams of bicarbonate of soda, or commercial preparations such as aluminium-containing antacid tablets (e.g. Aluminium Hydroxide Tablets) or prescribed drugs such as lansoprazole. The frequency of heartburn attacks can be lessened by eating a sensible diet, avoiding fatty or indigestible foods and restricting alcohol consumption.

Persistent heartburn may be a sign of more serious oesophageal disease and medical advice should be sought.... heartburn

Herbal Medicine

The use of herbs as medicines is probably as old as mankind; every culture has its own traditions. Herbalism was formally established in England by an Act of Parliament during Henry VIII’s reign. Di?erent parts of a variety of plants are used to treat symptoms and to restore functions.... herbal medicine

Herpes Zoster

See SHINGLES... herpes zoster

Hirsutism

The growth of hair of the male type and distribution in women. It is due either to the excess production of androgens (see ANDROGEN), or to undue sensitivity of the hair follicle to normal female levels of circulating androgens. The latter is called idiopathic hirsutism, because the cause is unknown. The increased production of androgens in the female may come from the ovary (see OVARIES) and be due to POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME or an ovarian tumour, or the excess androgen may come from the adrenal cortex (see ADRENAL GLANDS) and be the result of congenital adrenal HYPERPLASIA, an adrenal tumour or CUSHING’S SYNDROME. However, there is a wide range of normality in the distribution of female body hair. It varies with di?erent racial groups: the Mediterranean races have more body hair than Nordic women, and the Chinese and Japanese have little body hair. It is not abnormal for many women, especially those with dark hair, to have hair apparent on the upper lip, and a few coarse hairs on the chin and around the nipples are not uncommon. Extension of the pubic hair towards the umbilicus is also frequently found. Dark hair is much more apparent than fair hair, and this is why bleaching is of considerable bene?t in the management of hirsutism.

The treatment of hirsutism is that of the primary cause. Idiopathic hirsutism must be managed by simple measures such as bleaching the hair and the use of depilatory waxes and creams. Coarse facial hairs can be removed by electrolysis, although this is time-consuming. Shaving is often the most e?ective remedy and neither increases the rate of hair growth nor causes the hairs to become coarser.... hirsutism

Histamine

The defense substance responsible for most inflammation. It is synthesized from the amino acid histidine and is secreted by mast cells, basophils, and blood platelets. It stimulates vasodilation, capillary permeability, muscle contraction of the bronchioles, secretions of a number of glands, and attracts eosinophils, the white blood cells that are capable of moderating the inflammation. Mast cell histamine release is what usually causes allergies.... histamine

Histoplasmosis

A mycotic disease caused by the dimorphic fungi Histoplasma capsulatum and H. duboisei. The former primarily affects the lungs and is acquired by inhalation of spores in bat droppings (often in caves) and the latter affects the skin and is restricted to West Africa.... histoplasmosis

Hives

A popular term applied to eruptions of URTICARIA.... hives

Hookworm

A parasitic nematode found in the intestines of humans and animals. They are usually transmitted byinfection with the third stage filariform larva orally or through the skin. Examples include Ancyclostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. See also associated diseases such as eosinophilic enteritis and cutaneous larva migrans.... hookworm

Hops

Humulus lupulus. N.O. Urticaceae.

Habitat: Extensively farmed for the brewing industry, and is found growing wild in hedges and open woods.

Features ? Stem rough, very long, will twist round any adjacent support. Leaves in pairs, stalked, rough, serrate, cordate, three- or five-lobed. Flowers or catkins (more correctly called strobiles) consist of membranous scales, yellowish-green, roundish, reticulate-veined, nearly half-inch long, curving over each other. These are the fertile flowers which are used medicinally and industrially.

Action: Tonic, diuretic.

As a tonic in prescriptions for debility, nervous dyspepsia, and general atony. Although usually given in combination with other herbs, the ounce

to pint infusion of hops taken thrice daily makes quite a good tonic medicine for those feeling "run-down." Lying on a pillow stuffed with hops is an old-fashioned way of dealing with insomnia.... hops

Hospice

A hospital that cares only for the terminally ill and dying. The emphasis is on providing quality of life, and special care is taken in providing pain relief by whichever methods are deemed best suited to the person’s needs. Hospice care in the United Kingdom has been greatly developed, in particular with the leadership of Dr (Dame) Cicely Saunders. Many hospices are funded by charitable funds and their activities supported by voluntary workers.... hospice

Host

A person or other living animal that affords subsistence or lodgement to an infectious agent under natural conditions; in an epidemiologic context, the host may be the population or group, or biological, social and behavioural characteristics of the group.... host

Hydrocele

A circumscribed collection of fluid in the tunica vaginalis testis... hydrocele

Hydrochloric Acid

A colourless, pungent, fuming liquid. Secreted by the parietal cells in the lining of the stomach, it aids in the digestion of the food.... hydrochloric acid

Hydrocephalus

An abnormal accumulation of CEREBROSPINAL FLUID, or CSF, within the skull, as a result of one or more of three main causes: (i) excessive CSF production; (ii) defective CSF absorption;

(iii) blockage of the circulation of CSF. Such disturbances in the circulation of the ?uid may be due to congenital reasons (most commonly associated with SPINA BIFIDA), to MENINGITIS, or to a tumour.

Symptoms In children, the chief symptoms observed are the gradual increase in size of the upper part of the head, out of all proportion to the face or the rest of the body. The head is globular, with a wide anterior FONTANELLE and separation of the bones at the sutures. The veins in the scalp are prominent, and there is a ‘crackpot’ note on percussion. The normal infant’s head should not grow more than 2·5 cm (1 inch) in each of the ?rst two months of life, and much more slowly subsequently; growth beyond this rate should arouse suspicions of hydrocephalus, so medical professionals caring for infants use centile charts for this purpose.

The cerebral ventricles are widely distended, and the convolutions of the brain ?attened, while occasionally the ?uid escapes into the cavity of the cranium, which it ?lls, pressing down the brain to the base of the skull. As a consequence of such changes, the functions of the brain are interfered with, and in general the mental condition of the patient is impaired. Untreated, the child is dull and listless, irritable and sometimes suffers from severe mental subnormality. The special senses become affected as the disease advances, especially vision, and sight is often lost, as is also hearing. Towards the end, paralysis is apt to occur.

Treatment Numerous ingenious operations have been devised for the treatment of hydrocephalus. The most satisfactory of these utilise unidirectional valves and shunts (tubes), whereby the cerebrospinal ?uid is bypassed from the brain into the right atrium of the heart or the peritoneal cavity. The shunt may have to be left in position inde?nitely.... hydrocephalus

Hydronephrosis

See KIDNEYS, DISEASES OF.... hydronephrosis

Hydrotherapy

Treatment using water in the form of baths, douches, etc.... hydrotherapy

Hypercalcaemia

A state in which the PLASMA calcium concentration is signi?cantly raised. The most important causes are HYPERPARATHYROIDISM, malignant bone disease and other (non-metastatic) cancers, and chronic renal failure. Less common causes include SARCOIDOSIS, MYELOMATOSIS, vitamin D overdosage (see APPENDIX 5: VITAMINS), hyperthyroidism (see THYROID GLAND, DISEASES OF), and immobilisation.

Signs and symptoms A general malaise and depression are common, with generalised muscular weakness, anorexia and vomiting. Disturbed renal function causes increased urine output and thirst, with calcium deposits eventually leading to renal stones. Primary bone disease may cause pain and weakness, with an increased incidence of fractures, and there may be gritty deposits of calcium in the eyes. Severe hypercalcaemia produces ANURIA, with confusion and COMA leading to death.

Treatment The patient should be rehydrated and a diuretic (see DIURETICS) given. Attention should then be focused on the underlying cause – usually a parathyroid adenoma or bone tumour – and surgical removal should produce complete clinical cure, provided that advanced renal disease is not already present.... hypercalcaemia

Hyperparathyroidism

Increased activity of the PARATHYROID gland. Parathyroid hormone increases SERUM calcium. Hyperparathyroidism may be primary (due to an ADENOMA or HYPERPLASIA of the gland), secondary (in response to HYPOCALCAEMIA) or tertiary (when secondary hyperparathyroidism causes the development of an autonomous adenoma).... hyperparathyroidism

Hypersensitivity

Extreme sensitivity to any protein, over and above its normal effect. It usually occurs in certain sensitive people after more than one exposure to the offending protein.... hypersensitivity

Hyperthermia

A very high body temperature... hyperthermia

Hypocalcaemia

A SERUM concentration of calcium below the normal range (between 2.33 and 3.05 mmol of calcium per 100 ml of serum). This may cause TETANY, acutely; chronically it may give rise to RICKETS, OSTEOMALACIA or osteoporosis (see BONE, DISORDERS OF). It may be caused by hypoparathyroidism (see THYROID GLAND, DISEASES OF), vitamin D de?ciency (see APPENDIX 5: VITAMINS), malabsorption, renal failure or acute pancreatitis (see PANCREAS, DISORDERS OF).... hypocalcaemia

Hypochondriasis

Obsession with the body’s functions and a DELUSION of ill health, often severe, such that patients may believe they have a brain tumour or incurable insanity. Furthermore, patients may believe that they have infected others, or that their children have inherited the condition. It is a characteristic feature of DEPRESSION, but may also occur in SCHIZOPHRENIA, when the delusions may be secondary to bodily HALLUCINATIONS, and a sense of subjective change. Chronic hypochondriasis may be the result of an abnormal personality development: for example, the insecure, bodily-conscious person. Delusional preoccupations with the body – usually the face – may occur, such that the patient is convinced that his or her face is twisted, or dis?gured with acne.

Treatment Hypochondriacal patients may also develop physical illness, and any new symptoms must always be carefully evaluated. In most patients the condition is secondary, and treatment should be directed to the underlying depression or schizophrenia. In the rare cases of primary hypochondriasis, supportive measures are the mainstay of treatment.... hypochondriasis

Hypokalaemia

An abnormally low concentration of potassium in the blood.... hypokalaemia

Hypoparathyroidism

Underactivity of the parathyroid glands (see under ENDOCRINE GLANDS). Thus there is a lack of parathyroid hormone resulting in HYPOCALCAEMIA. It may be caused by inadvertent removal of the glands when the thyroid gland is surgically removed, or by failure of the glands because of autoimmune disease.... hypoparathyroidism

Hypopituitarism

Underactivity of the PITUITARY GLAND. It can cause dwar?sm, delayed puberty, impotence, infertility, AMENORRHOEA, hypothyroidism (see THYROID GLAND, DISEASES OF), and hypoadrenalism. Causes include tumours, irradiation of the gland, SARCOIDOSIS, and necrosis associated with post-partum haemorrhage (Sheehan’s syndrome).... hypopituitarism

Hypothalamus

A part of the diencephalon of the brain, it is a major actor in the limbic system. This is a functional, not anatomic, system in the brain that influences and is influenced by emotions. Call the limbic system an ad hoc committee that decides how things are going today, based on past, present, potential, and myriad informational inputs from the somatic body. The hypothalamus gathers the data and sets the levels of the pituitary thermostat. The pituitary does what the hypothalamus tells it to do, and our whole chemical nervous system responds to the pituitary, which responds to the hypothalamus, which, along with the rest of the limbic system, decides the kind of day we need to get ready for. And to think that some doctors used to (and still) scoff at a “psychosomatic disorder.”... hypothalamus

Hyssop

Hyssopus officinalis. N.O. Labiateae,

Habitat: Cultivated in gardens.

Features ? Stem woody, to a height of about two feet. Leaves opposite, small, nearly sessile, lanceolate, hairy at margins. Flowers bluish-purple, in small axillary clusters on one side. Camphor-like odour.

Part used ? Herb.

Action: Stimulant, pectoral, carminative, diaphoretic, febrifuge.

In cough and cold prescriptions, particularly for whooping cough, and in other troubles of infancy. The 1 ounce to 1 pint infusion is given in wineglass doses, or according to age.... hyssop

Hysterectomy

Surgical removal of the UTERUS. Hysterooophorectomy is the term applied to removal of the uterus and OVARIES. (See also UTERUS, DISEASES OF.)... hysterectomy

Witch Hazel

Hamamelis virginiana. N.O. Hamamelidaceae.

Synonym: Spotted Alder and Snapping Hazel.

Habitat: This shrub, like the Alders and the Hazel, grows in bunches as high as eight or ten feet, and is found on high lands and the stony banks of streams.

Features ? The branches are flexuous and knotty, the bark smooth and grey with brown spots. The leaves are four to five inches long and about two inches broad, obovate; feather-veined, irregularly notched at the edges, smooth above and downy underneath. Yellow flowers appear in autumn, when the leaves are falling. Taste is astringent, and smell slight and agreeable.

Part used ? Bark and leaves.

Action: Astringent and tonic.

A decoction of the bark, which is more astringent than the leaves, checks external and internal hemorrhages, and this astringency, when in combination with the more specific principles of Pilewort, makes one of the most effective pile medicines known. The compound can be obtained in the form of both ointment and suppositories for external application. For varicose veins an extract of the fresh leaves and young twigs of Witch Hazel is applied on a lint bandage kept constantly moist.

Both decoctions of the bark and infusions of the leaves are made in the proportion of 1 ounce to 1 pint boiling water (after simmering for ten minutes in the case of the bark decoction) and taken in wineglassful doses.... witch hazel

Claw-hand

A (contraction) deformity of the hand and ?ngers, especially of the ring and little ?ngers. The condition is generally due to paralysis of the ULNAR NERVE. A somewhat similar condition is produced by contraction of the ?brous tissues in the palm of the hand, partly due to rheumatic changes and partly to injury caused by the constant pressure of a tool against the palm of the hand. (See DUPUYTREN’S CONTRACTURE.)... claw-hand

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

See ADRENOGENITAL SYNDROME and GENETIC DISORDERS.... congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Community Health

The combination of sciences, skills and beliefs directed towards the maintenance and improvement of the health of all the people through collective or social actions. The programmes, services and institutions involved emphasize the prevention of disease and the health needs of the population as a whole. Community health activities change with changing technology and social values, but the goals remain the same.... community health

Follicle-stimulating Hormone

A hormone produced by the anterior PITUITARY GLAND which stimulates the formation of follicles in the ovary each menstrual cycle (see OVARIES; MENSTRUATION) and of spermatocytes in the testis (see TESTICLE). It is under hypothalamic control (see HYPOTHALAMUS) and in the female there is feedback inhibition by oestrogens from the developing follicle.... follicle-stimulating hormone

Genital Herpes

See HERPES GENITALIS.... genital herpes

Growth Hormone

A product of the anterior part of the PITUITARY GLAND that promotes normal growth and development in the body by changing the chemical activity in the cells. The hormone activates protein production in the muscle cells as well as the release of energy from the metabolism of fats. Its release is controlled by the contrasting actions of growth-hormone releasing factor and somatostatin. If the body produces too much growth hormone before puberty GIGANTISM results; in adulthood the result is ACROMEGALY. Lack of growth hormone in children retards growth.

For many years growth hormone was extracted from human corpses and very rarely this caused CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE (CJD) in the recipients. The hormone is now genetically engineered, so safe.... growth hormone

Haemangioma

These can be acquired or congenital. The acquired type presents as a red PAPULE which bleeds easily; treatment is normally by cautery. A ‘strawberry NAEVUS’ is a ‘capillarycavernous’ haemangioma appearing at or soon after birth, which may grow to a large size. Treatment is not usually required, as most of them fade – although this may take a few years. Where a haemangioma is dis?guring or interfering with vision or breathing, treatment is necessary: this may be by laser, by using CORTICOSTEROIDS or INTERFERON treatment, or by surgery.... haemangioma

Haemarthrosis

Haemarthrosis is the process of bleeding into, or the presence of blood in, a joint. It may occur as a result of major trauma (for example, fracture of the patella may lead to bleeding into the knee-joint), or, more commonly, following minor trauma. It may even occur spontaneously, in cases of HAEMOPHILIA or other disorders of blood clotting. If repeated several times, haemarthrosis may lead to FIBROSIS of the joint-lining and in?ammation of the cartilage, causing marked sti?ness and deformity.... haemarthrosis

Haematology

The study of diseases of the blood.... haematology

Haemochromatosis

A disease in which cirrhosis of the liver (see LIVER, DISEASES OF), enlargement of the SPLEEN, pigmentation of the skin, and DIABETES MELLITUS are associated with the abnormal and excessive deposit in the organs of the body of the iron-containing pigment, haemosiderin. It is caused by an increase in the amount of iron absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.... haemochromatosis

Haemodialysis

A method of removing waste products or poisons from the circulating blood using the principle of DIALYSIS. The procedure is used on patients with malfunctioning or non-functioning KIDNEYS. It is done using an arti?cial kidney or dialyser which restores blood to its normal state. The process has to be repeated, sometimes for many months, until a donor kidney is available for transplantation to replace the patient’s failing one.... haemodialysis

Haemoglobinuria

The presence of blood pigment in the URINE caused by the destruction of blood corpuscles in the blood vessels or in the urinary passages. It turns urine a dark red or brown colour. In some people this condition, known as intermittent haemoglobinuria, occurs from time to time, especially on exposure to cold. It is also produced by various poisonous substances taken in the food. It occurs in malarious districts in the form of one of the most fatal forms of MALARIA: BLACKWATER FEVER. (See also MARCH HAEMOGLOBINURIA.)... haemoglobinuria

Haemolysis

The destruction of red blood corpuscles by the action of poisonous substances, usually of a protein nature, circulating in the blood, or by certain chemicals. It occurs, for example, gradually in some forms of ANAEMIA and rapidly in poisoning by snake venom.... haemolysis

Haemolytic Disease Of The Newborn

A potentially serious disease of the newborn, characterised by haemolytic ANAEMIA (excessive destruction of red blood cells) and JAUNDICE. If severe, it may be obvious before birth because the baby becomes very oedematous (see OEDEMA) and develops heart failure – so-called hydrops fetalis. It may ?rst present on the ?rst day of life as jaundice and anaemia. The disease is due to blood-group incompatibility between the mother and baby, the commoneset being rhesus incompatibility (see BLOOD GROUPS). In this condition a rhesus-negative mother has been previously sensitised to produce rhesus antibodies, either by the delivery of a rhesus-positive baby, a miscarriage or a mismatched blood transfusion. These antibodies cross over into the fetal circulation and attack red blood cells which cause HAEMOLYSIS.

Treatment In severely affected fetuses, a fetal blood transfusion may be required and/or the baby may be delivered early for further treatment. Mild cases may need observation only, or the reduction of jaundice by phototherapy alone (treatment with light, involving the use of sunlight, non-visible ULTRAVIOLET light, visible blue light, or LASER).

Whatever the case, the infant’s serum BILIRUBIN – the bilirubin present in the blood – and its HAEMOGLOBIN concentration are plotted regularly so that treatment can be given before levels likely to cause brain damage occur. Safe bilirubin concentrations depend on the maturity and age of the baby, so reference charts are used.

High bilirubin concentrations may be treated with phototherapy; extra ?uid is given to prevent dehydration and to improve bilirubin excretion by shortening the gut transit time. Severe jaundice and anaemia may require exchange TRANSFUSION by removing the baby’s blood (usually 10 millilitres at a time) and replacing it with rhesus-negative fresh bank blood. Haemolytic disease of the newborn secondary to rhesus incompatibility has become less common since the introduction of anti-D (Rho) immunoglobulin. This antibody should be given to all rhesus-negative women at any risk of a fetomaternal transfusion, to prevent them from mounting an antibody response. Anti-D is given routinely to rhesus-negative mothers after the birth of a rhesus-positive baby, but doctors should also give it after threatened abortions, antepartum haemorrhages, miscarriages, and terminations of pregnancy.

Occasionally haemolytic disease is caused by ABO incompatibility or that of rarer blood groups.... haemolytic disease of the newborn

Haemosiderosis

An increase in the amount of iron stored in the body. Rarely, it may be due to ingestion of too much iron, but a more likely cause is repeated blood transfusions. The extra iron may affect the function of the heart and liver.... haemosiderosis

Haemostasis

The process by which bleeding stops. It involves constriction of blood vessels, the formation of a platelet plug, and blood clotting. The term is also used for surgical interventions to stop bleeding – for example, the use of diathermy. (See COAGULATION; HAEMORRHAGE.)... haemostasis

Haemostatic

Having the power to arrest bleeding... haemostatic

Haemothorax

An e?usion of blood into the PLEURAL CAVITY.... haemothorax

Hair

See SKIN; WHITE HAIR.... hair

Hallux

The anatomical name of the great toe.... hallux

Hallux Valgus

Outward displacement of the great toe – always associated with a bunion (see CORNS AND BUNIONS). It is due to the pressure of footwear on an unduly broad foot. In adolescents, this broad foot is inherited; in adults it is due to splaying of the foot as a result of loss of muscle tone. The bunion is produced by pressure of the footwear on the protruding base of the toe. In mild cases the wearing of comfortable shoes may be all that is needed. In more severe cases the bunion may need to be removed, while in the most severe the operation of ARTHROPLASTY may be needed.... hallux valgus

Haloperidol

One of the butyrophenone group of drugs used to treat patients with psychoses (see PSYCHOSIS). Its action is similar to that of the PHENOTHIAZINES. It is also used in depot form, being administered by deep intramuscular injection for maintenance control of SCHIZOPHRENIA and other psychoses. The drug may help to control tics and intractable hiccups.... haloperidol

Hamartoma

These are benign tumours, usually in the lung, containing normal components of pulmonary tissue such as smooth muscle and connective tissue.... hamartoma

Hammer-toe

The deformity in which there is permanent ?exion, or bending, of the middle joint of the toe. The condition may affect all the toes, as in CLAW-FOOT; more commonly it affects one toe, usually the second. It is due to a relatively long toe and the pressure on it of the footwear. A painful bunion usually develops on it (see CORNS AND BUNIONS). In mild cases, relief is obtained by protecting the toe with adhesive pads. If this does not su?ce then an operation is necessary.... hammer-toe

Hand, Foot And Mouth Disease

A contagious disease due to infection with coxsackie A16 virus (see COXSACKIE VIRUSES). Most common in children, the incubation period is 3–5 days. It is characterised by an eruption of blisters on the palms and the feet (often the toes), and in the mouth. The disease

has no connection with foot and mouth disease in cattle, deer, pigs and sheep.... hand, foot and mouth disease

Hawthorn

Fertility, Chastity, Fishing Magic, Happiness ... hawthorn

Head Injury

Any injury to the head, whether associated with a skull fracture (see BONE, DISORDERS OF – Bone fractures) or not. Patients with head injuries should be assessed for signs of neurological damage, which may not develop at once. Patients who after a head injury are or have been UNCONSCIOUS or who are drowsy, vomiting, confused or have any focal neurological signs – for example, blurred vision or a motor or sensory malfunction – should be seen by a doctor. Particular care should be taken with individuals who have consumed alcohol and sustained a head injury in a ?ght, fall or vehicle accident. Symptoms indicative of a severe head injury may be attributed (wrongly) to the effects of alcohol, and crucial time thus lost in treating the injury.

In hospital the possible need for urgent action is monitored by use of the GLASGOW COMA SCALE.

People suffering the results of such injuries and their relatives can obtain help and advice from Headway – the brain injury association.... head injury

Heaf Test

A skin test to ?nd out if a person is immune to TUBERCULOSIS. TUBERCULIN (a preparation derived from the TUBERCLE bacillus) is injected via punctures in the skin of the forearm, using a spring-loaded gunlike instrument with six very short needles set in circular form. A positive test is indicated by a red raised reaction of the skin: this means that the subject is immune. If the result is negative, the subject can be given BCG VACCINE.... heaf test

Healing

See WOUNDS.... healing

Headache

A very common condition which may vary considerably in severity, type, signi?cance and cause. At one extreme, headache may indicate the presence of a tumour or MENINGITIS, while at the other it may merely indicate a common cold or tiredness. Even so, persistent or recurrent headaches should always be taken seriously. Although the brain itself is insensitive to pain, the surrounding membranes – meninges – are very sensitive, and changes in intracranial arteries, or spasm of the neck or scalp muscles, which may occur for various reasons, may cause considerable pain. In most cases a clinical diagnosis should be possible; further investigations should only be necessary following head injury, if headaches recur, or if neurological signs such as drowsiness, vomiting, confusion, seizures or focal signs develop.

Stress and anxiety are probably the most common causes of headache and, where possible, the reasons – overwork, family problems, unemployment, ?nancial diffculties, etc. – should be tackled. An unpleasant environment such as tra?c pollution or badly ventilated or overcrowded working conditions may provoke headaches in some people, as may excessive smoking or ca?eine intake. MIGRAINE is a characteristic and often disabling type of headache; high blood pressure may cause the condition (see HYPERTENSION); and, occasionally, refractive errors of the eyes (see EYE, DISORDERS OF) are associated with headaches. SINUS infections are often characterised by frontal headaches. Rheumatism in the muscles of the neck and scalp produce headaches; fever is commonly accompanied by a headache; and sunstroke and HEAT STROKE customarily result in headaches. Finally, diseases in the brain such as meningitis, tumours and HAEMORRHAGE may ?rst manifest themselves as persistent or recurrent headaches.

Treatment Obtaining a reliable diagnosis – with the help of further investigations, including CT (see COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY) or MRI scanning when indicated – should always be the initial aim; treatment in most cases should then be aimed at the underlying condition. Particular concerns include headache that worsens at night or in the early morning; ever-increasing headaches; those associated with abnormal neurological signs on examination; or those associated with ?ts (see FIT).

Whether the cause is physical or stress-induced, used sensibly and for a limited period a low dose of aspirin or paracetamol may be helpful. In many cases of stress-induced headache, however, the most e?ective treatment is relaxation. There are many speci?c treatments for migraine and hypertension. Sinusitis is treated with antibiotics and sometimes by surgery.... headache

Health Education

Constructed communication of knowledge to improve health literacy and improve skills in order to advance individual and community health.... health education

Health Promotion

Any combination of health education and related organizational, political and economic interventions designed to facilitate behavioural and environmental adaptations that will improve or protect health.... health promotion

Heel

The heel is the hind part of the foot, formed by the CALCANEUS and the especially thick skin covering it. It is not subject to many diseases. Severe pain in the heel is sometimes a sign of gout or rheumatism.... heel

Heliotherapy

Sunbathing; the exposure of the body to sunlight to promote healing.... heliotherapy

Hemianopia

A term meaning loss of half the usual area of vision. The affected person may see everything clearly to the left or to the right, the ?eld of vision stopping abruptly at the middle line; they may see things only when straight ahead of them; or, thirdly, they may see objects far out on both sides, although there is a wide area straight in front for which they are quite blind. The position of the blind area is important in localising the position in the brain of the disease responsible for the condition.... hemianopia

Hemiballismus

Involuntary movements similar to choreiform (see CHOREA) movements, but of much greater amplitude and force. The violent, throwing movements of the limbs are usually unilateral, and tend to occur acutely as a result of vascular damage to the mid-brain.... hemiballismus

Hemicolectomy

An operation to remove the right or left half of the COLON, usually with end-to-end ANASTOMOSIS of the remaining portion of the intestine. This is often used for the treatment of malignant or in?ammatory diseases of the colon.... hemicolectomy

Hemicrania

Headache confined to one side... hemicrania

Hemiparesis

Paralysis affecting the muscles of one side of the body. This most commonly follows a STROKE and occurs when parts of the brain serving motor function on the opposite side of the body are damaged.... hemiparesis

Hemlock

Destroy Sexual Drive ***TOXIC***... hemlock

Hemp

See CANNABIS.... hemp

Heparin

Heparin is one of the naturally produced ANTICOAGULANTS with a rapid e?ect, which is thought to act by neutralising thrombin (see COAGULATION). Inactive when taken orally, it is normally given intravenously – it may be given for a few days, combined with an oral anticoagulant such as warfarin, to initiate anticoagulation. Low-dose heparin may be given by subcutaneous injection for longer periods, for the prophylaxis of DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS (DVT) or PULMONARY EMBOLISM in ‘high-risk’ patients, such as those with obesity or a history of thrombosis, or post-operatively. If haemorrhage occurs, withdrawal of heparin is usually su?cient, but protamine sulphate is a rapidly active and speci?c antidote. Prolonged treatment with heparin may cause osteoporosis (see under BONE, DISORDERS OF).... heparin

Hepatoma

A primary malignant tumour of LIVER cells. It has marked geographical variation, being most common in parts of Africa and the Far East. It is more common in men and with those who have pre-existing CIRRHOSIS.... hepatoma

Heredity

The principle on which various peculiarities of bodily form or structure, or of physical or mental activity, are transmitted from parents to o?spring. (See also GENES.)... heredity

Heroin

Also known as diacetyl morphine or diamorphine, this Class A controlled drug is an opiate

– a group which includes morphine, codeine, pethidine and methadone. It is a powerful analgesic and cough suppressant, but its capacity to produce euphoria rapidly induces DEPENDENCE. Popular with addicts, its mostly pleasant effects soon produce TOLERANCE; the need to inject the drug, with associated risks of HIV infection, has affected its use by addicts. Withdrawal symptoms include restlessness, insomnia, muscle cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea; signs include dilated pupils, raised pulse rate, and disturbed temperature control. Although rarely life-threatening, the effects of withdrawal may cause great distress, and for this reason methadone, which has a slower and less severe withdrawal syndrome, is commonly used when weaning addicts o? heroin. Legally still available to doctors in the UK, heroin is normally only used in patients with severe pain, or to comfort the dying.... heroin

Herpangina

Herpangina is a short febrile illness in which minute vesicles or punched-out ulcers develop in the posterior parts of the mouth. It is due to infection with the group A COXSACKIE VIRUSES.... herpangina

Herpes Simplex

An acute infectious disease, characterised by the development of groups of super?cial vesicles, or blebs, in the skin and mucous membrane. It is due to either simplex type 1 or 2 virus, and infection can occur at any time from birth onwards; however the usual time for primary infection with type 1 is between the second and 15th year. Once an individual is infected, the virus persists in the body for the rest of their life. It is one of the causes of scrum-pox. Type 2 causes HERPES GENITALIS.

Symptoms Symptoms vary with the age of infection. In young infants, herpes simplex may cause a generalised infection which is sometimes fatal. In young children the infection is usually in the mouth, and this may be associated with enlargement of the glands in the neck, general irritability and fever. The condition usually settles in 7–10 days. In adults the vesicles may occur anywhere in the skin or mucous membranes: the more common sites are the lips, mouth and face, where they are known as cold sores. The vesicles may also appear on the genitalia (herpes genitalis) or in the conjunctiva or cornea of the EYE, and the brain may be infected, causing ENCEPHALITIS or MENINGITIS. The ?rst sign is the appearance of small painful swellings; these quickly develop into vesicles which contain clear ?uid and are surrounded by a reddened area of skin. Some people are particularly liable to recurrent attacks, and these often tend to be associated with some debilitating condition or infection, such as pneumonia.

Except in the case of herpes of the cornea, the eruption clears completely unless it becomes contaminated with some other organism. In the case of the cornea, there may be residual scarring, which may impair vision.

Treatment Aciclovir is e?ective both topically as cream or eye drops or orally. In severe systemic infections it can be given intravenously.... herpes simplex

Hiccup

An involuntary spasmodic contraction of the DIAPHRAGM which produces an indrawing of breath during which there is a sudden closure of the vocal cords. This results in the well-known sound and sensation. It is usually of benign cause (e.g. indigestion) but may be a symptom of medullary brain damage, URAEMIA, typhoid fever (see ENTERIC FEVER) or ENCEPHALITIS lethargica. There are many folk remedies for hiccups, but most cases subside spontaneously. Prolonged hiccups due to disease may respond to treatment with CHLORPROMAZINE or HALOPERIDOL.... hiccup

Hippocratic Oath

An oath once (but no longer) taken by doctors on quali?cation, setting out the moral precepts of their profession and binding them to a code of behaviour and practice aimed at protecting the interests of their patients. The oath is named after HIPPOCRATES (460–377 BC), the Greek ‘father of medicine’. Almost half of British medical students and 98 per cent of American ones make a ceremonial commitment to assume the responsibilities and obligations of the medical profession, but not by reciting this oath.... hippocratic oath

Histology

The study of the minute structure of the tissues using special staining processes which are combined with electron and light microscopy. The specialty is sta?ed by medically quali?ed pathologists (histologists) and scienti?cally quali?ed technicians.... histology

Homeostasis

The normal physiological process which ensures that the body’s internal systems, such as its metabolism, blood pressure and body temperature, maintain an equilibrium whatever the conditions of the outside environment. For example, the body temperature remains at around 37 °C (98.4 °F) in a cold or a hot climate.... homeostasis

Homocystinuria

Homocystinuria is a congenital disease due to the inability of the affected individual to metabolise, or to utilise properly, one of the essential AMINO ACIDS known as methionine. The main features of the condition are abnormality of the lens of the EYE, learning disability, and a tendency to thromboses (blood clots).... homocystinuria

Horseshoe Kidney

See KIDNEYS, DISEASES OF.... horseshoe kidney

Horseradish

Cochlearia armoracia. N.O. Cruciferae.

Habitat: Indigenous to England and Eastern Europe.

Features ? Root whitish, cylindrical, about one foot long by three-quarters of an inch through. Taste and odour pungent, irritant, mustard-like.

Part used ? Root.

Action: Stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic.

Used as a digestive. Its stimulant and diuretic properties are said to be of value in the treatment of dropsy, but it is rarely prescribed by modern herbalists.

Coffin recommends:

"Fresh Horseradish root, sliced 1 oz.

Mustard seeds, bruised 1/2 oz. Boiling water 1 pint

"Let it stand in a covered vessel for four hours, then strain. Dose, three tablespoonfuls three times a day. Diuretic and stimulant. Useful in dropsies, especially those occurring after scarlet fevers and

intermittents."... horseradish

Horsetail

See Cola de caballo.... horsetail

Hospital

An institution the primary function of which is to provide inpatient diagnostic and therapeutic services for a variety of medical conditions, both surgical and nonsurgical. Most hospitals provide some outpatient services, particularly emergency care.... hospital

Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin

A glycoprotein hormone secreted by the PLACENTA in early pregnancy, and stimulating the CORPUS LUTEUM within the ovary (see OVARIES) to secrete OESTROGENS, PROGESTERONE, and relaxin. The hormone is essential for the maintenance of pregnancy up to about 6–8 weeks of gestation. A RADIOIMMUNOASSAY can be used to detect its presence, and pregnancy can be diagnosed as early as six days after conception by testing for it in the urine. Some tumours also secrete human chorionic gonadotrophin, particularly HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, which produces large amounts.... human chorionic gonadotrophin

Humerus

The bone of the upper arm. It has a rounded head, which helps to form the shoulder-joint, and at its lower end presents a wide pulley-like surface for union with the radius and ulna. Its epicondyles form the prominences at the sides of the elbow.... humerus

Hyacinth

(Greek) Resembling the colorful fragrant flower

Hyacintha, Hyacinthe, Hycinth, Hycynth, Hyacinthia, Hyacinthea, Hyacinthie, Hyacynth, Hyacyntha... hyacinth

Hyaluronidase

An enzyme made by traumatized cartilage (to soften and regenerate itself when injured) sperm cells (to dissolve the protective layer around an ovum), the spleen (to speed up hydrolysis), added to an IM injection (so it doesn’t get surrounded by connective tissue and never disperse) and produced by some really nasty bacteria so they can dissolve connective tissue and get deep into the body. Hyaluronic acid is the target, and it is a basic mucopolysacharide rivet, keeping large masses of polymerized compounds in the state of constant colloid jello (or more technically, a hydrogel facilitant)... hyaluronidase

Hybrid

This is produced by a cross-fertilization between two species. This happens a lot more often than botanists would like, since a species is presumed to have distinct genetic characteristics and shouldn’t do this hybridizing thing as often as it does. Most of the dozen or so species of Silk Tassel are really genetically the same, and the three hundred species of Aconite worldwide are all capable of hybridizing as well.... hybrid

Hydatid

Larval stage of Echinococcus, generally containing daughter cysts with a large number of protoscolices.... hydatid

Hydatidiform Mole

A rare complication of pregnancy, in which there is tremendous proliferation of the epithelium of the chorion (the outer of the two fetal membranes). It seldom occurs during a ?rst pregnancy. Treatment consists of immediate evacuation of the womb.... hydatidiform mole

Hydramnios

A condition characterised by excess of ?uid in the amniotic cavity (see AMNION).... hydramnios

Hydrochlorothiazide

See THIAZIDES.... hydrochlorothiazide

Hydrogen Peroxide

A thick colourless liquid with the formula H2O2 (water is H2O, possessing only one oxygen atom in its molecule). Available in solution with water and as a cream, it is readily reduced to water – giving up oxygen in the process, which causes the characteristic frothing seen when used. H2O2 has antiseptic and deodorising properties; thus it is used as a mouthwash, to clean wounds and ulcers, and occasionally to disinfect body cavities at operation. It is also a bleach.... hydrogen peroxide

Hydrocortisone

Hydrocortisone has the chemical formula, 17hydroxycorticosterone. It is closely allied to CORTISONE both in its structure (cortisone is an oxidation product of hydrocortisone) and in its action. Available in tablet, topical or injection form, hydrocortisone is used in adrenocortical insu?ciency, for the suppression of local and systemic in?ammatory and allergic disorders, and in the treatment of shock. Its mineralocorticoid effects – control of salt and water balance – mean that the drug should not be used long term except as replacement therapy in the treatment of ADDISON’S DISEASE or following adrenalectomy when hydrocortisone should be given with the mineral corticoid

?udrocortisone (see ADRENAL GLANDS; CORTICOSTEROIDS).... hydrocortisone

Hydrops Fetalis

See HAEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF THE NEWBORN.... hydrops fetalis

Hydrothorax

A collection of ?uid in the pleural cavities of the lungs.... hydrothorax

Hydroxocobalamin

Hydroxocobalamin, or vitamin B12, has now replaced CYANOCOBALAMIN in the treatment of pernicious ANAEMIA. It has the practical advantage that fewer injections are required than in the case of cyanocobalamin. Like cyanocobalamin, it belongs to the group of substances known as cobalamins which have an ENZYME action in practically every metabolic system in the body and are essential for normal growth and nutrition. (See APPENDIX 5: VITAMINS.)... hydroxocobalamin

Hygiene

The science of health and the study of ways of its preservation, particularly by widespread education and promotion of cleanliness. Especially valuable in developing countries, where it plays a vital role in helping to limit the spread of infectious diseases.... hygiene

Hymen

The thin membranous fold partially closing the lower end of the virginal VAGINA. If the opening is small, the hymen will tear at the time of ?rst intercourse, usually with a little bleeding.... hymen

Hyoscine

Also called scopalamine, this is an alkaloid (see ALKALOIDS) obtained from the plant henbane (hyoscyamus). It is an ANTICHOLINERGIC drug sometimes used as a premedicant in patients undergoing ANAESTHESIA for its sedative and antiemetic effects and for its ability to reduce saliva production. It may cause confusion in the elderly.... hyoscine

Hyper

Pre?x denoting abnormally increased or excessive.... hyper

Hyperactivity

A pattern of behaviour, usually in children, characterised by inability to concentrate, accompanied by overactivity. (See also ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER (HYPERACTIVITY SYNDROME).)... hyperactivity

Hyperacusis

Hyperacusis means an abnormally acute sense of hearing.... hyperacusis

Hypercapnia

An abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood or in the lungs (see BLOOD GASES). It may be caused by a reduced respiratory rate or e?ort, diseases of the chest wall and lung (affecting breathing), and cyanotic heart disease.... hypercapnia

Hypercholesterolaemia

See CHOLESTEROL; HYPERLIPIDAEMIA.... hypercholesterolaemia

Hyperemesis

Excessive vomiting... hyperemesis

Hyperglycaemia

An excess of sugar in the blood that may occur in various diseases, typically in DIABETES MELLITUS. The normal blood glucose level in the fasting state is between 3.5 and 5.5 mmol/1 blood (see APPENDIX 6: MEASUREMENTS IN MEDICINE); four or ?ve times that amount is found in diabetes, owing to insu?cient insulin in the blood, possibly accompanied by an excessive carbohydrate intake. Untreated, it may lead to diabetic coma.... hyperglycaemia

Hyperkalaemia

A concentration of POTASSIUM in the PLASMA that is above the normal range. It is often caused by renal failure or by excessive intake of potassium – perhaps in a drug – and may cause cardiac dysrhythmia (abnormal rhythm of the heart).... hyperkalaemia

Hyperkeratosis

Thickening of the horny (outer) layer of skin, affecting the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. The disorder may be inherited.... hyperkeratosis

Hypermetropia

Hypermetropia, or hyperopia, is a term applied to long-sightedness, in which the eye is too ?at from front to back and rays of light are brought to a focus behind the retina. (See EYE; VISION.)... hypermetropia

Hypernephroma

Now named renal cell carcinoma, this is a malignant tumour resembling the tissue of the suprarenal gland and occurring in the KIDNEYS. Fever, loin pain, HAEMATURIA and swelling are among the presenting symptoms, but the tumour may be symptomless for many years. Surgical removal is the initial treatment; hypernephromas are fairly insensitive to CYTOTOXIC drugs and RADIOTHERAPY – although hormone treatment may help – and are prone to spread via the bloodstream, for example, to the lungs.... hypernephroma

Hyperlipidaemia

An excess of fat in the blood, characterising a group of metabolic disorders. The two most important fats circulating in the blood are CHOLESTEROL and TRIGLYCERIDE. Raised blood levels of cholesterol predispose to ATHEROMA and coronary artery disease (see HEART, DISEASES OF); raised triglycerides predispose to pancreatitis (see PANCREAS, DISORDERS OF). Six types of hyperlipidaemia have been identi?ed, and diagnosis of the di?erent types depends upon blood tests to discover lipid levels. Some of the hyperlipidaemias are familial, and some are secondary to other diseases such as hypothyroidism (see THYROID GLAND, DISEASES OF), DIABETES MELLITUS, nephrotic syndrome and alcoholism.

Treatment There is evidence that therapy which lowers the lipid concentration reduces the progression of premature atheroma, particularly in those who suffer from the familial disorder. Treatment should include appropriate diets, usually food that is low in cholesterol and saturated fats. There are a number of drugs available for lowering the lipid content of the plasma, but these should be reserved for patients in whom severe hyperlipidaemia is inadequately controlled by weight reduction. Anion-exchange resins – clo?brate, beza?brate and gem?brozil, for example – and statins such as atorvastatin and simvastatin, as well as nicotinic acid, all lower plasma cholesterol and plasma triglyceride concentration through their e?ect on reducing the hepatic production of lipoproteins. Cholestyramine and colestipol, both of which are anion-exchange resins, bind bile salts in the gut and so decrease the absorption of the cholesterol that these bile salts contain – hence lowering plasma cholesterol concentrations. Probucol lowers plasma cholesterol concentrations by increasing the metabolism of low-density lipoproteins.

The statins (atorvastatin, cerivastatin, ?uvastatin, pravastatin and simvastatin) inhibit an enzyme involved in synthesising cholesterol, especially in the liver. They are more e?ective than anion-exchange resins in lowering LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol – a form of low-density cholesterol carried in the bloodstream, high levels of which are believed to be the main cause of atheroma. Statins are, however, less e?ective than the clo?brate group in reducing triglycerides and raising HDL (highdensity lipoprotein) cholesterol (high-density cholesterol).... hyperlipidaemia

Hyperplasia

Hyperplasia means an abnormal increase in the number of cells in a tissue.... hyperplasia

Hyperpyrexia

High FEVER. (See also TEMPERATURE.)... hyperpyrexia

Hypertensive

Tending to rise the blood pressure... hypertensive

Hyperthyroidism

Excessive activity of the thyroid gland. (See THYROID GLAND, DISEASES OF.)... hyperthyroidism

Hyperventilation

An abnormally rapid resting respiratory rate (see RESPIRATION). If voluntarily induced, it causes lightheadedness and then unconsciousness by lowering the blood tension of carbon dioxide.

Hyperventilation is a manifestation of chest and heart diseases which raise carbon dioxide tension or cause HYPOXIA (e.g. severe CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) or PULMONARY OEDEMA). Mechanically ventilated patients may be hyperventilated to lower carbon dioxide tension in order to reduce INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE. (See also HYPOCAPNIA.)... hyperventilation

Hypnotic

Inducing sleep or a state resembling sleep... hypnotic

Hypo

A pre?x meaning below, under, or less than normal: for example, hypotension (low blood pressure) and hypodermic (under the skin).... hypo

Hypochlorhydria

An insu?cient secretion of HYDROCHLORIC ACID from the digestive cells of the stomach lining.... hypochlorhydria

Hypochondrium

The regions of the belly below the ribcage and to the sides, as in left or right hypochondrium.... hypochondrium

Hypoglossal Nerve

The 12th cranial nerve, which supplies the muscles of the tongue, together with some others lying near it. This nerve is responsible for movements required for swallowing and talking. (See also NERVOUS SYSTEM.)... hypoglossal nerve

Hypogonadism

A condition characterised by underactivity of the testes (see TESTICLE) or OVARIES – the gonads. The condition may be caused by a genetically based disorder resulting in an abnormally functioning gonad (primary hypogonadism) or by a malfunctioning PITUITARY GLAND that fails to produce an adequate amount of gonadotrophin hormone (see GONADOTROPHINS) – secondary hypogonadism. Those affected may fail to develop adequately the secondary characteristics of their sex: males will have delayed puberty, erectile impotence and infertility and also develop GYNAECOMASTIA; females also have delayed puberty, infertility, and sometimes HIRSUTISM.... hypogonadism

Hypomania

Hypomania is a modest manifestation of mania (see under MENTAL ILLNESS). The individual is elated to an extent that he or she may make unwise decisions, and social behaviour may become animated and uninhibited. To the casual observer individuals may, however, seem normal. Treatment is advisable to prevent them from harming their own or their family’s interests. Treatment is as for mania.... hypomania

Hypophysectomy

Surgical excision of the PITUITARY GLAND. This can be done by opening the skull, by inserting very low-temperature needles (CRYOSURGERY) into the gland, or by inserting needles of radioactive YTTRIUM-90.... hypophysectomy

Hypoplasia

Excessive smallness of an organ or part, arising from imperfect development.... hypoplasia

Hypospadias

A developmental abnormality in the male, in which the URETHRA opens on the undersurface of the penis or in the PERINEUM. The condition is treatable with surgery, but several operations over a period of years may be required to ensure normal urinary and sexual functions.... hypospadias

Hypotensive

Tending to lower blood pressure... hypotensive

Hypothyroidism

Underactivity of the thyroid gland (see THYROID GLAND, DISEASES OF).... hypothyroidism

Hypovolaemia

A reduced circulating blood volume. Acutely, it is caused by unreplaced losses from bleeding, sweating, diarrhoea, vomiting or diuresis. Chronically it may be caused by inadequate ?uid intake.... hypovolaemia

Hysteroscopy

Hysteroscopy is the direct visualisation of the interior of the UTERUS using FIBREOPTIC ENDOSCOPY. The technique, which allows minor surgical procedures to be carried out at the same time, has transformed the management of uterine disorders.... hysteroscopy

Inguinal Hernia

An extrusion of the abdominal PERITONEUM, sometimes containing a loop of bowel, through natural openings in the region of either groin (see HERNIA).... inguinal hernia

Luteinizing Hormone

(LH) This is a sugar-bearing protein manufactured by the anterior pituitary. Like a lot of the pituitary hormones, it surges on and off, since constant secretion would overload and deaden receptors. In women, it builds up after menses, stimulating the release of estrogen from the ovaries. Estrogen in turn stimulates the hypothalamus to increase its stimulation of LH from the pituitary, until, a day or two before ovulation, they produce a guitar-amp feedback, and the cells that produce LH start to surge follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). The egg pops, being replaced by the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone for the next eleven to twelve days. Progesterone inhibits and lowers LH levels, as well as inhibiting levels of estrogen already being produced by the young follicles that will produce next month’s egg. In men, LH is responsible for stimulation of testosterone, although FSH and the testes hormone inhibin are responsible for both the production of sperm and controlling testosterone.... luteinizing hormone

Mental Handicap

See LEARNING DISABILITY.... mental handicap

Prickly Heat

See MILIARIA.... prickly heat

Portal Hypertension

Raised blood pressure in the PORTAL VEIN entering the LIVER. This results in increased pressure in the veins of the oesophagus and upper stomach and these grow in size to form varices – dilated tortuous veins. Sometimes these varices rupture, causing bleeding into the oesophagus. The raised pressure also causes ?uid to collect in the abdomen and form ASCITES. The commonest reason for portal hypertension is cirrhosis (?brosis) of the liver (see LIVER, DISEASES OF). THROMBOSIS in the portal vein may also be a cause. Treatment requires the cause to be tackled, but bleeding from ruptured vessels may be stopped by injecting a sclerosant or hardening solution into and around the veins. Sometimes a surgical shunt may be done to divert blood from the portal vein to another blood vessel.... portal hypertension

Public Health

The approach to health that is concerned with the health of the community as a whole. The three core public health functions are: the assessment and monitoring of the health of communities and populations at risk to identify health problems and priorities; the formulation of public policies designed to solve identified local and national health problems and priorities; and ensuring that all populations have access to appropriate and cost-effective care, including health promotion and disease prevention services, and evaluation of the effectiveness of that care. See “community health”.... public health

Pulmonary Hypertension

In this condition, increased resistance to the blood ?ow through the LUNGS occurs. This is usually the result of lung disease, and the consequence is an increase in pulmonary artery pressure and in the pressure in the right side of the heart and in the veins bringing blood to the heart. Chronic BRONCHITIS or EMPHYSEMA commonly constrict the small arteries in the lungs, thus causing pulmonary HYPERTENSION. (See also EISENMENGER SYNDROME.)... pulmonary hypertension

Sheltered Housing

Purpose-built or adapted accommodation for older people with a warden and an emergency alarm system. Different kinds of sheltered housing provide different levels of care. See “extra care sheltered housing”.... sheltered housing

Subarachnoid Haemorrhage

A haemorrhage into the subarachnoid space in the BRAIN. It is usually the result of rupture of an ANEURYSM on the CIRCLE OF WILLIS. Head injury or intense physical exercise occasionally cause subarachnoid haemorrhage; the diagnosis is con?rmed by CT scan or by identifying blood in the CEREBROSPINAL FLUID at LUMBAR PUNCTURE. Cerebral ANGIOGRAPHY will usually pinpoint the site of bleeding. Treatment is bed rest, life-support measures and procedures to reduce blood pressure; sometimes surgery is carried out but not usually until several weeks after the acute episode. About 30 per cent of patients recover fully, whilst some have residual disabilities such as EPILEPSY, mental deterioration or paralysis. About 50 per cent of those affected die.... subarachnoid haemorrhage

Globus Hystericus

Sensation of a ‘lump in the throat’ causing a choking under stress of emotion. Related to hysteria with spasm of the pharynx.

Indicated: German Chamomile, St John’s Wort, Balm, Valerian or Lobelia. In the form of tincture, tea, liquid extract or tablets. ... globus hystericus

Hansen’s Disease

Leprosy. Progressive infection by Mycobacterium leprae. Two forms: (1) tuberculoid; infection of the nerve endings and membranes of the nose, with loss of feeling and pale patches on the body. (2) Lepromatous; with inflamed thickened painful red skin exacerbated by ulceration, fever, neuritis and orchitis. Distorted lips and loss of nasal bone as infection progresses.

Symptoms: numbness, nerves may swell like iron rods. Infected nerves kill all sensation. In endemic areas, pins and needles in hands may call attention to it. A disease of nerves rather than skin. NOTIFIABLE DISEASE.

Many laymen and practitioners will never have seen a case. In the absence of modern medicine some good can be achieved by traditional remedies. Ancient Hindu and Chinese records refer to the use of Gotu Kola (internally and externally). Dr C.D. de Granpre? (1888) refers. (Martindale 27; p.441)

Oil of Chaulmoogra was used up to one hundred years ago before introduction of modern drugs. It fell into dis-use until discovered by a Director of Health in the Philippine Islands during World War I when he used it successfully in combination with camphor. In South America, where the disease is still active, Sarsaparilla has a long traditional reputation. Walnut oil is used as a dressing, in China. An anti- staphylococcal fraction has been isolated from the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia for use in leprosy. (Indian Journal of Pharmacy 26: 141, 1964)

Tea. Gotu Kola. Half a teaspoon to each cup boiling water; infuse 15 minutes. Drink freely. Stronger infusions may be used externally to cleanse ulceration.

Decoction. Combine: Sarsaparilla 1; Gotu Kola 1; Echinacea 2. Half an ounce to 1 pint water gently simmered 20 minutes. Dose: Half a cup 3 times daily.

Formula. Echinacea 2; Sarsaparilla 1; Gotu Kola 2. Dose. Powders 500mg. Liquid Extracts 3-5ml. Tinctures 5-10ml. Thrice daily.

Note: Antibody-positive cases of AIDS are vulnerable to leprosy, both diseases being caused by a similar bacterium.

To be treated by infectious diseases specialist. ... hansen’s disease

Hearing Loss

Otosclerosis: a common cause of deafness in healthy adults. Gradual progressive hearing loss with troublesome tinnitus. The stapes may be fixed and the cochlea damaged. Bones may become spongy and demineralised. While deafness is a matter for the professional specialist, herbal treatment may prove useful. Examine ear for wax.

Internal. Elderflower and Peppermint tea (catarrhal). Ginkgo tea.

Tablets/capsules. Ginkgo. Improvement reported in moderate loss.

Topical. Garlic oil. Injection of 3-4 drops at night.

Wax in the ear. Mixture: 30 drops oil Eucalyptus, 1 drop Tincture Capsicum (or 3 of Ginger), 1oz (30ml) Olive oil. Inject 4-5 drops, warm.

Black Cohosh Drops. It is claimed that John Christopher (USA) improved many cases of moderate hearing loss with topical use of 5-10 drops Liquid Extract in 1oz oil of Mullein (or Olive oil).

Pulsatilla Drops. Tincture Pulsatilla and glycerol 50/50. 2-3 drops injected at bedtime. Assists auditory nerve function. (Arthur Hyde)

Nerve deafness due to fibroma of the 8th cranial nerve, or after surgery – oral: Mistletoe tea for temporary relief. ... hearing loss

Heart Block

A disorder that occurs in the transmission of impulses between the atria (upper chambers) and ventricles (lower chambers) of the heart. A blocking of the normal route of electrical conduction through the ventricles not responding to initiation of the beat by the atria. Beats are missed with possible blackouts.

Causes: myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, coronary thrombosis or other heart disorder.

Symptoms: slow feeble heart beats down to 36 beats per minute with fainting and collapse, breathlessness, Stoke Adams syndrome.

Treatment. Intensive care. Until the doctor comes: 1-5 drops Oil of Camphor in honey on the tongue or taken in a liquid if patient is able to drink. Freely inhale the oil. On recovery: Motherwort tea, freely. OR, Formula of tinctures: Lily of the Valley 2; Cactus 1; Motherwort 2. Mix. Dose – 30-60 drops in water thrice daily. A fitted pace-maker may be necessary.

Spartiol. 20 drops thrice daily. (Klein) ... heart block

Heat Exhaustion

Collapse of the circulation from exposure to excessive heat. Possible in the presence of diarrhoea, vomiting or excessive sweating (dehydration) or alcohol consumption.

Symptoms: heavy sweating, failure of surface circulation, low blood pressure, weakness, cramps, rapid heartbeat, face is pale, cool and moist. Collapse. Recovery after treatment is rapid.

Alternatives. Cayenne pepper, or Tincture Capsicum, to promote peripheral circulation and sustain the heart. Prickly Ash bark restores vascular tone and stimulates capillary circulation. Bayberry offers a diffusive stimulant to promote blood flow, and Cayenne to increase arterial force.

Decoction. Combine equal parts Prickly Ash and Bayberry. 1 teaspoon to each cup water gently simmered 20 minutes. Half a cup (to which 3 drops Tincture Capsicum, or few grains red pepper is added). Dose: every 2 hours.

Tablets/capsules. Prickly Ash. Bayberry. Motherwort. Cayenne.

Tinctures. Formula. Prickly Ash 2; Horseradish 1; Bayberry 1. 15-30 drops in water every 2 hours. Traditional. Horseradish juice or grated root, in honey.

Life Drops. ... heat exhaustion

Heatstroke

Sunstroke. Should not be confused with heat exhaustion.

Symptoms: skin hot, dry and flushed. High temperature and high humidity dispose. Sweating mechanism disorganised. Delirium, headache, shock, dizziness, possible coma, nausea, profuse sweating followed by absence of sweat causing skin to become hot and dry; rapid rise in body temperature, muscle twitching, tachycardia, dehydration.

Treatment. Hospital emergency. Reduce temperature by immersion of victim in bath of cold water. Wrap in a cold wet sheet. Lobelia, to equalise the circulation. Feverfew to regulate sweating mechanism. Yarrow to reduce temperature. Give singly or in combination as available.

Alternatives. Tea. Lobelia 1; Feverfew 2; Yarrow 2. Mix. 2 teaspoons to each cup boiling water; infuse 15 minutes. Half-1 cup freely. Vomiting to be regarded as favourable.

Tinctures. Combine: Lobelia 1; Pleurisy root 2; Valerian 1. Dose: 1-2 teaspoons in water every 2 hours. Decoction. Irish Moss; drink freely.

Practitioner. Tincture Gelsemium BPC (1973). Dose: 0.3ml (5 drops).

Alternate hot and cold compress to back of neck and forehead. Hot Chamomile footbath.

Diet. Irish Moss products. High salt. Abundant drinks of spring water.

Supplements. Kelp tablets, 2 thrice daily. Vitamin C (1g after meals thrice daily). Vitamin E (one 500iu capsule morning and evening).

Vitamin C for skin protection. Increasing Vitamin C after exposure to the sun should help protect against the sun’s ultra violet rays, as skin Vitamin C levels were shown to be severely depleted after exposure. (British Journal of Dermatology 127, 247-253) ... heatstroke

Hodgkin’s Disease

(Lymphadenoma. Lymphogranulomatosis). Chronic enlargement of the lymph nodes often together with that of the liver, spleen and bone marrow. Affects more males than females, 30- 40 years. High white blood cell count. Cancer of the lymph vessels. Follows a typical clinical course with anaemia until necrosis supervenes. The disease is suspected by a combination of enlargement of lymph nodes (especially the neck), severe itching and unexplained fever. Symptoms vary according to part of the body affected.

Symptoms. Hard rubbery glands are general, chiefly detected under the arm and groin. Enlarged nodes may compress nearby structures to produce nerve pains. Weight loss. Accumulation of fluid in lungs and abdomen. Obstruction of bile duct leads to jaundice. Patient may be prone to shingles. High fever heralds approaching fatality. Blood count, bone marrow aspiration and node biopsy confirm. Tubercula glands may simulate Hodgkin’s disease.

Some success reported by the use of the Periwinkle plant. (vinca rosea – Vinchristine) Wm Boericke, M.D. refers to Figwort as a powerful agent in Hodgkin’s disease.

Alternatives. Although there is no known cure, emphasis on the cortex of the adrenal gland may reduce skin irritation and pain in the later stages (Gotu Kola, Liquorice, Sarsaparilla). To arrest wasting and constitutional weakness: Echinacea. Anti-pruritics, alteratives and lymphatics are indicated.

Tea. Formula. Equal parts, Nettles, Gotu Kola, Red Clover. 1 heaped teaspoon to each cup boiling water; infuse 15 minutes. 1 cup 3 or more times daily.

Decoction. Formula. Equal parts – Yellow Dock, Queen’s Delight, Echinacea. 1 teaspoon to each cup water gently simmered 20 minutes. Half-1 cup 3 or more times daily.

Tablets/capsules. Poke root. Blue Flag root. Echinacea. Mistletoe.

Powders. Formula. Echinacea 2; Poke root 1; Bladderwrack 1. Dose: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one- third teaspoon) 3 or more times daily.

Tinctures. Mixture. Parts: Echinacea 2; Goldenseal quarter; Thuja quarter; Poke root half; Periwinkle 1. Dose: 1-2 teaspoons, 3 or more times daily. Where active inflammation is present – add Wild Yam 1. External. Castor oil packs to abdomen.

Treatment by a general medical practitioner or hospital specialist.

HOLISTIC MEDICINE. A school of thought which regards disease as a manifestation of an inner disturbance of the vital force, and not merely abnormality of certain groups of nerves, muscles, veins, or even the mind itself. Article 43 of Dr Samuel Hahnemann’s Organon of the Healing Art describes it:

“No organ, no tissue, no cell, no molecule is independent of the activities of the others but the life of each one of these elements is merged into the life of the whole. The unit of human life cannot be the organ, the tissue, the cell, the molecule, the atom, but the whole organism, the whole man.”

Holistic medicine relates disease to a patient’s personality, posture, diet, emotional life, and lifestyle. Treatment will be related to body, mind and spirit. It encourages a positive psychological response to the disease from which a patient suffers. For instance, its gentle approach to cancer embraces stress control, meditation, forms of visualisation and other life-enhancing skills.

Diet may be vegetarian, even vegan.... hodgkin’s disease

Hormone Replacement Therapy (hrt)

Within a few years medical scientists have introduced into the domestic scene a steroid which has changed the whole course of female history. HRT has solved some basic medical problems by making good the loss of oestrogen in a woman’s body when menstruation is finished and her body learns to adjust.

A lack of oestrogen induces hot flushes, night sweats, thinning of the bones (osteoporosis) with possible fractures, and a wide range of physical and emotional disorders.

HRT also prevents the increased frequency of coronary disease which may follow the menopause. With oestrogen only, HRT appears to increase the incidence of cancer of the uterine body. Use of oestrogen and progestogen avoids this.

HRT is available as a tablet, transdermal patch, implant or topical cream. Most women notice temporary improvement in their appearance and hot flushes as long as treatment is continued. HRT is not prescribed by the herbal practitioner. Soya and Hops are a mild alternative.

Side-effects of such treatment include blood pressure rise, weight gain and periods probably continue with a monthly bleed. Elderly women taking HRT for osteoporosis may develop bleeding problems, the risk of blood clot and gall bladder diseases.

Helonias has proved a useful alternative, effective in eliminating excess fluids, reducing hot flushes, and relieving that bloated feeling, thus helping the older woman to live a normal life.

Damiana. 1 heaped teaspoon leaves to each cup boiling water; infuse 5-10 minutes; strain. 1 cup 2-3 times daily for 3-6 weeks.

Sarsaparilla. 1oz (30g) root in 1 pint (500ml) water; simmer gently 20 minutes; strain. 1 cup 2-3 times daily for 3-6 weeks.

Supplementation. Daily. Vitamin E, 400iu. Vitamin B-complex (high potency). Evening Primrose oil capsules, 500mg morning and evening. Dolomite, for Calcium and Magnesium, 2 tablets morning and evening.

Note: An extensive study of breast cancer risks with HRT revealed a positive link between the risk of cancer and length of use. Risk of the disease increased with all types of women using HRT with every year of use. Pre-menstrual women were more than twice at risk. It would appear that oestrogens cannot be taken without risk. (Centre for Disease Control, Atlanta, USA) See: OESTROGENS. ... hormone replacement therapy (hrt)

Hydatid Disease

An infection caused by a tapeworm Echinococcus granulosis, which infests cattle, foxes, sheep and especially dogs from which it finds its way into humans by contaminated food. Eggs pass through the wall of the gut to develop in body tissue as a hydatid cyst. Many years may pass before symptoms reveal its presence. Surgical operation is the only effective cure although certain vermifuges, taken from time to time, create in the intestine an inhospitable environment for the parasite: Wormwood, Malefern, Fennel, Pumpkin seeds; given in capsule or powder form. Such worms deplete reserves of Vitamin B12 and may cause megaloblastic anaemia.

Supplementation. Vitamin B12.

HYDRAGOGUE. A herbal cathartic that causes watery evacuation and drastic purgation. White Bryony, American Mandrake. (Practitioner use only) ... hydatid disease

Chapped Hands

Chapped hands occur in cold weather, when reduced sweat and sebaceous activity leads to decreased natural protection of the skin. Prolonged immersion in soapy water, followed by exposure to cold air, results in cracking of the skin.

Prevention consists of minimising exposure to detergents and soapy water, and wearing rubber gloves for all routine household duties.... chapped hands

Chloral Hydrate

This drug is now rarely used but chloral betaine (Welldorm) is occasionally used in the elderly and in newborns with ?ts or cerebral irritation after a di?cult delivery.... chloral hydrate

Cluster Headaches

A type of MIGRAINE occurring in clusters – that is, a patient may have an attack daily for several days and then none for weeks or months. The pain is on one side of the head, often centred over the eye. The pain is excruciatingly severe and often associated with tearing, nasal discharge and production of thick saliva from the same side of the mouth. It is treated either with drugs such as SUMATRIPTAN or by breathing 100 per cent oxygen.... cluster headaches

Day Hospital

A facility, which may be attached to an acute hospital, geriatric centre or nursing home, providing non-residential care, such as medical care, nursing care, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, podiatry, speech therapy and counselling services, usually during the day.... day hospital

Dreams

See SLEEP.... dreams

Faith Healing

The facility, claimed by some people, to cure disease by a healing force present in their make-up. The healer ‘transmits’ the force by direct contact with the person seeking treatment. Strong religious beliefs are usually the characteristics of the healer and his or her subject. The force is inexplicable to science but some medically quali?ed doctors have been convinced of its bene?cial e?ect in certain individuals.... faith healing

Habit

A behavioural response or practice that is established by the individual frequently repeating the same act. The process is called habituation, and the more a person is exposed to a particular stimulus, the less is he or she aroused by it. People may also become habituated to certain drugs, requiring more and more of a substance to produce the same e?ect – a process known as TOLERANCE.... habit

Habituation

See HABIT.... habituation

Haematinic

A drug that raises the quantity of HAEMOGLOBIN in the blood. Ferrous sulphate is a common example of iron-containing compounds given to anaemic (see ANAEMIA) patients whose condition is due to iron de?ciency. Traditionally, haematinics have been used to prevent anaemia in pregnant women, but nowadays a maternal diet containing iron-rich foods and regular antenatal checks of haemoglobin concentrations in the blood should make the routine use of haematinics unnecessary.... haematinic

Haematocoele

A cavity containing blood. Generally as the result of an injury which ruptures blood vessels, blood is e?used into one of the natural cavities of the body, or among loose cellular tissue, producing a haematocoele.... haematocoele

Haematocolpos

The condition in which menstrual blood cannot drain from the VAGINA because of an imperforate HYMEN.... haematocolpos

Haematocrit

Also known as packed cell volume, this is an expression of the fraction of blood volume occupied by the ERYTHROCYTES. It is determined by centrifuging a sample of blood in a capillary tube and measuring the height of the resulting packed cells as a percentage of the total sample height. Normal values: males 42–53 per cent or 0.42–0.53 mL/dL females 32–48 per cent or 0.36–0.48 mL/dL... haematocrit

Haematogenous

An adjective applied to a biological process which produces blood, or to an agent produced in or coming from blood. For example, a haematogenous infection is one resulting from contact with blood that contains a virus or bacterium responsible for the infection.... haematogenous

Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome

A disease of children resulting in acute RENAL failure. A febrile illness of the gastrointestinal or respiratory tracts is followed by intravascular COAGULATION of blood which results in HAEMOLYSIS, ANAEMIA, THROMBOCYTOPAENIA and renal failure (resulting from ?brin deposition in renal arterioles and glomerular capillaries).

The death rate is 2–10 per cent and the majority of patients survive without renal failure. The longer the period of OLIGURIA, the greater the risk of chronic renal failure.

Treatment is supportive, with replacement of blood and clotting factors, control of HYPERTENSION, and careful observation of ?uid balance.... haemolytic uraemic syndrome

Haemopericardium

The presence of blood in the PERICARDIUM, the membranous sac which surrounds the heart. The condition may result from a myocardial infarction (see HEART, DISEASES OF), leaking ANEURYSM, injury, or tumour. Because the pericardial blood compresses the heart, the latter’s pumping action is impeded, reducing the blood pressure and causing cardiac failure. Urgent surgical drainage of the blood may be required.... haemopericardium

Haemopoiesis

The formation of blood cells and PLATELETS – a continuous process throughout life. As ageing cells are removed from the circulation, new ones, generated in the BONE MARROW, replace them.... haemopoiesis

Haemopoietic Stem Cell

This is the basic cell from which all types of blood cells originate. Its appearance is believed to be similar to that of a LYMPHOCYTE.... haemopoietic stem cell

Haemophilus

Gram-negative (see GRAM’S STAIN), rod-like, aerobic, non-sporing and non-motile parasitic bacteria. Mostly found in the respiratory tract, they may be part of the normal ?ora, but may also be responsible for several diseases. The main pathogenic species of haemophilus is H. in?uenzae, which may cause severe exacerbations of chronic BRONCHITIS, as well as MENINGITIS, EPIGLOTTITIS, SINUSITIS, and otitis media (see EAR, DISEASES OF). Other species may cause conjunctivitis (see EYE, DISORDERS OF) or CHANCROID. Haemophilus species are sensitive to a wide range of antibiotics, though generally resistant to penicillin. Infants are routinely immunised with Haemophilus B vaccine to prevent meningitis, septicaemia and epiglottitis

– all potentially fatal disesases.... haemophilus

Haemostatics

A group of drugs used to treat bleeding disorders such as HAEMOPHILIA. Factor VIII is one of the clotting factors available for treatment: preparations of it are injected after abnormal bleeding or before surgery. Vitamin K preparations are another haemostatic group used to treat an overdose of ANTICOAGULANTS.

Haemostatic preparations of gelatine and cellulose are used to stem bleeding from the skin and gums, or as a result of tooth extractions.... haemostatics

Half Life

The time taken for the PLASMA concentration of an administered drug to decline by half as a result of redistribution, METABOLISM and EXCRETION.... half life

Halfway House

A residential home for mentally ill individuals where they can live under supervision after discharge from hospital. They may be ?t to work but cannot manage an independent life.... halfway house

Hallucinogenic

Producing hallucinations... hallucinogenic

Hallucinogens

Compounds characterised by their ability to produce distortions of perception, emotional changes, depersonalisation, and a variety of effects on memory and learned behaviour. They include CANNABIS, LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE (LSD) and MESCALINE. (See also DEPENDENCE.)... hallucinogens

Halo

A coloured circle seen around a bright light in some eye conditions. When accompanied by headache, it is especially likely to be caused by GLAUCOMA.... halo

Halothane

A volatile liquid anaesthetic, used for many years as a potent inhalant anaesthetic. It provides smooth induction of ANAESTHESIA and is non-irritant and pleasant to inhale. A few patients have an idiosyncracy to halothane, putting them at risk if it is used frequently, so a careful history is essential before it is administered to a patient (see HALOTHANE HEPATITIS).... halothane

Haploid

An adjective describing organisms, cells or nuclei that have a single set of unpaired CHROMOSOMES. Human beings have haploid gametes (see GAMETE) following MEIOSIS.... haploid

Hapten

See ANTIGEN.... hapten

Hare-lip

See PALATE, MALFORMATIONS OF.... hare-lip

Hazel

(English) From the hazel tree Hazell, Hazelle, Haesel, Hazle, Hazal, Hayzel, Haezel, Haizel... hazel

Head

See BRAIN; FACE; SCALP; SKULL.... head

Health Care

Services provided to individuals or communities by health service providers for the purpose of promoting, maintaining, monitoring or restoring health.... health care

Health Impact Assessment

This is a structured, multi-disciplinary process for assessing and improving the health consequences of projects and policies in the non-health sector. It combines a range of qualitative and quantitative evidence in preparing conclusions. Applications of the assessments include appraisal of national policies, local urban planning, and the progress of transport, water and agricultural projects.... health impact assessment

Health Needs Assessment

A systematic procedure for determining the nature and extent of problems experienced by a specified population that affect their health, either directly or indirectly. Needs assessment makes use of epidemiological, sociodemographic and qualitative methods to describe health problems and their environmental, social, economic and behavioural determinants. See also “geriatric assessment”.... health needs assessment

Hearing

See DEAFNESS; EAR.... hearing

Hearing Aids

Nearly two-thirds of people aged over 70 have some degree of hearing impairment (see DEAFNESS). Hearing aids are no substitute for de?nitive treatment of the underlying cause of poor hearing, so examination by an ear, nose and throat surgeon and an audiologist is sensible before a hearing aid is issued (and is essential before one can be given through the NHS). The choice of aid depends on the age, manipulative skills, and degree of hearing impairment of the patient and the underlying cause of the deafness. The choice of hearing aid for a deaf child is particularly important, as impaired hearing can hinder speech development.

Electronic aids consist, essentially, of a microphone, an ampli?er, and an earphone. In postaural aids the microphone and ampli?er are contained in a small box worn behind the ear or attached to spectacles. The earphone is on a specially moulded earpiece. Some patients ?nd it di?cult to manipulate the controls of an aid worn behind the ear, and they may be better o? with a device worn on the body. Some hearing aids are worn entirely within the ear and are very discreet. They are particularly useful for people who have to wear protective headgear such as helmets.

The most sophisticated aids sit entirely within the ear canal so are virtually invisible. They may be tuned so that only the frequencies the wearer cannot hear are ampli?ed.

Many have a volume control and a special setting for use with telephone and in rooms ?tted with an inductive coupler that screens out background noise.

In making a choice therefore from the large range of e?ective hearing aids now available, the expert advice of an ear specialist must be obtained. The RNID (Royal National Institute for Deaf People) provides a list of clinics where such a specialist can be consulted. It also gives reliable advice concerning the purchase and use of hearing aids – a worthwhile function, as some aids are very expensive.... hearing aids

Heat Cramps

Painful cramps in the muscles occurring in workers, such as stokers, who labour in hot conditions. The cramps are the result of loss of salt in the sweat, and can be cured by giving the sufferer salty water to drink. (See also HEAT STROKE.)... heat cramps

Heather

(English) Resembling the evergreen flowering plant Hether, Heatha, Heath, Heathe... heather

Hebephrenia

A form of SCHIZOPHRENIA that comes on in youth and is marked by depression and gradual failure of mental faculties with egotistic and self-centred delusions.... hebephrenia

Heart Surgery

Open-heart surgery permits the treatment of many previously inoperable conditions that were potentially fatal, or which made the patient chronically disabled. CORONARY ARTERY VEIN BYPASS GRAFTING (CAVBG), used to remedy obstruction of the arteries supplying the heart muscle, was ?rst carried out in the mid1960s and is now widely practised. Constricted heart valves today are routinely dilated by techniques of MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGERY (MIS), such as ANGIOPLASTY and laser treatment, and faulty valves can be replaced with mechanical alternatives (see VALVULOPLASTY).

Heart transplant Replacement of a person’s unhealthy heart with a normal heart from a healthy donor. The donor’s heart needs to be removed immediately after death and kept chilled in saline before rapid transport to the recipient. Heart transplants are technically demanding operations used to treat patients with progressive untreatable heart disease but whose other body systems are in good shape. They usually have advanced coronary artery disease and damaged heart muscle (CARDIOMYOPATHY). Apart from the technical diffculties of the operation, preventing rejection of the transplanted heart by the recipient’s immune system requires complex drug treatment. But once the patient has passed the immediate postoperative phase, the chances of ?ve-year survival is as high as 80 per cent in some cardiac centres. A key di?culty in doing heart transplants is a serious shortage of donor organs.... heart surgery

Heart-lung Machine

A device that temporarily takes over the function of the heart and lungs. It is used in certain operations in the chest, giving the surgeon more time for operations such as open-heart surgery, heart transplants and heart-lung transplants. The machine also ensures an operating area largely free of blood, which helps the surgeon to work more quickly. A pump replaces the heart and an oxygenator replaces the lungs. When connected up, the machine in e?ect bypasses normal cardiopulmonary activity. It also contains a heat exchanger to warm or cool the patient’s blood according to the requirements of the operation. The patient is given an anticoagulant (HEPARIN) to counteract clotting which may occur when blood cells get damaged during the machine’s use. Patients are on the machine for a few hours only, because blood supply to vital organs begins to be reduced.... heart-lung machine

Heartsease

Viola tricolor. N.O. Violaceae.

Synonym: Wild Pansy.

Habitat: Cultivated fields.

Features ? Stem short, square, smooth, branched. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, crenate. Flowers in June, petals of differing sizes, usually wholly yellow but occasionally purple upper petals with dark stripes on lower; single, violet-like flower to each flower stalk. Three carpel fruit.

Part used ? Herb.

Action: Diaphoretic, diuretic.

The mildness of action makes it applicable in infantile skin eruptions, for which the ounce to pint infusion is given in doses according to age.

It has been said that the medicine will ward off asthmatic and epileptic convulsions, but there would appear to be no reliable confirmation of this. The claim may have originated with Culpeper, who writes, concerning Heartsease ? "The spirit of it is excellently good for the convulsions in children, as also for falling sickness, and a gallant remedy for the inflammations of the lungs and breast, pleurisy, scabs, itch, etc."... heartsease

Helicobacter Pylori

A bacterium which colonises the stomach. While it may cause no disease, it has a tendency to produce in?ammation – gastritis. This may progress in some people to peptic ulceration (see PEPTIC ULCER), and even to gastric cancer. The bacterium can be identi?ed on blood testing or, more accurately, by obtaining a biopsy of the stomach wall by ENDOSCOPY. It can be eradicated by treatment with PROTON-PUMP INHIBITORS and antibiotics.... helicobacter pylori

Hellp Syndrome

A type of severe PRE-ECLAMPSIA (a disorder affecting some pregnant women) that affects various systems in the body. HAEMOLYSIS, raised concentration of the enzymes in the LIVER, and a low blood platelet count are among the characteristics (and explain the name HELLP); patients are acutely ill and immediate termination of pregnancy is necessary. (See also PREGNANCY AND LABOUR.)... hellp syndrome

Helminthiasis

Morbid state due to infestation with worms... helminthiasis

Helminths

Round worms, tapeworms and flukes.... helminths

Hemimelia

This consists of defects in the distal part of the extremities: for example, the absence of a forearm or hand. Hemimelia is a congenital defect; large numbers of cases resulted from the administration of THALIDOMIDE during pregnancy (see also PHOCOMELIA; TERATOGENESIS).... hemimelia

Hemolytic

Destructive to red blood cells... hemolytic

Henna

Healing... henna

Hepatectomy

The operation for removal of the LIVER, or part of it.... hepatectomy

Hepatocyte

The main cell type present in the LIVER. A large cell, it has several important metabolic functions: these include synthesis and storage of biochemical products; detoxi?cation of poisons and unwanted substances; and the manufacture of BILE, the liver secretion that passes through the bile ducts to the small intestine and helps in the digestion of fat.... hepatocyte

Hepatic Encephalopathy

A neuropsychiatric syndrome caused by disease of the LIVER, and occurring most often in patients with CIRRHOSIS – see also LIVER, DISEASES OF; it also occurs in acute form in acute failure of liver function. The disorder is believed to be the result of biochemical disturbance of brain function, because the condition is reversible and pathological changes in brain tissue are rarely found. The patient’s intellect, personality, emotions and consciousness are altered but neurological signs may or may not be identi?ed. Apathy, confusion, drowsiness, sometimes CONVULSIONS, speech disturbance and eventually COMA mark the progress of the condition. The principles of treatment are to remove the precipitating causes. These include: URAEMIA; sedative, antidepressant and hypnotic drugs; gastrointestinal bleeding; too much protein in the diet; infection; and trauma (including surgical operations).... hepatic encephalopathy

Herd Immunity

A level of immunity found in a community of animals/humans and related to a particular infection to which the community has been exposed.... herd immunity

Hermaphrodite

An individual in whom both ovarian (see OVARIES) and testicular (see TESTICLE) tissue is present. Hermaphrodites may have a testis on one side and an ovary on the other; or an ovotestis on one side and an ovary or testis on the other; or there may be an ovotestis on both sides. Both gonads are usually intra-abdominal. The true hermaphrodite usually has a UTERUS and at least one Fallopian tube (see FALLOPIAN TUBES) on the side of the ovary, and on the side of the testis there is usually a VAS DEFERENS. Most true hermaphrodites are raised as males, but external virilisation is not usually complete. Even when signi?cant phallic development is present, HYPOSPADIAS and CRYPTORCHIDISM are common. At puberty, GYNAECOMASTIA develops and MENSTRUATION is common, as ovarian function is usually more nearly normal than testicular function. The condition is rare. A more common condition is pseudohermaphroditism: these are individuals who possess the gonads of only one sex but whose external genitalia may be ambiguous. The cause is a hormonal imbalance and can usually be corrected by hormone treatment.... hermaphrodite

Hernioplasty

... hernioplasty

Herniotomy

The surgical removal of the sac of connective tissue surrounding a HERNIA. In children or healthy young adults with an inguinal hernia, a herniotomy is usually su?cient to cure the condition.... herniotomy

Hertz

The SI (International System of Units) unit of frequency. It indicates the number of cycles per second (c/s). The abbreviation for hertz is Hz.... hertz

Heterograft

A transplant from one animal to another of a di?erent species. It is also known as a xenograft.... heterograft

Heterozygous

An individual having dissimilar members of the pair of genes coding for a given characteristic (see GENES).... heterozygous

Hexacanth

A larval stage of the tapeworm having six hooks.... hexacanth

Hexamine

A substance which, when excreted by the kidneys, releases formaldehyde which has an antiseptic action. It is given to patients with recurrent CYSTITIS. It acts only in urine with an acid reaction, and, if the urine is alkaline, ascorbic acid may acidify it. Hexamine is used prophylactically and for long-term treatment of recurrent urinary-tract infections.... hexamine

Hibiscus

(Latin) Resembling the showy flower

Hibiskus, Hibyscus, Hibyskus, Hybiscus, Hybiskus, Hybyscus, Hybyskus... hibiscus

High Dependency Unit

A hospital unit equipped and sta?ed to nurse patients who require a high level of technically supported care. Patients are usually moved to such units when they have made satisfactory progress in an INTENSIVE THERAPY UNIT (ITU) and do not require the one-to-one nursing necessary in ITUs. Patients who have undergone major surgery are often transferred from the recovery ward to a high dependency unit until they are well enough to be cared for in a standard ward.... high dependency unit

Hilum

A term applied to the depression on organs such as the lung, kidney, and spleen, at which the vessels and nerves enter it and around which the lymphatic glands cluster. The hilum of the lung is also known as its root.... hilum

Hindbrain

That part of the BRAIN comprising the cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata.... hindbrain

Hippocrates

A famous Greek physician who lived from

c.460 to 377 BC and who taught students at the medical school in Cos. Often called the ‘father of medicine’, he is renowned for drawing up the HIPPOCRATIC OATH, some of which may have been derived from the ancient oath of the Aesclepiads. Apart from his oath, Hippocrates has about 60 other medical works attributed to him, forming a corpus which was collected around 250 BC in the famous library of Alexandria in Egypt. Hippocratic medicine appealed ‘to reason rather than to rules or to supernatural forces’ is how the late Roy Porter, the English social historian, summed up its ethos in his medical history, The Greatest Bene?t to Mankind (Harper Collins, 1997). Porter also commended Hippocrates as being patient-centred rather than disease-orientated in his practice of medicine.... hippocrates

Hippus

Hippus is a tremor of the iris which produces alternating contraction and dilatation of the pupil (see EYE).... hippus

Histidine

An amino acid from which HISTAMINE is derived.... histidine

Histiocytoma

See DERMATOFIBROMA.... histiocytoma

Histogram

A graphic representation of the frequency distribution of a variable. Rectangles are drawn in such a way that their bases lie on a linear scale, representing different intervals, and their heights are proportional to the frequencies of the values within each of the intervals.... histogram

Holistic

A term used for a method of medical care in which patients are treated as a whole, and which takes into account their physical and mental state as well as social background rather than just treating the disease alone.... holistic

Holly

(English) Of the holly tree Holli, Hollie, Hollee, Holley, Hollye, Hollyanne, Holle, Hollea, Hollei, Holleigh, Hollianne, Holleah, Hollyn, Holeena... holly

Holostemma

Holostemma ada-kodien

Asclepiadaceae

San: Jivanti;

Hin: Chirvel, Charivel;

Mal: Atapathiyan, Atapotiyan, Atakotiyan;

Tam: Palaikkirai;

Tel: Palagurugu; Mar: Dudurli, Shidodi;

Guj: Kharner, Khiravel

Importance: Holostemma is a twining shrub with large flowers. The roots of Holostemma are useful in ophthalmopathy, orchitis, cough, burning sensation, stomachalgia, constipation, fever and tridoshas. The leaves, flowers and fruits are eaten as vegetable. The root is also used in spermatorrhoea. It is used in preparations of Vidaryadiganam, Dhanwandharam thaila, Manasamithravatakam, Balarishta and Anuthaila. It is also useful in eye diseases and it imparts resistance to diseases.

Distribution: The plant occurs in tropical countries. In India, it is found in Himalayas, Dehradun, Konkan, Bombay, Deccan, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu. It grows over hedges and in open forests especially on the lower slopes of the hills. It is also distributed in Sri Lanka, Burma and W. China.

Botany: Holostemma ada-kodien Schult. syn. Holostemma annulare (Roxb.) K. Schum.

Holostemma rheedii Wall. belongs to the family Asclepiadaceae. It is a laticiferous twining shrub with large conspicuous flowers. Leaves are simple, opposite and cordate. Flowers are purple, arranged in axillary umbellate cymes. Fruits are thick follicles, 9 cm long, cylindrical and bluntly pointed. The roots are long upto 1 m or more, irregularly twisted, thick and cylindrical. When dry it is yellowish brown to brown black in colour with nearly smooth surface bearing white scars and small depressions. A mature root is about 1-2 cm thick when extracted for use (Warrier et al, 1995).

Agrotechnology: Holostemma prefers a tropical climate. The plant is propagated vegetatively by stem cuttings, but mainly by seeds. The seeds are collected from the plant in Novemb er-December before being dispersed. Seeds are cleaned, dried and stored for sowing. The stored seeds after soaking in water for 4-5 hours are sown in the seedbeds. About one month old seedlings are then planted in polybags of size 14x10cm which are filled with soil, sand and dried cowdung in 1:1:1 ratio, respectively. Polybags should be kept in shade and irrigated. About 1-1.5 month old seedlings are ready for transplanting. Pits of 30cm cube size are taken at 1-1.2m distance and filled with 10kg dried cowdung and sand. This is covered with surface soil and formed into a mound. Seedlings are transplanted on to the mounds from the polybags carefully. Regular irrigation is to be given till flowering. To aid in trailing, staking is given one month after planting. Flowering and fruiting occurs in November-December. Harvesting can be done at the end of second year when the vines start drying up. Harvesting is done by digging up the tubers. The tubers are cut into pieces of 10cm length and dried in sun before sale (Prasad et al, 1997).

Properties and activity: Holostemma tubers give -amyrin, lupeol and -sitosterol. Alanine, aspartic acid, glycine, serine, threonine and valine were detected chromatographically (Hussain et al, 1992). The root is antidiabetic, antigonorrhoeic, bechic, alterative, tonic, lactative, ophthalmic, emollient, stimulant, aphrodisiac, expectorant and galactagogue.... holostemma

Holy Thistle

Carbenia benedicta. N.O. Compositae.

Synonym: Carduus benedictus, Blessed Thistle.

Features ? Thomas Johnson, in his edition of Gerard's Herbal, published in 1636, gives us the following description of this member of the familiar thistle family ? "The stalks of Carduus benedictus are round, rough and pliable, and being parted into diverse branches, do lie flat on the ground ; the leaves are jagged round about and full of

harmless prickles in the edges; the heads on the top of the stalks are set with and environed with sharp prickling leaves, out of which standeth a yellow flower; the seed is long and set with hairs at the top like a beard; the root is white and parted into strings; the whole herb, leaves and stalks, and also the heads, are covered with a thin down."

Action: Although more popular among the old herbalists than among those of to-day. Holy Thistle is still valued for its tonic, stimulant and diaphoretic properties.

Mainly used in digestive troubles, the 1 ounce to 1 pint infusion, given warm in wineglass doses several times daily, is also found capable of breaking up obstinate colds. As it is held to stimulate the mammary glands, the infusion has been given with the object of promoting the secretion of milk.

Tilke is enthusiastic in his praise of the herb ? "I have found it such a clarifier of the blood, that by drinking an infusion once or twice a day, sweeted with honey, instead of tea, it would be a perfect cure for the headache, or what is commonly called the meagrims." The same writer recommends it as a salad "instead of watercresses."

The medicinal use of Holy Thistle goes back far beyond the days of Tilke, or even Johnson. William Turner, Domestic Physician to the Lord Protector Somerset in the reign of King Edward VI, in his Herbal published 1568, agrees with Tilke that the herb is "very good for the headache and the megram."... holy thistle

Home Help

A person or a service providing practical help in the home, such as household chores, to support an older person with disabilities to remain living in his/her own home.... home help

Homocysteine

An intermediate product in the body’s synthesis of the amino acid CYSTEINE.... homocysteine

Homograft

A piece of tissue or an organ, such as a kidney, transplanted from one animal to another of the same species: for example, from person to person. It is also known as an allograft.... homograft

Homozygous

An individual having identical members of the pair of genes coding for a given characteristic (see GENES).... homozygous

Honesty

(American) One who is truthful and trustworthy

Honestey, Honesti, Honestie, Honestee, Honestea... honesty

Honey

(American) A very sweet woman Hony, Honie, Honi, Honee, Honye, Hunig, Honbria, Honbrie, Honbree, Honea... honey

Homosexuality

Sexual activity with a member of the same sex. There has been considerable debate among psychiatrists as to whether homosexuality should be regarded as a normal sexual variant or as a psycho-pathological development or deviation. Although homosexuality is found in virtually every society and culture, there is no society in which it is the predominant or preferred mode of sexual activity. Various attempts have been made to link homosexuality to hormonal factors, particularly lowered TESTOSTERONE levels, or to ?nd a genetic explanation, but there is no evidence for either. Psychoanalytic theories link homosexuality to early child-rearing in?uences, in particular the close-binding and intimate mother.

The number of homosexual men and women in the UK is unknown. Re-analysis of the Kinsey report suggests that only 3 per cent of adult men have exclusively homosexual leanings and a further 3 per cent have extensive homosexual and heterosexual experience. Homosexuality among women (lesbianism) seems to be less common. Some homosexual men have high rates of sexual activity and multiple partners and, as with heterosexual men and women, this increases the risk of acquiring sexually transmitted diseases, unless appropriate precautionary measures are taken – for example, the use of condoms for penetrative sex, whether vaginal or anal. It was in homosexual males that the virus responsible for AIDS (see AIDS/HIV) was ?rst identi?ed, but the infection now occurs in both sexes.... homosexuality

Horehound

Marrubium vulgare. N.O. Labiateae.

Synonym: Hoarhound.

Habitat: Horehound flourishes in dry, and particularly chalky waste ground.

Features ? It grows to a height of one and a half to two feet. The bluntly four-cornered stem sends out spreading branches covered with white, woolly hair. The leaves, also spread with the soft hair, are egg-shaped and deeply toothed, the lower ones stalked, those above sessile. The small, white flowers appear during July in thick rings just above the upper leaves.

Part used ? The whole plant.

Action: Aromatic and bitter, having expectorant and slight diuretic action.

Horehound is probably the best known of all herbal pectoral remedies, and is undoubtedly effective in coughs, colds and pulmonary complaints. The whole herb is infused in 1 ounce quantities to 1 pint of water, and taken frequently in wineglass doses.

The refreshing and healthy Horehound Beer or Ale is brewed from this herb, and a Horehound candy is made which, when properly prepared, is one of the best of "cough sweets."

Coffin speaks highly of the tonic and expectorant qualities of Horehound, and its latter virtue has certainly been known for nearly three hundred years, as Culpeper tells us that "it helpeth to expectorate tough phlegm from the chest."... horehound

Horse Chestnut

Money, Healing ... horse chestnut

Horehound, Black

Ballota nigra. N.O. Labiateae.

Synonym: Crantz, Marrubium nigrum.

Habitat: Hedgerows, waste ground.

Features ? Stem stiff, erect, freely branched, up to four feet high. Leaves greyish-

green, upper ovate, lower cordate, in pairs, each pair pointing in opposite direction to next pair, crenate, hairy, stalked. Flowers (July and August) purplish, labiate, in rings just above leaves. Disagreeable odour.

Part used ? Herb.

Action: Stimulant, expectorant, diaphoretic, antispasmodic.

Coughs, colds and bronchial complaints generally. Hool prefers this herb to the white Horehound (Marrubium vulgare), and makes wide claims on its behalf. He recommends it in the treatment of consumption, various menstrual troubles, and parturition—in the last-named instance combined with Motherwort. "In chronic coughs, accompanied by spitting of blood," he tells us, "it will be found most excellent, either of itself or combined with other reliable remedies such as Lobelia, Marshmallow, Hyssop, etc."... horehound, black

Hormones

These are ‘chemical messengers’ that are dispersed by the blood and act on target organs to produce effects distant from their point of release. The main organs involved in hormone production are the PITUITARY GLAND, PANCREAS, ovary (see OVARIES), testis (see TESTICLE), THYROID GLAND, and ADRENAL GLANDS. The release of many hormones is, ultimately, under the control of the central nervous system via a series of inhibiting and releasing factors from the HYPOTHALAMUS. Hormones are involved in maintaining homeostasis: for example, insulin regulates the concentration of glucose in the blood. They also participate in growth and maturation: for example, growth hormone promotes growth and helps to regulate fat, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism; and the sex hormones promote sexual maturation and reproduction. (See also ENDOCRINE GLANDS.)... hormones

Houndstongue

Tying Dog’s Tongues ... houndstongue

Houseleek

Luck, Protection, Love... houseleek

Human Genome

In simple terms, this is the genetic recipe for making a human being. GENOME is a combination of the words gene and chromosome, and a genome is de?ned as all the genetic material – known as deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA – in a cell. Most genes encode sequences of AMINO ACIDS, the constituents of proteins, thus initiating and controlling the replication of an organism. The identi?cation and characterisation of the human genetic puzzle have been a key bioscience research target. The Human Genome Project was launched in 1990 (and completed in 2003) to produce a full sequence of the three million base pairs that make up the human genome.

Carried out as two separate exercises – one by a privately funded American team; another by an international joint venture between tax-funded American laboratories, a charitably funded British one and several other smaller research teams from around the world – the ?rst results were announced on 26 June 2000. In February 2001 the privately funded American group, known as Celera Genomics, announced that it had identi?ed 26,558 genes. At the same time the Human Genome Project consortium reported that it had identi?ed 31,000. Allowing for margins of error, this gives a ?gure much lower than the 100,000 or more human genes previously forecast by scientists. Interestingly, genes were found to make up only 3 per cent of the human genome. The remaining 97 per cent of the genome comprises non-coding DNA which, though not involved in producing the protein-initiating genetic activity, does have signi?cant roles in the structure, function and evolution of the genome.

One surprise from the Project so far is that the genetic di?erences between humans and other species seem much smaller than previously expected. For example, the Celera team found that people have only 300 genes that mice do not have; yet, the common ancestor of mice and men probably lived 100 million years or more in the past. Mice and humans, however, have around twice as many genes as the humble fruit ?y.

Cells die out when they become redundant during embryonic development: genes also die out during evolution, according to evidence from the Genome Project – a ?nding that supports the constant evolutionary changes apparent in living things; the Darwinian concept of survival of the ?ttest.

Apart from expanding our scienti?c knowledge, the new information – and promise of much more as the Genome Project continues – should enhance and expand the use of genetic engineering in the prevention and cure of disease. Studies are in progress on the gene for a receptor protein in the brain which will shed light on how the important neurotransmitter SEROTONIN in the brain works, and this, for example, should help the development of better drugs for the treatment of DEPRESSION. Another gene has been found that is relevant to the development of ASTHMA and yet another that is involved in the production of amyloid, a complex protein which is deposited in excessive amounts in both DOWN’S (DOWN) SYNDROME and ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE.... human genome

Humour

An archaic term once used for a theory regarding the causation of disease as due to an improper mixture in the body of blood, bile, phlegm and black bile. The term remains in describing some body ?uids, such as the aqueous and vitreous humours of the EYE.... humour

Hunger

A craving for food or other substance necessary to bodily activity. Hunger for food is supposed to be directly produced by strong contractions of the stomach which occur when it is empty, or nearly so. (See also THIRST.)

Air hunger is an instinctive craving for oxygen resulting in breathlessness, either when a person ascends to great heights where the pressure of air is low, or in some diseases such as pneumonia and DIABETES MELLITUS which affect the body’s METABOLISM and therefore its need for oxygen – an essential constituent in this process.... hunger

Hyaline Membrane Disease

A form of ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS) found in premature infants and some of those born by CAESAREAN SECTION, characterised by the onset of di?culty in breathing a few hours after birth. Most require extra oxygen and many need mechanical ventilation for a few days or even weeks. Recovery is the rule, although the most severely affected may die or suffer damage from oxygen lack. In this condition the ALVEOLITIS and the ?ner BRONCHIOLES of the lungs are lined with a dense membrane. The cause of the condition is a de?ciency of SURFACTANT in the lung passages which adversely affects gas exchanges in the alveoli.

Treatment includes the full gamut of neonatal intensive care, as well as speci?c therapy with PULMONARY SURFACTANT.... hyaline membrane disease

Hydrangea

Hex Breaking... hydrangea

Hyoid

A U-shaped bone at the root of the tongue. The hyoid can be felt from the front of the neck, lying about 2·5 cm above the prominence of the thyroid cartilage.... hyoid

Hyperaemia

Congestion or presence of an excessive amount of blood in a body part.... hyperaemia

Hyperaesthesia

Oversensitivity of a part of the body – as found, for example, in certain neurological diseases such as HERPES ZOSTER or shingles. (See also TOUCH.)... hyperaesthesia

Hyperalgesia

Excessive sensitivity to PAIN; see also TOUCH.... hyperalgesia

Hyperbaric

A pressure that is greater than that of the standard atmosphere at sea level (1,013 millibars). Hyperbaric oxygenation is a procedure in which the patient is exposed to high-pressure oxygen. The technique is used for the treatment of people suffering from CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) poisoning, compressed-air illness, gas GANGRENE and serious breathing disorders. Occasionally it is used for patients undergoing cardiac surgery.... hyperbaric

Hyperchlorhydria

Excessive production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. It is a characteristic ?nding in certain forms of DYSPEPSIA, particularly that associated with a duodenal ulcer, and causes HEARTBURN and WATERBRASH. (See also DUODENAL ULCER; STOMACH, DISEASES OF.)... hyperchlorhydria

Hyperemesis Gravidarum

A rare condition (less than 0·2 per cent) of pregnancy, in which there is severe vomiting. If untreated it can result in severe dehydration, ketoacidosis (an excess of KETONE acids) and liver damage. More common in multiple pregnancy, it may recur in subsequent pregnancies.... hyperemesis gravidarum

Hypernatraemia

A SERUM sodium concentration that is above normal. The condition is usually caused by dehydration (either from inadequate intake or excessive loss of water); occasionally it may be caused by excessive sodium intake, and rarely by a raised level of ALDOSTERONE hormone.... hypernatraemia

Hyperpraxia

Abnormal activity; restlessness... hyperpraxia

Hyperprolactinaemia

Overproduction of the hormone PROLACTIN, usually as a result of a tumour of the PITUITARY GLAND (prolactinoma).... hyperprolactinaemia

Hypertonic

(1) Referring to one solution which has a greater osmotic pressure (see OSMOSIS) than another. Physiologically it is used to describe solutions which have a greater osmotic pressure than body ?uids.

(2) Muscles with abnormally increased tone

(e.g. following a STROKE).... hypertonic

Hypertrophy

The increase in size which takes place in an organ as the result of an increased amount of work demanded of it by the bodily economy. For example, when valvular disease of the heart is present, compensation occurs by an increase in thickness of the heart muscle, and the organ, by beating more powerfully, is able to overtake the strain thrown upon it. Similarly, if one kidney is removed, the other hypertrophies or grows larger to take over the double workload.... hypertrophy

Hypervolaemia

An increase in the volume of circulating blood above the normal range.... hypervolaemia

Hypnotics

These are drugs that induce SLEEP. Before a hypnotic is prescribed, it is vital to establish – and, where possible, treat – the cause of the insomnia (see under SLEEP, DISORDERS OF). Hypnotics are most often needed to help an acutely distressed patient (for example, following bereavement), or in cases of jet lag, or in shift workers.

If required in states of chronic distress, whether induced by disease or environment, it is especially important to limit the drugs to a short time to prevent undue reliance on them, and to prevent the use of hypnotics and sedatives from becoming a means of avoiding the patient’s real problem. In many cases, such as chronic depression, overwork, and alcohol abuse, hypnotics are quite inappropriate; some form of counselling and relaxation therapy is preferable.

Hypnotics should always be chosen and prescribed with care, bearing in mind the patient’s full circumstances. They are generally best avoided in the elderly (confusion is a common problem), and in children – apart from special cases. Barbiturates should not now be used as they tend to be addictive. The most commonly used hypnotics are the BENZODIAZEPINES such as nitrazepam and temazepam; chloral derivatives, while safer for the few children who merit them, are generally second choice and should be used in the lowest possible dose for the minimum period.

Side-effects include daytime drowsiness – which may interfere with driving and other skilled tasks – and insomnia following withdrawal, especially after prolonged use, is a hazard. Occasionally benzodiazepines will trigger hostility and aggression. Zolpidem and zopiclone are two drugs similar to the benzodiazepines, indicated for short-term treatment of insomnia in the elderly. Adverse effects include confusion, incoordination and unsteadiness, and falls have been reported.

FLUNITRAZEPAM is a tranquilliser/hypnotic that has been misused as a recreational drug.... hypnotics

Hypnotism

The process of producing a state of mind known as hypnosis. Although recognised for hundreds of years, the precise nature of this process is still poorly understood. One modern writer has de?ned hypnosis as ‘a temporary condition of altered attention, the most striking feature of which is greatly increased suggestibility’. There is no evidence, as has been claimed, that women can be more easily hypnotised than men; in fact, children and young adults are the more easily hypnotised, with middle-aged people being more resistant.

Hypnosis is induced by various methods, but the basis of all is some rhythmic stimulus accompanied by the repetition of carefully worded suggestions. The most commonly used method is to ask the patient to ?x his or her eye on a given spot, or light, and then to keep on repeating, in a quiet and soothing voice, that the patient’s eyes will gradually become tired and that he or she will want to close them.

There are various levels of hypnosis, usually classi?ed as light, medium, and deep, and it has been estimated that 10 per cent of people cannot be hypnotised; 35 per cent can be taken into light hypnosis; 35 per cent into medium hypnosis; and 20 per cent into deep hypnosis.

Hypnosis can be used as a treatment for some psychiatric patients and in some people with psychosomatic conditions in which emotional or psychological disturbances precipitate physical disorders such as skin lesions or headaches. Hypnosis may help to relieve pain in childbirth; asthma may also respond to it. Some people may ?nd hypnosis to be of help in overcoming addictions to smoking, alcohol or gambling. The process has associated risks, and its use in treatment should be by doctors trained in the technique.... hypnotism

Hypocapnia

A blood tension of carbon dioxide below normal. It is produced by HYPERVENTILATION which may be voluntary, mechanical (if the patient is on a ventilator) or in response to a physiological insult such as metabolic acidosis or brain injury.... hypocapnia

Hypodermic

A term pertaining to the region immediately under the skin. Thus, a hypodermic injection means an injection given underneath the skin. A hypodermic syringe is a small syringe which, ?tted with a ?ne needle, is used to give such injections.... hypodermic

Hypogammaglobulinaemia

A lower-than-normal amount of the protein GAMMA-GLOBULIN in the blood. The origin may be genetic – several types are inherited – or an acquired defect (for instance, some lymphomas cause the condition). Gamma-globulin largely comprises antibodies (IMMUNOGLOBULINS) so de?ciency of the protein reduces an individual’s natural resistance to infection (see IMMUNOLOGY).... hypogammaglobulinaemia

Hyponatraemia

A SERUM concentration of sodium below the normal range. It may be produced by dilution of blood (giving large volumes of salt-poor solutions intravenously), excessive water retention (inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone), excessive sodium loss, and, rarely, by inadequate salt intake.... hyponatraemia

Hypophysis

Another name for the PITUITARY GLAND.... hypophysis

Hypopiesis

The condition, or state, characterised by HYPOTENSION, or abnormally low blood pressure.... hypopiesis

Hypoproteinaemia

A fall in the amount of PROTEIN in the blood. This may be caused by malnutrition, loss of protein from kidney disorders, or faulty production of protein which occurs in some liver disorders. Hypoproteinaemia causes OEDEMA because ?uid accumulates in the tissues as a consequence of the metabolic abnormalities. Patients’ resistance to infections is also impaired.... hypoproteinaemia

Hypoprothrombinaemia

A de?ciency of PROTHROMBIN (clotting factor) in the blood. As a result the affected individual tends to bleed more easily. The defect may be inherited or be the consequence of liver disease or a de?ciency in vitamin K.

Anticoagulant therapy will also cause a fall in prothrombin levels.... hypoprothrombinaemia

Hypostasis

The term applied to the condition in which blood accumulates in a dependent part of the body as a result of poor circulation. Congestion of the base of the lungs in old people from this cause, and infection, is called hypostatic PNEUMONIA.... hypostasis

Hypotonic

(1) Referring to a solution which has a lower osmotic pressure (see OSMOSIS) than another. Physiologically it describes a solution with a lower osmotic pressure than body ?uids.

(2) Muscles with abnormally reduced tone.... hypotonic

Hypoventilation

Shallow and/or slow breathing, often caused by the effects of injury or drugs on the respiratory centre. It causes HYPERCAPNIA and HYPOXIA.... hypoventilation

Hypoxaemia

A fall in the concentration of OXYGEN in the arterial blood. Symptoms are those of CYANOSIS and, if severe, the affected individual will show signs of respiratory failure.... hypoxaemia

Hysterotomy

An operation in which the UTERUS is opened to remove a FETUS before 28 weeks’ gestation. After 28 weeks it would be called a CAESAREAN SECTION. It is now seldom used as a means of abortion.... hysterotomy

Luteinizing-hormone Releasing Hormone

(LH-RH) The same substance as Follicle-Stimulating-Hormone Releasing Hormone (FSH-RH), both of which are actually Gonadotrophin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH or GRH). Confused? Imagine being an endocrinologist 20 years ago. These (This) are (is) a peptide secreted into the little portal system that drains from the hypothalamus to the pituitary. If it is surged hourly and not too strongly, the pituitary secretes LH and the ovaries secrete estrogen. If it is surged hourly and strongly, the estrogens rise drastically, the pituitary secretes FSH, you pop an egg, start the corpus luteum and begin progesterone secretion. The surge is now slowed to every four or five hours, not too strongly, and the pituitary secretes LH every four or five hours...and the ovaries make progesterone. The same hypothalamic hormone triggers different pituitary responses based on AMPLITUDE and FREQUENCY.... luteinizing-hormone releasing hormone

Malignant Hypertension

Malignant hypertension has nothing to do with cancer; it derives its name from the fact that, if untreated, it runs a rapidly fatal course. (See HYPERTENSION.)... malignant hypertension

Null Hypothesis

The statistical hypothesis that one variable has no association with another variable or set of variables, or that two or more population distributions do not differ from one another. In simplest terms, the null hypothesis states that the results observed in a study, experiment or test are no different from what might have occurred by chance alone.... null hypothesis

Nursing Home

See “high dependency care facility”.... nursing home

Sex Hormones

These HORMONES control the development of primary and secondary sexual characteristics. They also regulate sex-related functions – for example, menstruation and the production of sperm and eggs. The three main types of sex hormone are androgens, or male sex hormones (see ANDROGEN); OESTROGENS, or female sex hormones; and progesterones, which are involved in pregnancy (see PROGESTERONE).... sex hormones

Sodium Hypochlorite

A disinfectant by virtue of the fact that it gives o? chlorine. For domestic use – as, for example, for sterilising baby feeding bottles – it is available in a variety of proprietary preparations.... sodium hypochlorite

Viral Haemorrhagic Fever

Also called EBOLA VIRUS DISEASE. A usually fatal infection caused by a virus related to that of MARBURG DISEASE. Two large outbreaks of it were recorded in 1976 (one in the Sudan and one in Zaïre), with a mortality, respectively, of 50 and 80 per cent, and the disease reappeared in the Sudan in 1979. After an incubation period of 7–14 days, the onset is with headache of increasing severity, and fever. This is followed by diarrhoea, extensive internal bleeding and vomiting. Death usually occurs on the eighth to ninth day. Infection is by person-to-person contact. Serum from patients convalescent from the disease is a useful source of ANTIBODIES to the virus.... viral haemorrhagic fever

Ulcer Healing Drugs

A variety of drugs with di?ering actions are available for the treatment of peptic ulcer, the composite title covering gastric ulcer (see STOMACH, DISEASES OF) and DUODENAL ULCER. Peptic ulceration may also involve the lower OESOPHAGUS, and after stomach surgery the junction of the stomach and small intestine.

The drugs used in combination are:

The receptor antagonists, which reduce the output of gastric acid by histamine H2receptor blockade; they include CIMETIDINE, FAMOTIDINE and RANITIDINE.

ANTIBIOTICS to eradicate Helicobacter pylori infection, a major cause of peptic ulceration. They are usually used in combination with one of the PROTON-PUMP INHIBITORS and include clarithomycin, amoxacillin and metronidazole.

BISMUTH chelates.

The prostaglandin analogue misoprostol has antisecretory and protective properties.

Proton-pump inhibitors omeprazole, lansoprazole, pantaprazole and rabeprazole, all of which inhibit gastric-acid secretion by blocking the proton pump enzyme system.... ulcer healing drugs

Haemolytic

A herb that lyses red blood cells by causing them to rupture. Soapwort. ... haemolytic

Coronary Heart Disease

The cause of: coronary occlusion, coronary blockage, coronary thrombosis. A heart attack occurs when a coronary artery becomes blocked by swellings composed, among other things, of cholesterol. Such swellings may obstruct the flow of blood leading to a blood clot (thrombus). Cholesterol is a major cause of CHD.

Coronary thrombosis is more common in the West because of its preference for animal fats; whereas in the East fats usually take the form of vegetable oils – corn, sunflower seed, sesame, etc. Fatty deposits (atheroma) form in the wall of the coronary artery, obstructing blood-flow. Vessels narrowed by atheroma and by contact with calcium and other salts become hard and brittle (arterio-sclerosis) and are easily blocked. Robbed of oxygen and nutrients heart muscle dies and is replaced by inelastic fibrous (scar) tissue which robs the heart of its maximum performance.

Severe pain and collapse follow a blockage. Where only a small branch of the coronary arterial tree is affected recovery is possible. Cause of the pain is lack of oxygen (Vitamin E). Incidence is highest among women over 40 who smoke excessively and who take The Pill.

The first warning sign is breathlessness and anginal pain behind the breastbone which radiates to arms and neck. Sensation as if the chest is held in a vice. First-line agent to improve flow of blood – Cactus.

For cholesterol control target the liver. Coffee is a minor risk factor.

Measuring hair calcium levels is said to predict those at risk of coronary heart disease. Low hair concentrations may be linked with poor calcium metabolism, high aortic calcium build-up and the formation of plagues. (Dr Allan MacPherson, nutritionist, Scottish Agricultural College, Ayr, Scotland)

Evidence has been advanced that a diagonal ear lobe crease may be a predictor for coronary heart disease. (American Journal of Cardiology, Dec. 1992)

Tooth decay is linked to an increased risk of coronary heart disease and mortality, particularly in young men. (Dr Frank De Stefano, Marshfield Medical Research Foundation, Wisconsin, USA) Treatment. Urgency. Send for doctor or suitably qualified practitioner. Absolute bedrest for 3 weeks followed by 3 months convalescence. Thereafter: adapt lifestyle to slower tempo and avoid undue exertion. Stop smoking. Adequate exercise. Watch weight.

Cardiotonics: Motherwort, Hawthorn, Mistletoe, Rosemary. Ephedra, Lily of the Valley, Broom.

Cardiac vasodilators relax tension on the vessels by increasing capacity of the arteries to carry more blood. Others contain complex glycosides that stimulate or relax the heart at its work. Garlic is strongly recommended as a preventative of CHD.

Hawthorn, vasodilator and anti-hypertensive, is reputed to dissolve deposits in thickened and sclerotic arteries BHP (1983). It is believed to regulate the balance of lipids (body fats) one of which is cholesterol.

Serenity tea. Equal parts: Motherwort, Lemon Balm, Hawthorn leaves or flowers. 1 heaped teaspoon to each cup boiling water; infuse 5-15 minutes; 1 cup freely.

Decoction. Combine equal parts: Broom, Lily of the Valley, Hawthorn. 1-2 teaspoons to each cup water gently simmered 20 minutes. Half-1 cup freely.

Tablets/capsules. Hawthorn, Motherwort, Cactus, Mistletoe, Garlic.

Practitioner. Formula. Hawthorn 20ml; Lily of the Valley 10ml; Pulsatilla 5ml; Stone root 5ml; Barberry 5ml. Tincture Capsicum 1ml. Dose: Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon). Liquid extracts: 1 teaspoon. Tinctures: 2 teaspoons. Thrice daily in water or honey.

Prevention: Vitamin E – 400iu daily.

Diet. See: DIET – HEART AND CIRCULATION.

Supplements. Daily. Vitamin C, 2g. Vitamin E possesses anti-clotting properties, 400iu. Broad spectrum multivitamin and mineral including chromium, magnesium selenium, zinc, copper.

Acute condition. Strict bed-rest; regulate bowels; avoid excessive physical and mental exertion. Meditation and relaxation techniques dramatically reduce coronary risk. ... coronary heart disease

Hangover

After-effects of excessive alcohol consumption.

Symptoms. Dry mouth, thirst, increased output of urine, fatigue, irritability. Alcohol increases REM (rapid eye movement) during sleep. Brain cell excitability is followed by depression.

Potassium loss may be severe, as also loss of Vitamins B, B6 and C. Bananas are rich in potassium. Alternatives. Tea. 1-2 cups Chamomile tea. Ginger. Gin-and-tonic with juice of lemon, plus teaspoon honey.

Morning-after tea. Meadowsweet (antacid) 1; Centuary (bitter) 1; Black Horehound (antiemetic) 1; Gentian (tonic) quarter; Ginger (stomach settler) quarter. Mix. 2 teaspoons to each cup boiling water; infuse 10 minutes. Drink freely.

Diet. Honey for energy. Slippery Elm gruel. Avoid coffee.

Supplements. B-complex, C, E. Essential fatty acids. Potassium, Magnesium, Selenium, Zinc.

Note: Alcohol is a strong diuretic which drains the body and brain cells of vital fluids. Alcohol also contains congeners, the chemical by-products of fermentation which have a poisonous effect upon the body. The most important treatment is water – long drinks to rehydrate the body and brain. Water also helps the kidneys and liver to wash out the poisons. ... hangover

Hashimoto’s Disease

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Inflammation of the Thyroid gland with increase of fibrous tissue and intrusion of excess white blood cells. Forerunner of myxoedema. It is an auto-immune disorder resulting in thyroid damage. Middle-aged women prone. Painless swelling.

Alternatives. Treatment. Echinacea is the key remedy.

Others indicated: Red Clover flower, Blue Flag root, Horsetail, Poke root, Bladderwrack. May be taken singly, as available.

Tea: Combine Bladderwrack 2; Echinacea 2; Horsetail 1. 1-2 teaspoons to each cup boiling water; infuse 15 minutes. Half-1 cup thrice daily.

Tinctures. Combine: Bladderwrack 2; Echinacea 2; Horsetail 1. Dose: one to two 5ml teaspoons in water thrice daily.

Diet. Iodised salt. Avoid cabbage which contains a factor which depresses the thyroid gland. Supplementation. Vitamin A. B-complex. Kelp. ... hashimoto’s disease

Heart Disease – Congenital

Heart disease arising from abnormal development. Some cases are hereditary, others due to drugs taken during pregnancy. Many owe their origin to illnesses of the mother such as German measles. Structural abnormalities of the heart take different forms but whatever the case, when under abnormal pressure and stress, all may derive some small benefit from the sustaining properties of Hawthorn berry and other phytomedicines.

Alternatives. To sustain.

Teas. Lime flowers, Motherwort, Buckwheat, Hawthorn.

Tablets/capsules. Hawthorn, Mistletoe, Motherwort.

Formula. Hawthorn 2; Lily of the Valley 1; Selenicereus grandiflorus 1. Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon). Liquid extracts: 1 teaspoon. Tinctures: 2 teaspoons. In water morning and evening. ... heart disease – congenital

Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone

See ACTH.... adrenocorticotrophic hormone

Antepartum Haemorrhage

Bleeding from the vagina after the 28th week of pregnancy. Antepartum haemorrhage is most commonly due to a problem with the placenta, such as placenta praevia or placental abruption. Bleeding can also be caused by cervical erosion or other disorders of the cervix or vagina.

Admission to hospital is necessary for investigation and treatment.

Ultrasound scanning is used to diagnose problems with the placenta.

If the bleeding is severe, the woman is given a blood transfusion, and the baby is delivered immediately by caesarean section.... antepartum haemorrhage

Herpes, Genital

 Venereal disease. Caused by Herpes simplex virus, type 2, (HSV2) which infects the skin and mucosa of the genital organs and anus. The strain is more virulent than HSV1 which attacks face and lips. Contagious. STD. Blisters appear 4-7 days after coitus. May be transmitted by mother to baby at delivery. The condition is often misdiagnosed as thrush. To dispel doubts, refer to urological department of nearest hospital. Evidence exists between genital herpes and cancer of the cervix. Clinical diagnosis should be confirmed by virus culture. Attacks are recurrent and self-infective.

Symptoms: redness, soreness, itching followed by blisters on the penis or vulva. Blisters ulcerate before crusting over. Lesions on anus of homosexual men.

Treatment by general medical practitioner or hospital specialist.

Alternatives. Sarsaparilla, Echinacea, Chaparral and St John’s Wort often give dramatic relief to itching rash. See entry: ECHINACEA.

Tea. Formula. Equal parts: Clivers, Gotu Kola, Valerian. One heaped teaspoon to each cup boiling water; infuse 5-10 minutes. Dose: 1 cup thrice daily.

Decoction. Combine: Echinacea 2; Valerian 1; Jamaican Dogwood 1. One heaped teaspoon to each cup water gently simmered 20 minutes. Half-1 cup thrice daily.

Tablets/capsules. Poke root. Valerian. Passion flower. St John’s Wort. Echinacea. Chaparral. Pulsatilla. Red Clover.

Powders. Formula. Echinacea 2; Valerian 1; Jamaica Dogwood 1. Dose: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one- third teaspoon) thrice daily.

Tinctures. Formula. Echinacea 2; Sarsaparilla 1; Thuja quarter; Liquorice quarter. Dose: 1-2 teaspoons thrice daily.

Topical. Apply any of the following 3, 4 or more times daily. Pulp or gel of Aloe Vera, Houseleek, Echinacea lotion. Garlic – apply slice of fresh corm as an antihistamine. Yoghurt compresses (improved by pinch of Goldenseal powder). Zinc and Castor oil (impressive record). Apply direct or on tampons. Diet. Porridge oats, or muesli oats.

Supplementation: same as for Shingles.

Prevention. Women should be advised to submit for an annual cytosmear. Information. Herpes Association, 41 North Road, London N7 9DP, UK. Send SAE. ... herpes, genital

Antidiuretic Hormone

See ADH.... antidiuretic hormone

Aqueous Humour

A watery fluid that fills the front chamber of the eye, behind the cornea.... aqueous humour

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

(BPH) A medical term for enlargement of the prostate gland (see prostate, enlarged).... benign prostatic hyperplasia

Breath-holding Attacks

Periods during which a toddler holds his or her breath, usually as an expression of pain, frustration, or anger.

The child usually becomes red or even blue in the face after a few seconds, and may faint.

Breathing quickly resumes as a natural reflex, ending the attack.

Attacks cause no damage and are usually outgrown.... breath-holding attacks

Cerebral Haemorrhage

Bleeding within the brain due to a ruptured blood vessel (see intracerebral haemorrhage; stroke).... cerebral haemorrhage

Homoeopathy

A medical doctrine teaching that drugs capable of producing disease symptoms in a healthy person can, in infinitesimal doses, cure the same group of symptoms met in a particular disease.

Hippocrates was aware of the universal law similia similibus curentur (like cures like). He taught that some diseases were cured by similars, and others by contraries. Stahl (1738) was also aware of this law of healing: “diseases will yield to and be cured by remedies that produce a similar affection”. But it was Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843) who proved to the world this doctrine held the key to the selection of specifically acting medicines. His early experiments with nux vomica, arnica, ignatia and veratrum showed how the medicine which cured produced a similar condition in healthy people.

While no one has yet discovered the ‘modus operandi’ of the science, it has grown up largely through empiric experience, especially during certain historical epidemics in different parts of the world. For example, in 1836 cholera raged through most of the cities of Austria. Orthodox medicine could do little.

Out of desperation, the Government commissioned the aid of homoeopathy. A crude hospital was hastily prepared and patients admitted. Results convinced the most hardened sceptics. Physician-in-charge, Dr Fleischman, lost only 33 per cent, whereas other treatments showed a death rate of over 70 per cent.

It is said that reduction of inflammatory fevers by homoeopathic Aconite, Gelsemium, Baptisia and Belladonna played no small part in reducing the practice of blood-letting in the early 19th century.

Since Hahneman, homoeopathy has been the object of intense professional bitterness by its opponents but since the 1968 Medicines Act (UK) provision has been made for homoeopathic treatment on the “National Health Service”. Conversion of medical opinion has been gradual and today many registered medical practitioners also use the therapy.

“It is the general theory that the process of dilution and succussion (a vigorous shaking by the hand or by a machine) “potentises” a remedy.

“To prepare. A remedy is first prepared in solution as a “mother tincture”. In the decimal system of dilution a small quantity is then diluted ten times by the addition of nine parts by volume of diluent – either alcohol or water and then shaken vigorously by hand or machine (succussion). A small quantity of this is then diluted to one tenth and succussed a second time; this process is repeated again and again, producing solutions identified as 3x, 6x, 30x according to the number of times diluted. It may even be continued a thousand times (1 M). The resulting solutions are adsorbed on to an inert tablet or granules, usually of lactose, and in this form it is claimed that they remain therapeutically active indefinitely.

“For higher dilutions the centesimal system is used, when each dilution is by 1 in 100. The resulting solutions or tablets are referred to as 3C, 6C, 12C etc according to the number of times diluted.

“When dealing with a remedy which is insoluble, e.g. Carbo Veg, the first three dilutions and succussions are done in powder form, i.e. to “3x” beyond which the remedy is sufficiently soluble for further dilutions to proceed in liquid form.

“In homoeopathy a remedy may in some cases be given in a dilution so great that no single molecule of the original substance remains. The concept of “memory laden” water implies that the effect lies in a pattern impressed on the water molecules and that this is carried over from one dilution to the next.” (John Cosh MD., FRCP)

Homoeopathic medicines can stand most tests for safety, since it is widely held that they are completely safe and non-addictive, with no side-effects. ... homoeopathy

Glycosylated Haemoglobin

A form of haemoglobin that is bound to the sugar glucose. In most people, 3–8 per cent of haemoglobin is glycosylated. In people with diabetes mellitus, the level of glycosylated haemoglobin may be raised if treatment has not kept the blood glucose level within the normal range. Glycosylated haemoglobin levels indicate blood glucose levels over the preceding 3 months.... glycosylated haemoglobin

Graft-versus-host Disease

A complication of a bone marrow transplant in which immune system cells in the transplanted marrow attack the recipient’s tissues. Graft-versus-host (GVH) disease may occur soon after transplantation or appear some months later. The first sign is usually a skin rash. This may be followed by diarrhoea, abdominal pain, jaundice, inflammation of the eyes and mouth, and breathlessness.

GVH disease can usually be prevented by administration of immunosuppressant drugs. If the disease develops, it can be treated with corticosteroid drugs and immunosuppressant drugs such as ciclosporin In some cases, however, it can be difficult to control.... graft-versus-host disease

Haemangioblastoma

A rare type of brain tumour consisting of blood-vessel cells. Haemangioblastomas develop slowly as cysts, often in the cerebellum, and are mostly noncancerous. Symptoms include headache, vomiting, nystagmus and, if the tumour is in the cerebellum, ataxia. Most can be removed surgically.... haemangioblastoma

Haemoglobinopathy

A term used to describe the genetic disorders in which there is a fault in the production of the globin chains of haemoglobin.

Examples of haemoglobinopathies include sickle cell anaemia and the thalassaemias.... haemoglobinopathy

Haemorrhoidectomy

The surgical removal of haemorrhoids. The procedure is used to treat large, prolapsing, or bleeding haemorrhoids.... haemorrhoidectomy

Hairball

A ball of hair in the stomach, found in people who nervously suck or chew their hair (see bezoar).... hairball

Handedness

Preference for using the right or left hand. Some 90 per cent of adults use the right hand for writing; two thirds prefer the right hand for most activities requiring coordination and skill. The others are either lefthanded or ambidextrous (able to use both hands equally well).

Handedness is related to the division of the brain into 2 hemispheres, each of which controls movement and sensation on the opposite side of the body.

In most right-handed people the speech centre is in the left brain hemisphere.

Inheritance is probably the most important factor in determining handedness.... handedness

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

(ADHD) A behavioural disorder in which a child has a consistently high level of activity and/or difficulty in attending to tasks. Attention deficit hyperactivity, or hyperkinetic, disorder affects up to 1 in 20 children in the. The disorder, which is more common in boys, should not be confused with the normal boisterous conduct of a healthy child. Children with consistently show abnormal patterns of behaviour over a period of time. An affected child is likely to be restless, unable to sit still for more than a few moments, inattentive, and impulsive.

The causes of are not fully understood, but the disorder often runs in families, which suggests that genetic factors may be involved. is not, as popularly believed, a result of poor parenting or abuse.

Symptoms develop in early childhood, usually between the ages of 3 and 7, and may include inability to finish tasks; short attention span; inability to concentrate in class; difficulty in following instructions; a tendency to talk excessively, frequently interrupting other people; difficulty in waiting or taking turns; inability to play quietly alone; and physical impulsiveness. Children with may have difficulty in forming friendships. Self-esteem is often low because an affected child is frequently scolded and criticized.

Treatment includes behaviour modification techniques, both at home and at school. In some children, avoidance of certain foods or food additives seems to reduce symptoms. In severe cases, stimulant drugs, usually methylphenidate, may be prescribed. Paradoxically, the use of stimulants in reduces hyperactivity and improves concentration. In general, the condition improves by adolescence but may be followed by antisocial behaviour and drug abuse or substance abuse.... attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Hashish

Another name for marijuana.... hashish

Hallucination

A perception that occurs when there is no external stimulus. Auditory hallucinations (the hearing of voices) are a major symptom of schizophrenia but may also be caused by manic–depressive illness and certain brain disorders. Visual hallucinations are most often found in states of delirium brought on by a physical illness (such as pneumonia) or alcohol withdrawal (delirium tremens). Hallucinogenic drugs are another common cause of visual hallucinations. Hallucinations of smell are associated with temporal lobe epilepsy. Those of touch and taste are rare, however, and occur mainly in people with schizophrenia. People subjected to sensory deprivation or overwhelming physical stress sometimes suffer from temporary hallucinations.... hallucination

Heart Attack

See myocardial infarction.... heart attack

Heart Failure

Inability of the heart to cope with its workload of pumping blood to the lungs and to the rest of the body. Heart failure can primarily affect the right or the left side of the heart, although it most commonly affects both sides, in which case it is known as congestive, or chronic, heart failure.

Left-sided heart failure may be caused by hypertension, anaemia, hyperthyroidism, a heart valve defect (such as aortic stenosis, aortic incompetence, or mitral incompetence), or a congenital heart defect (see heart disease, congenital). Other causes of left-sided heart failure include coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, and cardiomyopathy.

The left side of the heart fails to empty completely with each contraction, or has difficulty in accepting blood that has been returned from the lungs. The retained blood creates a back pressure that causes the lungs to become congested with blood. This condition leads to pulmonary oedema.

Right-sided heart failure most often results from pulmonary hypertension, which is itself caused by left-sided failure or by lung disease (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (see pulmonary disease, chronic obstructive). Right-sided failure can also be due to a valve defect, such as tricuspid incompetence, or a congenital heart defect.

There is back pressure in the circulation from the heart into the venous system, causing swollen neck veins, enlargement of the liver, and oedema, especially of the legs and ankles. The intestines may become congested, causing discomfort.

Immediate treatment consists of bed rest, with the patient sitting up. Diuretic drugs are given, and digitalis drugs and vasodilators, especially ACE inhibitors, may also be administered. Morphine and oxygen may be given as emergency treatment in acute left-sided failure.... heart failure

Heimlich Manoeuvre

A first-aid treatment for choking. The sole aim of the Heimlich manoeuvre is to dislodge the material that is causing the blockage by placing one fist, covered by the other, just below the victim’s rib cage, and pulling sharply inwards and upwards to give an abdominal thrust.... heimlich manoeuvre

Herniorrhaphy

Surgical correction of a hernia. (See hernia repair.)... herniorrhaphy

Hickman Catheter

A flexible plastic tube, also known as a skin-tunnelled catheter, that is passed through the chest and inserted into the subclavian vein, which leads to the heart. It is often used in people who have leukaemia or other cancers and need regular chemotherapy and blood tests. The catheter allows drugs to be injected directly into the bloodstream and blood samples to be obtained easily. The catheter is inserted, under local anaesthesia. It can remain in position for months; the external end is plugged when not in use.... hickman catheter

Hidradenitis Suppurativa

Inflammation of the sweat glands in the armpits and groin due to a bacterial infection.

Abscesses develop beneath the skin, which becomes reddened and painful and may ooze pus.

The condition tends to be recurrent and can eventually cause scarring in the affected areas.

Antibiotic drugs may help to reduce the severity of an outbreak.... hidradenitis suppurativa

High Density Lipoprotein

One of a group of proteins that transport lipids in the blood. High levels of high density lipoprotein can help protect against atherosclerosis. (See also fats and oils; low density lipoprotein.)... high density lipoprotein

Hippocampus

A structure in the limbic system of the brain. The hippocampus, consisting of a band of grey matter, is involved with some learning processes and long-term memory storage.... hippocampus

Hole In The Heart

The common name for a septal defect.... hole in the heart

Hirschsprung’s Disease

A congenital disorder in which the rectum, and sometimes the lower part of the colon, lack the ganglion cells that control the intestine’s rhythmic contractions. The affected area becomes narrowed and blocks the movement of faecal material.

The disease is rare and tends to run in families. It occurs about 4 times more often in boys. Symptoms, which include constipation and bloating, usually develop in the first few weeks of life, but may become evident in infancy or early childhood. The child usually has a poor appetite and may fail to grow properly.

A barium X-ray examination can show the narrowed segment of the intestine.

A biopsy may be taken.

Treatment of Hirschsprung’s disease involves removing the narrowed segment and rejoining the normal intestine to the anus.... hirschsprung’s disease

Hordeolum

The medical name for a stye.... hordeolum

Horner’s Syndrome

A group of physical signs (narrowing of the eye pupil, drooping of the eyelid, and absence of sweating) affecting 1 side of the face that indicates damage to part of the sympathetic nervous system (see autonomic nervous system).... horner’s syndrome

Human Papillomavirus

A type of virus that is responsible for warts and genital warts.

There are over 50 strains of human papillomavirus.

Infection with some of these strains is thought to be a causative factor in cervical cancer and anal cancer.... human papillomavirus

Huntington’s Disease

An uncommon disease in which degeneration of the basal ganglia results in chorea and dementia. Symptoms of Huntington’s disease do not usually appear until age 35–50. The disease is due to a defective gene and is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner (see genetic disorders).

The chorea usually affects the face, arms, and trunk, resulting in random grimaces and twitches, and clumsiness. Dementia takes the form of irritability, personality and behavioural changes, memory loss, and apathy.

At present, there is no cure for Huntington’s disease, and treatment is aimed at reducing symptoms with drugs.... huntington’s disease

Hurler’s Syndrome

A rare, inherited condition caused by an enzyme defect. The syndrome is a type of inborn error of metabolism (see metabolism, inborn errors of) in which there is an abnormal accumulation of substances known as mucopolysaccharides in the tissues.

Affected children may appear normal at birth but, at 6–12 months of age, they develop cardiac abnormalities, umbilical hernia, skeletal deformities, and enlargement of the tongue, liver, and spleen.

Growth is limited and mental development slows.

If the condition is diagnosed in early infancy, a bone marrow transplant may be curative.... hurler’s syndrome

Hydralazine

An antihypertensive drug used principally as an emergency treatment for hypertension.

Hydralazine may cause nausea, headache, dizziness, irregular heartbeat, loss of appetite, rash, and joint pain.

Taken long term in high doses it may cause lupus erythematosus.... hydralazine

Hydrops

An abnormal accumulation of fluid in body tissues or in a sac.... hydrops

Hyperaldosteronism

A metabolic disorder caused by an overproduction of the hormone aldosterone by the adrenal glands (see aldosteronism).... hyperaldosteronism

Hyperbilirubinaemia

A raised blood level of bilirubin. It may be undetectable except by a blood test, but jaundice occurs if the blood bilirubin rises to twice the normal level.... hyperbilirubinaemia

Hyperhidrosis

Excessive sweating, which may be localized (affecting only the armpits, feet, palms, or face) or affect all body areas supplied by sweat glands.

Excessive sweating may be caused by hot weather, exercise, or anxiety. In some cases it is due to an infection, thyrotoxicosis, hypoglycaemia, or a nervous system disorder. Usually, the disorder has no known cause, and begins at puberty, disappearing by the mid-20s or early 30s.

If hyperhidrosis is persistent and cannot be controlled by antiperspirants, surgery may be considered to destroy the nerve centres that control sweating.... hyperhidrosis

Hypersplenism

An overactivity of the spleen resulting in, and associated with, blood disease. One of the functions of the spleen is to break down blood cells as they age and wear out. An overactive spleen may begin to destroy cells indiscriminately, causing a deficiency of any of the types of blood cell. In most cases, the spleen will also be enlarged. Hypersplenism may be primary, occurring for no known reason, but more commonly it is secondary to another disorder in which the spleen has become enlarged, such as Hodgkin’s disease or malaria.

Hypersplenism causes anaemia and thrombocytopenia, and there may be a decrease in resistance to infection.

Primary hypersplenism is treated with splenectomy.

Treatment of secondary hypersplenism aims to control the cause.... hypersplenism

Hypertonia

Increased rigidity in a muscle, which may be caused by damage to its nerve supply or changes within the muscle.

Hypertonia causes episodes of continuous muscle spasm.

Persistent hypertonia in limb muscles following a stroke or head injury leads to spasticity.... hypertonia

Hypertrichosis

Growth of excessive hair, often in places that are not normally hairy. Hypertrichosis often occurs as a result of taking certain drugs (including ciclosporin and minoxidil). The term hypertrichosis is also used to describe hair growth in a mole. Hypertrichosis isnot the same as hirsutism, which is due to abnormal levels of male hormones. hypertrophy Enlargement of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the size, rather than number, of its constituent cells. For example, skeletal muscles enlarge in response to increased physical demands. (See also hyperplasia..

hyperuricaemia An abnormally high level of uric acid in the blood. Hyperuricaemia may lead to gout due to the deposition of uric acid crystals in the joints; it may also cause kidney stones (see calculus, urinary tract) and tophus.

Hyperuricaemia may be caused by an inborn error of metabolism (see metabolism, inborn errors of), by the rapid destruction of cells in a disease such as leukaemia, or by medication that reduces the excretion of uric acid by the kidneys, such as diuretic drugs. Large amounts of purine in the diet may also cause hyperuricaemia.

Drugs such as allopurinol or sulfinpyrazone are prescribed for the duration of the patient’s life. Purine-rich foods should be avoided.... hypertrichosis

Hyphaema

Blood in the front chamber of the eye, usually caused by an injury that ruptures a small blood vessel in the iris or ciliary body.

Initially, there may be blurred vision, but the blood usually disappears completely within a few days and vision is restored.... hyphaema

Hypnosis

A trance-like state of altered awareness characterized by extreme suggestibility.

Some psychoanalysts induce a hypnotic state as a means of helping patients remember and come to terms with disturbing events.

More often, hypnosis is used to help patients to relax.

It may be useful in people suffering from anxiety, panic attacks, or phobias, or in those wishing to correct addictive habits.... hypnosis

Hypohidrosis

Reduced activity of the sweat glands.

Hypohidrosis is a feature of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, a rare, inherited, incurable condition that is characterized by reduced sweating and is accompanied by dry, wrinkled skin, sparse hair, small, brittle nails, and conical teeth.

Other causes of hypohidrosis include exfoliative dermatitis and some anticholinergic drugs.... hypohidrosis

Hyposensitization

A preventive treatment of allergy to specific substances, such as grass pollens and insect venom. Hyposensitization involves giving gradually increasing doses of the allergen so that the immune system becomes less sensitive to that substance. The treatment, which may need to be repeated annually for a few years, carries the risk of anaphylactic shock.... hyposensitization

Hypotonia

Abnormal muscle slackness.

Normally, a muscle that is not being used has a certain inbuilt tension, but in a number of disorders affecting the nervous system (such as Huntington’s disease) this natural tension is reduced.... hypotonia

Hypovitaminosis

Any condition that results from insufficiency of 1 or more vitamins.

Hypovitaminosis may be due to an inadequate dietary intake or a digestive disorder that causes malabsorption.... hypovitaminosis

Hysterosalpingography

An X-ray procedure in which a dye (radiopaque contrast medium) is introduced into the cavity of the uterus via the cervix to make the uterus and fallopian tubes visible on X-rays. Hysterosalpingography is used to investigate infertility.... hysterosalpingography

Incisional Hernia

A type of hernia in which the intestine bulges through a scarred area of the abdominal wall because the muscle has been weakened by a previous surgical incision.... incisional hernia

Mental Health Act

The Mental Health

Act (1983) details the rights of patients with mental illness and the grounds for detaining mentally ill people against their will. It also outlines forms of legal guardianship for such patients.

When a person is endangering his or her own or other people’s health or safety (for example, threatening harm or suicide) because of a recognized mental illness, he or she may be compulsorily taken into hospital to be given treatment.

If a person breaks the law because of a mental disorder, the courts may remand him or her to hospital.... mental health act

Perianal Haematoma

A haematoma under the skin around the anus.... perianal haematoma

Postpartum Haemorrhage

Excessive blood loss after childbirth. It is more common after a long labour or after a multiple birth. The haemorrhage is usually due to excessive bleeding from the site where the placenta was attached to the uterus.... postpartum haemorrhage

Postural Hypotension

See hypotension.... postural hypotension

Hereditary

An inherited disorder in which there are a large number of unusually small, round red blood cells (spherocytes) in the circulation.

These abnormal red cells are readily broken up when blood passes through the spleen.

At times, the rate of red cell destruction exceeds the rate at which new cells can be made in the bone marrow, leading to symptoms of anaemia.

Other symptoms include jaundice and enlargement of the spleen.

Occasionally, crises occur (usually triggered by infection) in which all symptoms worsen.

Gallstones are a frequent complication.

Splenectomy usually leads to permanent improvement.... hereditary

Splinter Haemorrhage

Bleeding under the fingernails visible as tiny splinterlike marks.

Usually due to trauma, it can also be a sign of infective endocarditis.... splinter haemorrhage

Umbilical Hernia

A soft swelling at the umbilicus due to protrusion of the abdominal contents through a weak area of abdominal wall. Umbilical hernias are quite common in newborn babies and occur twice as often in boys as in girls. The swelling increases in size when the baby cries, and it may cause discomfort. Umbilical hernias usually disappear without treatment by age 2. If a hernia is still present at age 4, surgery may be needed.

Umbilical hernias sometimes develop in adults, especially in women after childbirth. Surgery may be necessary for a large, persistent, or disfiguring hernia.... umbilical hernia

Vitreous Humour

The transparent, gellike body that fills the rear compartment of the eye between the crystalline lens and the retina.

The vitreous humour consists almost entirely of water.... vitreous humour

World Health Organization

(WHO)

An international organization established in 1948 as an agency of the United Nations with responsibilities for international health matters and public health. The headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland.

The has campaigned effectively against some infectious diseases, most

notably smallpox, tuberculosis, and malaria.

Other functions include sponsoring medical research programmes, organizing a network of collaborating national laboratories, and providing expert advice and specific targets to its 160 member states with regard to health matters.... world health organization

Abuta Tea: Healing Effects

Abuta tea is a complex type of tea, used at first only by midwives to treat different childbirth issues. Now, it is widely-appreciated due to its therapeutic value. About Abuta Tea Abuta is a high-climbing vine, originating from South Africa and being widely known for its efficiency in treating women’s ailments. The plant has woody stems and extremely long roots. Its leaves are heart-shaped and have a waxy texture. The seeds are flat, the flowers grow in panicles, whereas its fruits are bright red, turning black when they are ripened. Practitioners of nowadays medicine have been acknowledged using derivatives of some of the constituents of abuta to block neuromuscular activity during surgery. Extracts of the same plant are included in pharmaceutical products for medical applications. Abuta tea gained its reputation as the brew used by midwives, especially in South America. It is thought to help fighting hemorrhage that may threaten a miscarriage. In Indian Ayurvedic medicine, Abuta tea is believed to have anti-fertility properties. Brewing Abuta Tea Abuta tea can be intaken in the form of capsules or tincture. It can be brewed in the following way:
  • boil the dried roots of the plant ( 20 to 25 minutes)
  • allow the mix to steep (5 minutes)
  • drink it slowly
Abuta Tea benefits Abuta Teais successfully used to:
  • fight kidney stones and bladder infections
  • alleviate fever
  • counter jaundice
  • ease symptoms of arthritis and rheumatism
  • fight gonorrhea
  • treat anemia
Abuta tea is given to women to help ease childbirth. It is also efficient in alleviating the unpleasant menstrual problems. Abuta Tea side effects High doses ofAbuta teacombined with other medications, may lead to respiratory problems. It is not recommended to pregnant or breastfeeding women. Abuta tea is benefic to treat a large array of diseases, being also recommended as an excellent blood depurative.... abuta tea: healing effects

Aconitum Heterophyllum

Wall. ex Royle.

Family: Ranunculaceae.

Family: Ranunculaceae.

Habitat: The alpine Himalayas from Sikkim to Garhwal and Assam.

English: Indian Aconite, Wolfsbane, Monkshood.

Ayurvedic: Vatsanaabha, Visha, Amrita, Vajraanga, Sthaavaravisha, Vatsanaagaka, Shrangikavisha, Garala.

Unani: Bish, Bishnaag.

Siddha/Tamil: Vasanaavi, Karunaab- hi.

Folk: Bacchanaag, Bish, Mithaa Zahar, Telia Visha.

Action: Narcotic, sedative, antilepro- tic, anti-inflammatory. Extremely poisonous. (Roots possess depressant activity, but after mitigation in cow's milk for 2-3 days, they exhibit stimulant activity.)

Key application: In neuralgia. (Aconitum napellus L. has been listed by German Commission E among unapproved herbs.)

The root contains diterpenoid alkaloids, which act as a powerful poison that affects the heart and central nervous system. Aconitine has a shortlived cardiotonic action followed by

Habitat: Cultivated at Manali and Rahla in Himachal Pradesh. Also found in northwestern Himalayas at altitudes ranging from 2,000 to 4,000 m.

English: Atis Root, Aconite.

Ayurvedic: Ativishaa, Arunaa, Vishaa, Shuklakandaa, Bhanguraa, Ghunapriyaa, Ghunavallabhaa, Kaashmiraa, Shishubhaishajyaa (indicating its use in paediatrics), Vishwaa.

Unani: Atees.

Siddha/Tamil: Athividayam.

Folk: Patis.

Action: Often regarded as non- poisosnous, antiperiodic, anti- inflammatory, astringent (used in cough, diarrhoea, dyspepsia), tonic (used after fevers), febrifuge, antispasmodic (used in irritability of stomach and abdominal pains).

Along with other therapeutic applications, The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India indicates the use of the dried, tuberous root in emesis and helminthi- asis.

The roots yield 0.79% of total alkaloids, of which atisin is 0.4%. Atisine is much less toxic than aconitine and pseudoaconitine. (The inert character of the plant is well known to the hill people, who often use it as a vegetable.) The plant possesses potent immuno- stimulant properties.

Dosage: Root—0.6-2.08 g. (API Vol. I.)... aconitum heterophyllum

Acth (adrenocorticotrophic Hormone)

ACTH is the commonly used abbreviation for CORTICOTROPIN.... acth (adrenocorticotrophic hormone)

Action On Smoking And Health

See ASH.... action on smoking and health

Acute Care / Acute Health Care

Care that is generally provided for a short period of time to treat a new illness or a flare-up of an existing condition. This type of care may include treatment at home, short-term hospital stays, professional care, surgery, X-rays and scans, as well as emergency medical services.... acute care / acute health care

Adapted Living Facility / Housing

Housing that has been specially built for, or changed to a certain standard to accommodate people with disabilities.... adapted living facility / housing

Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (acth)

See also CORTICOTROPIN. A hormone which is released into the body during stress. Made and stored in the anterior PITUITARY GLAND, ACTH regulates the production of corticosteroid hormones from the ADRENAL GLANDS, and is vital for the growth and maintenance of the adrenal cortical cells. Its production is in part controlled by the amount of HYDROCORTISONE in the blood and also by the HYPOTHALAMUS. ACTH participates in the FEEDBACK MECHANISM of hormone production and actions involving particularly the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The hormone is used to test adrenal function and treat conditions such as ASTHMA. (See also CUSHING’S SYNDROME.)... adrenocorticotrophic hormone (acth)

Actinodaphne Hookeri

Meissn.

Synonym: A. angustifolia Nees.

Family: Lauraceae.

Habitat: The western Ghats, Orissa and Sikkim up to 1,500 m.

Siddha/Tamil: Thali, Paratathali.

Folk: Pisaa (Maharashtra).

Action: Infusion of leaves—urinary tract disinfectant, antidiabetic, spasmolytic.

The leaves contain a very small amount of an amorphous alkaloid. They also contain beta-sitosterol, hen- triacontanone, hentriacontanol and quercetin-3-rhamnoside and hydrocarbons.

The bark gives an alkaloid, actino- daphnine.

The roots contain a flavanone glycoside.... actinodaphne hookeri

Adult Care Home / Residential Facility

A residence which offers housing and personal care services to a number of residents. Services (such as meals, supervision and transportation) are usually provided by the owner or manager. Usually 24-hour professional health care is not provided on site. See also “assisted living facility”.... adult care home / residential facility

Advocacy For Health

A combination of individual and social actions designed to gain political commitment, policy support, social acceptance and systems support for a particular health goal or programme. Advocacy also has a role in creating awareness in the minds of the community regarding the rights of older persons.... advocacy for health

Aesculus Hippocastanum

Linn.

Family: Hippocastanaceae; Sapinda- ceae.

Habitat: Endemic to the mountains of Balkan Peninsula and western Asia. Introduced into India; occasionally grown as an ornamental tree.

English: Horse Chestnut tree.

Unani: Baloot. (Quercus incana and Q. infectoria have also been equated with Baloot in National Formulary in Unani Medicine.)

Folk: Pu.

Action: Anti-inflammatory, vasodilator, astringent (used for rheumatism, venous congestion, haemorrhoids), febrifuge. Leaf— used in whooping cough.

Key application: In chronic venous insufficiency, varicosis, nocturnal systremma (cramps in the calves) and swelling of the legs. (Non- invasive treatment measures should also be followed.) (German Commission E, ESCOP, The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia.)

Horse Chestnut contains triterpe- noid saponins (especially aescin, a complex mixture composed of acylat- ed glycosides of protoaesigenin and barringtogenol-C, including hippo- caesculin), coumarins and flavonoids. Aescin has been shown to eliminate oedema and reduce exudation. It antagonizes the effect of bradykinin, although it is not a direct bradykinin antagonist. It causes an increase in plasma levels of ACTH, corticosterone and glucose in rats. Hippocaescu- lin and barringtogenol-C-21-angelate show antitumour activity in vitro.

The hydroxycoumarin aesculin leads to increased bleeding time. (Roasting seems to destroy the toxins.) A few fruits can cause severe toxic symptoms. (Francis Brinker.) In some countries, an intravenous mixture containing aescin is used after surgery. (Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 2007.)... aesculus hippocastanum

Ailanthus Tea: A Healing Tea

Ailanthus tea was at first used only in Asia, but nowadays, due to its healthy properties, it is consumed worldwide. It can be a natural option in treating diarrhea or diphtheria, but not only. Ailanthus Tea description Ailanthus, or “the tree of life”, is native to Asia and has a long history, being first mentioned in ancient Chinese literature. This tree is said to be an intrusive plant, known for breaking into gardens and cracking walls in the process. It has been used as an ornamental plant, but also as an herbal remedy for a variety of ailments and diseases. Studies revealed that ailanthus bark has bitter, astringent and cooling properties. In traditional Chinese medicine, the bark is associated with the governing meridians of the large intestines, the stomach and the liver. Ailanthus tea is a beverage used mainly in Chinese traditional medicine.  It can either be made of the bark or the flowers of the plant. The bark is acknowledged to “clear heat” and stop bleeding while the flowers are considered to help in the treatment of infectious diseases. Ailanthus Tea brewing To brew Ailanthus tea:
  • put the granules into a cup
  • put 50-100ml boiling water into the cup and stir it with a spoon
  • drink it when it is lukewarm
The dosage is for adults, one sachet each time, twice a day. For children, the dosage should be reduced according to the weight. Ailanthus Tea benefits Ailanthus tea is successfully used in treatingglandular fever. The brew has proved its efficiency in:
  • treating diarrhea
  • fighting malaria
  • fighting asthma
  • helping in the treatment of uterine bleeding or menorrhagia
  • fighting scarlet fever
  • fighting diphtheria
  • fighting typhoid fever
  • fighting palpitations, asthma and epilepsy
Ailanthus Tea side effects There have been no side effects associated with intaking Ailanthus tea. However, consumers should consult a licensed health care provider before drinking it. Ailanthus tea is benefic in treating a large array of diseases, being an important ingredient in the pharmaceutical industry.... ailanthus tea: a healing tea

Allied Health Personnel

Specially trained and licensed (when necessary) people in occupations that support and supplement the functions of health professionals. For the older population, such health personnel may include home health workers and nursing assistants. See also “auxiliary worker”.... allied health personnel

Alternative And Complementary Health Care / Medicine / Therapies

Health care practices that are not currently an integral part of conventional medicine. The list of these practices changes over time as the practices and therapies are proven safe and effective and become accepted as mainstream health care practices. These unorthodox approaches to health care are not based on biomedical explanations for their effectiveness. Examples include homeopathy, herbal formulas, and use of other natural products as preventive and treatment agents.... alternative and complementary health care / medicine / therapies

Amazing Health Benefits Of Carrots

1. Beta carotene: Carrots are a rich source of this powerful antioxidant, which, among other vital uses, can be converted into vitamin A in the body to help maintain healthy skin. 2. Digestion: Carrots increase saliva and supply essential minerals, vitamins and enzymes that aid in digestion. Eating carrots regularly may help prevent gastric ulcers and other digestive disorders. 3. Alkaline elements: Carrots are rich in alkaline elements, which purify and revitalize the blood while balancing the acid/alkaline ratio of the body. 4. Potassium: Carrots are a good source of potassium, which can help maintain healthy sodium levels in the body, thereby helping to reduce elevated blood pressure levels. 5. Dental Health: Carrots kill harmful germs in the mouth and help prevent tooth decay. 6. Wounds: Raw or grated carrots can be used to help heal wounds, cuts and inflammation. 7. Phytonutrients: Among the many beneficial phytochemicals that carrots contain is a phytonutrient called falcarinol, which may reduce the risk of colon cancer and help promote overall colon health. 8. Carotenoids: Carrots are rich in carotenoids, which our bodies can use to help regulate blood sugar. 9. Fiber: Carrots are high in soluble fiber, which may reduce cholesterol by binding the LDL form (the kind we don’t want) and increasing the HDL form (the kind our body needs) to help reduce blood clots and prevent heart disease. 10. Eyes, hair, nails and more! The nutrients in carrots can improve the health of your eyes, skin, hair, nails and more through helping to detoxify your system and build new cells! 11. Improves vision There’s some truth in the old wisdom that carrots are good for your eyes. Carrots are rich in beta-carotene, which is converted into vitamin A in the liver. Vitamin A is transformed in the retina, to rhodopsin, a purple pigment necessary for night vision. Beta-carotene has also been shown to protect against macular degeneration and senile cataracts. A study found that people who eat large amounts of beta-carotene had a 40 percent lower risk of macular degeneration than those who consumed little. 12. Helps prevent cancer Studies have shown carrots reduce the risk of lung cancer, breast cancer and colon cancer. Falcarinol is a natural pesticide produced by the carrot that protects its roots from fungal diseases. Carrots are one of the only common sources of this compound. A study showed 1/3 lower cancer risk by carrot-eating rats. 13. Slows down aging The high level of beta-carotene in carrots acts as an antioxidant to cell damage done to the body through regular metabolism. It help slows down the aging of cells. 14. Promotes healthier skin Vitamin A and antioxidants protect the skin from sun damage. Deficiencies of vitamin A cause dryness to the skin, hair and nails. Vitamin A prevents premature wrinkling, acne, dry skin, pigmentation, blemishes and uneven skin tone. 15. Helps prevent infection Carrots are known by herbalists to prevent infection. They can be used on cuts—shredded raw or boiled and mashed. 16. Promotes healthier skin (from the outside) Carrots are used as an inexpensive and very convenient facial mask. Just mix grated carrot with a bit of honey. See the full recipe here: carrot face mask. 17. Prevents heart disease Studies show that diets high in carotenoids are associated with a lower risk of heart disease. Carrots have not only beta-carotene but also alpha-carotene and lutein. The regular consumption of carrots also reduces cholesterol levels because the soluble fibers in carrots bind with bile acids. 18. Cleanses the body Vitamin A assists the liver in flushing out the toxins from the body. It reduces the bile and fat in the liver. The fiber present in carrots helps clean out the colon and hasten waste movement. 19. Protects teeth and gums It’s all in the crunch! Carrots clean your teeth and mouth. They scrape off plaque and food particles just like toothbrushes or toothpaste. Carrots stimulate gums and trigger a lot of saliva, which, being alkaline, balances out the acid-forming, cavity-forming bacteria. The minerals in carrots prevent tooth damage. 20. Prevents stroke From all the above benefits it’s no surprise that in a Harvard University study, people who ate five or more carrots a week were less likely to suffer a stroke than those who ate only one carrot a month or less.... amazing health benefits of carrots

Anastatica Hierochuntica

Linn.

Family: Cruciferae.

Habitat: Arabia, Palestine, Syria.

English: Jericho Rose.

Unani: Kafemariyam, Kafe-aaishaa.

Folk: Garbha-phool.

Action: Used in difficult labour.... anastatica hierochuntica

Antidiuretic Hormone (adh)

See VASOPRESSIN.... antidiuretic hormone (adh)

Appropriate Health Technology

Methods, procedures, techniques and equipment that are scientifically valid, adapted to local needs and acceptable to those who use them and to those for whom they are used, and that can be maintained and utilized with resources the community or country can afford.... appropriate health technology

Avoidable Hospital Condition / Admission

A medical condition for which hospitalization could have been avoided if ambulatory care had been provided in a timely and efficient manner.... avoidable hospital condition / admission

Basic Health Service

A network of health units providing essential health care to a population. Basic health services include communicable disease control, environmental sanitation, maintenance of records for statistical purposes, health education of the public, public health nursing and medical care.... basic health service

Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy, Or Hyperplasia

(BPH) The benign buildup in the prostate of “warts” or epithelial neoplasias that can block or interrupt urination, and which are usually concurrent with moderate prostate enlargement. They cause a dull ache on urination, ejaculation, and/or defecation. The diagnosis is medical, since the same subjective conditions can result from cancer of the prostate. BPH is common in men over fifty and can be the result either of diminished production of complete testosterone or poor pelvic circulation. Alcohol, coffee, speed, and antihistamines can all aggravate the problem.... benign prostatic hypertrophy, or hyperplasia

Andrographis Tea: A Drop Of Health

Andrographis Tea is well known for its bitter taste, as well as for its healthy benefits. It has proven to be an adjuvant in treating severe illness such as hepatitis, due to its high content of antioxidants. Andrographis Tea description Andrographis is originating from Asia, being used for centuries in Ayurvedic medicine. The plant is easy to grow: its propagation is by seeds, planted during spring and summer. Andrographis grows both in full sun or shade, developing vigorously in moist conditions. The herb has been proved to treat infectious diseases. This fact was discovered during the global flu epidemic of 1919, known as one of the most destructive infectious to outbreak in history, which killed millions worldwide, in many countries. Andrographis Tea is the resulting beverage from brewing the andrographis plant. It is widely known for its bitter taste as well as for its adjuvant properties against flu, depression, digestion complaints, but not only. Andrographis Tea brewing To brew Andrographis tea:
  • place 1 teaspoon of dried andrographis in a tea infuser (10 grams of fresh leaves)
  • place the infuser in a tea cup
  • cover it with 1 cup of boiling water
  • steep the tea for 10 minutes
  • drink it slowly
The resulting tea has an extreme bitter taste. Another possibility of enjoying the benefits of Andrographis tea is to intake capsules containing the plant. Andrographis Tea benefits Andrographis Tea has many proven benefits, such as:
  • Treating gastrointestinal complains
  • Treating throat infections
  • Dispelling toxins
  • Increasing biliary flow
  • Treating coughs, headaches, edema
  • Treating pain conditions, inflammation
  • Treating arthritis, rheumatism
  • Treating constipation
  • Treating pneumonia, tuberculosis, leprosy, hepatitis, herpes, diabetes, bronchitis
Andrographis Tea side effects It has been showed that Andrographis Tea should not be used by pregnant and nursing women or by children. It has been also noticed that large doses of Andrographis Tea may lead to infertility. Andrographis Tea is a healthy beverage which has the ability to strengthen the immune system, stop cancer cells from multiplying, and also render a good physical state. It can be consumed as tea or medicinal pills.... andrographis tea: a drop of health

Arachis Hypogaea

Linn.

Family: Papilionaceae; Fabaceae

Habitat: Native to Brazil, but widely grown for its pods in southern India, Maharashtra and Gujarat.

English: Groundnut, Peanut, Monkeynut.

Ayurvedic: Mandapi, Tailamudga, Bhuumimudga.

Unani: Moongphali.

Siddha/Tamil: Nelakadalai, Verkadalai.

Action: Kernels—contain protease inhibitors. Peanut skin— haemostatic.

There is a haemostatic principle in the peanut flour, which is said to improve the condition of haemophiliacs. The protease inhibitor acts on the fib- rinolytic system, primarily as an an- tiplasmin. It is reported to form complexes not only with the enzymes, but also with the corresponding zymogens.

The peanut (red) skin contains bio- flavonoids, which possess vitamin- P activity; tannins; a lipoxidase and a protease inhibitor. Capric acid, obtained from the (red) skin, showed antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger.... arachis hypogaea

Artabotrys Hexapetalus

(Linn. f.) Bhandari.

Synonym: A. odoratissimus R. Br.

Family: Annonaceae.

Habitat: Southern India, largely grown in gardens.

Ayurvedic: Panasagandhi, (Harit) Champaka.

Siddha/Tamil: Manoranjidam.

Folk: Haraa champaa (north), Kathari champaa; Hirvaa champaa (Maharashtra).

Action: Cardiac stimulant, uterine stimulant, muscle relaxant.

The extract of the pericarp showed a positive ionotropic and chronotropic effect on all types of experimental animals. The cardiac stimulant and uterine stimulant activity is attributed to the glycosides, whereas the relaxant action on plain muscles and hypotensive effect, which could be partly choliner- gic and partly resulting from vasodila- tory action, are probably due to the presence of the volatile oil.

The leaves are found to contain an antifertility principle. The root contains an antimalarial agent.... artabotrys hexapetalus

Bleeding Heart

Love... bleeding heart

Blueberry And Huckleberry

Vaccinium and Gaylussacia species

Description: These shrubs vary in size from 30 centimeters to 3.7 meters tall. All have alternate, simple leaves. Their fruits may be dark blue, black, or red and have many small seeds.

Habitat and Distribution: These plants prefer open, sunny areas. They are found throughout much of the north temperate regions and at higher elevations in Central America.

Edible Parts: Their fruits are edible raw.... blueberry and huckleberry

Board And Care Home

See “adult care home”.... board and care home

Caput Medusae (medusa’s Head)

The term describing the abnormally dilated veins that form around the umbilicus in CIRRHOSIS of the liver.... caput medusae (medusa’s head)

Care Home

A residential facility that provides accommodation and offers a range of care and support services. Care homes may provide a limited number of services to support low dependency or may provide a wide range of services to cater for the continuum from low to high dependency care. See “assisted living facility”; “high dependency care facility”.... care home

Catastrophic Health Insurance

Health insurance which provides protection against the high cost of treating severe or lengthy illnesses or disabilities. Generally such policies cover all, or a specified percentage of medical expenses above an amount that is the responsibility of another insurance policy, up to a maximum limit of liability.... catastrophic health insurance

Astragalus Hamosus

Linn.

Family: Fabaceae; Papilionaceae.

Habitat: Found in the plains of Punjab.

English: Tonkin bean, Melilot, King's crown, King's clover.

Unani: Naakhunaa, Ikil-ul-Malik. (It is also equated with Melilotus alba Desv. and Trigonela uncata Boiss. in National Formulary of Unani Medicine.)

Action: Nervine tonic (used in nervous and catarrhal affections), antirheumatic, anti-inflammatory, emollient, diuretic, galactogenic.

The callus of the plant contains amino acids; roots contain saponins and sterols. The leaves yield 3-nitro- propionic acid.... astragalus hamosus

Attention Deficit Disorder (hyperactivity Syndrome)

A lifelong disorder characterised by overactive behaviour, short attention span and poor concentration. It is thought to be caused by a minor abnormality that affects the part of the brain that allows us to concentrate and focus on tasks. Some scientists have suggested that it may be caused by particular foods, particularly processed foods containing arti?cial additives, and recommend special diets. In some countries, attention de?cit disorder is diagnosed in up to a tenth of all children; this may re?ect di?erences in paediatric practice and diagnosis rather than a real variation in prevalence of the disorder. Behaviour therapy is the main treatment. Those children with very severe symptoms of restlessness, short attention span and disturbed behaviour may respond to additional treatment with methylphenidate (Ritalin®). This is an amphetamine-like drug that is thought to stimulate the part of the brain that is not working properly. Use of this drug has, however, been controversial.... attention deficit disorder (hyperactivity syndrome)

Barberry Tea For Body Health

Barberry tea is well known inAsia, Europe, Africa and America due to its medicinal properties. Nowadays, it is consumed worldwide as tincture, fluid extract or capsules. Barberry tea description Barberry is a shrub growing in gray-colored and tight thorny hedges, producing yellow flowers during spring and red berries in autumn. Its roots, bark and berries have been used for more than 2,500 years for a variety of health-promoting purposes. In ancient Egypt, barberry was mixed with fennel to fight plague. Nowadays, Barberry is available in the form of capsules, fluid extract and tincture. Barberry Tea is made of the dried roots and berries of barberry. Barberry tea brewing To prepare Barberry tea: steep 1 to 2 teaspoons of dried barberry root or 1 to 2 teaspoons of whole (or crushed berries) in about 2/3 of a cup of hot water for 10 to 15 minutes. Barberry Tea can be consumed three times, daily. Barberry tea benefits Barberry tea has proven its efficiency in treating:
  • inflammation due to bacterial ear, nose and throat infection
  • bacterial and viral forms of diarrhea
  • psoriasis
  • the function of the gallbladder
  • urinary tract infection
  • heartburn
  • candida
  • epilepsy
Barberry Tea may help stabilize blood pressure and normalize heart rhythm. Also, it has been claimed that Barberry Tea may help strengthen the immune system. Barberry tea side effects Studies conducted so far showed that Barberry tea should not be used beyond seven consecutive days, in order to avoid complications on excessive use of barberry. There have been cases when Barberry tea interacted with anti-coagulants, blood pressure medication and antibiotics, causing side effects. Pregnant, nursing women, and nursing infants also should avoid drinking this tea. Barberry tea is a medicinal beverage, effective in treating respiratory and urinary tract infections, as well as hypertension, diarrhea and gallbladder disease.... barberry tea for body health

Benincasa Hispida

(Thunb.) Cogn.

Synonym: B. cerifera Savi. Cucurbita hispada Thunb.

Family: Cucurbitaceae.

Habitat: Cultivated largely in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan and Bihar.

English: Ash Gourd, White Gourd, Wax Gourd, White Pumpkin.

Ayurvedic: Kuushmaanda, Kuush- maandaka, Kuushmaandanaadi.

Unani: Pethaa, Mahdabaa, Kaddu- e-Roomi.

Siddha/Tamil: Ven-poosani, Saambalpushani.

Action: Leaves—cooling, juice rubbed on bruises. Fruit decoction—laxative, diuretic, nutritious, styptic (given for internal haemorrhages and diseases of the respiratory tract.) Juice of fruit— used for treating epilepsy, insanity and other nervous diseases. The ash of fruit rind—applied on painful swellings. Seeds—anthelmintic.

The fruits contain lupeol, beta-sitos- terol, their acetates and several amino acids. The fruit juice produces tran- quilizing activity and mild CNS depressant effect in mice.

The roots of mature plant contain a pentacyclic triterpene, which exhibits antiallergic activity against both homologous passive cutaneous ana- phylaxis and delayed hypersensitivity in mice. The fruit beverage contains pyrazine compounds.

Isomultiflorenol acetate, a penta- cyclic triterpene, has been isolated as the major constituent of wax coating of fruits.

Dosage: Dried pieces of the fruit— 5-10 g (API Vol. IV.) Fruit juice— 10-20 m (CCRAS.)... benincasa hispida

Cervico-occipital Headache

A headache of the neck and side of the head...a tension headache.... cervico-occipital headache

Biota Tea Health Benefits

Biota tea is a Chinese beverage, used nowadays to heal hemorrhages and other types of ailments, such as headaches, but not only. Biota tea description Biota is a slow-growing shrub or tree from the cypress family, originating from China. It is considered as one of the 50 fundamental herbs in the annals of Chinese herbalism. Biota has a central stem, scale-like leaves and little inconspicuous flowers. The biota leaves are small, and triangular-shaped, with a grayish-green color and a fragrant odor. The seeds are the eatable parts of this plant. Both the leaves and the seeds are used for medicinal purposes. Biota trees and shrubs have ornamental uses as they make beautiful natural fences and hedges. Also, they are good as wind breakers and as a good ground cover for a variety of wildlife. Parts from these plants make useful additions as culinary ingredients and medicinal herbs. These vegetative substances became part of the cosmetic industry, being added to lotions, shampoos and conditioners. Biota tea is the beverage resulting from brewing the abovementioned plant. Biota tea brewing To prepare Biota tea, add the dried leaves in the boiling water and stir the mixture. Strain it and drink it slowly. Biota tea benefits Biota tea has been successfully used to:
  • fight headaches
  • fight asthma, cough and bronchitis
  • fight fever
  • fight bacteria and viruses
  • heal wounds, treat burns, as well as improve the growth of hair, when applied topically
  • help in the treatment of excessive menstruation
  • fight hemorrhages
  • ease arthritic pain
  • help in the treatment of premature baldness
  • soothe and calm the nerves
  • fight constipation among the elderly
Biota tea side effects Pregnant or nursing women should not intake Biota tea. Biota tea is a healthy beverage able to fight against bacteria, viruses or even prevent baldness, if applied topically. It also proved its efficiency in dealing with arthritic pains.... biota tea health benefits

Blessed Thistle Tea Is Good For Health

Blessed Thistle tea is a medicinal beverage useful in treating a large array of ailments such as constipation, but not only. Blessed Thistle Tea description Blessed thistle was at first used in Ayurvedic medicine in India and Bhutan. It was introduced in Europe in the 1500s where it gained the title “blessed” for its use in treating plague. The blessed thistle is a weed with prickly leaves and yellow flowers surrounded by purple spikes, found mostly in North Africa, Western Asia and Southern Europe. The leaves, the flowers and the stem are used to prepare Blessed thistle tea. Blessed Thistle Tea brewing Blessed thistle tea can be prepared in the following way: douse about 1 to 3 dried blessed thistle herb in a cup of boiled water for 5 to 15 minutes. It can then be drunk three times a day before meals. Blessed Thistle Tea benefits Blessed Thistle tea has been successfully used to:
  • treat digestive problems, like gas, constipation and stomach upset
  • improve appetite
  • detoxify the body
  • support liver and gallbladder
  • stimulate menstrual flow
Blessed Thistle Tea side effects High doses of Blessed thistle tea can cause:
  • stomach irritation and vomiting
  • liver disease
  • gastrointestinal and liver problems and esophageal or nasal cancer
Blessed Thistle tea is a natural remedy to detoxify the body and thus, to enhance the immunity and support the normal functioning of the human organs.... blessed thistle tea is good for health

Blue Flag Tea For A Healthy Liver

Blue Flag tea has a long history in treating liver ailments: Native American tribes used to consume it for its hepatic properties. Blue Flag Tea description Blue flag is a perennial herb also known as the liver lily and the fleur-de-lis, native to North America. It has smooth spear-shaped leaves topped with a light bluish-purple flower. Blue flag plants grow in bunches and bloom during late June and early July. Blue Flag tea is the resulting beverage from brewing the abovementioned plant. Blue Flag Tea brewing To prepare Blue Flag tea, place 1 teaspoon of the dried roots in a cup of boiling water. Let it steep for 10 minutes. The tea can be consumed three times a day. Blue Flag Tea benefits Blue Flag has been successfully used to:
  • stimulate the liver and thus, it is helpful in the treatment of jaundice and hepatitis
  • fight impurities of the blood
  • fight against skin problems like acne and psoriasis
  • detoxify the body by increasing the production of bile, as well as frequency of urination
  • help treat indigestion
  • treat rheumatism
  • help in weight loss
Blue Flag tea can be an effective laxative, diuretic and as an emetic. It is also effective in reducing inflammation of the skin, decreasing the symptoms of skin infections. It is also good in treating burns, bruises and wounds. Blue Flag Tea side effects Until further studies are conducted, pregnant and nursing women should avoid intaking this type of tea. Blue Flag tea has proven its efficiency in dealing with severe liver-related diseases. Also, applied topically, it can treat skin problems, but not only.... blue flag tea for a healthy liver

Chronic Hospital

A facility that serves patients who do not need acute care or care in another kind of specialty hospital and whose needs for frequency of monitoring by a medical practitioner and for frequency and duration of nursing care exceed the requirements for care in a comprehensive care or extended care facility.... chronic hospital

Cleft Hand

A rare congenital abnormality characterised by the absence of one or more ?ngers and a deep central cleft that divides the hand into two. It is sometimes known as lobster hand. It may be accompanied by other congenital defects, such as CLEFT FOOT, absent permanent teeth, CLEFT PALATE (and/or lip), absence of the nails and defects of the eye.... cleft hand

Breath-holding

Breath-holding attacks are not uncommon in infants and toddlers. They are characterised by the child suddenly stopping breathing in the midst of a bout of crying evoked by pain, some emotional upset, or loss of temper. The breath may be held so long that the child goes blue in the face. The attack is never fatal and the condition disappears spontaneously after the age of 3–5 years, but once a child has acquired the habit it may recur quite often.

It is important for a paediatrician to determine that such events are not epileptic (see EPILEPSY). Generally they require no treatment other than reassurance, as recovery is spontaneous and rapid – although a small number of severely affected children have been helped by a PACEMAKER. Parents should avoid dramatising the attacks.... breath-holding

Burdock Tea: A Health Remedy

Nowadays, burdock tea is largely consumed all over the world. It is successfully used to improve appetite and digestion, but not only. Burdock Tea description Burdock is a plant from the same family as the sunflower, which can grow up to five feet high. In the summer, the seeds are cropped and the roots are dug up. In traditional Chinese medicine, but not only, it is combined with other herbs to treat upper-respiratory tract infections. Burdock root is known to be a blood purifier, clearing several problems from the body’s systems. Burdock can be taken as infusion, decoction, extract, tincture and ointment. Burdock tea is the resulting beverage from brewing the abovementioned plant. Burdock Tea brewing To prepare Burdock tea:
  • Pour boiling water over the desired amount of herbs.
  • Cover and let them steep 10 to 20 minutes.
  • Strain off the herbs using a tea strainer or coffee filter.
It is essential to use good quality water and it is recommended to drink it slowly. Burdock Tea benefits Burdock tea has been successfully used to:
  • soothe the skin and gastrointestinal tract
  • improve appetite and digestion
  • reduce liver damage
  • mildly lower blood sugar (hypoglycemic effect)
  • purify the blood
  • fight the effects of rheumatism
  • treat some kidney disorders
  • counter bronchial cough and other irritations of the pulmonary tract
Burdock Tea side effects Burdock tea is not advised to be consumed by pregnant or nursing women. Burdock tea is a medicinal remedy for a large array of diseases. Studies have revealed its efficiency in dealing with liver and kidney ailments, as well as its soothing effects for the skin.... burdock tea: a health remedy

Burr (bur) Hole

A circular hole made in the SKULL using a special surgical drill with a rounded tip, called the burr. The operation is done to relieve pressure on the BRAIN. This pressure – raised intracranial tension – is commonly the result of blood collecting between the skull and the brain after a head injury. The presence of PUS or an increase in the amount of CEREBROSPINAL FLUID as a result of infection or tumours in the brain can also cause a potentially fatal rise in intracranial pressure which can be relieved by drilling a burr hole. A neurosurgeon may make several burr holes when doing a CRANIOTOMY, a procedure in which a section of the skull is removed to provide access to the brain and surrounding tissues. Archaeological evidence suggests that modern man’s ancestors used burr holes probably to treat physical ailments and mental illness.... burr (bur) hole

Cardiospermum Halicacabum

Linn.

Family: Sapindaceae.

Habitat: Throughout the plains of India, as a wild climber.

English: Ballon Vine, Winter Cherry, Heartseed.

Ayurvedic: Kaakatiktaa, Kaakaadani, Karnsphotaa, Shatakratulataa.

Unani: Habb-e-Qilqil.

Siddha/Tamil: Mudukottan, Kottavan.

Folk: Kanphotaa, Kanphuti, Lataaphatakari. Used as Jyotishmati in Bengal.

Action: Used in rheumatism, lumbago, skeletal fractures, nervous diseases, amenorrhoea, haemorrhoids, erysipelas. The herb is used in hairoils for treating dandruff, alopecia and for darkening hair.

The plant extract showed significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity and sedative effect on CNS. The drug also showed (transient) vasode- pressant activity.

The leaves contain beta-sitosterol and its D-glucoside, an alkaloid, oxalic acid and amino acids. The presence of a saponin and quebrachitol is reported in the plant.

The leaves and stem are used in preparations used against common cold. Alcoholic extract of the plant exhibits antisickling and antiarthritic activity. Seeds have positive anabolic activity and increase body weight by inducing a positive nitrogen balance.

The alkaloid fraction from the seeds showed hypotensive activities and cardiac inhibition in anaesthetized dogs; blocked spasmogenic effects of acetyl- choline, histamine and 5-HT on guinea pig ileum, biphasic effort on frog rec- tus abdominis muscle. The seeds also showed antibacterial activity.

Dosage: Whole plant—50-100 ml decoction. (CCRAS.)... cardiospermum halicacabum

Co-housing

A form of planned community in which people live together, each with his or her own dwelling or living space, but there are also some common areas and joint activities may be arranged.... co-housing

Commission For Health Improvement

See HEALTHCARE COMMISSION.... commission for health improvement

Community Action For Health

Collective efforts by communities which are directed towards increasing community control over the determinants of health and thereby improving health.... community action for health

Cherry Tea - Ingredients And Health Benefits

Cherry Tea is a dark red beverage with an intense fruity flavour whose colour resembles ripe cherries and it can be enjoyed hot or cold. The delightful cherry scent is often blended with other aromas which results in savory and exotic mixtures. Cherry Tea Brewing Regarding cherry tea, the brewing time can vary, but the standard procedure entails a five-minute steeping process. Consequently, you will rejoice in the lovely cherry aroma of your amazingly enticing and enjoyable beverage. Health Benefits of Cherry Tea Cherry Tea is a beneficial fruity beverage with numerous health benefits. Cherry fruits are renowned for their delightfully refreshing flavour and delicious sweet taste, but they are also packed with nutrients, vitamins and minerals that essentially contribute to our wellbeing. These fruits are rich in antioxidants which protect our body from free radicals and thus lower the risk of cancer and various neurological diseases, but they also delay the aging process. Cherries also contain melatonin, an antioxidant with calming effects on the brain, which helps releave irritability, insomnia and headaches, thus improving the quality of sleep. The countless health benefits of cherry tea also include anti-inflammatory properties and could potentially prove effective against pain caused by diseases or injuries. Cherry fruits are low in calories, but they contain vitamin C which unfortunately entices you to consume approximately 180 calories more a day. This could possibly result in the accumulation of some extra weight if consumed for large periods of time. Therefore, adjust your dietary plan accordingly. Side effects of Cherry Tea Cherry Tea contains extracts from the cherries which can induce an allergic reaction to people sensitive to these fruits, but it is generally side-effect-free. You can enjoy a savory cup of cherry tea at any given time of the day in order to boost your overall energy level and metabolism. The full flavour of succulent fresh cherries along with a delectable and lingering aftertaste will enchant you. Cherry tea is without doubt a delightful juicy drink with an exotic character.... cherry tea - ingredients and health benefits

Cocculus Hirsutus

(Linn.) Diels.

Synonym: C. villosus (Lam.) DC.

Family: Menispermaceae.

Habitat: Throughout tropical and sub-tropical tracts of India.

English: Broom-Creeper, Ink-Berry.

Ayurvedic: Chhilihinta, Paataala- garuda, Mahaamuulaa, Dirghavalli, Jalajamani.

Siddha/Tamil: Kattukodi.

Action: Root—laxative, sudorific, alterative, antirheumatic. Leaf— used externally for eczema, prurigo and inpetigo. A decoction of leaves is taken in eczema, leucorrhoea and gonorrhoea.

Aqueous extract of stem and root— sedative, anticonvulsant, hypotensive, bradycardiac, cardiotonic and sapas- molytic. Roots are used as a substitute for Sarsaparilla in chronic rheumatism gout, and syphilitic cachexia.

The stem contains cyclopeptide alkaloids. The plant contains coclaurine, magnoflorine, beta-sitosterol, ginnol and a monomethyl ether of inositol.

C.pendulus (Forsk.) Diels, synonym C. leaeba (Del.) DC. (Punjab, Gujarat and South India) is known as Parwati (Gujarat, Sindh) and Ullar-billar (Punjab).

Ethanolic extract of the leaves and stem showed anticancer and hypoten- sive activities associated with the al- kaloidal fraction which contains bis- benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (including pendulin and cocsulin). Presence of quercitol is reported from non- alkaloidal fraction.

Dosage: Root—50-100 ml decoction. (CCRAS.)... cocculus hirsutus

Community Health Worker

A trained health worker who works with other health and development workers as a team. The community health worker provides the first contact between the individual and the health system. The types of community health worker vary between countries and communities according to their needs and the resources available to meet them. In many societies, these workers come from and are chosen by the community in which they work. In some countries they work as volunteers; normally those who work part-time or full-time are rewarded, in cash or in kind, by the community and the formal health services.... community health worker

Community Mental Health Centre

An entity which provides comprehensive mental health services (principally ambulatory), primarily to individuals residing or employed in a defined catchment area.... community mental health centre

Comprehensive Health Care

Provision of a complete range of health services, from diagnosis to rehabilitation.... comprehensive health care

Comprehensive Health System

A health system that includes all the elements required to meet all the health needs of the population.... comprehensive health system

Congo-crimean Haemorrhagic Fever

A tick-borne arboviral infection extending in distribution from Eastern Europe and Asia through to Southern Africa.... congo-crimean haemorrhagic fever

Congregate Housing

Individual apartments in which residents may receive some services, such as a daily meal with other tenants. Buildings usually have some communal areas, such as a dining room and lounge, as well as additional safety measures such as an emergency call system.... congregate housing

Coordination Within The Health Sector

Organized collaboration, as necessary, among those providing the services at the same and different levels of the health system in order to make the most efficient use of resources, as well as within and among the various categories of health workers following agreement on the division of labour. It also means coordination of programmes or services to avoid duplication or inconsistency.... coordination within the health sector

Child Health

Paediatrics is the branch of medicine which deals with diseases of children, but many paediatricians have a wider role, being employed largely outside acute hospitals and dealing with child health in general.

History Child health services were originally designed, before the NHS came into being, to ?nd or prevent physical illness by regular inspections. In the UK these were carried out by clinical medical o?cers (CMOs) working in infant welfare clinics (later, child health clinics) set up to ?ll the gap between general practice and hospital care. The services expanded greatly from the mid 1970s; ‘inspections’ have evolved into a regular screening and surveillance system by general practitioners and health visitors, while CMOs have mostly been replaced by consultant paediatricians in community child health (CPCCH).

Screening Screening begins at birth, when every baby is examined for congenital conditions such as dislocated hips, heart malformations, cataract and undescended testicles. Blood is taken to ?nd those babies with potentially brain-damaging conditions such as HYPOTHYROIDISM and PHENYLKETONURIA. Some NHS trusts screen for the life-threatening disease CYSTIC FIBROSIS, although in future it is more likely that ?nding this disease will be part of prenatal screening, along with DOWN’S (DOWN) SYNDROME and SPINA BIFIDA. A programme to detect hearing impairment in newborn babies has been piloted from 2001 in selected districts to ?nd out whether it would be a useful addition to the national screening programme. Children from ethnic groups at risk of inherited abnormalities of HAEMOGLOBIN (sickle cell disease; thalassaemia – see under ANAEMIA) have blood tested at some time between birth and six months of age.

Illness prevention At two months, GPs screen babies again for these abnormalities and start the process of primary IMMUNISATION. The routine immunisation programme has been dramatically successful in preventing illness, handicap and deaths: as such it is the cornerstone of the public health aspect of child health, with more potential vaccines being made available every year. Currently, infants are immunised against pertussis (see WHOOPING COUGH), DIPHTHERIA, TETANUS, POLIOMYELITIS, haemophilus (a cause of MENINGITIS, SEPTICAEMIA, ARTHRITIS and epiglottitis) and meningococcus C (SEPTICAEMIA and meningitis – see NEISSERIACEAE) at two, three and four months. Selected children from high-risk groups are o?ered BCG VACCINE against tuberculosis and hepatitis vaccine. At about 13 months all are o?ered MMR VACCINE (measles, mumps and rubella) and there are pre-school entry ‘boosters’ of diphtheria, tetanus, polio, meningococcus C and MMR. Pneumococcal vaccine is available for particular cases but is not yet part of the routine schedule.

Health promotion and education Throughout the UK, parents are given their child’s personal health record to keep with them. It contains advice on health promotion, including immunisation, developmental milestones (when did he or she ?rst smile, sit up, walk and so on), and graphs – called centile charts – on which to record height, weight and head circumference. There is space for midwives, doctors, practice nurses, health visitors and parents to make notes about the child.

Throughout at least the ?rst year of life, both parents and health-care providers set great store by regular weighing, designed to pick up children who are ‘failing to thrive’. Measuring length is not quite so easy, but height measurements are recommended from about two or three years of age in order to detect children with disorders such as growth-hormone de?ciency, malabsorption (e.g. COELIAC DISEASE) and psychosocial dwar?sm (see below).

All babies have their head circumference measured at birth, and again at the eight-week check. A too rapidly growing head implies that the infant might have HYDROCEPHALUS – excess ?uid in the hollow spaces within the brain. A too slowly growing head may mean failure of brain growth, which may go hand in hand with physically or intellectually delayed development.

At about eight months, babies receive a surveillance examination, usually by a health visitor. Parents are asked if they have any concerns about their child’s hearing, vision or physical ability. The examiner conducts a screening test for hearing impairment – the so-called distraction test; he or she stands behind the infant, who is on the mother’s lap, and activates a standardised sound at a set distance from each ear, noting whether or not the child turns his or her head or eyes towards the sound. If the child shows no reaction, the test is repeated a few weeks later; if still negative then referral is made to an audiologist for more formal testing.

The doctor or health visitor will also go through the child’s developmental progress (see above) noting any signi?cant deviation from normal which merits more detailed examination. Doctors are also recommended to examine infants developmentally at some time between 18 and 24 months. At this time they will be looking particularly for late walking or failure to develop appropriate language skills.... child health

Community Health Care

Includes health services and integrates social care. It promotes self care, independence and family support networks.... community health care

Community Health Centre

An ambulatory health care programme, usually serving a catchment area which has scarce or non-existent health services or a population with special health needs. These centres attempt to coordinate federal, state and local resources in a single organization capable of delivering both health and related social services to a defined population.... community health centre

Community Health Information Network (chin)

An integrated collection of computer and telecommunication capabilities that permit multiple providers, payers, employers and related health care entities within a geographic area to share and communicate client, clinical and payment information.... community health information network (chin)

Community Health Needs Assessment

The ongoing process of evaluating the health needs of a community. Usually facilitates prioritization of needs and a strategy to address them.... community health needs assessment

Community Health Services

Usually managed by NHS trusts, these are a complex variety of services provided to people outside hospital settings. The key parts are the services delivered by district nurses, health visitors and therapists – for example, physiotherapists and speech therapists.... community health services

Community Mental Health Teams

Intended as a key part of the NHS’s local comprehensive mental health services serving populations of around 50,000, these multidisciplinary, multi-agency teams have been less e?ective than expected, in part due to varying modes of operation in di?erent districts. Some experts argue that the services they provide – for example, crisis intervention, liaison with primary care services and continuing care for long-term clients – could be delivered more e?ectively by several specialist teams rather than a single, large generic one comprising psychiatrists, psychologists, community mental health nurses, occupational therapists, support and (sometimes) social workers.... community mental health teams

Cough, Hectic

The dry and unproductive coughing in early bronchitis, when the mucosa is irritated but still too infected to secrete mucus... cough, hectic

Council For Healthcare Regulatory Excellence

In 2002 the UK government set up this new statutory council with the aim of improving consistency of action across the eight existing regulatory bodies for professional sta? involved in the provision of various aspects of health care. These bodies are: General Medical Council; General Dental Council; General Optical Council; Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain; General Chiropractic Council; General Osteopathic Council; Health Professions Council; and Nursing and Midwifery Council.

The new Council for Healthcare Regulatory Excellence will help to promote the interests of patients and to improve co-operation between the existing regulatory bodies – providing, in e?ect, a quality-control mechanism for their activities. The government and relevant professions will nominate individuals for this overarching council. The new council will not have the authority to intervene in the determination by the eight regulatory bodies of individual ?tness-to-practise cases unless these concern complaints about maladministration.... council for healthcare regulatory excellence

Country Health Programming

A managerial process dealing directly with the selection of priority health problems, specification of operational objectives and translation of these into activities, resource needs and organization.... country health programming

Cyclizine Hydrochloride

One of the ANTIHISTAMINE DRUGS which is mainly used for the prevention of sickness, including sea-sickness.... cyclizine hydrochloride

Decalepis Hamiltonii

Wight & Arn.

Family: Asclepiadaceae.

Habitat: Deccan Peninsula; common in the forest areas of Western Ghats.

Unani: Desi Ushbaa.

Siddha/Tamil: Mahali kizhangu.

Action: Root—appetizer, blood purifier, bacteriostatic. Used as a substitute for Shveta Saarivaa (Hemidesmus indicus). Sold as Saarivaa in Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. The root powder is given to diabetics.

The root contains quercetin, kaempferol, coumarin and rutin. It has a sweet sarsaparilla-like taste; contains 92% fleshy matter and 8% woody core.

The root can be stored for longer periods and remains unaffected by microorganisms and insects, apparently due to the presence of the volatile principle which possesses bacteriostat- ic and toxic properties.

The root, on steam distillation, gave 4-O-methyl-resorcylaldehyde in a concentration of 0.8%. (The growth of E. coli was arrested by the aldehyde in 0.041% concentration; fish died within 4 min in 0.02% solution.) The sterols consists mainly of stagma and brassica sterols. Alpha-amyrin and lupeol, both free and as esters are also present in the root.

The plant contains lupeol, beta- amyrin 2-hydroxy, 4-methoxy benzaldehyde, and ferulic acid.... decalepis hamiltonii

Definitive Or Final Host

An animal wherein the adult stage of the parasite resides.... definitive or final host

Demand (for Health Services)

Willingness and/or ability to seek, use and, in some settings, pay for services. Sometimes further subdivided into expressed demand (equated with use) and potential demand or need.... demand (for health services)

Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever

Usually a second infection with a different serotype of the dengue virus (see dengue fever). A primary infection at a young age is common finding. Age of patient with DHF is often less than 5 years, but young adults may be affected. Severe illness with abnormal vascular permeability, hypovolaemia and abnormal clotting mechanisms. Bleeding into skin or internally. Dengue shock syndrome may also be a complication.... dengue haemorrhagic fever

Dental Hygienist

A person quali?ed to carry out the scaling (removal of calculus [deposits]) from the teeth and to advise patients on how to keep their teeth and gums healthy. Hygienists usually work in a quali?ed dentist’s surgery.... dental hygienist

Dioscorea Hamiltonii

Hook. f.

Family: Dioscoreaceae.

Habitat: The Western Ghats, Sikkim, Assam, Orissa and Bengal.

Ayurvedic: Vaaraahi (var.).

Folk: Naagar-kanda (Bihar).

Action: Tubers contain 85.50% carbohydrates, 8.30% albuminoids.... dioscorea hamiltonii

Doronicum Hookeri

Hook. f.

Family: Compositae; Asteraceae.

Habitat: The Himalayas at Lachen and Tungu, and Sikkim.

English: Leopard's Bane. (Arnica montana Linn. is also known as Leopard's Bane.)

Unani: Daarunaj Aqrabi.

Action: Root—used as a constituent of cardiac and nervine tonics. Used as exhilarant. Acts as a stomachic and dissolves trapped gases.... doronicum hookeri

Discover Heather Tea

Heather tea has been used in Swedish herbal medicine for a very long time and has been recognized for its medicinal properties by the German Commission E. Heather (calluna vulgaris) is a woody and bushy plant with multiple branching stems, that grows mainly in Scotland, Ireland, the Scandinavian countries, Russia and North America. The parts of the heather plant have different usage. For example: the branches are used as straw for brooms and the leaves are used as flavoring agent for beer and teas. The constituents of heather plant are various types of quercetin, tannin and flavonoids. How To Make Heather Tea To make your own heather tea, you will need a handful of chopped heather, both flowers and leaves. Boil the water, add the heather and let the mix steep for about 10-15 minutes. After that, pour the tea into your cup using a strainer to catch the heather leaves and flowers. Depending on your preferences, you can sweeten it by adding sugar or honey. Heather Tea Benefits Heather tea has a lot of health benefits:
  • Helps in the treatment of kidney and bladder problems.
  • Prevents and treats rheumatism, arthritis and gout.
  • It is a remedy for cold and cough.
  • Helps disinfecting the urinary tract.
  • It is a strong allied in the treatment of cystitis.
  • Tears various gastrointestinal problems.
Heather Tea Side Effects The things that you should keep in mind when you consider drinking heather tea are:
  • You shouldn’t drink too much heather tea because it can cause liver damage.
  • Heather tea can alter the effects of some medications, especially the ones related to the urinary and gastro intestinal tract, so make sure you consult your doctor before drinking it.
  • Pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid drinking heather tea.
All in all, try not to drink more than 2 cups of heather tea. Enjoy all its benefits and make sure you won’t experience any of its side effects!... discover heather tea

Discover More About Horsetail Tea

Horsetail tea is made from the horsetail herb also named Equisetum arvense. Horsetail was used by ancient Romans and Greeks in medicine as an herbal remedy to stop bleeding, heal wounds and treat tuberculosis or kidney problems. This plant is actually a non-flowering weed that is found in some parts of Europe, Asia, the Middle East and North America. How to brew Horsetail Tea To brew a cup of horsetail tea, place 1-2 teaspoons of dried horsetail in a cup of boiled water. Then cover it and let it steep for about 10-15 minutes. When the time is up, strain thehorsetail tea into another cup and, depending on your taste preferences, sweeten it with some honey or sugar. Horsetail Tea benefits Horsetail tea has a lot of health benefits due to its high silica content that may help straighten bones, hair and nails, relieve bloating and fight fungal infections.  Also, horsetail tea:
  • It is most commonly used as a diuretic since washes away the toxins, having a cleansing effect to the kidneys.
  • Strengthens your lungs thanks to its main component - silica acid helps strengthen the walls of the air sacs in the lungs.
  • Promotes healthy hair. You can add 4 oz. of cooled horsetail tea into your shampoo or you can use the tea as a hair rinse.
  • Reduces swellings and gets rid of water retention.
  • Treats urinary infections.
  • Helps healing and treating burns and wounds thanks to its anti-inflammatory properties.
Horsetail Tea side effects Even though this tea has a lot of benefits, over consumption may lead to certain side effects. Try not to drink more than 2 cups of horsetail tea a day.
  • Pregnant or breastfeeding women are advised not to drink horsetail tea.
  • If you have kidney stones, try to stay away from this tea.
  • You can experience nausea, muscle weakness, fever or certain skin problems if you drink too much horsetail tea.
  • Before you start drinking horsetail tea, make sure you don’t have theamine deficiency or weak heart. In case you do, do not drink this tea.
Horsetail tea makes an excellent choice of drink since it has a lot of medical properties and therefore many benefits. Avoid over consumption and enjoy a healthy cup of tea!... discover more about horsetail tea

Discover Self-heal Tea

When it comes to self-heal tea, the title should say enough. This herbal tea is known for its many health benefits, which should make it a must-drink for many people. Find out more about self-heal tea! About Self-Heal Tea Self-heal tea is made from Prunella vulgaris, which is commonly called self-heal or heal-all. It is an herbaceous plant which can be found in places with temperate climate throughout Europe, Asia and North America. Self-heal is a low-growing perennial weed, part of the mint family. It has a height between 5 and 30cm. It has lance shaped and serrated leaves, pretty reddish at the tip. The flowers during summer, are tubular, and grow in a whirled cluster. They are also two lipped; the top lip is purple, while the bottom lip is usually white. How to prepare Self-Heal Tea To enjoy some self-heal tea, add two teaspoonfuls of dehydrated self heal leaves or flowers to a cup of freshly boiled water. Let it steep for about 10 minutes. Then, strain to remove the leaves or flowers, and sweeten if necessary with honey or fruit juice. Self-Heal Tea Constituents Self-heal tea uses the leaves and flowers of the self-heal plant. These have important active constituents which are transferred to the tea, as well. Some of them include betulinic-acid, D-camphor, delphinidin, hyperoside, oleanolic-acid, rosmarinic-acid, rutin, ursolic-acid, and tannins. Also, self-heal tea has lots of vitamins. One cup of tea includes vitamin A, vitamin B, vitamin C, and vitamin K. Self-Heal Tea Benefits Self-heal tea has various health benefits. It can be used to treat diarrhea or eye infections, such as stye and conjunctivitis. When it comes to diseases, self-heal tea is often included in the treatment for Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, gynecological disorders, and even AIDS/HIV. It also lowers blood pressure and helps with an upset stomach or internal bleeding. Self-heal tea can be used topically, as well. It can be applied on cuts, bruises and wounds in order to disinfect them and hasten the healing process. Also, it is used to treat boils. You can also use self-heal tea to gargle, or as mouth wash. Like this, it can treat sore throats, or mouth and throat ulcers. Self-Heal Tea Side Effects There aren’t any known side effects to self-heal tea. It is still generally recommended that pregnant and breastfeeding women shouldn’t drink this herbal tea, because it might affect the baby in some way. It is considered best not to drink more than 2-3 cups of self-heal tea a day. If you drink too much, you might get headaches, diarrhea, loss of appetite, or feel dizzy or nauseous.   Just like its name promises, self-heal tea has plenty of important health benefits. Meanwhile, it has very few side effects. Knowing this, you should give it a try!... discover self-heal tea

Dural Headaches

The most common type, resulting from autotoxicity or an excess of blood metabolites, such as from liver dysfunction or hangovers.... dural headaches

E-health

An emerging field in the intersection of medical informatics, public health and business, referring to health services and information delivered or enhanced through the Internet and related technologies.... e-health

Empowerment For Health

A process through which people gain greater control over decisions and actions affecting their lives. It is the process by which disadvantaged individuals or groups acquire the knowledge and skills needed to assert their rights.... empowerment for health

En-hakkore

(Hebrew) From the fountain of the crier... en-hakkore

Environment And Health

Environment and Health concerns those aspects of human health, including quality of life, that are determined by physical, biological, social and psychosocial factors in the environment. The promotion of good health requires not only public policies which support health, but also the creation of supportive environments in which living and working conditions are safe, stimulating and enjoyable.

Health has driven much of environmental policy since the work of Edwin Chadwick in the early 1840s. The ?rst British public-health act was introduced in 1848 to improve housing and sanitation with subsequent provision of puri?ed water, clean milk, food hygiene regulations, vaccinations and antibiotics. In the 21st century there are now many additional environmental factors that must be monitored, researched and controlled if risks to human health are to be well managed and the impact on human morbidity and mortality reduced.

Environmental impacts on health include:

noise

air pollution

water pollution

dust •odours

contaminated ground

loss of amenities

vermin

vibration

animal diseases

Environmental risk factors Many of the major determinants of health, disease and death are environmental risk factors. Some are natural hazards; others are generated by human activities. They may be directly harmful, as in the examples of exposure to toxic chemicals at work, pesticides, or air pollution from road transport, or to radon gas penetrating domestic properties. Environmental factors may also alter people’s susceptibility to disease: for example, the availability of su?cient food. In addition, they may operate by making unhealthy choices more likely, such as the availability and a?ord-ability of junk foods, alcohol, illegal drugs or tobacco.

Populations at risk Children are among the populations most sensitive to environmental health hazards. Their routine exposure to toxic chemicals in homes and communities can put their health at risk. Central to the ability to protect communities and families is the right of people to know about toxic substances. For many, the only source of environmental information is media reporting, which often leaves the public confused and frustrated. To bene?t from public access to information, increasingly via the Internet, people need basic environmental and health information, resources for interpreting, understanding and evaluating health risks, and familiarity with strategies for prevention or reduction of risk.

Risk assessment Environmental health experts rely on the principles of environmental toxicology and risk assessment to evaluate the environment and the potential effects on individual and community health. Key actions include:

identifying sources and routes of environmental exposure and recommending methods of reducing environmental health risks, such as exposure to heavy metals, solvents, pesticides, dioxins, etc.

assessing the risks of exposure-related health hazards.

alerting health professionals, the public, and the media to the levels of risk for particular potential hazards and the reasons for interventions.

ensuring that doctors and scientists explain the results of environmental monitoring studies – for example, the results of water ?uoridation in the UK to improve dental health.

National policies In the United Kingdom in 1996, an important step in linking environment and health was taken by a government-initiated joint consultation by the Departments of Health and Environment about adding ‘environment’ as a key area within the Health of the Nation strategy. The ?rst UK Minister of State for Public Health was appointed in 1997 with responsibilities for health promotion and public-health issues, both generally and within the NHS. These responsibilities include the implementation of the Health of the Nation strategy and its successor, Our Healthy Nation. The aim is to raise the priority given to human health throughout government departments, and to make health and environmental impact assessment a routine part of the making, implementing and assessing the impact of policies.

Global environmental risks The scope of many environmental threats to human health are international and cannot be regulated e?ectively on a local, regional or even national basis. One example is the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident, which led to a major release of radiation, the effects of which were felt in many countries. Some international action has already been taken to tackle global environmental problems, but governments should routinely measure the overall impacts of development on people and their environments and link with industry to reduce damage to the environment. For instance, the effects of global warming and pollution on health should be assessed within an ecological framework if communities are to respond e?ectively to potential new global threats to the environment.... environment and health

Environmental Health Officer

A local-authority health o?cial specially quali?ed in aspects of environmental health such as clean air, food hygiene, housing, pollution, sanitation and water supplies. He or she is responsible for running the authority’s environmental health department and, when epidemiological advice is needed, the relevant public-health physician acts in a consultative capacity (see EPIDEMIOLOGY; PUBLIC HEALTH).... environmental health officer

Essential (benign) Hypertension

See HYPERTENSION.... essential (benign) hypertension

Eulophia Herbacea

Lindl.

Family: Orchidaceae.

Habitat: Western Himalayas, Bengal and Western parts of Deccan Peninsula.

English: Salep (var.).

Ayurvedic: Munjaataka (substitute), Saalam-misri (substitute).

Action: Tubers—used as a substitute for Salep.... eulophia herbacea

Euphorbia Hirta

Linn.

Synonym: E. pilulifera auct. non Linn.

Family: Euphorbiaceae.

Habitat: Throughout warmer regions of India.

English: Euphorbia, Australian Asthma Weed, Pill-bearing Spurge.

Ayurvedic: Dudhi, Dudhikaa, Naagaarjuni, Vikshirini.

Unani: Dudhi Khurd.

Siddha/Tamil: Amman pachharisi.

Action: Pectoral, antiasthmatic, antispasmodic. Used for asthma, laryngitis, chronic nasal and bronchial catarrh; diarrhoea, dysentery, intestinal parasitosis Also used in postnatal complaints, failure of lactation. Latex— vermifuge. Used in diseases of urinogenitory tract.

The herb contains several terpenes, anthocyanins, alcohols and steroids. Aerial parts also gave shikimic acid, choline, L-inositol and free sugars.

Antiasthmatic activity is attributed to choline and shikimic acid. Shikimic acid and choline showed relaxant and contracting properties on guinea-pig ileum.

The aqueous extract of the herb exhibited sedative, anxiolytic, analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities; exerted an inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation.

Quercitrin is reported to be responsible for antidiarrhoeal activity.

Methanolic extract of the leaves exhibits antibacterial and antifungal activities.

Dimeric hydrolysable tannins, eu- phorbains, have been isolated from the plant.... euphorbia hirta

Euphorbia Hypericifolia

Auct. Non Linn.

Synonym: E. indica Lam.

Family: Euphorbiaceae.

Habitat: Throughout warmer regions of India, up to 1,500 m in the Himalaya.

Ayurvedic: Dugdhikaa.

Action: Plant—used in colic, diarrhoea and dysentery. Leaf— astringent, antidysenteric, antileuc- orrhoeic (also used in menorrhagia).

The plant contains taraxerol, oc- tacosanol, campesterol, stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol, quercetin, quercitrin, ellagic acid, rhamnetin-3-galactoside, rhmnetin-3-rhamnoside and kaempferol.... euphorbia hypericifolia

Extra Care Sheltered Housing

Housing where there is additional support (such as the provision of meals and extra communal facilities) to that usually found in sheltered housing. Sometimes called ‘very sheltered housing’.... extra care sheltered housing

False Hookworm

Ternidens deminuus, an intestinal nematode of monkeys in the Old World tropics and recorded from humans in Southern Africa and Mauritius. One of the nodular worms.... false hookworm

Farsetia Hamiltonii

Royle.

Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.

Family: Polygonaceae.

Habitat: Cultivated in the Himalayas, especially in the colder parts of Ladakh, Zaskar and Western Tibet.

English: Tatary Duckwheat.

Ayurvedic: Ukhal.

Folk: Kutu (var.).

Action: See F. esculentum. Duck- wheat is a better source of rutin than the common Buckwheat. It contains 45-80% more rutin than the latter, and maintains its high rutin content for a longer period.

Family: Cruciferae; Brassicaceae.

Habitat: Mediterranean region, eastwards to India and southwards to tropical Africa.

Folk: Farid-booti (Punjab).

Action: Antirheumatic.

Farsetia species contain a volatile oil which gave glucosinolates. Allylglu- cosinolate is the major constituent.... farsetia hamiltonii

Fasciola Hepatica

The common liver fluke. In tropical regions this species is replaced by F. gigantica. Like all trematodes, their intermediate hosts are aquatic snails. Infection occurs when the infective metacercariae are ingested on vegetation in swampy areas. Normal final (definitive) hosts are sheep, cattle and various wild animal species. Humans can acquire fascioliasis if they eat contamiated water cress etc.... fasciola hepatica

Feeding Habits

Habits determining the times and places of feeding and the sources of blood meals for mosquitoes.... feeding habits

Follicular Hormone

See OESTRADIOL.... follicular hormone

Gamma Benzene Hexachloride

A drug that is used in the treatment of PEDICULOSIS and SCABIES.... gamma benzene hexachloride

General Hospital

A hospital providing a variety of services, including medicine and surgery, to meet the general medical needs of the community it serves.... general hospital

Ficus Heterophylla

Linn. f.

Synonym: F. semicordata Buch.- Ham. ex Sm. F. conglomerata Roxb.

Family: Moraceae.

Habitat: Sub-Himalayan tract from Chenab eastward to Bhutan and in Assam, Bengal and Orissa.

English: Indian Fig.

Ayurvedic: Malayu, Choraka- patra, Laakshaa-vrksha, Laghu- udumbara.

Siddha: Taragadu (Tamil).

Action: See F. carica. Fruits— spasmolytic; used in aphthous complaints. Root—used for bladder and visceral troubles. Bark-decoction—used for washing ulcers; juice and powdered bark— applied to wounds and bruises. Syconium—used for ulcers of mucous membrane. Syconium and bark—antileprotic.

The tree is one of the recorded hosts of the Indian lac insect.... ficus heterophylla

Ficus Hispida

Linn. f.

Synonym: F. daemona Koen. ex Vahl. F. Oppositifolia Roxb.

Family: Moraceae.

Habitat: Outer Himalaya from Chenab eastwards to West Bengal Assam, Central and South India and the Andaman Islands.

Ayurvedic: Kaakodumbara, Kaashtodumbara, Phalgu, Malayu, Malapu.

Unani: Anjir Dashti.

Siddha/Tamil: Peyatti, Chona Atthi.

Action: Syconium—galactagogue. Bark and seed—purgative, emetic.

The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia ofIn- dia recommends the fruit in jaundice, oedema and anaemia; fruit and root in leucoderma, vitiligo.

The fruits, seeds and bark contain beta-sitosterol, beta-amyrin, n- triacontanyl acetate, gluacol acetate, hispidin, a phenanthraindolizidine alkaloid, bergapten and psoralen. A leu- cocyanin has been isolated from the root; oleanolic acid from the leaves.

Dosage: Fruit—10-20 g; root—1- 3 g powder. (API Vol. III.)... ficus hispida

Garcinia Hanburyi

Hook. f.

Family: Guttiferae; Clusiaceae.

Habitat: Evergreen forests of Assam and Khasi Hills.

English: Siam Gamboge.

Ayurvedic: Kankushtha; Kaalakushtha, Tamaala.

Unani: Usaar-e-revand.

Action: Gum-resin—drastic hydragogue, cathartic; used for dropsical conditions. Toxic. The gum-resin contains 70-75% resins consisting mainly of alpha- and beta-garcinolic acids with gambogic acids; about 20-25% gum.

Gambogic acid, morellic acid and isomorellic acid are toxic constituents of the gum-resin.... garcinia hanburyi

Girardinia Heterophylla

Decne.

Synonym: G. diversifolia (Link) Eriss.

Family: Urticaceae.

Habitat: Temperate and sub-tropical Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim, and in Assam and Khasi hills.

English: Himalayan Nettle.

Ayurvedic: Vrishchikaa.

Folk: Bichhuu-booti, Awaa, Chikri.

Action: Leaves—decoction is given in fevers; applied externally to swollen joints, also as a paste for headache. (Due to stringing hair, the plant causes dermatitis and is known as Bichhuu.)

The leaves contain 5-OH-trypta- mine and histamine, also AC-choline.

The plant gave beta-sitosterol.... girardinia heterophylla

Glycosylated Haemoglobin (hba1c)

This forms a small proportion of the total HAEMOGLOBIN in the blood. It di?ers from the major component, HbA, in that it has a glucose group attached. The rate of synthesis of HbA1c is a function of the blood-glucose concentration, and since it accumulates throughout the life span of the red blood cell – normally 120 days – the concentration of HbA1c is related to the mean blood-glucose concentration over the past 3–4 months. It is thus a useful indicator of medium-term diabetic control (see DIABETES MELLITUS) – a good target range would be a concentration of 5–8 per cent. When interpreting the HbA1c level, however, it is important to remember that wide ?uctuations in blood-glucose concentration, together with ANAEMIA or a reduced ERYTHROCYTES life span, may give misleading results.... glycosylated haemoglobin (hba1c)

Graft Versus Host Disease (gvhd)

A condition that is a common complication of BONE MARROW transplant (see TRANSPLANTATION). It results from certain LYMPHOCYTES in the transplanted marrow attacking the transplant recipient’s tissues, which they identify as ‘foreign’. GVHD may appear soon after a transplant or develop several months later. The condition, which is fatal in about a third of victims, may be prevented by immunosuppressant drugs such as ciclosporin.... graft versus host disease (gvhd)

Group Home

A house in which people have their own rooms but there are communal facilities. Staff may live in to offer support.... group home

Group Senior Assisted Housing

See “assisted living facility”.... group senior assisted housing

Gymnema Hirsutum

Wight & Arn.

Family: Asclepiadaceae.

Habitat: Southern parts of Uttar Pradesh adjoining Madhya Pradesh, also in Bihar and Western Ghats.

Folk: Gurmaar (related species).

Action: Leaf—when chewed, temporarily paralyses the sense of taste for sweet and bitter substances. Plant—used as stomachic, bechic, expectorant, and in male impotency, poor lactation.

The leaves contain gymnemic acid.... gymnema hirsutum

Gossypium Herbaceum

Linn.

Family: Malvaceae.

Habitat: Cultivated mainly in Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.

English: Asiatic Cotton, Levant Cotton, Uppam Cotton.

Ayurvedic: Kaarpaasa, Kaarpaasi, Kaarpaasaka, Rakta-Kaarpaasa, Shona-Kaarpaasa, Samudraantaa, Tuula, Pichu, Bhaaradwaaji, Tundikeri.

Unani: Pambahdaanaa. (Seed.)

Siddha/Tamil: Paruttikkootam

Action: Root bark—diuretic, oxytocic. Bark—emmenagogue, haemostatic. Seed—demulcent, laxative, expectorant, abortifacient, galactagogue, nervine, anticepha- lalgic.

The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia ofIn- dia recommends the seed oil for toning up the breast.

The seed contains 21.3-25.2% protein, free gossypol 0.82-1.96%.

Dosage: Seeds, devoid of lint—3- 6 g powder. (API Vol. I.)... gossypium herbaceum

Grewia Hirsuta

Vahl.

Synonym: G. polygama Mast.

Family: Tiliaceae.

Habitat: Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus to Nepal up to 1,500 m, also in hills of Bihar, Orissa and Tamil Nadu.

Ayurvedic: Naagabalaa, Gud- sharkaraa.

Siddha/Tamil: Tavadu.

Folk: Gulshakari.

Action: Fruit and root—diuretic, antidiarrhoeal. Roots and leaves, crushed with sugar candy, are prescribed for spermatorrhoea.

Dosage: Root—50-100 ml decoction. (CCRAS.)... grewia hirsuta

Haafizah

(Arabic) One who loves literature Hafizah, Hafiza, Hafyzah, Hafeeza, Hafeezah, Hafeazah, Hafeaza... haafizah

Haarisah

(Hindi) Daughter of the sun Harisah, Haarysah, Harisa, Harysah, Harysa, Haaresah, Haresah, Haresa... haarisah

Haarithah

(Arabic) A heavenly messenger Harithah, Haarithe, Haaritheh, Harithe... haarithah

Habbai

(Arabic) One who is much loved Habbae, Habbay, Habbaye... habbai

Habenaria Acuminata

Thw., H. goodyeroides D. Don., H. griffithii HK. are also equated with Riddhi, Vriddhi.

Dosage: Tuber—3-6 g powder. (CCRAS.)... habenaria acuminata

Habenaria Edgeworthii

Hook. f. ex Collett.

Family: Orchidaceae.

Habitat: Outer range of Western Himalayas from Punjab to Kumaon.

Ayurvedic: Riddhi. (Tubers of Eulophia nuda Lindl. and Dioscorea bulbifera are also used as Riddhi.)

Action: Nervine and cardiac tonic.... habenaria edgeworthii

Habenaria Intermedia

D. Don.

Family: Orchidaceae.

Habitat: The Himalayan region. Found in Ranikhet.

Ayurvedic: Riddhi, Vriddhi. (Substitute: Dioscorea bulbifera.)

Action: Nervine and cardiac tonic.... habenaria intermedia

Habiba

(Arabic) Feminine form of Habib; one who is dearly loved; sweetheart Habibah, Habeeba, Habyba, Habieba, Habeiba, Habika, Habyka, Habicka, Habycka, Habeabah, Habeaba, Habeebah, Habybah, Habiebah, Habeibah... habiba

Hachi

(Native American / Japanese) From the river / having good fortune Hachie, Hachee, Hachiko, Hachiyo, Hachy, Hachey, Hachikka... hachi

Hachilah

(Hebrew) From the dark hill Hachila, Hachyla, Hachylah, Hacheela, Hacheelah, Hachiela, Hachielah, Hacheilah, Hacheila, Hacheala, Hachealah... hachilah

Hackberry

Celtis species

Description: Hackberry trees have smooth, gray bark that often has corky warts or ridges. The tree may reach 39 meters in height. Hackberry trees have long-pointed leaves that grow in two rows. This tree bears small, round berries that can be eaten when they are ripe and fall from the tree. The wood of the hackberry is yellowish.

Habitat and Distribution: This plant is widespread in the United States, especially in and near ponds.

Edible Parts: Its berries are edible when they are ripe and fall from the tree.... hackberry

Gyokuro Tea Health Benefits

Gyokuro tea is said to be the finest type of green tea. It is largely consumed for its health properties, but also for its unique taste. Its ingredients balance the diet in a harmonious way. Gyokuro tea description Gyokuro tea, or in translation “Jewel Dew”, is a fine type of green tea. It has a deep green colour and a rich seaweed and mellow taste flavor. Itscomponentsare theanine, caffeine, tannin and vitamin C. Theanine provides the tea’s flavor, caffeine its bitterness, and tannin its astringency. Gyokuro tea’s high quality and price are related to the unusual growing techniques. The tea is made only with the earliest leaf buds of the April/May harvest. The aforementioned tea is grown under shade cover for 20 days before harvesting begins. It is considered the best of the Japanese teas and offers consumers a refreshing experience. How to prepare Gyokuro tea Gyokuro tea is advisable to be drunk alone, without mixing it with milk or sugar. Occasionally, one can only serve it with a piece of dark chocolate. It seems that its leaves can be eaten, being soft and healthy.
  • Use good quality water to prepare a good Gyokuro tea
  • The optimal brewing temperature is between 122 F and 140 F degrees.
  • First, preheat the cups or the teapot, because pouring the moderately warm tea into a cold cup changes its temperature.
  • Pour some of the boiled water into the tea kettle and wait one or two minutes.
  • Add the leaves and the remaining water.
  • Use 2 table spoons of tea to approx. 4-5 ounces of water.
  • Brewing time is between two and three minutes. While brewing, don’t mix, stir or shake the tea. Try to leave enough room for the leaves to expand.
Gyokuro tea benefits Due to its high content of antioxidants, Gyokuro tea reduces the risk of cancer. It can fight the free radicals responsible for the growth of tumors. This type of tea has a large contribution in making cells less likely to be affected by mutations. There have been instances in which it helped to cell recovery. Gyokuro tea can be successfully used to:
  • stimulate the metabolism
  • burn off  calories
  • lower cholesterol
  • protect against various cardiovascular diseases
  • soothe and relax the mind
  • enhance cognition and alertness
  • improve concentration
  • keep one energetic
  • prevent dental plaque, bacterial infections and dental decay
  • freshen your breathe
  • protect against bacteria
Gyokuro tea side effects In case of large intakes of Gyokuro tea, insomnia may appear, especially to consumers already suffering from a sleep pattern disorder. Agitation and anxiety are other side effects caused by the content of caffeine. Children, people with heart medical problems and pregnant women are normally told to avoid Gyokuro tea or to drink it in limited quantities. Gyokuro tea contains a great quantity of antioxidants and caffeine that better people’s daily activities by enhancing their state of mind and well-being.  ... gyokuro tea health benefits

Hada

(African) From the salty place Hadah, Hadda, Haddah... hada

Hadara

(Hebrew) A spectacular ornament; adorned with beauty Hadarah, Hadarit, Haduraq, Hadarra, Hadarrah... hadara

Hadassah

(Hebrew) From the myrtle tree Hadassa, Hadasah, Hadasa... hadassah

Hadeel

(Arabic) Resembling a dove Hadil, Hadyl, Hadeil, Hadiel, Hadeal... hadeel

Hadenna

(English) From the meadow of flowers

Hadennah, Hadena, Hadynna, Hadinna, Hadyna, Hadina... hadenna

Hadiya

(Arabic) A gift from God; a righteous woman

Hadiyah, Hadiyyah, Haadiyah, Haadiya, Hadeeya, Hadeeyah, Hadieya, Hadieyah, Hadeiya, Hadeiyah, Hadeaya, Hadeayah... hadiya

Hadlai

(Hebrew) In a resting state; one who hinders

Hadlae, Hadlay, Hadlaye... hadlai

Hadley

(English) From the field of heather Hadlea, Hadleigh, Hadly, Hedlea, Hedleigh, Hedley, Hedlie, Hadlee, Hadlie, Hadli, Hedly, Hedlee, Hedleah, Hedli... hadley

Hadria

(Latin) From the town in northern Italy

Hadrea, Hadriana, Hadriane, Hadrianna, Hadrien, Hadrienne, Hadriah, Hadreah... hadria

Hady

(Greek) One who is soulful Hadey, Hadi, Hadie, Hadee, Hadea... hady

Hadya

(Arabic) Feminine form of Hadi; serving as a religious guide Hadyah, Hadiya, Hadiyah... hadya

Haematologist

A doctor or scientist who specialises in the study and treatment of blood and blood disorders.... haematologist

Haematoxylon Campechianum

Linn.

Family: Caesalpiniaceae, Mi- mosaceae

Habitat: Native to tropical America and the West Indies. Grown in Indian gardens.

English: Logwood, Peachwood, Compeachy tree.

Ayurvedic: Pattanga, Patraanga, Bakam (substitute). (Caesalpinia sappan is also equated with Pattanga.)

Unani: Buqqam, Bakam-Hindi.

Action: Astringent. Used for atonic dyspepsia, diarrhoea, summer diarrhoea, dysentery, internal haemorrhages, menorrhagia, leucorrhoea. (It imparts red colour to urine and stool. Incompatible with chalk or lime-water.)

The wood contains about 10% hae- matoxylon, a red-brown phenolic dye, tannins, resin and volatile oil.

Haematoxylin exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in the carra- geenan-induced oedema test.

The seed contains crude protein 29.1, pentosan 6.6, and water-soluble gum 3.2%.... haematoxylon campechianum

Haemic Murmur

Unusual sounds heard over the heart and large blood vessels in severe cases of ANAEMIA. They disappear as the condition improves.... haemic murmur

Haemofiltration

A technique similar to HAEMODIALYSIS. Blood is dialysed using ultra?ltration through a membrane permeable to water and small molecules (molecular weight <12,000). Physiological saline solution is simultaneously reinfused.... haemofiltration

Haemoglobinopathies

Abnormal HAEMOGLOBIN formation occurs in the haemoglobinopathies, which are hereditary haemolytic anaemias, genetically determined and related to race. The haemoglobin may be abnormal because: (1) there is a defect in the synthesis of normal adult haemoglobin as in THALASSAEMIA, when there may be an absence of one or both of the polypeptide chains characteristic of normal adult haemoglobin; or (2) there is an abnormal form of haemoglobin such as haemoglobin S which results in sickle-cell disease (see ANAEMIA). This abnormality may involve as little as one amino acid of the 300 in the haemoglobin molecule. In sickle-cell haemoglobin, one single amino-acid molecule – that of glutamic acid – is replaced by another – that of valine; this results in such a de?cient end product that the ensuing disease is frequently severe.... haemoglobinopathies

Haemorrhoid

A bleeding pile... haemorrhoid

Hafsa

(Arabic) Resembling a young lioness; a wife of Muhammad Hafza, Hafsah, Hafzah, Haphsa, Haphza... hafsa

Hafthah

(Arabic) One who is protected by God Haftha... hafthah

Hafwen

(Welsh) Possessing the beauty of summer

Hafwenne, Hafwin, Hafwyn, Hafwinne, Hafwynne, Hafwenn, Hafwinn, Hafwynn... hafwen

Hagab

(Hebrew) Resembling a grasshopper Hagabah, Hagaba, Hagabe... hagab

Hagai

(Hebrew) One who has been abandoned

Hagae, Hagay, Hagaye, Haggai, Haggae, Hagie, Haggie, Hagi, Haggi, Hagee, Haggee, Hagea, Haggea, Hagy, Haggy, Hagey, Haggey... hagai

Hagar

(Hebrew) One who is forsaken; taking flight; a stranger Haggar, Hagir, Hajar, Hagyr, Hagarr... hagar

Hagen

(Irish) A youthful woman Hagan, Haggen, Haggan... hagen

Haggith

(Hebrew) One who rejoices; the dancer

Haggithe, Haggyth, Haggythe, Hagith, Hagithe, Hagyth, Hagythe... haggith

Hagne

(Greek) One who is pure; chaste Hagna, Hagni, Hagnie, Hagnee, Hagnea, Hagneah, Hagny, Hagney... hagne

Haiba

(African) A charming woman Hayba, Haibah, Haybah, Haeba, Haebah... haiba

Haidee

(Greek) A modest woman; one who is well-behaved

Hadee, Haydee, Haydy, Haidi, Haidie, Haydi, Haydie, Haidy, Haedee, Haedi, Haedie, Haedy, Haedey, Haedea, Haidea, Haydea... haidee

Haimati

(Indian) A queen of the snow-covered mountains

Haimatie, Haimaty, Haimatey, Haimatee, Haymati, Haymatie, Haymatee, Haimatea, Haymatea... haimati

Haimi

(Hawaiian) One who searches for the truth

Haimie, Haimy, Haimey, Haimee, Haymi, Haymie, Haymee, Haimea, Haymea... haimi

Hair Jellyfish

The Australian colloquial term for Cyanea - also known as Lion’s Mane in many other countries.... hair jellyfish

Hair, Removal Of

See DEPILATION.... hair, removal of

Haiwee

(Native American) Resembling the dove; bird of peace

Haiwea, Haiwie, Haiwi, Haiwy, Haiwey... haiwee

Hajna

(Hungarian) Form of Ann, meaning “a woman graced with God’s favor” Hajne... hajna

Hajnal

(Hungarian) Born with the morning’s first light

Hajnale, Hajnala, Hajnalla, Hajnalka... hajnal

Hakana

(Turkish) Feminine form of Hakan; ruler of the people; an empress Hakanah, Hakanna, Hakane, Hakann, Hakanne... hakana

Hakidonmuya

(Native American) Born during a period of expectation... hakidonmuya

Hakkoz

(Hebrew) One who has the qualities of a thorn

Hakoz, Hakkoze, Hakoze, Hakkoza, Hakoza... hakkoz

Hala

(Arabic) Possessing a lunar halo Halah, Haala, Hila, Hilah... hala

Halag

(German) A religious woman; one who is pious... halag

Halak

(Hebrew) One who is bald; smooth... halak

Halcyone

(Greek) Resembling a kingfisher; born during a time of peace and calm Halcyon, Halcyona, Halcyonia, Halcyonea... halcyone

Halda

(Scandinavian) One who is half Danish

Haldah, Haldane, Haldayn, Haldayne, Haldain, Haldaine, Haldaen, Haldaene, Haldana, Haldania, Haldanea, Halden, Haldin, Haldyn, Haldi, Haldie, Haldee, Haldea, Haldey, Haldy, Haldis... halda

Haldana

(Norse) One who is half Danish Haldanah, Haldanna, Haldane, Haldayne, Haldaine, Haldaene... haldana

Haldis

(Teutonic / Greek) A stone spirit / a reliable helper

Haldisa, Haldys, Haldiss, Haldisse, Haldyss, Haldysse, Halldis, Halldiss, Halldisse, Halldys, Halldyss, Halldysse... haldis

Haldora

(Norse) Feminine form of Haldor; Thor’s rock

Haldorah, Haldoria, Haldorea, Haldorra, Halldora, Halldorra, Halldoria, Halldorea... haldora

Hale

(English) From the hall of light; a heroine

Hayle, Haile, Haylan, Haylen, Hael, Haele, Hayl... hale

Haleigha

(Hawaiian) Born with the rising sun

Haleea, Haleya, Halya... haleigha

Halene

(Russian) A steadfast woman Haleen, Haleene, Halein, Haleine, Halien, Haliene... halene

Haletta

(Greek) A little girl from the meadow

Halett, Halet, Haleta, Halette, Halete... haletta

Haley

(English) From the field of hay Hailey, Hayle, Hailee, Haylee, Haylie, Haleigh, Hayley, Haeleigh, Haeli, Haili, Haily, Halea, Hayleigh, Hayli, Hailea, Haile, Hailie, Halie, Hali, Halee, Haelee... haley

Halfrida

(German) A peaceful woman Halfryda, Halfrieda, Halfreida, Halfreeda, Halfreada... halfrida

Halhul

(Hebrew) One who is hollow inside; full of grief... halhul

Halia

(Hawaiian) The remembrance of one who was loved... halia

Halibut-liver Oil

The oil expressed from fresh, or suitably preserved, halibut liver. It is a particularly rich source of vitamin A (30,000 international units per gram), and also contains vitamin D (2,300– 2,500 units per gram). It is available in capsules as a means of providing the two vitamins. (See APPENDIX 5: VITAMINS.)... halibut-liver oil

Halima

(Arabic) A mild-mannered woman; one who is gentle

Halimah, Haleema, Haleemah, Haleima, Halyma, Helima, Helimah, Helyma, Heleema, Heleemah, Haleama, Haleamah, Heleama, Heleamah... halima

Halimeda

(Greek) Woman from the sea Halameda, Halymeda, Halimyda, Halymyda, Halamyda, Halimida, Halamida... halimeda

Halina

(Greek / Polish) Born of the light / one who is calm

Halinah, Haleena, Haleenah, Halyna, Halynah, Haleina, Haleinah, Haleana, Haleanah, Haliena, Halienah, Halena, Halenah... halina

Hall

(American) One who is distinguished Haul... hall

Halla

(African) An unexpected gift Hallah... halla

Hallam

(English) From the valley Hallem, Halam, Halem... hallam

Hallan

(English) From the manor’s hall Hallen, Halan, Halen... hallan

Hallei

(Hebrew) One who is much praised... hallei

Hallela

(Hebrew) One who is praiseworthy Hallella, Halleli, Hallelie, Hallely, Halleley, Hallelee, Hallelea... hallela

Hallelujah

(Hebrew) Praise the Lord our God

Halleluja... hallelujah

Hallie

(Scandinavian / Greek / English) From the hall / woman of the sea / from the field of hay

Halley, Hallie, Halle, Hallee, Hally, Halleigh, Hallea, Halleah... hallie

Hallucinations

False perceptions arising without an adequate external stimulus, as opposed to illusions, which are misinterpretations of stimuli arising from an external object. Hallucinations come from ‘within’, although the affected individual may see them as coming from ‘without’. Nevertheless, they may occur at the same time as real perceptions, and may affect any sense (vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch, etc.).

Causes They may be the result of intense emotion or suggestion, sensory deprivation (for example, overwork or lack of sleep), disorders of sense organs, or disorders of the central nervous system. Although hallucinations may occur in perfectly sane people, they are more commonly an indication of a MENTAL ILLNESS. They may be deliberately induced by the use of HALLUCINOGENS.... hallucinations

Halofantrine

US Army discovered antimalarial related to mefloquine, used to kill blood parasites, especially in the treatment of severe malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum.... halofantrine

Haloke

(Native American) Resembling a salmon

Haloka, Halokia, Halokea... haloke

Halona

(Native American) Woman of good fortune

Halonna, Halonah, Halonia, Halonea... halona

Halothane Hepatitis

A very rare form of HEPATITIS following exposure to HALOTHANE during anaesthesia (1:35,000 halothane anaesthetics). Jaundice develops three to four days after exposure and will occasionally develop into a fatal massive hepatic necrosis. It is of unknown aetiology but probably has an immunological basis. It is more common following multiple exposures in a short time (less than 28 days), and in obesity, middle age and females. It is rare in children.... halothane hepatitis

Halsey

(American) A playful woman Halsy, Halsee, Halsea, Halsi, Halsie, Halcie, Halcy, Halcey, Halcea, Halcee, Halci... halsey

Halston

(American) A stylish woman Halsten, Halstin, Halstun, Halstan, Halstyn... halston

Halyn

(American) A unique young woman Halynn, Halynne, Halin, Halinn, Halinne... halyn

Halzey

(American) A great leader Halzy, Halzee, Halzea, Halzi, Halzie... halzey

Hama

(Arabic) From the city on the river Hamah, Hamma, Hammah... hama

Hamate

One of the carpal bones of the HAND that articulate between the METATARSAL BONES and the RADIUS and ulnar bones of the forearm.... hamate

Hamath

(Hebrew) From the mighty fortress

Hamathe, Hamoth, Hamothe, Hamatha, Hamotha... hamath

Hamida

(Arabic) One who gives thanks Hamidah, Hamyda, Hameeda, Hameida, Hamieda, Hameada, Hamydah, Hameedah, Hameidah, Hamiedah, Hameadah... hamida

Hamilton

(American) A dreamer; one who is wishful

Hamylton, Hamilten, Hamylten, Hamiltyn, Hamyltyn... hamilton

Hammon

(Hebrew) Of the warm springs... hammon

Hamony

(Latin) Form of Harmony, meaning “unity; musically in tune” Hamoney, Hamoni, Hamonie, Hamonee, Hamonea... hamony

Hamstrings

The name given to the tendons at the back of the knee – two on the inner side and one on the outer side – which bend this joint. They are attached to the tibia below. Strains, or ‘pulls’, and tears of the hamstring are common in people taking part in strenuous sports such as athletics, football, rugby and tennis (see SPORTS MEDICINE).... hamstrings

Hamula

(Hebrew) Feminine form of Hamul; spared by God Hamulah, Hamulla, Hamullah... hamula

Hamutal

(Hebrew) Of the morning dew Hamutala, Hamutalle, Hamutalla... hamutal

Hana

(Japanese / Arabic) Resembling a flower blossom / a blissful woman Hanah, Hanako... hana

Hanameel

(Hebrew) A gift from God Hanameela, Hannameel, Hanamele, Hanamelle, Hanamella, Hananeel, Hananeela, Hanameal, Hanameala, Hananeal, Hananeala... hanameel

Hanan

(Arabic) One who shows mercy and compassion... hanan

Hananna

(Hebrew) Feminine form of Hanan; one who is gracious Hanannah, Hanana, Hananah... hananna

Hande

(Turkish) A woman with an infectious smile... hande

Handsearching

Looking for articles, not by searching electronic databases, but by systematically going through journals.... handsearching

Hang

(Vietnamese) Of the moon... hang

Hang-nail

A splitting of the skin (cuticle) at the side of a ?ngernail. In manual workers it is usually caused by trauma, but ISCHAEMIA of the ?ngers (see also RAYNAUD’S DISEASE) may predispose to the condition. Secondary infection and in?ammation may make hang-nail a very tender condition; treatment consists of reducing trauma, and the use of EMOLLIENTS and ANTIBIOTICS if necessary.... hang-nail

Hanging

Hanging is a form of death due to suspension of the body from the neck – either suddenly, as in judicial hanging (although not in the United Kingdom, as the death penalty is not used in the UK justice system), so as to damage the spinal column and cord, or in such a way as to constrict the AIR PASSAGES and the blood vessels to the brain. Death is, in any case, speedy, resulting in 2–3 minutes if not instantaneously. Apart from judicial hanging, and in the absence of any signs of a struggle, hanging is usually due to SUICIDE. The resuscitation of people found hanging is similar to that for drowning. (See APPENDIX 1: BASIC FIRST AID – Cardiac/respiratory arrest.)... hanging

Hanh

(Vietnamese) From the apricot tree... hanh

Hanifa

(Arabic) Feminine form of Hanif; a true believer; one who is upright Hanifah, Haneefa, Haneefah, Hanyfa, Hanyfah, Haneifa, Haneifah, Haniefa, Haniefah, Haneafa, Haneafah... hanifa

Hanika

(Hebrew) A graceful woman Hanikah, Haneeka, Haneekah, Hanyka, Hanykah, Haneika, Haneikah, Hanieka, Haniekah, Haneaka, Haneakah... hanika

Hanima

(Indian) Of the waves Hanimah, Hanyma, Haneema, Hanymah, Haneemah, Haneima, Haneimah, Haniema, Haniemah, Haneama, Haneamah... hanima

Hanita

(Indian) Favored with divine grace Hanitah, Hanyta, Haneeta, Hanytah, Haneetah, Haneita, Haneitah, Hanieta, Hanietah, Haneata, Haneatah... hanita

Haniyah

(Arabic) One who is pleased; happy

Haniya, Haniyyah, Haniyya, Hani, Hanie, Hanee, Hany, Haney, Hanea, Haneah... haniyah

Hannabel

(German) Favored with grace and beauty

Hannabelle, Hannabell, Hannabele, Hannabela, Hannabella... hannabel

Hannah

(Hebrew) Having favor and grace; in the Bible, mother of Samuel Hanalee, Hanalise, Hanna, Hanne, Hannele, Hannelore, Hannie, Hanny, Honna, Hannalee, Hendel, Hannaleigh, Honna, Hannea, Hanneka, Hannika, Hannela, Hannella, Hannalea... hannah

Hannette

(American) One who is graceful Hannett, Hannet, Hannete, Hannetta, Hanneta... hannette

Hansa

(Indian) As graceful as a swan Hansika, Hansini, Hansinie, Hansia, Hansea... hansa

Hansen’s Disease

See LEPROSY.... hansen’s disease

Hansine

(Hebrew) Feminine form of John; God is gracious

Hansyne, Hanseen, Hansinah, Hansina, Hansyna, Hannes, Hanseane, Hanseana, Hanseena... hansine

Hanya

(Aboriginal) As solid as a stone... hanya

Hanzila

(African) Traveling a road or path Hanzilah, Hanzilla, Hanzillah, Hanzyla, Hanzylla, Hanzylah, Hanzyllah... hanzila

Hapalochlaena Spp.

Usually known as the blue-ringed octopus, a bite from this cephalopod can cause respiratoryparalysis (but not unconsciousness) within 30 minutes of a painless bite by the beak on the underside of this small octopus. It is normally some 8-11cm across, and a dull brown colour. However, when irritated (eg. by children playing with it) attractive blue rings appear, and a bite may occurs. Rapid (within 10 minutes) onset of progressive muscle weakness, with speech and respiratory difficulty, dysphagia and visual disturbance occur; respiratory failure mayoccur. There have been two Australian deaths. EAR can prevent death from respiratory failure.... hapalochlaena spp.

Haplanthus Verticillatus

(Roxb.) Nees.

Family: Acanthaceae.

Habitat: Hills of Deccan Peninsula and parts of western and central India.

Folk: Kaalaa-Kirayaat (Maharashtra).

Action: Febrifuge, bitter tonic.

A closely related species, Haplan- thus tentaculatus Nees, is also known as Kaalaa-Kiryaat. The herb is given in fever.... haplanthus verticillatus

Happy

(American) A joyful woman Happey, Happi, Happie, Happee, Happea... happy

Haqikah

(Egyptian) A truthful woman; one who is honest

Haqika, Haquikah, Haquika, Haqyka... haqikah

Hara

(Hebrew) From the mountainous land Harah, Harra, Harrah... hara

Haracha

(African) Resembling a frog... haracha

Haradah

(Hebrew) One who is filled with fear Harada... haradah

Haralda

(Norse) Feminine form of Harold; the ruler of an army

Haraldene, Haraldina, Harolda, Haroldene, Haroldina, Haraldia, Harelda, Hareldina, Hareldene, Harelde, Harolde, Haraldyna, Haroldyna, Hareldyna, Haraldyne, Haroldyne, Hareldyne... haralda

Harana

(Hebrew) Feminine form of Haran; a great moutaineer; one who is parched Haranah, Haranna, Haranne, Harane, Harann... harana

Hard Water

The term applied to water that contains a large amount of calcium and magnesium salts (lime salts). These form an insoluble curd with soap and thus interfere with the use of the water for washing. Hard water is especially found in districts where the soil is chalky. Temporary hardness, which is due mainly to the presence of bicarbonates of lime, can be remedied by boiling, when the lime is precipitated as carbonate of lime. Permanent hardness is not remedied by boiling, and is due to the presence of a large amount of sulphate of lime. It may be removed by the addition of sodium carbonate (washing soda) or by the Permutit process which involves the use of various combinations of silicate of alumina and soda. In the past, hard water was often blamed for many ills – without any convincing evidence. Epidemiologists suggest that drinking soft water may lead to a greater risk of heart disease.... hard water

Hardwickia Binata

Roxb.

Family: Caesalpiniaceae.

Habitat: Dry forests of Deccan Peninsula, Central India and parts of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

Ayurvedic: Anjana.

Siddha/Tamil: Katudugu, Kodapalai.

Action: Balsam—used for sexually transmitted diseases. The balsam is similar to Copaiba balsam (Copaifera langsdorffii Desf., Leguminosae) of Brasil and is used in leucorrhoea, chronic cystitis, gonorrhoea, combined with cubebs and sandal. The resin (not the oleo-resin) is used as diuretic.

The essential oil of H. binata is not a substitute for Copaiba oil.

The methanolic extract of the heart- wood yields beta-sitosterol, (+)-taxifo- lin, eriodictyol, (+)-catechin, (+)-epi- catechin and (+)-mopanol. The phenolic compounds are said to impart antibacterial and antifungal property to the herb.

The bark has a good absorption capacity for mercury from water.... hardwickia binata

Harhur

(Hebrew) Possessing a burning heat

Harhure, Harhurr, Harhura, Harhurra... harhur

Harika

(Turkish) A superior woman Harikah, Haryka, Hareeka, Harykah, Hareekah, Hareaka, Hareakah... harika

Harimanna

(German) A warrior maiden Harimanne, Harimana, Harimane... harimanna

Harimanti

(Indian) Born during the spring Harimantie, Harymanti, Harimanty, Harymanty, Harymantie, Harimantea, Harymantea... harimanti

Harinakshi

(Indian) A doe-eyed young woman

Harinakshie, Harynakshi, Harinakshy, Harynakshy, Harinakshea, Harynakshea, Harynakshie... harinakshi

Harini

(Indian) Resembling a deer Harinie, Harinee, Hariny, Haryni, Harynie, Haryny, Harinea, Harynea, Harynee... harini

Hariti

(Indian) In mythology, the goddess for the protection of children Haritie, Haryti, Harytie, Haritee, Harytee, Haritea, Harytea... hariti

Harla

(English) From the fields Harlah... harla

Harlan

(English) An athletic woman Harlen, Harlon, Harlun, Harlyn... harlan

Harlequine

(American) A romantic woman Harlequin, Harlequen, Harlequene, Harlequinne, Harlequinn... harlequine

Harley

(English) From the meadow of the hares

Harlea, Harlee, Harleen, Harleigh, Harlene, Harlie, Harli, Harly... harley

Harlow

(American) An impetuous woman Harlowe, Harlo, Harloe... harlow

Harmony

(English / Latin) Unity; musically in tune / in mythology, Harmonia was the daughter of Ares and Aphrodite; a beautiful blending

Harmonie, Harmoni, Harmonee, Harmonia, Harmoney, Harmonea... harmony

Harper

(English) One who plays or makes harps

Harpur, Harpar, Harpir, Harpyr... harper

Harrell

(American) A great leader Harel, Harell, Harrel, Harelle, Harrelle... harrell

Harriet

(German) Feminine form of Henry; ruler of the house

Harriett, Hanriette, Hanrietta, Harriette, Harrietta, Harrette, Harriot, Harriotte, Harriotte, Harriotta, Heirierte, Heirrierte... harriet

Harsha

(Hebrew / Indian) An enchantress; a hardworking woman / a bringer of happiness Harshada, Harshah, Harshini, Harshinie, Harshyni, Harshynie, Harshita, Harshitah, Harshinea... harsha

Hartley

(American) A warmhearted woman Hartly, Hartlee, Hartlea, Hartleigh, Hartlie, Hartli... hartley

Hartmann’s Solution

A solution commonly used as a means of ?uid replacement in dehydrated patients (see also DEHYDRATION). Each litre contains 3·1 grams of sodium lactate, 6 grams of sodium chloride, 0·4 grams of potassium chloride, and 0·7 grams of calcium chloride.... hartmann’s solution

Haru

(Japanese) Daughter born in the spring

Haruko, Haruo, Haruki, Harue... haru

Haruma

(Hebrew) Feminine form of Harum; one who is elevated... haruma

Haruphite

(Hebrew) Born of autumn’s rain Harupha, Haruphyte, Haruphita, Haruphitia... haruphite

Harva

(English) A warrior of the army... harva

Hashimoto’s Disease

A condition in which the whole of the THYROID GLAND is di?usely enlarged and ?rm. It is one of the diseases produced by AUTOIMMUNITY. The enlargement is due to di?use in?ltration of lymphocytes and increase of ?brous tissue. This form of GOITRE appears in middle-aged women, does not give rise to symptoms of thyrotoxicosis (see THYROID GLAND, DISEASES OF – Thyrotoxicosis), and tends to produce myxoedema (see THYROID GLAND, DISEASES OF – Hypothyroidism).... hashimoto’s disease

Hasibah

(Arabic) Feminine form of Hasib; one who is noble and respected Hasiba, Hasyba, Hasybah, Haseeba, Haseebah, Haseiba, Haseibah, Hasieba, Hasiebah, Haseaba, Haseabah... hasibah

Hasina

(African) One who is good and beautiful

Hasinah, Hasyna, Hasynah, Haseena, Haseenah, Hasiena, Hasienah, Haseina, Haseinah, Haseana, Haseanah... hasina

Hasita

(Indian) A bringer of happiness Hasumati... hasita

Hasna

(Arabic) A beautiful woman Hasnah, Hasnaa, Husinya, Husniyah, Husna, Husn... hasna

Hassaanah

(African) The first daughter Hassanah, Hassana, Hassaana... hassaanah

Hasuna

(Arabic) One who is well-behaved; good Hasunah... hasuna

Hateya

(Native American) Leaving footprints in the sand... hateya

Hathor

(Egyptian) In mythology, goddess of love

Hathora, Hathoria, Hathorea, Hathore... hathor

Hatita

(Hebrew) A traveling woman; an explorer

Hatitah, Hatyta, Hatytah, Hateetah, Hateeta, Hateata, Hateatah... hatita

Hatshepsut

(Egyptian) A successful ruler; a female pharoah Hatchepsut... hatshepsut

Hatsu

(Japanese) The firstborn daughter... hatsu

Haukea

(Hawaiian) Of the white snow Haukia, Haukeah, Haukiah, Haukiya, Haukiyah... haukea

Haunani

(Hawaiian) Of the heavenly dew Haunanie, Haunany, Haunaney, Haunanee, Haunanea... haunani

Haurana

(Hebrew) Feminine form of Hauran; woman from the caves Hauranna, Hauranah, Haurann, Hauranne, Haurane... haurana

Hausis

(Native American) A wise old woman

Hausisse, Hausiss, Hausys, Hausyss, Hausysse... hausis

Haut

(French) A stylish woman Haute, Hauti, Hautie, Hautey, Hauty, Hautee, Hautea... haut

Hava

(Hebrew) A lively woman; giver of life Havah, Haya, Hayat, Havaa... hava

Havana

(Spanish) From the capital city of Cuba

Havanah, Havanna, Havannah, Havane, Havann, Havanne... havana

Haven

(English) One who provides a safe place

Hayven, Havan, Hayvan, Havon, Hayvon, Havin, Hayvin, Havyn, Hayvyn, Haeven, Haevin, Haevan... haven

Haversian Canals

The ?ne canals in BONE which carry the blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves necessary for the maintenance and repair of bone.... haversian canals

Havilah

(Hebrew) From the stretch of sand Havila, Havillah, Havilla, Havily, Havili, Havilli, Havilie, Havillie, Havilea, Havillea... havilah

Haviland

(American) A lively woman Havyland, Havilande, Havylande, Havilanda, Havylanda... haviland

Havva

(Turkish) A giver of the breath of life Havvah, Havvia, Havviah... havva

Hawa

(African) One who is desired Hawah... hawa

Hawadah

(Arabic) A pleasant woman Hawada... hawadah

Hawaii

(Hawaiian) From the homeland; from the state of Hawaii... hawaii

Hawazin

(Arabic) A tribal name... hawazin

Hawke

(American) Resembling the bird Hawki, Hawkie, Hawky, Hawkey, Hawkee, Hawkea... hawke

Hawkins

(American) A cunning woman Haukins, Hawkens, Haukens, Hawkuns, Haukuns... hawkins

Hawlee

(American) One who negotiates Hawleigh, Hawli, Hawlie, Hawlea, Hawly, Hawley... hawlee

Hawwa

(Arabic) A lively woman; a giver of life

Hawaa, Hawwah, Hawwaa... hawwa

Haya

(Japanese / Hebrew) One who is quick and light / form of Havva, meaning “a giver of the breath of life” Hayah... haya

Hayam

(Arabic) One who is madly in love Hayaam... hayam

Haydee

(American) A capable woman Haydi, Haydea, Haydie, Haydie, Haydy, Haydey... haydee

Hayden

(English) From the hedged valley Haden, Haydan, Haydn, Haydon, Hayes, Haeden, Haedyn, Hadyn... hayden

Hayfa

(Arabic) A slender and delicate woman Hayfah, Haifa, Haifah, Haefa, Haefah... hayfa

Hayud

(Arabic) From the mountain Hayuda, Hayudah, Hayood, Hayooda... hayud

Hazan

(Turkish) Born during autumn Hazann, Hazanne, Hazana, Hazanna, Hazane... hazan

Hazar

(Arabic) Resembling a nightingale Hazare, Hazara, Hazarra, Hazarre, Hazarr... hazar

Hazard (health)

A factor or exposure that may adversely affect health.... hazard (health)

Hazarenan

(Hebrew) From the town of fountains

Hazara, Hazarah, Hazarenanna, Hazarena, Hazaryna... hazarenan

Hazargaddah

(Hebrew) From the town of fortune

Hazargadda, Hazargada, Hazargadah... hazargaddah

Haze

(American) One who is spontaneous Haize, Haise, Hase, Hayze, Hayse, Haeze, Haese, Hazi, Hazie, Hazy, Hazey, Hazee, Hazea... haze

Hazelelponi

(Hebrew) A shadowed woman Hazelelponie, Hazelelpony, Hazelelponey, Hazelelponee, Hazelelponea... hazelelponi

Hazelnut Or Wild Filbert

Corylus species

Description: Hazelnuts grow on bushes 1.8 to 3.6 meters high. One species in Turkey and another in China are large trees. The nut itself grows in a very bristly husk that conspicuously contracts above the nut into a long neck. The different species vary in this respect as to size and shape.

Habitat and Distribution: Hazelnuts are found over wide areas in the United States, especially the eastern half of the country and along the Pacific coast. These nuts are also found in Europe where they are known as filberts. The hazelnut is common in Asia, especially in eastern Asia from the Himalayas to China and Japan. The hazelnut usually grows in the dense thickets along stream banks and open places. They are not plants of the dense forest.

Edible Parts: Hazelnuts ripen in the autumn when you can crack them open and eat the kernel. The dried nut is extremely delicious. The nut’s high oil content makes it a good survival food. In the unripe stage, you can crack them open and eat the fresh kernel.... hazelnut or wild filbert

Hazina

(African) One who is treasured Hazinah, Hazyna, Hazeena, Hazena, Hazeana, Hazynah, Hazeenah, Hazenah, Hazeanah... hazina

Hazor

(Hebrew) From the stronghold Hazora, Hazoria, Hazorea, Hazorya, Hazorra, Hazorah... hazor

Health And Safety Executive (hse)

The statutory body in Britain responsible for the health and safety of workers. The address of the HSE can be found in APPENDIX 7: STATUTORY ORGANISATIONS.... health and safety executive (hse)

Health Behaviour

Any activity undertaken by an individual, regardless of actual or perceived health status, for the purpose of promoting, protecting or maintaining health, whether or not such behaviour is objectively effective towards that end.... health behaviour

Health Care Delivery System

See “health system”.... health care delivery system

Health Care Institution / Facility

Any establishment that is engaged in direct patient care on site.... health care institution / facility

Health Care Team

A group comprising a variety of professionals (medical practitioners, nurses, physical and occupational therapists, social workers, pharmacists, spiritual counsellors), as well as family members, who are involved in providing coordinated and comprehensive care. There are three types of health care team, defined by the degree of interaction among members and the sharing of responsibility for care:... health care team

Health Care Technology Assessment (hcta)

The systematic evaluation of properties, effects and/or impacts of health care technology. It may address the direct, intended consequences of technologies as well as their indirect, unintended consequences.... health care technology assessment (hcta)

Health Communication Strategy

A communication strategy to inform the public or communities about health issues with the objective of reducing health risks and improving health status.... health communication strategy

Health Databases

The centralised collection and storage of information about the health of individuals. Recent advances in GENETICS have raised concerns about the potential for abuse of all health databases, whether maintained for scienti?c research – which has long used them – or for government or community health planning, or by groups of professionals (or individuals) to help in the treatment of patients. The public is concerned about whether their rights to privacy and con?dentiality are threatened by databases and whether information about them could be disclosed and misused.... health databases

Health Development

The process of continuous, progressive improvement of the health status of individuals and groups in a population.... health development

Health Expectancy

A population-based measure of the proportion of the expected life span estimated to be healthful and fulfilling, or free of illness, disease and disability.... health expectancy

Health Gain

A measure of improved health outcome following an intervention.... health gain

Health Goal

An ultimate desired state of health towards which actions and resources are directed.... health goal

Health Indicator / Index

A characteristic of an individual, population or environment which is subjected to measurement and can be used to describe one or more aspects of the health of an individual or population (quality, quantity and time). A health index comprises a number of indicators.... health indicator / index

Health Information System

The generation and the use of appropriate health information to support decision-making, health care delivery and management of health services at national and subnational level.... health information system

Health Development Agency (hda)

Appointed by the UK government to help improve the NHS in England (Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have similar bodies), HDA replaced the long-established Health Education Authority in April 2000. The agency supports government priorities to improve public health and to tackle health inequalities. Among its key functions are:

Maintaining an up-to-date evidence base of ‘what works’ in public health and health improvements.

Providing useful information to health practitioners.

Commissioning research to remedy the gaps in the evidence base for medical practice.

Improving health promotion and advising on the standards for (and implementation of) public-health activities.

(See APPENDIX 7: STATUTORY ORGANISATIONS.)... health development agency (hda)

Health Insurance

Financial protection against the health care costs arising from disease or accidental bodily injury. Such insurance usually covers all or part of the costs of treating the disease or injury. Insurance may be obtained on either an individual or a group basis.... health insurance

Health Literacy

The cognitive skills and motivation of an individual to gain access to, and use information to promote and maintain good health.... health literacy

Health Maintenance Organization (hmo)

An organized system providing health care in a geographic area to an enrolled group of persons who pay a predetermined fixed, periodic prepayment made by, or on behalf of, each person or family unit enrolled, irrespective of actual service use.... health maintenance organization (hmo)

Health Outcome

Changes in health status which result from the provision of health (or other) services.... health outcome

Health Personnel

All persons employed or contracted to provide health services.... health personnel

Health Planning

Planning for the improvement of the health of a population or community, for a particular population, type of health service, institution or health programme.... health planning

Health Policy

A formal statement or procedure within an institution (notably government) which defines goals, priorities and the parameters for action in response to health needs, within the context of available resources.... health policy

Health Programme

An organized series of activities directed towards the attainment of defined health objectives and targets.... health programme

Health Promotion Evaluation

An assessment of the extent to which health promotion actions achieve a “valued” outcome.... health promotion evaluation

Health Promotion Outcome

Assessment of changes to personal characteristics and skills, and/or social norms and actions, and/or organizational practices and public policies which are attributable to a health promotion activity.... health promotion outcome

Health Research

Research on all aspects of health, the factors affecting it, and ways of promoting, protecting and improving it. It is an essential part of national health development. It includes medical and biomedical research relating to a wide variety of medical matters and involving various life sciences, such as molecular biology and biophysics; clinical research, which is based on the observation and treatment of patients or volunteers; epidemiological research, which is concerned with the study and control of diseases and of situations that are suspected of being harmful to health; and socioeconomic and behavioural research, which investigates the social, economic, psychological and cultural determinants of health and disease with a view to promoting health and preventing disease. Often a multidisciplinary combination of the above kinds of research is needed to solve a health problem.... health research

Health Resources

All the means available for the operation of the health system, including manpower, buildings, equipment, supplies, funds, knowledge and technology.... health resources

Health Risk Appraisal

The process of gathering, analysing and comparing an individual’s prognostic health characteristics with a standard age group, thereby predicting the likelihood that a person may develop a health problem.... health risk appraisal

Health Risk Factor

A chemical, psychological, physiological, social, environmental or genetic factor or conditions that predisposes an individual to the development of a disease or injury.... health risk factor

Health Sector

The sector consisting of organized public and private health services (including health promotion, disease prevention, diagnostic, treatment and care services), the policies and activities of health departments and ministries, health-related nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and community groups, and professional associations.... health sector

Health Service

Service performed by health care professionals, or by others under their direction, for the purpose of promoting, maintaining or restoring health.... health service

Health Service Area

A geographic area designated on the basis of such factors as geography, political boundaries, population and health resources, for the effective planning and development of health services.... health service area

Health Service Commissioner

An o?cial, responsible to the United Kingdom’s parliament, appointed to protect the interests of National Health Service patients in matters concerning the administration of the health service and the delivery of health care (excluding clinical judgements). Known colloquially as the health ombudsman, the Commissioner presents regular reports on the complaints dealt with.... health service commissioner

Health Services Research

The multidisciplinary field of scientific investigation that studies how social factors, financing systems, organizational structures and processes, health technologies, and personal behaviours affect access to health care, the quality and cost of health care, and ultimately health and well-being. Its research domains are individuals, families, organizations, institutions, communities and populations.... health services research

Health Situation

An overall picture of the health status of a region, community or population, which includes measures taken to improve health, the resources devoted to health, an appreciation of specific health problems that require particular attention, and the degree of people’s awareness about their health and ways of improving it.... health situation

Health Status

The state of health of an individual, group or population. It may be measured by obtaining proxies, such as people’s subjective assessments of their health; by one or more indicators of mortality and morbidity in the population, such as longevity; or by using the incidence or prevalence of major diseases (communicable, chronic or nutritional).... health status

Health Survey

A survey designed to provide information on the health status of a population. It may be descriptive, exploratory or explanatory.... health survey

Health System

The people, institutions and resources, arranged together in accordance with established policies, to improve the health of the population they serve, while responding to people’s legitimate expectations and protecting them against the cost of ill-health through a variety of activities, the primary intent of which is to improve health. Health systems fulfil three main functions: health care delivery, fair treatment of all, and meeting non-health expectations of the population. These functions are performed in the pursuit of three goals: health, responsiveness and fair financing. A health system is usually organized at various levels, starting at the community level or the primary level of health care and proceeding through the intermediate (district, regional or provincial) to the central level.... health system

Health System Infrastructure

Services, facilities, institutions, personnel or establishments, organizations and those operating them for the delivery of a variety of health programmes.... health system infrastructure

Health Systems Research

Research dealing with the entire health system or only part of it, the object being to ensure that the system is optimally planned and organized and that programmes are carried out by the health system infrastructure efficiently and effectively and with appropriate technology.... health systems research

Health Target

A defined expected outcome generally based on specific and measurable changes.... health target

Health Team

A group of persons working together, where each member of the team contributes, in accordance with his or her competence and skill and in coordination with the functions of the others, in order to achieve the maximum benefit for the care recipient.... health team

Health Technology

The application of scientific knowledge to solving health problems. Health technologies include pharmaceuticals, medical devices, procedures or surgical techniques and management, communication and information systems innovations.... health technology

Health Technology Assessment (hta)

The systematic evaluation of the properties, effects or other impacts of health care technology. HTA is intended to inform decision-makers about health technologies and may measure the direct or indirect consequences of a given technology or treatment.... health technology assessment (hta)

Health Trend

A picture of a health situation, referring also to what led up to it and to prospects for the future.... health trend

Health Visitors

Health visitors are community nurses with a special training who form an important part of the primary health-care team. Working in close conjunction with general practitioners, they are primarily responsible for illness prevention and health screening and education of children and elderly people in the community.... health visitors

Health-promoting Hospital

A hospital which, not only provides high quality comprehensive medical and nursing services, but also develops a corporate identity that embraces the aims of health promotion; develops a health-promoting organizational structure and culture, including active, participatory roles for patients and all members of staff; develops itself into a health-promoting physical environment; and actively cooperates with its community.... health-promoting hospital

Health-related Quality-of-life (hrql) Measure

Individual outcome measure that extends beyond traditional measures of mortality and morbidity to include such dimensions as physiology, function, social activity, cognition, emotion, sleep and rest, energy and vitality, health perception and general life satisfaction (some of these are also known as health status, functional status or quality-of-life measures).... health-related quality-of-life (hrql) measure

Healthy Ageing

An approach which recognizes that growing older is a part of living; recognizes the interdependence of generations; recognizes that everyone has a responsibility to be fair in their demands on other generations; fosters a positive attitude throughout life to growing older; eliminates age as a reason to exclude any person from participating fully in community life; promotes a commitment to activities which enhance well-being and health, choice and independence, and quality of life for all ages; encourages communities to value and listen to older people and to cater for the diverse preferences, motivations, characteristics and circumstances of older persons in a variety of ways.... healthy ageing

Health-care Priorities

As the needs and demands of patients, and the costs of health care of populations, have risen sharply in recent years, governments and health-care providers – whether tax-funded, insurance-based, employer-provided or a mix of these – have had increasingly to face the dilemma of what services a country or a community can a?ord to provide. As a result, various techniques for deciding priorities of care and treatment are evolving. In the United Kingdom, priorities were for many years based on the decisions of individual clinicians who had wide freedom to prescribe the most appropriate care. Increasingly, this clinical freedom is being circumscribed by managerial, community and political decisions driven in part by the availability of resources and by what people want. Rationing services, however, is not popular and as yet no broadly agreed consensus has emerged, either in western Europe or in North America, as to how priorities can be decided that have broad community support and which can be a?orded. (See CLINICAL GOVERNANCE; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE.)... health-care priorities

Health-service Management

The administrative machinery for planning, delivering and monitoring health care provided by health professionals and their supporting sta?. This may range from running a small primary-care centre to organising a large hospital or being responsible for meeting the health needs of a region or a nation. Whether the overall structure for proving care is state-funded, insurance-based, private-practice or a mixture of these, health-service management is essential in an era of rapidly evolving and expensive scienti?c medicine. Health-service managers are administrators with special training and skills in managing health care; sometimes they are doctors, nurses or other health professionals, but many have been trained in management in commercial, civil service or industrial environments.... health-service management

Healthcare Commission (commission For Health Improvement)

Launched in 1999 in England and Wales as CHI, this is an inspectorate charged with protecting patients from ‘unacceptable failings in the National Health Service’. A statutory body under the 1999 Health Act, it evaluates and re?nes local systems designed to safeguard standards of clinical quality. Working separately from the NHS and the health departments, it o?ers an independent safeguard that provides systems to monitor and improve clinical quality in primary care, community services and hospitals. As of 2004 it became responsible for dealing with patients’ complaints if they could not be settled by the trust concerned. The board members include health professionals, academics and eight lay members. Scotland has set up a similar statutory body. (See APPENDIX 7: STATUTORY ORGANISATIONS.)... healthcare commission (commission for health improvement)

Healthy City

A city that is continually creating and improving physical and social environments and expanding community resources which enable people to mutually support each other in performing all the functions of life and in developing to their maximum potential.... healthy city

Healthy Life Expectancy

See “disability-adjusted life expectancy”.... healthy life expectancy

Healthy Public Policy

Public policy characterized by an explicit concern for health and equity in all areas of policy and by an accountability for health impact.... healthy public policy

Heart Palpitations

Abnormally rapid and irregular beating of the heart... heart palpitations

Heart-lung Transplant

An operation in which a patient’s diseased lungs and heart are removed and replaced with donor organs from someone who has been certi?ed as ‘brain dead’ (see BRAIN-STEM DEATH). As well as the technical diffculties of such an operation, rejection by the recipient’s tissues of donated heart and lungs has proved hard to overcome. Since the early 1990s, however, immunosuppressant drug therapy (see CICLOSPORIN; TRANSPLANTATION) has facilitated the regular use of this type of surgery. Even so, patients receiving transplanted hearts and lungs face substantial risks such as lung infection and airway obstruction as well as the long-term problems of transplant rejection.... heart-lung transplant

Heart, Diseases Of

Heart disease can affect any of the structures of the HEART and may affect more than one at a time. Heart attack is an imprecise term and may refer to ANGINA PECTORIS (a symptom of pain originating in the heart) or to coronary artery thrombosis, also called myocardial infarction.

Arrhythmias An abnormal rate or rhythm of the heartbeat. The reason is a disturbance in the electrical impulses within the heart. Sometimes a person may have an occasional irregular heartbeat: this is called an ECTOPIC beat (or an extrasystole) and does not necessarily mean that an abnormality exists. There are two main types of arrhythmia: bradycardias, where the rate is slow – fewer than 60 beats a minute and sometimes so slow and unpredictable (heartblock) as to cause blackouts or heart failure; and tachycardia, where the rate is fast – more than 100 beats a minute. A common cause of arrhythmia is coronary artery disease, when vessels carrying blood to the heart are narrowed by fatty deposits (ATHEROMA), thus reducing the blood supply and damaging the heart tissue. This condition often causes myocardial infarction after which arrhythmias are quite common and may need correcting by DEFIBRILLATION (application of a short electric shock to the heart). Some tachycardias result from a defect in the electrical conduction system of the heart that is commonly congenital. Various drugs can be used to treat arrhythmias (see ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUGS). If attacks constantly recur, the arrhythmia may be corrected by electrical removal of dead or diseased tissue that is the cause of the disorder. Heartblock is most e?ectively treated with an arti?cial CARDIAC PACEMAKER, a battery-activated control unit implanted in the chest.

Cardiomyopathy Any disease of the heart muscle that results in weakening of its contractions. The consequence is a fall in the e?ciency of the circulation of blood through the lungs and remainder of the body structures. The myopathy may be due to infection, disordered metabolism, nutritional excess or de?ciency, toxic agents, autoimmune processes, degeneration, or inheritance. Often, however, the cause is not identi?ed. Cardiomyopathies are less common than other types of heart diseases, and the incidence of di?erent types of myopathy (see below) is not known because patients or doctors are sometimes unaware of the presence of the condition.

The three recognised groups of cardiomyopathies are hypertrophic, dilated and restrictive.

•Hypertrophic myopathy, a familial condition, is characterised by great enlargement of the muscle of the heart ventricles. This reduces the muscle’s e?ciency, the ventricles fail to relax properly and do not ?ll suf?ciently during DIASTOLE.

In the dilated type of cardiomyopathy, both ventricles overdilate, impairing the e?ciency of contraction and causing congestion of the lungs.

In the restrictive variety, proper ?lling of the ventricles does not occur because the muscle walls are less elastic than normal. The result is raised pressure in the two atria (upper cavities) of the heart: these dilate and develop FIBRILLATION. Diagnosis can be di?cult and treatment is symptomatic, with a poor prognosis. In suitable patients, heart TRANSPLANTATION may be considered. Disorders of the heart muscle may also be

caused by poisoning – for example, heavy consumption of alcohol. Symptoms include tiredness, palpitations (quicker and sometimes irregular heartbeat), chest pain, di?culty in breathing, and swelling of the legs and hands due to accumulation of ?uid (OEDEMA). The heart is enlarged (as shown on chest X-ray) and ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY shows thickening of the heart muscle. A BIOPSY of heart muscle will show abnormalities in the cells of the heart muscle.

Where the cause of cardiomyopathy is unknown, as is the case with most patients, treatment is symptomatic using DIURETICS to control heart failure and drugs such as DIGOXIN to return the heart rhythm to normal. Patients should stop drinking alcohol. If, as often happens, the patient’s condition slowly deteriorates, heart transplantation should be considered.

Congenital heart disease accounts for 1–2 per cent of all cases of organic heart disease. It may be genetically determined and so inherited; present at birth for no obvious reason; or, in rare cases, related to RUBELLA in the mother. The most common forms are holes in the heart (atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect – see SEPTAL DEFECT), a patent DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS, and COARCTATION OF THE AORTA. Many complex forms also exist and can be diagnosed in the womb by fetal echocardiography which can lead to elective termination of pregnancy. Surgery to correct many of these abnormalities is feasible, even for the most severe abnormalities, but may only be palliative giving rise to major diffculties of management as the children become older. Heart transplantation is now increasingly employed for the uncorrectable lesions.

Coronary artery disease Also known as ischaemic heart disease, this is a common cause of symptoms and death in the adult population. It may present for the ?rst time as sudden death, but more usually causes ANGINA PECTORIS, myocardial infarction (heart attack) or heart failure. It can also lead to a disturbance of heart rhythm. Factors associated with an increased risk of developing coronary artery disease include diabetes, cigarette smoking, high blood pressure, obesity, and a raised concentration of cholesterol in the blood. Older males are most affected.

Coronary thrombosis or acute myocardial infarction is the acute, dramatic manifestation of coronary-artery ischaemic heart disease – one of the major killing diseases of western civilisation. In 1999, ischaemic heart disease was responsible for about 115,000 deaths in England and Wales, compared with 153,000 deaths in 1988. In 1999 more than 55,600 people died of coronary thrombosis. The underlying cause is disease of the coronary arteries which carry the blood supply to the heart muscle (or myocardium). This results in narrowing of the arteries until ?nally they are unable to transport su?cient blood for the myocardium to function e?ciently. One of three things may happen. If the narrowing of the coronary arteries occurs gradually, then the individual concerned will develop either angina pectoris or signs of a failing heart: irregular rhythm, breathlessness, CYANOSIS and oedema.

If the narrowing occurs suddenly or leads to complete blockage (occlusion) of a major branch of one of the coronary arteries, then the victim collapses with acute pain and distress. This is the condition commonly referred to as a coronary thrombosis because it is usually due to the affected artery suddenly becoming completely blocked by THROMBOSIS. More correctly, it should be described as coronary occlusion, because the ?nal occluding factor need not necessarily be thrombosis.

Causes The precise cause is not known, but a wide range of factors play a part in inducing coronary artery disease. Heredity is an important factor. The condition is more common in men than in women; it is also more common in those in sedentary occupations than in those who lead a more physically active life, and more likely to occur in those with high blood pressure than in those with normal blood pressure (see HYPERTENSION). Obesity is a contributory factor. The disease is more common among smokers than non-smokers; it is also often associated with a high level of CHOLESTEROL in the blood, which in turn has been linked with an excessive consumption of animal, as opposed to vegetable, fats. In this connection the important factors seem to be the saturated fatty acids (low-density and very low-density lipoproteins [LDLs and VLDLs] – see CHOLESTEROL) of animal fats which would appear to be more likely to lead to a high level of cholesterol in the blood than the unsaturated fatty acids of vegetable fats. As more research on the subject is carried out, the arguments continue about the relative in?uence of the di?erent factors. (For advice on prevention of the disease, see APPENDIX 2: ADDRESSES: SOURCES OF INFORMATION, ADVICE, SUPPORT AND SELFHELP.)

Symptoms The presenting symptom is the sudden onset, often at rest, of acute, agonising pain in the front of the chest. This rapidly radiates all over the front of the chest and often down over the abdomen. The pain is frequently accompanied by nausea and vomiting, so that suspicion may be aroused of some acute abdominal condition such as biliary colic (see GALLBLADDER, DISEASES OF) or a perforated PEPTIC ULCER. The victim soon goes into SHOCK, with a pale, cold, sweating skin, rapid pulse and dif?culty in breathing. There is usually some rise in temperature.

Treatment is immediate relief of the pain by injections of diamorphine. Thrombolytic drugs should be given as soon as possible (‘rapid door to needle time’) and ARRHYTHMIA corrected. OXYGEN is essential and oral ASPIRIN is valuable. Treatment within the ?rst hour makes a great di?erence to recovery. Subsequent treatment includes the continued administration of drugs to relieve the pain; the administration of ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUGS that may be necessary to deal with the heart failure that commonly develops, and the irregular action of the heart that quite often develops; and the continued administration of oxygen. Patients are usually admitted to coronary care units, where they receive constant supervision. Such units maintain an emergency, skilled, round-the-clock sta? of doctors and nurses, as well as all the necessary resuscitation facilities that may be required.

The outcome varies considerably. The ?rst (golden) hour is when the patient is at greatest risk of death: if he or she is treated, then there is a 50 per cent reduction in mortality compared with waiting until hospital admission. As each day passes the prognosis improves with a ?rst coronary thrombosis, provided that the patient does not have a high blood pressure and is not overweight. Following recovery, there should be a gradual return to work, care being taken to avoid any increase in weight, unnecessary stress and strain, and to observe moderation in all things. Smoking must stop. In uncomplicated cases patients get up and about as soon as possible, most being in hospital for a week to ten days and back at work in three months or sooner.

Valvular heart disease primarily affects the mitral and aortic valves which can become narrowed (stenosis) or leaking (incompetence). Pulmonary valve problems are usually congenital (stenosis) and the tricuspid valve is sometimes involved when rheumatic heart disease primarily affects the mitral or aortic valves. RHEUMATIC FEVER, usually in childhood, remains a common cause of chronic valvular heart disease causing stenosis, incompetence or both of the aortic and mitral valves, but each valve has other separate causes for malfunction.

Aortic valve disease is more common with increasing age. When the valve is narrowed, the heart hypertrophies and may later fail. Symptoms of angina or breathlessness are common and dizziness or blackouts (syncope) also occur. Replacing the valve is a very e?ective treatment, even with advancing age. Aortic stenosis may be caused by degeneration (senile calci?c), by the inheritance of two valvular leaflets instead of the usual three (bicuspid valve), or by rheumatic fever. Aortic incompetence again leads to hypertrophy, but dilatation is more common as blood leaks back into the ventricle. Breathlessness is the more common complaint. The causes are the same as stenosis but also include in?ammatory conditions such as SYPHILIS or ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS and other disorders of connective tissue. The valve may also leak if the aorta dilates, stretching the valve ring as with HYPERTENSION, aortic ANEURYSM and MARFAN’S SYNDROME – an inherited disorder of connective tissue that causes heart defects. Infection (endocarditis) can worsen acutely or chronically destroy the valve and sometimes lead to abnormal outgrowths on the valve (vegetations) which may break free and cause devastating damage such as a stroke or blocked circulation to the bowel or leg.

Mitral valve disease leading to stenosis is rheumatic in origin. Mitral incompetence may be rheumatic but in the absence of stenosis can be due to ISCHAEMIA, INFARCTION, in?ammation, infection and a congenital weakness (prolapse). The valve may also leak if stretched by a dilating ventricle (functional incompetence). Infection (endocarditis) may affect the valve in a similar way to aortic disease. Mitral symptoms are predominantly breathlessness which may lead to wheezing or waking at night breathless and needing to sit up or stand for relief. They are made worse when the heart rhythm changes (atrial ?brillation) which is frequent as the disease becomes more severe. This leads to a loss of e?ciency of up to 25 per cent and a predisposition to clot formation as blood stagnates rather than leaves the heart e?ciently. Mitral incompetence may remain mild and be of no trouble for many years, but infection must be guarded against (endocarditis prophylaxis).

Endocarditis is an infection of the heart which may acutely destroy a valve or may lead to chronic destruction. Bacteria settle usually on a mild lesion. Antibiotics taken at vulnerable times can prevent this (antibiotic prophylaxis) – for example, before tooth extraction. If established, lengthy intravenous antibiotic therapy is needed and surgery is often necessary. The mortality is 30 per cent but may be higher if the infection settles on a replaced valve (prosthetic endocarditis). Complications include heart failure, shock, embolisation (generation of small clots in the blood), and cerebral (mental) confusion.

PERICARDITIS is an in?ammation of the sac covering the outside of the heart. The sac becomes roughened and pain occurs as the heart and sac rub together. This is heard by stethoscope as a scratching noise (pericardial rub). Fever is often present and a virus the main cause. It may also occur with rheumatic fever, kidney failure, TUBERCULOSIS or from an adjacent lung problem such as PNEUMONIA or cancer. The in?ammation may cause ?uid to accumulate between the sac and the heart (e?usion) which may compress the heart causing a fall in blood pressure, a weak pulse and circulatory failure (tamponade). This can be relieved by aspirating the ?uid. The treatment is then directed at the underlying cause.... heart, diseases of

Heartha

(Teutonic) A gift from Mother Earth... heartha

Heat

An effective analgesic for some deeply-injected envenomations including stonefish, stingray and other venomous-spined fish.... heat

Heat Spots

A vague term applied to small in?amed and congested areas which appear especially upon the skin of the face, neck and chest or other parts of the body in warm weather.... heat spots

Heaven

(American) From paradise; from the sky

Heavely, Heavenly, Hevean, Hevan, Heavynne, Heavenli, Heavenlie, Heavenleigh, Heavenlee, Heavenley, Heavenlea, Heavyn... heaven

Hebe

(Greek) A youthful woman; in mythology, goddess of youth and spring and cupbearer to the gods Heebee, Hebee, Heebe... hebe

Heart, Artificial

A mechanical device in the chest that enhances or takes over the pumping action of the HEART, thus maintaining the necessary level of circulation of blood through the lungs and other body structures. An arti?cial heart was ?rst used in humans in 1985 and the three types in use are: an intra-aortic balloon pump, driven by compressed air, which in?ates a balloon in the AORTA with every heartbeat, increasing the volume of circulating blood; an electrical device that assists the left VENTRICLE by pumping blood into the abdominal aorta; and a mechanical arti?cial heart that replaces a diseased heart that has been removed. As yet there is no arti?cial heart suitable for long-term use. Existing devices are intended to tide over a patient who is extremely ill until a live heart can be transplanted from a donor. The results from arti?cial hearts have been disappointing because of complications and also because the patients have usually been already dangerously ill.... heart, artificial

Heberden’s Nodes

Small hard knobs which appear at the sides of the last phalanges of the ?ngers in people who have OSTEOARTHRITIS.... heberden’s nodes

Hebron

(Hebrew) Born of the community; a good friend

Hebrona, Hebronah, Hebrone, Hebrun... hebron

Hecate

(Greek) In mythology, a goddess of fertility and witchcraft Hekate... hecate

Hecuba

(Greek) In mythology, the mother of Paris, Hector, and Cassandra Hekuba... hecuba

Hedasaa

(Hebrew) Resembling a star Hedasa, Hedassa, Hedassaa... hedasaa

Hedia

(Hebrew) Voice of the Lord Hedya, Hediah, Hedyah, Hediya, Hediyah... hedia

Hedieh

(Turkish) A gift from God... hedieh

Hedva

(Hebrew) A bringer of joy Hedvah... hedva

Hedwig

(German) Suffering strife during war

Hadvig, Hadwig, Hedvig, Hedviga, Hedvige, Hedwiga, Hedwige, Hedda, Heda, Heddi, Heddie, Hedi, Hedy, Haduwig, Hadu... hedwig

Heat Stroke

A condition resulting from environmental temperatures which are too high for compensation by the body’s thermo-regulatory mechanism(s). It is characterised by hyperpyrexia, nausea, headache, thirst, confusion, and dry skin. If untreated, COMA and death ensue. The occurrence of heat stroke is sporadic: whereas a single individual may be affected (occasionally with fatal consequences), his or her colleagues may remain unaffected. Predisposing factors include unsatisfactory living or working conditions, inadequate acclimatisation to tropical conditions, unsuitable clothing, underlying poor health, and possibly dietetic or alcoholic indiscretions. The condition can be a major problem during pilgrimages – for example, the Muslim Hadj. Four clinical syndromes are recognised:

Heat collapse is characterised by fatigue, giddiness, and temporary loss of consciousness. It is accompanied by HYPOTENSION and BRADYCARDIA; there may also be vomiting and muscular cramps. Urinary volume is diminished. Recovery is usual.

Heat exhaustion is characterised by increasing weakness, dizziness and insomnia. In the majority of sufferers, sweating is defective; there are few, if any, signs of dehydration. Pulse rate is normal, and urinary output good. Body temperature is usually 37·8–38·3 °C.

Heat cramps (usually in the legs, arms or back, and occasionally involving the abdominal muscles) are associated with hard physical work at a high temperature. Sweating, pallor, headache, giddiness and intense anxiety are present. Body temperature is only mildly raised.

Heat hyperpyrexia is heralded by energy loss and irritability; this is followed by mental confusion and diminution of sweating. The individual rapidly becomes restless, then comatose; body temperature rises to 41–42 °C or even higher. The condition is fatal unless expertly treated as a matter of urgency.

Treatment With the ?rst two syndromes, the affected individual must be removed immediately to a cool place, and isotonic saline administered – intravenously in a severe case. The fourth syndrome is a medical emergency. The patient should be placed in the shade, stripped, and drenched with water; fanning should be instigated. He or she should be wrapped in a sheet soaked in cool water and fanning continued. When rectal temperature has fallen to 39 °C, the patient is wrapped in a dry blanket. Immediately after consciousness returns, normal saline should be given orally; this usually provokes sweating. The risk of circulatory collapse exists. Convalescence may be protracted and the patient should be repatriated to a cool climate. Prophylactically, personnel intended for work in a tropical climate must be very carefully selected. Adequate acclimatisation is also essential; severe physical exertion must be avoided for several weeks, and light clothes should be worn. The diet should be light but nourishing, and ?uid intake adequate. Those performing hard physical work at a very high ambient temperature should receive sodium chloride supplements. Attention to ventilation and air-conditioning is essential; fans are also of value.... heat stroke

Hedera Helix

Linn.

Synonym: H. rhombea Sieb. & Zucc.

Family: Araliaceae.

Habitat: Hills of Tamil Nadu. Grown in gardens as an ornamental.

English: Common Ivy, Bentwood.

Siddha/Tamil: Maravalai.

Action: Leaf—expectorant, anti- spasmodic, antineuralgic, vasocon- strictive.

Fruit—used in jaundice, haempt- ysis. Flower—antidysenteric. Leaf and resin—emmenagogue. Tender twigs—boiled in butter, used for sunburn. Extracts are used in some cosmetic preparations.

Key application: In catarrh of the upper respiratory passages, symptomatic treatment of chronic inflammatory bronchial conditions. (German Commission E.)

The stem and bark gave triterpene glycosides, named kizuta saponins. Oleanolic acid glycoside was also obtained from the plant but the presence of emetine could not be confirmed in subsequent work. The fruits gave hederagenin glycosides.

Emetin has been isolated from European and British plant. The fruit and hederagenin glycosides exhibit mollus- cacidal activity. Emetine-containing plant is amoebicidal.... hedera helix

Hedera Nepalensis

Koch.

Synonym: H. helix auct. non Linn. H. himalaica Tobler.

Family: Araliaceae.

Habitat: The Himalayas; from Kashmir to Bhutan at 1,5002,000 m and Assam at 1,3502,000 m.

English: Nepal Ivy.

Folk: Baandaa, Bandaa, Lablab.

Action: Leaves and berries— cathartic, diaphoretic, febrifuge, antispasmodic, expectorant. Used in whooping cough. Leaves— used in glandular enlargements. A decoction of the leaves is used topically to destroy lice in the hair. An infusion of berries is given in rheumatism. Gum— emmenagogue.

The inflorescences contain beta- amyrin, beta-sitosterol and its D-glu- coside, oleanolic acid, triterpene gly- cosides, nepalins. Nepalins 1,2 and 3 at 0.5, 0.25 and 0.125% respectively completely immobilize human sperm.

Plant extract exhibited antitumour activity in vivo and in vitro against Ehrich ascites.... hedera nepalensis

Hedy

(Greek) One who is pleasing; delightful; a sweetheart Hedea, Hedeah, Hedyla, Hedylah... hedy

Heeni

(Maori) Form of Jane, meaning “God is gracious”

Heenie, Heeny, Heeney, Heenee, Heenea, Heani, Heanie, Heany, Heaney, Heanee, Heanea... heeni

Heera

(Indian) As precious as a diamond... heera

Heget

(Egyptian) In mythology, a frog goddess who symbolized fertility Heqet, Heket, Hehet... heget

Hehewuti

(Native American) The warrior mother spirit

Hehewutie, Hehewute, Hehewuty, Hehewutey, Hehewutee, Hehewutea... hehewuti

Hedychium Coronarium

Koenig.

Family: Zingiberaceae.

Habitat: Throughout the moist parts of India, up to 2,000 m. Also grown in gardens of Assam and South India.

English: Ginger Lily.

Ayurvedic: Shati (related species).

Action: Anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic, febrifuge, tranquilizer.

The rhizomes gave furanoditerpene, hedychenone, an anti-inflammatory principle, also cytotoxic principles as labdane-type diterpenes.

The essential oil from rhizome shows anthelmintic and mild tranquil- izing property. The essential oil contains alpha- and beta-pinene, limo- nene, carene, and its oxide, linalool and elemole in varying concentrations. The essential oil also gave borneol, methyl salicylate, eugenol and methy- lanthranilate.... hedychium coronarium

Hedychium Spicatum

Ham. ex Smith.

Synonym: H. album Buch-Ham. Ex Wall.

Family: Zingiberaceae.

Habitat: Central Himalaya at 1,1002,500 m, East India and hills of South India.

English: Spiked Ginger Lily.

Ayurvedic: Shathi, Shati, Gand- hashathi, Gandhapalaashi, Kapu- urkachari, Suvrataa, Gandhaarikaa, Gandhavadhuu, Gandhamuulikaa.

Unani: Kapuurkachari.

Siddha/Tamil: Poolankizangu, Kichilikizangu.

Folk: Ban-haldi (Kumaon).

Action: Rhizome—carminative, spasmolytic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antiemetic, antidiarrhoeal, analgesic, expectorant, antiasthmatic, emmenagogue, hypoglycaemic, hypotensive, antimicrobial, anthelmintic, insect- repellent.

The rhizome shows hypotensive effect in dogs at low doses, lowers blood pressure in high doses.

EtOH (50%) extract—anti-inflammatory and hypoglycaemic; gave encouraging results in tropical pulmonary eosinophilia in clinical studies. Alcoholic extract of the plant—vasodilator, mild hypotensive and antiseptic in animals. Essential oil from rhizome—mild tranquilizer in male albino rats; antimicrobial.

Rhizome gave sitosterol and its glu- coside, a furanoid diterpene—hedy- chenone and 7-hydroxyhedychenone. The essential oil contains cineole, gamma-terpinene, limonene, beta- phellandrene, p-cymene, linalool and beta-terpineol as major constituents.

The oil inhibits the growth of several fungi. The ethanol (95%) extract showed antibacterial activity. The 50% extract showed antimalarial activity in vitro against Plasmodium berghei strain.

Dosage: Rhizome—1-3 g powder. (API Vol. I.)... hedychium spicatum

Hedyotis Corymbosa

(Linn.) Lam.

Synonym: Oldenlandia corymbosa Linn.

Family: Rubiaceae.

Habitat: A weed in wet, low lands and in cultivated fields.

Ayurvedic: Kshetraparpata (used in Kerala as Parpataka).

Action: Purifies blood, improves digestion, stimulates action of liver.

The presence of caffeine and fumar- ic acid has been reported in H. corym- bosa.

Iridoidoglucosides have been isolated from H. diffusa Willd. The plant is reported to have immunopotentiation activity and has been used in China to treat some tumours. An aqueous extract of the plant yielded a polysac- charide composed of rhamnose, arabi- nose, xylose, mannose, galactose and glucose.

Hedyotis herbacea Linn., synonym Oldenlandia herbacea Roxb. is also used in Kerala as Parpata, Parpataka.

See Fumaria indica.... hedyotis corymbosa

Heidi

(German) Form of Adelaide, meaning “of the nobility; serene; of good humor” Heide, Heid, Heidie, Heidy, Heida, Haidee, Heidey, Hydi, Hydie, Hydey, Hydee, Hydy... heidi

Heidrun

(Norse) In mythology, the goat who provided the gods with mead... heidrun

Height

See WEIGHT AND HEIGHT.... height

Heilwig

(German) Born of a safe war Heilwyg... heilwig

Heirnine

(Greek) Form of Helen, meaning “the shining light”

Heirnyne, Heirneine, Heirniene, Heirneene, Heirneane... heirnine

Hekaterine

(Greek) Form of Catherine, meaning “one who is pure; virginal” Hekateros, Hekateryn, Hekateryne, Hekaterina, Hekateryna, Hekaterin... hekaterine

Helam

(Hebrew) From the wealthy village Helama, Helamah, Helamma, Helame... helam

Helbah

(Hebrew) A healthy woman; one who is fertile Helbon, Helba, Helbia, Helbona, Helbea ... helbah

Held

(Welsh) Surrounded by light... held

Heledd

(Welsh) One who is highborn; a princess Heled, Helede... heledd

Helen

(Greek) The shining light; in mythology, Helen was the most beautiful woman in the world

Helene, Halina, Helaine, Helana, Heleena, Helena, Helenna, Hellen, Helaina, Helenka, Heleana, Heley, Helina, Heleanor, Helenore, Helenann, HelEne, Hellena, Hellene, Hellenor, Hellia, Heli, Helli, Helie, Hella, Helle... helen

Helga

(German) A holy woman; one who is successful... helga

Helia

(Greek) Daughter of the sun Heliah, Helea, Heleah, Heliya, Heliyah, Heller, Hellar... helia

Helice

(Greek) Form of Helen, meaning “the shining light” Helyce, Heleece, Heliece, Heleace... helice

Helianthus Annuus

Linn.

Family: Compositae; Asteraceae.

Habitat: Native to America. Cultivated in India.

English: Sunflower.

Ayurvedic: Suurajmukhi, Su- uryaavarta.

Siddha/Tamil: Suryakanti.

Action: Seeds—build up physical endurance and resistance against diseases; a decoction is used in coughs and colds, bronchial, laryngeal and pulmonary affections, whooping cough, also as a febrifuge and diuretic.

The seeds contain a fatty oil (3748%), rich in polyunsaturated acids (linoleic 70%, oleic 20%). The oil also contains tocopherols (alpha-type 92% of the total) and phytosterol (beta- sitosterol 154 mcg/100 g). In Europe and USA, several hybrids produce oils rich in oleic acid. Sunflower oil is reported to decrease the risk of coronary and arterial diseases.

Extracted oil from dehulled seeds (chlorogenic acid, present in hulls, interferes with lipid metabolism) reduced serum and hepatic cholesterol in healthy women.

The tubers of Helianthus tuberosus Linn., a related species, consists mainly of inulin. The dried tubers can be utilized in diabetic products. The tuber concentrate as food diminishes the risk of developing arteriosclerosis. It is advantageous in the diet of patients with gout, chronic renal diseases, and for obesity control.... helianthus annuus

Helichrysum Tea

Helichrysum tea is known for its diuretic, anti-inflammatory and anti-viral properties. Considered one of the oldest healing substances in Europe Helichrysum is native to Africa, Madagascar and Eurasia. The plants can be annuals, herbaceous perennials or shrubs that can grow up to 60-90 cm. Helichrysum flower can be distinguished by its fringed margin and its resemblance with daisies. The constituents of the Helichrysum flowers include flavonoids, kaempferol flucosides, apigenin, luetolin, quercetin and essential oils. How To Make Helichrysum Tea In order to obtain Helichrysum`s light fruity flavor, start by infusing a handful of dried Helichrysum flowers in a kettle of boiled water. Let the mix steep for about 7 minutes and enjoy! Also, Helichrysum can be used as a flavoring agent for other herbal teas. Basically, soak the Helichrysum flowers as the other herbal tea steeps. Helichrysum Tea Benefits
  • Improves digestion.
  • Alleviates gastrointestinal spasms.
  • Prevents atherosclerotic plaques.
  • Helps in the treatment of rheumatism.
  • Helps fight cystitis.
  • Energy booster.
  • Calms menstrual cramps.
Helichrysum Tea Side Effects
  • Pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid drinking Helichrysum tea.
  • Helichrysum tea may interact with the effects of certain medications or supplements, so make sure you always consult your doctor before drinking Helichrysum tea or any herbal teas.
As you can see, Helichrysum tea has more benefits than side effects. Just avoid over-consumption and enjoy its wonderful health benefits!... helichrysum tea

Helicteres Isora

Linn.

Family: Sterculiaceae.

Habitat: Dry forests throughout the country.

English: East Indian Screw tree.

Ayurvedic: Aavartani, Aavartphalaa, Aavartaki.

Unani: Marorphali.

Siddha/Tamil: Valampiri.

Action: Pods and bark—antidiar- rhoeal, astringent, antibilious. Bark and root—antigalactic, demulcent, expectorant (used in cough and asthma). Leaf—paste used against skin diseases. Pods—anthelmintic. Used in fever due to cold. Seeds— aqueous extract administered in colic and dysentery.

The plant contains a 4-quinolone alkaloid, malatyamine, an antidiarrhoeal principle.

The seeds gave diosgenin. Root gave cytotoxic principles—cucurbitacin B and iso-cucurbitacin B. Leaves yielded as ester tetratriacontanyl—tetratri- acontanoate along with tetratriacon- tanoic acid, tetratriacontanol and sitos- terol.

Dosage: Fruit, bark—3-6 g powder; 50-100 ml decoction. (CCRAS.)... helicteres isora

Helike

(Greek) In mythology, a willow nymph who nurtured Zeus Helica, Helyke, Helika, Helyka, Helyca... helike

Heliotrope

Exorcism, Prophetic Dreams, Healing, Wealth, Invisibility... heliotrope

Helium

This is the lightest gas known, with the exception of hydrogen. This property renders it of value in ANAESTHESIA, as its addition to the anaesthetic means that it can be inhaled with less e?ort by the patient. Thus it can be used in the presence of any obstruction to the entry of air to the lungs.... helium

Helki

(Native American) A sensuous woman

Helkie, Helky, Helkey, Helkee, Helkea... helki

Helle

(Greek) In mythology, the daughter of Athamas who escaped sacrifice on the back of a golden ram... helle

Hellebore, Black

Protection ****TOXIC*** ... hellebore, black

Heliotropium Indicum

Linn.

Family: Boraginaceae.

Habitat: Throughout India.

English: Scorpion Tail.

Ayurvedic: Hastishundi Shrihastini, Vrischikaali.

Siddha/Tamil: Thaelkodukku.

Action: Plant—diuretic, astringent, emollient, vulnerary. Used as a local application for ulcers, wounds, sores, gum boils and skin affections. Decoction of leaves is used in urticaria and fevers; that of root in coughs. Flowers—emmenagogue in small doses, abortifacient in large doses. Masticated seeds— stomachic.

Aerial parts of the plant contain alkaloids—indicine (principal base), echinatine, supinine, heleurine, he- liotrine, lasiocarpine and lasiocarpine- N-oxide. Aerial parts and root gave an anticancer principle—indicine-N- oxide.

The aqueous and alcohol extracts of the plant possess oxytocic activity. The roots contain significant amounts of estradiol, a sex hormone.

The inflorescences are used by trib- als for scorpion bite.... heliotropium indicum

Helleborus Niger

Linn.

Family: Ranunculaceae.

Habitat: Native to sub-alpine woods in Southern and Eastern Europe. Grown in Indian gardens.

English: Black Hellebore, Christmas Rose.

Ayurvedic: Khuraasaani Kutaki.

Unani: Kharbaq Siyah, Kutaki.

Action: Digitalis-like action in cardiac disorders, drastic purgative, abortifacient, diuretic, local anaesthetic, narcotic.

The rhizome contains cardiac glycosides; helleborin, helleborein, hellebrin and others based on helleborigenin.

Helleborin has a burning, acrid taste and is narcotic. Helleborein has a sweetish taste and is a highly active cardiac poison. Helleborin and veratrin (steroidal saponins), helle- brin or helleborein (steroid glycoside) are main constituents of the root and leaves. The plant irritates mucous membranes.

A related species, Helleborus virdis Linn. (Bear's Foot, Green Hellebore) is known as Kaali Kutaki and Krishna- bhedi. The plant contains magno- florine and corytuberine. The roots and rhizomes gave hellebrin, desgluco- hellebrin, hellebrigenin, bufatetraeno- lide, beta-ecdysterone and 5beta-hy- droxyecdysterone.... helleborus niger

Helma

(German) Form of Wilhelmina, meaning “determined protector” Helmah, Helmia, Helmea, Helmina, Helmyna, Helmeena, Helmine, Helmyne, Helmeen, Helmeene... helma

Heloise

(French) One who is famous in battle

Helois, Heloisa, Helewidis... heloise

Helsa

(Danish) Form of Elizabeth, meaning “my God is bountiful” Helsah, Helisa, Helise, Helissa, Helisse... helsa

Hemagogue

An agent that promotes the flow of blood... hemagogue

Hemangini

(Indian) The golden child; one who shines

Hemangi, Hemangie, Hema, Hemlata, Hem... hemangini

Hemanti

(Indian) Born during the early winter

Hemantie, Hemanty, Hemantey, Hemantee, Hemantea... hemanti

Hematinic

Stimulating the formation of blood cells and hemoglobin... hematinic

Hematorrhea

Copious hemorrhage... hematorrhea

Hematuria

The presence of blood in the urine.... hematuria

Hemera

(Greek) Born during daylight; in mythology, the goddess of the day Hemerah, Hemerra, Hemyra, Hemira... hemera

Hemerocallis Fulva

Linn.

Habitat: The Himalaya, Khasi Hills; cultivated in Indian gardens.

English: Common Yellow Day-lily, Tawny Day-lily, Orange Day-lily.

Action: Flower—analgesic, especially in child birth; blood purifier. (Flowers are sold in Chinese food shops as Gum-Tsoy or Gum-Jum.)

Hemerocallin, a neurotoxic principle, has been found in Hemerocallis sp. The plant gave amino acid—oxyp- innatanine.... hemerocallis fulva

Hemianaesthesia

Loss of the sense of touch down one side of the body.... hemianaesthesia

Hemiatrophy

Atrophy of one side of the body, or of part of the body on one side: for example, facial hemiatrophy, in which one-half of the face is smaller than the other, either in the course of development or as a result of some nervous disorder.... hemiatrophy

Hemidesmus Indicus

(L.) R. Br.

Synonym: Periploca indica Linn.

Family: Asclepiadaceae, Periplo- caceae.

Habitat: Throughout India; common in Bengal, Maharashtra and extending to Travancore.

English: Indian Sarsaparilla (white var.). Sarsaparilla root is equated with Smilax sp. in Western herbal.

Ayurvedic: Shveta Saarivaa, Anant- muula, Gopi, Gopaa, Gopakanyaa, Gopavalli, Gopasutaa, Krishodari, Sphotaa, Utpalsaarivaa, Kapuuri, Dugdhgarbhaa.

Unani: Ushbaa Hindi.

Siddha/Tamil: Nannaari, Sugan- thipala.

Action: Blood purifier, antisyphilitic, antileucorrhoeic, galactogenic, antidiarrhoeal, antirheumatic, febrifuge, alterative. Roots used against gonorrhoea, leucoderma, bleeding piles, jaundice and dysentery.

Key application: Smilax sp.—in skin diseases and urinary infections. (German Commission E included Smilax sp. among unapproved herbs.)

Hemidesmus indicus does not contain the same saponins or other principal constituents which are found in sarsaparilla. (Tyler's Honest Herbal.)

The root contains coumarino-lig- noids, hemidesmine, hemidesmin-1, 2. The stem contains pregnane glyco- sides, hemidine, hemidescine, emidine and indicine, a triterpene lactone, a lu- panone, besides lupeol acetate, sitos- terol and hexadecanoic acid and several hydroxy- methoxybenzaldehydes.

Aqueous extract of the root is bacteriostatic against Mycobacterium leprae.

Dosage: Root—20-30 g for decoction. (API Vol. I.) palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and arachidic. Pyrocatechol, tannins, fla- vonoids and amino acids were also present.... hemidesmus indicus

Hemidictyum Ceterach

L.

Synonym: Ceterach officinarum Willd. Asplenium ceterach L.

Family: Athyriaceae, Polypodiaceae.

Habitat: Western Himalaya, from Kashmir to Garhwal, up to 3,000 m.

Action: Fern—diuretic, astringent; used for diseases of the urinary tract, infirmities of spleen, also for treating jaundice.

The plant contains caffeic acid, neo- hesperidin, kaempferol-3, 7-digluco- side, chlorogenic acid and quercetol- 3-glucoside. The leaves gave methyl esters of the acids—myristic, palmitic,

Synonym: H. nepalense D. Don. H. lanatum Michx.

Family: Umbelliferae; Apiaceae.

Habitat: Chamba, Kulu, Jammu & Kashmir, Bushahr, Garhwal and Kumaon Hills.

English: Cowparsnip.

Folk: Kaindal (Kashmir), Gandhraayana (Garhwal).

Action: Fruit—stimulant, nervine tonic, spasmolytic. Heraclenin (active principle)—hypoprothrom- binaemic.

Essential oil from the fruits is moderately antimicrobial.

Furanocoumarins present in the whole fruit and leaves are psoralen, xanthotoxin and bergapten. Roots also contain furanocoumarins.

The fruits of H. concanense Dalz. contain a coumarin which is effective against dermatophytosis. The fruits of H. regins Wall. ex DC. are used for cough and bronchitis, also for urinary concretions in Siddha medicine. H. thomsoni C. B. Clarke (Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh) also contains a coumarin; the fruit showed nonspecific spasmolytic activity equipotent to papaverine.... hemidictyum ceterach

Hemionites Arifolia

(Burm. f) Moore.

Family: Adiantaceae.

Habitat: Plains and mountains of South India up to 1,200., and in West Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.

English: Mule Fern.

Folk: Raamabaanam (Andhra Pradesh), Chakuliya (Bengal).

Action: Fonds—antibacterial, used in burns and as febrifuge.

Heracleum candicans Wall. ex DC.... hemionites arifolia

Hemolysis

Breakdown of senescent red blood cells into recyclable constituents, with particular importance given to the reuse of the heme part of hemoglobin.... hemolysis

Hemopathy

A disease of the blood.... hemopathy

Hemoptysis

Coughing up blood or pulmonary bleeding. If simply resulting from excessive coughing, where bleeding is from prolonged tracheal or pharynx irritation and minute mucosal hemorrhage, it can be self-treatable...anything else and start worrying... hemoptysis

Hemorrhage

Bleeding, pure and simply. Menses is not blood but the carefully orchestrated excretion of excess endometrium. If the membranes fail to vasoconstrict and bleed further, THAT is hemorrhage.... hemorrhage

Hemorrhoids

Enlarged veins protruding into the anorectal area, either internal or externally visible. They are either the result of poor sphincter tone and portal congestion, or sphincter hypertonicity, skeletal muscle and adrenergic excess...”Jock Hemmies”.... hemorrhoids

Hemostatic

A substance that stops or slows bleeding, used either internally or externally... hemostatic

Henbane

Love Attraction ***TOXIC*** ... henbane

Hender

(American) One who is embraced by all Hendere... hender

Hendra Virus

Virus of Flying Foxes (Fruit Bats) in Australia. Can infect horses and humans. Also known as the Equine morbillivirus.... hendra virus

Heng

(Chinese) An eternal beauty... heng

Henle, Loop Of

That part of the nephron (see KIDNEYS) between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules. It extends into the renal medulla as a hairpin-shaped loop. The ascending link of the loop actively transports sodium from the lumen of the tube to the interstitium, and this, combined with the ‘counter-current’ ?ow of ?uid through the two limbs of the loop, plays a part in concentrating the urine.... henle, loop of

Henley

(American) A social butterfly Henleigh, Henlee, Henly, Henlea, Henli, Henlie... henley

Henoch-schönlein Purpura

This is an in?ammatory condition of the small blood vessels, the cause of which is not known but may be an allergic response to food or drugs. Most common among young children, the in?ammation causes blood to leak into joints, kidneys, intestine and skin. The child presents with a purpuric rash and stomach pains which may come and go for weeks. Paracetamol alone is often su?cient to alleviate the condition, but severely ill patients may need corticosteroid drugs. All sufferers need follow-up for 12 months to ensure that they have not developed kidney disease.... henoch-schönlein purpura

Henrietta

(German) Feminine form of Henry; ruler of the house Henretta, Henrieta, Henriette, Henrika, Henryetta, Hetta, Hette, Hettie, Henrieeta, Hatsie, Hatsy, Hattie, Hatty, Hendrika, Henia, Henie, Henka, Hennie, Henrie, Henny, Henni, Henriqua, Henuite, Henuita, Hanrietta, Hanriette, Hanretta, Hanriet... henrietta

Hensley

(American) One who is ambitious Hensly, Henslee, Hensleigh, Henslea, Hensli, Henslie... hensley

Hepatalgi A

Pain in the liver... hepatalgi a

Hepatitis Viruses

The most common causes of viral hepatitis are those caused by the Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E and G viruses. Hepatitis F virus has been described but is a doubtful entity. Other viruses which can cause hepatitis include the Epstein-Barr Virus, cytomegalovirus, and the Yellow Fever virus.... hepatitis viruses

Hepatocytes

A functional or parenchymal liver cell, specializing in enzyme synthesis.... hepatocytes

Hepatodynia

Pain in the liver... hepatodynia

Hepatolenticular Degeneration

See WILSON’S DISEASE.... hepatolenticular degeneration

Hepatopathy

Any disease of the liver... hepatopathy

Hepatosis

Downward displacement of the liver... hepatosis

Hepatozoon

A genus of tick-borne apicomplexan protozoa infecting a range of animal species including lizards and snakes but not humans.... hepatozoon

Hephzibah

(Hebrew) She is my delight Hepsiba, Hepzibeth, Hepsey, Hepsie, Hepsy, Hepzibah, Hepsee, Hepsea... hephzibah

Hepolenticular Degeneration

See WILSON’S DISEASE.... hepolenticular degeneration

Hera

(Greek) The chosen heroine; in mythology, the wife of Zeus, and the goddess of marriage and childbirth Here, Herah... hera

Herbal Manual

Herbal Manual

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... herbal manual

Herbal Medical

Herbal Medical

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... herbal medical

Herbalism

A system of alternative medical treatment based on the use of herbs and plant materials to stimulate the body’s healing powers.... herbalism

Herdis

(Scandinavian) A battlemaiden Herdiss, Herdisse, Herdys, Herdyss, Herdysse... herdis

Herendira

(American) A tender woman Herendyra, Herendeera, Herendeara, Herendiera, Herendeira... herendira

Herise

(American) A warmhearted woman Heryse, Hereese, Heriese, Hereise, Herease... herise

Herleen

(American) A quiet and peaceful woman

Herleene, Herlean, Herleane, Herlein, Herleine, Herlien, Herliene, Herlyn, Herlyne... herleen

Hermandina

(Greek) A wellborn woman Hermandine, Hermandyna, Hermandeena, Hermandena, Hermandyne, Hermandeene, Hermandeane, Hermandeana... hermandina

Hermelinda

(Spanish) Bearing a powerful shield

Hermelynda, Hermalinda, Hermalynda, Hermelenda, Hermalenda... hermelinda

Hermia

(Greek) Feminine form of Hermes; a messenger of the gods Hermiah, Hermea, Hermila, Hermilla, Hermilda, Herminia, Hermenia, Herma, Hermina, Hermine, Hermione... hermia

Hermippe

(Greek) In mythology, the mother of Orchomenus Hermipe, Hermip, Hermipp... hermippe

Hermona

(Hebrew) From the mountain peak

Hermonah, Hermonna, Hermonnah... hermona

Hermosa

(Spanish) A beautiful young woman

Hermossa, Hermosah, Hermoza, Hermosia, Hermozia, Hermosea, Hermozea... hermosa

Hernanda

(Spanish) One who is daring Hernandia, Hernandea, Hernandiya... hernanda

Herniaria Glabra

Linn.

Family: Illecebraceae.

Habitat: Throughout Europe. Introduced into Indian gardens.

English: Rupture-Wort.

Action: Plant—astringent, diuretic, antimicrobial, anticatarrhal. An infusion is used principally for bladder complaints for ruptures.

The plant gave a flavonic glycoside, rutoside; coumarins, herniarin and umbelliferone, and saponins.

A related species, H. hirsuta L. (Himalaya, from Kashmir to Kumaon up to 3,000 m) gave umbelliferone, scopo- letin and herniarin.... herniaria glabra

Herniorraphy

Surgical repair of a HERNIA. This may be done as an open operation or as MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGERY (MIS) using a LAPAROSCOPE.... herniorraphy

Hero

(Greek) The brave defender; a heroine; in mythology, the lover of Leander who killed herself when she discovered his death Heroe... hero

Herodias

(Greek) One who watches over others; in the Bible, the mother of Salome... herodias

Herpes Genitalis

An infection of the genitals (see GENITALIA) of either sex, caused by HERPES SIMPLEX virus type

2. It is mostly acquired as a result of sexual activity; some cases are caused by simplex type

1. After initial infection the virus lies latent in the dorsal nerve root ganglion (of the spinal cord) which enervates the affected area of the skin. Latent virus is never cured and reactivation results in either a recurrence of symptoms or in asymptomatic shedding of the virus which then infects a sexual partner. Around 30,000 cases of genital herpes are reported annually from clinics dealing with SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STDS) in England, but there are also many unrecognised (by either patient or doctor) infections. Patients may have a history of painful attacks of ulceration of the genitals for many years before seeking medical advice. All patients with a ?rst episode of the infection should be given oral antiviral treatment, and those who suffer more than six attacks a year should be considered for suppressive antiviral treatment. ACICLOVIR, valaciclovir and famciclovir are all e?ective antiviral drugs. If a woman in the ?nal three months of her pregnancy contracts herpes genitalis, this can have serious consequences for the baby as he or she will be at risk of herpes encephalitis after delivery.... herpes genitalis

Herpes Simplex Virus

Causative virus of genital herpes and herpes labalis or cold sores.... herpes simplex virus

Herpes Viruses

One member of a group of viruses containing DNA which cause latent infections in animals and humans. Viruses from this group cause HERPES SIMPLEX, HERPES ZOSTER (shingles) and CHICKENPOX, and include CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CCMV) and EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS.... herpes viruses

Herpes Zoster Virus

Causative virus of chicken pox and shingles.... herpes zoster virus

Herpetic

Treating skin eruptions... herpetic

Herra

(Greek) Daughter of the earth Herrah... herra

Hersala

(Spanish) A lovely woman Hersalah, Hersalla, Hersallah, Hersalia, Hersaliah, Hersalea, Hersaleah... hersala

Herschelle

(Hebrew) Feminine form of Hirsh; resembling a deer Herschele, Herschell, Hershelle, Hershele, Hershell... herschelle

Hersilia

(Latin) In mythology, the wife of Romulus

Hersiliah, Hersilea, Hersileah, Hersylia, Hersylea, Hersyleah, Hersiliya, Hersiliyah... hersilia

Hertha

(English) Of the earth Herthe, Herta, Herte... hertha

Hertnia

(English) Of the earth Hertniah, Hertnea, Hertneah, Hertniya, Hertniyah... hertnia

Hervie

(English) A battle-ready woman warrior

Hervi, Hervy, Hervey, Hervee, Hervea, Herveah... hervie

Heshbon

(Hebrew) An industrious woman; one with great intelligence... heshbon

Hesiena

(African) The firstborn of twins Hesienna, Hesienah, Heseina, Hasana, Hasanah, Hasanna, Hasane... hesiena

Hesione

(Greek) In mythology, a Trojan princess saved by Hercules from a sea monster... hesione

Hesper

(Greek) Born under the evening star

Hespera, Hesperie, Hesperi, Hespery, Hesperey, Hesperee, Hesperea... hesper

Hesperia

(Greek) In mythology, one of the Hesperides

Hesperiah, Hesperea, Hespereah... hesperia

Hester

(Greek) A starlike woman Hestere, Hesther, Hesta, Hestar... hester

Hestia

(Greek) In mythology, goddess of the hearth

Hestiah, Hestea, Hesteah, Hestya, Hestyah... hestia

Hetal

(Hindi) A friendly young girl Hetall, Hetale, Hetalia, Hetalea, Hetala, Hetalla, Hetalle... hetal

Heterophil Antibody

Antibody which reacts with an antigen which has not stimulated its production (i.e. a crossreacting antibody).... heterophil antibody

Heterophragma Roxburghii

DC.

Synonym: H. quadriloculare (Roxb.) D. Schum.

Habitat: Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu.

Ayurvedic: Waarasa.

Siddha/Tamil: Barokalagoru.

Folk: Pullunga, Paatang (Maharashtra).

Action: Tar extracted from wood— used in skin diseases. Leaf juice— applied externally on toe sores and in chilblain.

The flowers gave hentriacontane and allantoin; the leaves contain ursolic acid and sitosterol. The seeds contain a saponin (rhamnoside), lupeol, beta- sitosterol, stigmasterol and cubulin. The essential oil from flowers exhibits antimicrobial activity.... heterophragma roxburghii

Heterosexual

Sexual attraction to individuals of the opposite sex. (See also HOMOSEXUALITY.)... heterosexual

Heulwen

(Welsh) As bright as the light from the sun

Heulwenn, Heulwenne, Heulwin, Heulwinn, Heulwinne, Heulwyn, Heulwynn, Heulwynne... heulwen

Heven

(American) A pretty young woman Hevin, Hevon, Hevun, Hevven, Hevvin, Hevvon, Hevvun... heven

Hexachlorophene

A widely used antiseptic (see ANTISEPTICS) which is active against a range of microorganisms, including gram-positive and gram-negative organisms (see GRAM’S STAIN), Shigella dysenteriae, and Salmonella typhi. One of its advantages is that it retains its activity in the presence of soap, and is therefore often used in soaps and creams in a concentration of 1–2 per cent. It must be used with caution in babies as it can be absorbed through the skin and prove harmful. Hexachlorophene must not be used on burned or excoriated skin.... hexachlorophene

Heyzell

(American) Form of Hazel, meaning “from the hazel tree” Heyzel, Heyzelle, Heyzill, Heyzille, Heyzil... heyzell

Hezer

(Hebrew) A woman of great strength Hezir, Hezyr, Hezire, Hezyre, Hezere... hezer

Hiah

(Korean) A bright woman Heija, Heijah, Hia... hiah

Hiawatha

(Native American) She who makes rivers

Hiawathah, Hyawatha, Hiwatha, Hywatha... hiawatha

Hiba

(Arabic) A gift from God Hibah, Heba, Hebah... hiba

Hibernia

(Latin) Woman from Ireland Hiberniah, Hibernea, Hybernia, Hybernea, Hibernya, Hybernya... hibernia

Hibiscus Abelmoschus

Linn.

Synonym: Abelmoschus moschatus Medic.

Family: Malvaceae.

Habitat: Throughout the warmer parts and hilly regions of India; also cultivated.

English: Musk Seed, Muskmallow, Ambette Seed.

Ayurvedic: Lataakasturi, Lataakas- turikaa, Kattaphala, Katuka.

Unani: Mushkdaanaa.

Siddha/Tamil: Kasturi-vendai.

Action: Seeds—diuretic, antispas- modic, stomachic, nervine (nervous debility, hysteria and other nervous disorders). Used externally for skin diseases and itch. Mucilage made from the root and leaves is prescribed in venereal diseases, urinary discharges and painful micturition. Seeds, steeped in water, are used for asthma, cold, flu.

Fatty oil of seeds contains phospholipids—alpha cephalin, phosphatidyl- serine and its plasmalogen and phos- phatidylcholine plasmalogen. Absolute contains farnesol and ambrettolic acid lactones.

The seeds contain chiefly 2-trans, 6-trans-farnesyl acetate, 2-cis, 6-trans farnesyl acetate and ambrettolide. The leaves contain beta-sitosterol and its beta-D-glucoside.

Dosage: Seed—2-4 g powder. (API Vol. IV.)... hibiscus abelmoschus

Hibiscus Cannabinus

Linn.

Family: Malvaceae.

Habitat: Native to tropical America and Africa; cultivated in West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Bihar and Punjab.

English: Bimlipatam Jute, Kenaf, Mesta, Deccan Hemp.

Siddha/Tamil: Pulichhai, Pulimanji, Kasini.

Folk: Patsan, Pitwaa. Ambaadi (Maharashtra).

Action: Seed—nervine tonic, analgesic. Leaf—purgative. The juice of flowers, mixed with sugar and black pepper, is given for biliousness.

The leaves contain flavonoids, including rutin and isoquercitrin; kaem- pferol; polyphenols. The flowers gave myricetin glucoside; the root contains polyphenols, also proanthocyanidins. The seeds gave phosphonolipids.... hibiscus cannabinus

Hibiscus Flower Tea

(Sorrel) Dried Hibiscus flowers are made into a tea that offers very high health benefits. Hibiscus tea is known to lower blood pressure, reduce high cholesterol and strengthen the immune system (it’s rich in Vitamin C). Hibiscus flower infusions have known to reduce hypertension as well, in people prone to this condition. A recent study reveals that hibiscus tea is rich in antioxidants, which protect the body against cell-damaging free radicals. Red zinger tea and sorrel tea contain hibiscus.... hibiscus flower tea

Hibiscus Surattensis

Linn.

Family: Malvaceae.

Habitat: Throughout the warmer parts of India.

Ayurvedic: Ran Bhindi.

Folk: Kishli-Keerai (Tamil Nadu).

Action: Flower—emollient, pectoral. Stem and leaf—used in urethritis and venereal diseases.

Petals (yellow part) gave gossypitrin and gossypetin; the purple part gave cyanidin, delphinidin and pelargoni-... hibiscus surattensis

Hickory

Legal Matters... hickory

Hicks

(American) A saucy woman Hiks, Hycks, Hyks, Hicksi, Hicksie, Hicksee, Hicksy, Hicksey, Hicksea... hicks

Hidayah

(Arabic) One who provides guidance for others Hidaya, Hydayah, Hydaya... hidayah

Hidde

(German) An honorable woman Hiddee, Hiddy, Hiddey, Hidda, Hiddea... hidde

Hide

(Japanese) A superior woman Hideyo... hide

Hideko

(Japanese) A superior woman Hydeko... hideko

Hibiscus Mutabilis

Linn.

Family: Malvaceae.

Habitat: Native to China; planted in the hedges of gardens.

English: Cotton-Rose, ChineseRose, Confederate Rose.

Ayurvedic: Sthala-Padam, Sthal- Kamal.

Siddha/Tamil: Irratai-vellaichemba- rattam, Sembarattai.

Action: Flower—used in pectoral and pulmonary affections. Leaf and flower—expectorant, bechic, anodyne. Used in menorrhagia, dysuria, swellings, fistulae, wounds and burns.

The flowers contain quercetin, kaempferol, betulinic acid, hexyl stearate, tetratriacontanol, nonacosane, stigmasta-3, 7-dione, stigmasta-4-ene- one and beta-sitosterol. Flowers collected in the morning gave no an- thocyanin; maximum anthocyanin is found in the afternoon.... hibiscus mutabilis

Hibiscus Rosa-sinensis

Linn.

Family: Malvaceae.

Habitat: Native of China; grown in gardens throughout India.

English: Rose-of-China, Shoe- flower, Chinese Hibiscus.

Ayurvedic: Japaa, Javaa, Odrapush- pa, Rudrapushpa, Arunaa.

Unani: Gul-e-Gurhal.

Siddha/Tamil: Semparuthi.

Action: Flower—used in impo- tency, bronchial catarrh. Flower and bark—emmenagogue. Leaf— stimulates expulsion of placenta after childbirth; laxative, anodyne. Flower and root—used in menorrhagia.

The plant contains the cyclopro- panoids, methyl sterculate, methyl- 2-hydroxysterculate, 2-hydroxystercu- late, malvalate and beta-sitosterol.

The major anthocyanin in the flower is cyanidin 3-sophoroside. The flower nectar is rich in amino acids, mainly aspartic acid and asparagin. During pollination, the amino acid concentration increases substantially.

Flower powder exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in male albino rats with carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema. The aqueous extract of the plant showed antitumour activity against sarcoma 180 ascites.

An aqueous extract of flowers reduced the duration of oestrus cycle in experimental albino rabbits. The alcoholic extract of flowers showed antiimplantation activity. The benzene extract of flowers, on oral administration, terminated pregnancy in experimental animals.

Flower buds are used in the treatment of vaginal and uterine discharges.

Oral administration of flower extract to rats affected spermatogenesis and endocrine function of testis.

In diabetic patients, a flower bud is given daily up to 10 days or until the level of blood sugar is reduced to tolerable limits.

The white-flowered var. of Japan (cultivated all over India in garden) is equated with Hibiscus syriacus Linn. (Rose of Sharon, Shrubby Althaea). The white flower is an oriental drug used as demulcent and antidiarrhoeal. The bud yields mucilage which consists mainly of partially acetylated acidic polysaccharides. The aqueous extract of the petals causes vasorelaxation of the isolated rat arota via both endo- thelium-dependent and -independent mechanisms. The petals contain anthocyanin pigments.

The cortex and bark exhibit antifun- gal acitivity.

The bark gave canthin-6-one and a fatty acid fraction consisting of lauric, myristic and palmitic acids.

Dosage: Flower—10-20 g paste. (CCRAS.)... hibiscus rosa-sinensis

Hibiscus Sabdariffa

Linn.

Family: Malvaceae.

Habitat: Native to the West Indies; now cultivated in Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Punjab, Assam and Tamil Nadu.

English: Roselle, Jamaican Sorrel, Natal Sorrel, Red Sorrel.

Ayurvedic: Ambashtthaki.

Siddha/Tamil: Sivappu Kashmakki, Pulichai-keerai, Gogu, Seemai Kaseru.

Folk: Laal-ambaadi, Patavaa, Patsan.

Action: Digestive, choleretic, antibilious, laxative, diuretic, hypotensive, antiscorbutic. Used as a cardiac and nervine tonic for disorders of circulation, also for calcified arteries.

Key application: Flowers—used for loss of appetite, for colds, catarrhs of the upper respiratory tract and stomach, for disorders of circulation. (Included among unapproved herbs by German Commission E.)

The seeds contain sterols, including 3.2% ergosterol; leaves contain sitosterol-beta-D-galactoside. Flowers contain myricetin, kaempferol and quercetin, but did not contain free mutagenic flavonol aglycons.

The aqueous extract of flower buds has been reported to decrease blood pressure, cause relaxation of rat uterus. Succulent sepals and leaves—hypoten- sive, antimicrobial and anthelmintic.

Oil and unsapanofiable matter—antibacterial, antifungal.

Dosage: Root—5-10 g. (API Vol. III.)... hibiscus sabdariffa

Hidi

(African) One who is rooted to the earth

Hidie, Hidy, Hidey, Hidee, Hidea... hidi

Hien

(Vietnamese) A meek and gentle woman... hien

Hierapolis

(Hebrew) From the sacred city... hierapolis

Hierro

Iron; used for the treatment of anemia and other illnesses; typically sold as a powder; added as an ingredient to botellas and herbal preparations; often sold in the amount of a single dose, packaged in an envelope (sobre).... hierro

Higgaion

(Hebrew) One who meditates; a pause for reflection... higgaion

High Dependency Care Facility

An establishment primarily engaged in providing inpatient nursing and rehabilitative services to individuals requiring nursing care.... high dependency care facility

Hibiscus Tea - A Popular Herbal Tea

Hibiscus tea is one of the most famous herbal tea drinks around the world. It is made from the red hibiscus flower, which is dried and steeped. Hibiscus tea can be drank either hot or cold and it is recognized for being a strong allied in the weight loss process. Hibiscus tea contains organic acids such as citric acid, malic acid and tartaric acid. This tea can be taken as a traditional supplement or as a natural medicine since it produces Vitamin C and minerals. How to make Hibiscus tea To prepare a perfect cup of hibiscus tea, first of all you will need to boil the water into a kettle. Then measure 2 teaspoons of hibiscus flowers or more if you want a stronger flavor. After the water is boiled, place the hibiscus flowers into the kettle and let it steep for about 10 minutes. Then pour the tea into a cup using a strainer to catch the hibiscus flowers. To enhance the flavor, you can always add lemon juice, sugar or even cinnamon. Hibiscus Tea benefits
  • Lowers cholesterol
  • Some studies revealed that people who suffer from type 2 diabetes may benefits from drinking this tea.
  • In Eastern medicine, hibiscus tea is used to treat liver problems
  • Due to the fact that hibiscus tea stops the body from absorbing too many carbohydrates, it is a string allied in the weight loss process.
  • Since it contains Vitamin C, hibiscus tea helps preventing colds, flu and also, strengthens your immune system.
Hibiscus tea side effects
  • Pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid drinking hibiscus tea.
  • People with low blood pressure are not advised to drink hibiscus tea.
  • You should be careful if you want to drink hibiscus tea for the first time since it can (rarely) produce hallucinogenic effects or even cause a sensations similar to intoxication.
  • If you are taking any type of anti-inflammatories and want to drink hibiscus tea, drink it two hours after taking the medicine.
Hibiscus tea makes a wonderful drink either on cold winter days or on hot summer days, since it can be consumed either hot or cold. Enjoy its benefits and try not to experience any of its side effects!... hibiscus tea - a popular herbal tea

Hierba Mora

Black nightshade (Solanum americanum; also, Solanum nigrescens).

Plant Part Used: Leaf.

Dominican Medicinal Uses: Leaf: decoction, orally, for allergies, vaginal infections, cysts, fibroids, cancer (early stages), blood-cleansing, childbirth and postpartum recovery.

Safety: Leaf extracts in moderate amounts have shown relatively low toxicity; in excess, can cause adverse reactions; fruits contain toxic alkaloids.

Clinical Data: Human clinical trials: treatment of vaginal candidiasis (plant extract).

Laboratory & Preclinical Data: In vivo: immunomodulatory (leaf extract).

In vitro: antidermatophytic, antifungal (plant extract); antimicrobial (leaf extract); antitrypanosomal (plant extract).

* See entry for Hierba mora in “Part 3: Dominican Medicinal Plant Profiles” of this book for more information, including references.... hierba mora

Hierbabuena

YERBA BUENA Mint (Mentha species). Plant Part Used: Leaf, stalk, flower.Dominican Medicinal Uses: Leaves and stems: tea, orally, for stomach pain, indigestion, stress, anxiety, diabetes, menstrual cramps; poultice, externally, for topical burns and minor abrasions.Safety: Widely consumed and generally considered safe.Laboratory & Preclinical Data: Antispasmodic, antiflatulent, stimulant, antimicrobial and sedative.* See entry for Hierbabuena in “Part 3: Dominican Medicinal Plant Profiles” of this book for more information, including references.... hierbabuena

High John The Conqueror

Money, Love, Success, Happiness ... high john the conqueror

Higüero

Calabash (Crescentia cujete).

Plant Part Used: Fruit pulp.

Dominican Medicinal Uses: Fruit pulp: added fresh to multi-herb preparations, taken internally for infections in general, vaginal infections, infertility, fibroids, cysts, menopausal symptoms, childbirth and post-partum recovery.

Safety: Signs of toxicity exhibited in birds and cattle.

Contraindications: Pregnancy; not to be used for ear infection if ear secretions or perforation of ear drum is evident.

Laboratory & Preclinical Data: In vitro: antimicrobial (leaf and stem ethanol extracts, fruit pulp).

In vivo: anti-inflammatory (hydroalcoholic leaf extract).

* See entry for Higüero in “Part 3: Dominican Medicinal Plant Profiles” of this book for more information, including references.... higüero

Hija

(African) Her father’s daughter... hija

Hijrah

(Arabic) Refers to the migration of Muhammad Hijra... hijrah

Hikmah

(Arabic) Having great wisdom Hikmat, Hikma... hikmah

Hilan

(Greek) Filled with happines Hylan, Hilane, Hilann, Hilanne, Hylane, Hylann, Hylanne... hilan

Hilary

(Greek) A cheerful woman; bringer of joy

Hillary, Hilaree, Hilarie, Hilarey, Hilari, Hillari, Hillarie, Hillaree, Hillarey, Hillory, Hilaire, Hilaria, Hilery, Hillery, Hiliary, Hiliarie, Hylary, Hylarie, Hylari, Hylarey, Hylaree, Hyllari, Hyllary, Hilaeira, Hiolair, Hillarea, Hylarea, Hyllarea, Hilarea... hilary

Hildar

(Scandinavian) A feisty woman Hildarr, Hildare, Hildayr, Hildaer, Hyldar, Hyldarr, Hyldare, Hyldayr, Hyldaer, Hildair, Hyldair... hildar

Hildebrand

(German) Having great strength

Hildibrand, Hildebrande, Hildibrande, Hyldebrand, Hyldibrand... hildebrand

Hildegard

(German) A battlemaiden; a protector; in mythology, a Valkyrie Hildegarde, Hildagarde, Hildagard, Hilda, Hilde, Hulda, Hylda, Hildred, Hildee, Hildi, Hildie, Hildey, Hildy, Hildia, Hildea, Hyldi, Hylda, Hylde, Hyldy, Hyldegard, Hyldegarde, Hyldagard, Hyldagarde, Hild, Hildegunn, Hildigunn, Holda, Hyldea... hildegard

Hildemare

(German) A glorious woman; famous in battle

Hildemara, Hildimar, Hildimara, Hildemar, Hyldemare, Hyldemar, Hyldemara... hildemare

Hildireth

(German) An advisor during war time Hildreth... hildireth

Hildur

(Icelandic) A battlemaiden Hildurr, Hyldur, Hyldurr, Hildura, Hyldura... hildur

Hilina

(Hawaiian) Resembling a celestial body

Hilinah, Hileena, Hileenah, Hilyna, Hilynah, Hileana, Hileanah, Hiliena, Hilienah, Hileina, Hileinah... hilina

Hilliard

(English / German) From the hill / a guardian during battle Hiller, Hillierd, Hillyard, Hillyer, Hillyerd... hilliard

Hilma

(German) One who is protected Hilmah, Hylma, Hylmah... hilma

Hilton

(American) A wealthy woman Hylton, Hiltan, Hyltan, Hiltun, Hyltun, Hillton, Hiltin, Hyltin... hilton

Himalaya

(American) Woman from the mountains Hymalaya... himalaya

Hina

(Polynesian) In mythology, a dual goddess symbolizing day and night Hinna, Henna, Hinaa, Hinah, Heena, Hena... hina

Hind

(Arabic) Owning a group of camels; a wife of Muhammad Hynd, Hinde, Hynde... hind

Hinda

(Hebrew) Resembling a doe Hindah, Hindy, Hindey, Hindee, Hindi, Hindie, Hynda, Hyndy, Hyndey, Hyndee, Hyndi, Hyndie, Hindea, Hyndea, Hindal... hinda

Hine

(Polynesian) One who is chaste; a maiden... hine

Hinnom

(Hebrew) From the deep ravine... hinnom

Hinojo

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare).

Plant Part Used: Seeds.

Dominican Medicinal Uses: Seeds: decoction, orally, for digestive ailments, flatulence, stomach pain, pasmo, infant colic, inflammation, allergy, sinus infection and women’s health. Leaves: decoction, orally, for stomach ache, indigestion and gas.

Safety: Widely consumed and considered safe; caution advised if used in anise tea: seeds are often combined with anís de estrella which may be adulterated by poisonous look-alike.

Contraindications: Essential oil: epileptics, young children, pregnancy; herb considered safe for children and pregnant women.

Clinical Data: Human clinical trial: infant colic treatment (seed extract and essential oil emulsion).

* See entry for Hinojo in “Part 3: Dominican Medicinal Plant Profiles” of this book for more information, including references.... hinojo

Hinto

(Native American) Having deep-blue eyes... hinto

Hinton

(American) A wealthy woman Hynton, Hintan, Hyntan, Hintun, Hyntun... hinton

Hippodamia

(Greek) A tamer of horses; in mythology, a bride who was nearly kidnapped by centaurs

Hippodamea, Hippodameia, Hipodamia, Hipodamea, Hipodameia... hippodamia

Hippolyte

(Greek) Feminine form of Hippolytus; one who frees the horses; in mythology, the queen of the Amazons Hippolyta, Hippolite, Hippothoe... hippolyte

Hiral

(Indian) A lustrous woman... hiral

Hiriwa

(Polynesian) A silvery woman... hiriwa

Hirkani

(Indian) Resembling a small diamond

Hirkanie, Hirkany, Hirkaney, Hirkanee, Hirkanea... hirkani

Hiroko

(Japanese) One who is noble and generous

Hiriko, Hyroko, Hyriko, Hyryko... hiroko

Hirschsprung’s Disease

Hirschsprung’s disease, or MEGACOLON, is a rare congenital disorder characterised by great hypertrophy and dilatation of the colon (see INTESTINE). The RECTUM and lower colon have failed to develop a normal nerve network, thus disturbing normal contraction and expansion of these structures. Treatment is surgical removal of the affected sections, with the remaining colon being joined to the anus.... hirschsprung’s disease

Hippophae Rhamnoides

Linn.

Family: Elaeagnaceae.

Habitat: North-west Himalayas at 2,350-5,000 m.

English: Seabuckthorn, Sand Thorn.

Folk: Dhurchuk, Chumaa, Tarwaa (Uttar Pradesh), Sirmaa (Punjab, Ladakh).

Action: Fruit—astringent, anti- diarrhoeal, stomachic, antitussive, antihaemorrhagic.

Sea Buckthorn preparations are used internally for stomach ulcer, duodenal ulcer and other illnesses of the alimentary organs; externally in cases of burns, bedsores and other skin complications induced by the treatment with X-rays and other radiations.

The berries contain polyphenols, 3,4-dihydroxy benzoic acid and p- coumaric acid. They are an important source of vitamins for people living in cold, long winter regions; contain high concentration of vitamin A (carotene 30-40 mg), B1, B2, B6, C (50-600 mg) and E (160 mg/100 g).

The plant is an effective antioxidant and shows protective effect on smooth muscles of rabbits in vitro. The methanolic extract of the berry showed scavenging activity on chemically generated superoxide radicals.

The leaves contain flavonoids, iso- rhamnetin and astragalin; the bark gave serotonin.... hippophae rhamnoides

Hiptage Benghalensis

Kurz.

Synonym: H. madablota Gaertn.

Family: Malpighiaceae.

Habitat: Throughout the warmer parts of Maharashtra, Konkan, Karnataka and other parts of India.

Ayurvedic: Atimukta, Atimuktaka, Maadhavi, Vaasanti, Pundrika, Mandaka, Vimukta, Kaamu- ka.

Siddha/Tamil: Madhavi, Vasanda- gala-malligai.

Action: Kernel of seeds is prescribed for reducing abdominal girth (obesity). Leaves—used in chronic rheumatism, asthma and skin diseases. Bark—used in bronchial asthma.

The stem and its bark contain friede- lin, epi-friedelinol, octacosanol, alpha- amyrin, beta-sitosterol and its beta-D- glucoside. The root bark gave a nitrogenous glucoside, hiptagin, identical with endecaphyllin and a glucosyl xanthone, mangiferin.

Dosage: Fruit, seed, root—powder 3-5 g; paste 5-10 g. (CCRAS.)... hiptage benghalensis

Hisa

(Japanese) A long-lived woman Hisah, Hysa, Hisako, Hisayo, Hisano... hisa

Hisaye

(Japanese) An everlasting beauty Hisay, Hysaye, Hysay, Hisai, Hysai, Hisae, Hysae... hisaye

Hisolda

(Irish) Form of Isolda, meaning “a woman known for her beauty” Hiseult, Hiseut, Hisold, Hisolde, Hisolt, Hisolte, Hisota, Hisotta, Hisotte, Hisoud, Hisoude... hisolda

Hitomi

(Japanese) One who has beautiful

eyes

Hitomie, Hitomee, Hitomea, Hitomy, Hitomey... hitomi

Hiv (human Immunodeficiency Virus)

The name of the causative agent of AIDS.... hiv (human immunodeficiency virus)

Hiya

(Indian) Of the heart... hiya

Hodaiah

(Hebrew) One who praises God Hodaviah, Hodiah, Hodijah, Hoda... hodaiah

Hodel

(Hebrew) From the flowering myrtle tree

Hodell, Hodele, Hodelle, Hodela, Hodella... hodel

Hodesh

(Hebrew) Born during the new moon

Hodesha, Hodeshah, Hodeshia, Hodeshea... hodesh

Hodge

(American) One who is confident Hoge... hodge

Hodgkin’s Disease

See LYMPHOMA.... hodgkin’s disease

Hoja De

Means “leaf of (plant name”; look up the plant name following this description of the plant part used.... hoja de

Hojicha Tea - A Different Japanese Green Tea

Hojicha tea is a type of Japanese green tea which is made from the sun-grown Japanese green tea known as bancha, harvested from the tea plant later in the season.Hojicha tea is roasted in a porcelain pot over charcoal at a high temperature, fact that alters the leaf color from green to reddish-brown. Hojicha tea has been certified as organic by the government of Japan. Brewing Hojicha tea There are many ways of preparing Hojicha tea, depending on each and other person’s taste. For example, shorter infusions of Hojicha tea may produce a fresh flavor, while longer infusions are more developed and have a “nuttier” taste. For starters, heat the the teapot with boiling water. The heat of the water is the one that brings out the aroma of Hojicha tea, so it shouldn’t be boiled at more than 180°F (80 degrees Celsius). The next step is adding the tea inside the teapot, one tablespoon of tea for each serving, when the water has just boiled. Then, depending on the flavor that you want, let it steep between 30 - 90 seconds.  In the end, pour the tea into a cup, making sure to use all the water in the teapot. Hojicha tea is usually served after the evening meal or before bed since it has lower caffeine content than other green teas. Components of Hojicha tea The main components of Hojicha tea are, like most green teas, tannin, caffeine, theanine (which is an amino acid) and Vitamin C.  Hojicha tea is known for the low amounts of caffeine and tannin (less astringency), fact that makes the tea easier to drink in the evening and it is also more suitable for children and elders.  Since it lacks in caffeine, some people even drinkHojicha tea to replace coffee, or before bed for a deep and calm sleep. Hojicha tea benefits Hojicha tea has a lot of health benefits, even though the same process that removes the caffeine also reduces the antioxidants. Due to the fact that Hojicha tea is actually a green tea, it basically presents the same benefits as any other green tea:
  • Hojicha tea helps fighting against diseases caused by viruses or bacteria and strengthens the immune system.
  • Hojicha tea helps protect against cardiovascular diseases, tumors and it’s also an important element when it comes to cancer prevention.
  • Hojicha tea is a strong allied in the process of weight loss.
  • Hojicha tea gives an overall well-being and helps you relax.
 Hojicha tea side effects Hojicha tea, because of the low caffeine, tannin and theanine content doesn’t actually present any particular side effects. However, being a green tea you should be aware of the following side effects that may appear if it is not consumed properly:
  • You should not drinkHojicha tea when you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
  • If you suffer from anemia or iron deficiency. According to some studies, green tea extract reduces the absorption of iron by 25%.
  • It is advised not to drink green tea on an empty stomach since it could cause liver damage.
  • Avoid green tea if you have kidney disorders or stomach ulcers.
All in all, try not to drink more than 6 cups a day of Hojicha green tea. If you are a green tea drinker or if you just want to try a different tea taste, besides the herbal flavor that most green teas have, you should not miss Hojicha tea. The components of Hojicha tea helps improve your immune system and, generally, keeps you healthy. It’s perfect for cold winter days!  ... hojicha tea - a different japanese green tea

Hoku

(Polynesian) One who shines as bright as a star

Hokulani, Hokulanie, Hokulanee, Hokulanea, Hokulany, Hokulaney... hoku

Holbrook

(English) From the brook on the hillside

Holebrook, Holbrooke, Holebrooke... holbrook

Holda

(German) A secretive woman; one who is hidden Holde... holda

Holden

(English) One who is willing and

eager

Holdin, Holdyn, Holdan... holden

Holder

(English) One who has a beautiful voice

Holdar, Holdir, Holdyr, Holdur... holder

Holiday

(American) Born on a festive day Holliday, Holidaye, Hollidaye, Holidai, Hollidai, Holidae, Hollidae... holiday

Holine

(American) A special woman Holyne, Holeene, Holeane, Holeine, Holene... holine

Holism

An approach based on the integration of a person’s mind, body and spirit, and which emphasizes the importance of perceiving the individual in a “whole” sense in the provision of health care to the person.... holism

Holarrhena Antidysenterica

(Linn.) Wall.

Synonym: H. pubescens (Buch.- Ham.) Wall. ex G. Don.

Family: Apocynaceae.

Habitat: The tropical Himalayas, going up to an altitude of 1,100 m. Also found throughout many forests of India, in Travancore, Assam and Uttar Pradesh.

English: Easter tree, Ivory tree, Tellicherry Bark.

Ayurvedic: Kutaja, Girimallikaa, Kaalinga, Kalingaka, Indravrik- sha, Shakra, Vatsa, Vatsaka, Shakraahvya. Indrayava, Indrabija, Vatsabija (seed). Kurchi (bark).

Unani: Inderjo talkh, Teewaaj-e- Khataai.

Siddha/Tamil: Kudasappaalai-pattai, -vidai (bark, seed).

Action: Root and bark—used in amoebic dysentery. Bark—astringent, anthelmintic, amoebicidal, diuretic. Used in colic, dyspepsia, piles, diseases of the skin and spleen. Seed—antibilious. Used for promoting conception, also for toning up vaginal tissues after delivery.

The bark contains the alkaloids, regholarrhenine-A, -B, -C, -D, -E and -F; pubescine, norholadiene, pubes- cimine, kurchinin, kurchinine, kur- chinidine, holarrifine, holadiene, kurchilidine, kurchamide, kurcholes- sine, kurchessine, conessine, cones- simine and isoconessimine, and the steroidal compounds kurchinicin and holadyson.

The alkaloid conessine is used as a therapeutic drug for the treatment of dysentery and helminthic disorders. Conessine and conimine inhibited the growth of Shigella sonnei, S. flexneri and Salmonella enteritidis strains in vitro. In chronic amoebiasis, Bi-iodide compound of total alkaloids, given orally, compare favourably with emetine Bi-iodide.

The plant possesses potent immuno- stimulant property.

The Kurchi seeds are sold as a substitute for Strophanthus sp. seeds in Indian market. (Seeds of Strophanthus sp. contain a toxic glucoside, strophan- thin, and are poisonous.)

Dosage: Stem bark—20-30 g for decoction. (API Vol. I); seed—3- 6 g powder; 20-30 g for decoction. (API Vol. III.)... holarrhena antidysenterica

Holla

(German) A secretive woman Hollah... holla

Hollander

(Dutch) A woman from Holland Hollynder, Hollender, Holander, Holynder, Holender, Hollande, Hollanda... hollander

Hollis

(English) Near the valley of the holly bushes

Hollace, Holisa, Hollisa, Holise, Holyse, Hollice, Hollissa, Holyce, Hollyse, Hollisse, Holisse, Hollysa... hollis

Hollisha

(English) A genius Holleesha, Holleisha, Holliesha, Holleasha, Hollysha... hollisha

Holoendemic

Perennial transmission of a high degree resulting in a significant immune response in all age groups, particularly in adults.... holoendemic

Holoptelea Integrifolia

Planch.

Family: Ulmaceae.

Habitat: Throughout greater parts of India, also grown in gardens.

Ayurvedic: Chirbilva, Putika, Prakirya.

Siddha/Tamil: Avil thol, Ayil pattai (bark)

Action: Bark—internally and externally used in rheumatism. Stem bark paste—in scabies. Seeds—used topically on ringworm.

The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India recommends dried fruits in poly- uria and other urinary disorders.

The stem bark contains the triter- penoidal fatty acid esters, holoptelin-A (epi-friedelinol palmitate) and holop- telin-B (epi-friedelinol stearate), frie- delin and epi-friedelinol.

The powdered bark exhibited lipoly- tic action and mobilized fat from adipose tissues in rats and consequently helped in the reduction of obesity.

Dosage: Dried fruit—1-3 g. (API Vol. III.)... holoptelea integrifolia

Holsey

(American) An easygoing woman Holsy, Holsi, Holsie, Holsee, Holsea... holsey

Holton

(American) One who is whimsical Holten, Holtan, Holtin, Holtyn, Holtun... holton

Holy

(American) One who is pious or sacred

Holey, Holee, Holeigh, Holi, Holie, Holye, Holea, Holeah... holy

Holyn

(American) A fresh-faced woman Holen, Holan, Holun, Holin... holyn

Homatropine

Homatropine is an alkaloid derived from ATROPINE, which is used to produce dilatation of the pupil (see EYE) and to paralyse ACCOMMODATION temporarily for the purpose of examining the interior of the eye. It is used in 1 per cent solution, and its effects last a few hours.... homatropine

Home

Domicile of an individual.... home

Home Adaptation

See “adaptation”.... home adaptation

Home And Community-based Services; Home And Community Care Programme

See “community-based care”.... home and community-based services; home and community care programme

Home For The Aged

See “residential care”; “assisted living facility”; “high dependency care facility”.... home for the aged

Home Health Agency (hha) / Home Health Care Agency

A public or private organization that provides home health services supervised by a licensed health professional in a person’s home, either directly or through arrangements with other organizations.... home health agency (hha) / home health care agency

Home Health Aide

A person who, under the supervision of a home health or social service agency, assists an older, ill or disabled person with household chores, bathing, personal care and other daily living needs. See also “community-based service”.... home health aide

Holostemma Annularis

(Roxb.) K. Schum.

Synonym: H. ada-kodien Schult. H. rheedii Wall. Asclepias annularis Roxb.

Family: Asclepiadaceae.

Habitat: Tropical Himalayas and Western Peninsula. Cultivated in Dharmapuri district of Tamil Nadu.

Ayurvedic: Ark-pushpi.

Siddha/Tamil: Palay-keerai.

Action: Roots—used in orchitis, spermatorrhoea, also as laxative. Roots are used as Jivanti in Kerala (See also Leptadenia reticulata.)

The tubers contain protein (5.510%). It gave alpha-amyrin, lupeol and beta-sitosterol. Aspartic acid, glycine, serine, threonine and valine were detected chromatographically.

The bark gave alpha-amyrin, lupeol and beta-sitosterol.... holostemma annularis

Home Health Care / Home Care

See “domiciliary care”.... home health care / home care

Home Improvement Agency

An organization offering advice and practical assistance to older people who need to repair, improve or adapt their homes.... home improvement agency

Home Medical Equipment

Equipment, such as hospital beds, wheelchairs and prosthetics, provided by an agency and used at home.... home medical equipment

Home Visits

Professional visits in the home.... home visits

Home-from-hospital / Hospital After-care Schemes

Schemes providing nursing care, personal care or practical help for older people who have returned home after a stay in hospital.... home-from-hospital / hospital after-care schemes

Homebound / Housebound

Generally unable to leave the house, or only for a short time.... homebound / housebound

Homemaker Service

A home help service for meal preparation, shopping, light housekeeping, money management, personal hygiene and grooming, and laundry.... homemaker service

Homer

(American) A tomboyish woman Homar, Homir, Homyr, Homur, Homor... homer

Homeshare

A scheme whereby a householder offers a bedroom and a share of the home’s facilities and pays a small contribution to someone in exchange for services.... homeshare

Homonoia Riparia

Lour.

Synonym: Adelia neriifolia Heyne ex Roth.

Family: Euphorbiaceae.

Habitat: Eastern, Central and Peninsular India, up to 700 m.

Ayurvedic: Paashaana-bheda (substitute), Kshudra Paashaana- bheda.

Siddha/Tamil: Kattu Alari.

Action: Root—diuretic, spasmolytic, antilithic. Used for urinary discharges. Leaf and stem— depurative. Leaf and fruit—used in skin diseases.

The roots gave alpha-spinasteryl acetate. The fatty acid from the fat of roots gave myristic, palmitic, stearic and oleic acids.... homonoia riparia

Honeymoon Cystitis

Urethral irritation from excess sexual activity...or as a famous French writer described it,”the plentiful rubbing together of bacons.... honeymoon cystitis

Honeysuckle

Money, Psychic Powers, Protection... honeysuckle

Hong

(Vietnamese) A young girl with a rosy complexion... hong

Honora

(Latin) Having a good name and integrity; an honorable woman Honour, Honoria, Honor, Honorata, Honoratas, Honnor, Honorina, Honorine, Honore, Honoree, Honori, Honorie, Honory, Honouri, Honourie, Honoury, Honoura, Honouria, Honoure, Honorea, Honourea... honora

Honovi

(Native American) As strong as a deer

Honovie, Honovee, Honovy, Honovey, Honovea... honovi

Honeybush Tea

Honeybush Tea is a South African tea known for its healing properties. The herb got this name due to the scent of its flowers than resembles to the one that honey has. Its taste is very similar to the one of rooibos tea, but a little sweeter and it doesn’t have any caffeine content. The main constituents of Honeybush Tea are iron, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese and sodium. It is also known for its antioxidant properties. How To Make Honeybush Tea Start by infusing 2 tablespoons of dried honeybush herbs in a liter of boiled water for about 20 minutes. After that, strain the Honeybush Tea and enjoy! To really maximize its health benefits, try not to add any sweetener or milk. Honeybush Tea Benefits
  • Helps fight indigestion and ease constipation.
  • Strong allied in the process of weight loss.
  • Lowers blood cholesterol levels.
  • May stimulate milk production in breastfeeding women.
  • Expectorant.
  • Helps ease insomnia.
  • Strengthens your immune system.
  • Eases menopausal symptoms.
  • Helps in the treatment of asthma and certain allergies.
Honeybush Tea Side Effects Honeybush Tea has no side effects whatsoever. Just avoid over-consumption and make sure you always consult your doctor before drinking it. Honeybush Tea, like most herbal teas, may interact with the effects of some medications. Also, if you are pregnant, try to drink honeybush tea in small amounts. All in all, Honeybush Tea is a healthy tea with slightly no side effects! Just enjoy it and make sure you enjoy its wonderful benefits!... honeybush tea

Honeysuckle Tea

Honeysuckle tea has been known in Chinese medicine as being an efficient herb for eliminating heat and accumulated toxins from the body. The honeysuckle is a climbing plant that grows in the Northern Hemisphere. It can reach up to 12 feet in length and can be recognized by its oval-shaped leaves and by its tubular shaped, yellow or white flowers. The constituents of honeysuckle are tannins, inositol, luteolin and volatile oils which are active in the flowers just before the bud opens. How To Make Honeysuckle Tea To brew Honeysuckle Tea, you need to place 1 cup of honeysuckle flowers in 1 quart of boiling water. Let the tea steep for about 10-15 minutes and enjoy! You can drink 3 cups of honeysuckle tea per day. Honeysuckle Tea Benefits
  • Helps fight bladder infections.
  • Alleviates sores and swellings of the eyes, breast and throat.
  • Honeysuckle Tea alleviates fever.
  • It is said that it inhibits the bacteria that causes salmonella, strep and tuberculosis.
  • Treats nausea and vomiting caused by hepatitis C.
  • Stops the pain caused by headaches.
Honeysuckle Tea Side Effects
  • People who suffer from chronic diarrhea caused by treatment from chronic diseases should avoid drinking Honeysuckle Tea.
  • Pregnant and breastfeeding women should not drink Honeysuckle Tea.
  • Honeysuckle Tea may increase the risk of extra bleeding during and after a surgery. Make sure you stop consuming honeysuckle tea at least 2 weeks before a scheduled surgery.
Honeysuckle Tea is a great herbal tea, that has many benefits for your health. Just make sure you don’t drink more than 3 cups per day in order to avoid its side effects.... honeysuckle tea

Hope

(English) One who has expectations through faith... hope

Hopkins

(American) One who is perky Hopkens, Hopkans, Hopkin, Hopkyns... hopkins

Horatia

(English) Feminine form of Horace; the keeper of time Horacia, Horacya, Horatya, Horatiah, Hora, Horada, Horae... horatia

Horem

(Hebrew) One who is dedicated to God

Horema, Horemah, Horym, Horyma... horem

Horiya

(Japanese) Woman of the gardens Horiyah, Horya, Horyah... horiya

Horizontal Integration

Merging of two or more firms at the same level of production in some formal, legal relationship. In hospital networks, this may refer to the grouping of several hospitals, the grouping of outpatient clinics with the hospital, or a geographic network of various health care services. Integrated systems seek to integrate both vertically with some organizations and horizontally with others. See “vertical integration”.... horizontal integration

Hormone Replacement Therapy(hrt)

See under MENOPAUSE.... hormone replacement therapy(hrt)

Hordeum Vulgare

Linn.

Family: Gramineae; Poaceae.

Habitat: Cultivated as food crop in Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir.

English: Barley

Ayurvedic: Yava, Hayeshtha, Hayapriya, Shuka-dhaanya, Tiksh- nashuka.

Unani: Barley, Jao Shaeer.

Siddha: Yavam. Saambaluppu (ash).

Action: Barley—nutritive and demulcent during convalescence and in cases of bowel inflammation and diarrhoea. Protects immune system.

The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia ofIn- dia recommends barley in urinary disorders, muscular rigidity, chronic sinusitis, cough, asthma, lipid disorder and obesity.

Juice of young barley leaves—7 times richer in vitamin C than oranges, 5 times richer in iron than spinach, 25 times richer in potassium than wheat; high in SOD (superoxide dismutase), an enzyme that slows ageing of cells.

The nutritional quality of the barley depends on beta-glucan fraction of the grain. Beta-glucan-enriched fraction produced cholesterol-lowering effect in hamsters.

Naked barley extracts have been found to selectively inhibit cyclohex- anase activity and may be useful as a therapeutic drug for treating thrombosis and atherosclerosis.

Ethanol extract of young green leaves exhibits antioxidant activity attributed to a flavonoid, 2"-O-glucosyl- isovitexin. It also exhibits antiinflammatory and antiallergic activities. The leaves contain an indole alkaloid, gramine, which exhibits antibacterial properties.

Dosage: Dried fruit—100-200 g. (API Vol. II); dried plant—10-20 g. (API Vol. IV.)... hordeum vulgare

Horehound Tea

Horehound Tea is popular for being effective in treating respiratory problems, having antiseptic, anti-spasmodic, expectorant, diaphoretic and diuretic properties. Horehound is a perennial herb that grows in places like meadows, pastures, railroad tracks in the United States, Canada and Europe. Horehound can be recognized by its wrinkled leaves. The main constituents of horehound tea include flavonoids, marrubin, caffeine, resin, tannins, fat and sugar. How To Make Horehound Tea To brew Horehound Tea, place about 2 teaspoons of horehound tea in boiling water. After that, let the mix steep for about 10-15 minutes. Having a bitter taste, the tea can be flavored with lemon juice and sweetened with molasses. Horehound Tea Benefits
  • Horehound Tea helps fighting respiratory disorders such as cough or asthma.
  • Calms headaches caused by sinus infection.
  • Relieves pain caused by cough or indigestion.
  • Fights sore throat.
Horehound Tea Side Effects
  • Pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid drinking Horehound Tea.
  • Black Horehound Tea contains certain chemicals that may affect treatment for Parkinson`s disease.
  • Horehound Tea may interact with the effects of some medications, so avoid drinking this tea without medical advice.
Horehound Tea is a wonderful tea with many health benefits. Just try not to experience its side effects and enjoy its amazing benefits!... horehound tea

Horner’s Syndrome

This is the description given to a combination of changes resulting from paralysis of the sympathetic nerve in the neck. They are: a small pupil; a drooping upper lid; and an apparently (though not actually) sunken eye.... horner’s syndrome

Horonaim

(Hebrew) Of the two caverns Horonaima, Horonama, Horonayma, Horonayme, Horonaem, Horonaema... horonaim

Horse Chestnut Tea

Horse Chestnut tea has been known for many years due to its astringent, anti-inflammatory, expectorant and tonic properties. It grows in the Balkan areas and in Western Asia and can reach a height of 100 feet. The leaves of horse chestnut tree are 12 inches long and the buds are large and sticky. Most of the health benefits derive from the tree’s bark and leaves. The bark contains coumarins, aesculetin, fraxin, quercetin, sterols, tannins and saponins. The leaves are full of coumadins, aesculin, scopolin, fraxin, stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol and rutin. How To Make Horse Chestnut Tea You can make horse chestnut tea either from the bark or leaves. To brew horse chestnut tea from the bark, you need to boil for about 5-10 minutes a tablespoon of tea in a kettle of water. To make horse chestnut tea from the leaves, place about a fistful of leaves into a cup of boiled water and let it steep for about 7 - 10 minutes. The nut of horse chestnut can only be used for external applications, since they could be poisonous otherwise! Horse Chestnut Tea Benefits The nuts have the following benefits:
  • Strengthens varicose veins.
  • Can help treat hemorrhoids.
  • Helps treating arthritis and rheumatic pains.
  • Helpful in treating various skin conditions such as: rashes, eczema or burns.
The leaves include the following benefits:
  • Provides relaxation and a restful sleep.
  • May help treat dysentery.
  • Alleviates fever and malaria.
  • Relieves menstrual cramps.
Horse Chestnut Tea Side Effects
  • Horse chestnut flower can cause allergic reactions.
  • Pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid drinking Horse Chestnut Tea.
  • Horse Chestnut Tea may lower blood sugar levels, so avoid drinking this tea if you suffer from diabetes.
  • Don’t drink horse chestnut tea if you have bowel or stomach disorders.
  • If you have a liver condition, avoid drinking horse chestnut.
  • Avoid drinking Horse Chestnut Tea if you suffer from kidney problems.
All in all, Horse Chestnut Tea is a healthy tea with many health benefits! Enjoy drinking and try to not experience any of its side effects.... horse chestnut tea

Hortensia

(Latin) Woman of the garden Hartencia, Hartinsia, Hortencia, Hortense, Hortenspa, Hortenxia, Hortinzia, Hortendana, Hortendanna, Hortendane... hortensia

Hosah

(Hebrew) One who provides refuge Hosa... hosah

Hosanna

(Latin) Raising one’s voice in praise of God

Hosannah, Hosann, Hosane, Hosanne, Hosana, Hosanah... hosanna

Hoshi

(Japanese) One who shines as brightly as a star

Hoshiko, Hoshie, Hoshee, Hoshy, Hoshey, Hoshiyo, Hoshea... hoshi

Hospice Care

A cluster of comprehensive services that address the needs of dying persons and their families, including medical, spiritual, legal, financial and family support services.... hospice care

Horseradish Tree

Moringa pterygosperma

Description: This tree grows from 4.5 to 14 meters tall. Its leaves have a fernlike appearance. Its flowers and long, pendulous fruits grow on the ends of the branches. Its fruit (pod) looks like a giant bean. Its 25-to 60-centimeter-long pods are triangular in cross section, with strong ribs. Its roots have a pungent odor.

Habitat and Distribution: This tree is found in the rain forests and semievergreen seasonal forests of the tropical regions. It is widespread in India, Southeast Asia, Africa, and Central America. Look for it in abandoned fields and gardens and at the edges of forests.

Edible Parts: The leaves are edible raw or cooked, depending on their hardness. Cut the young seedpods into short lengths and cook them like string beans or fry them. You can get oil for frying by boiling the young fruits of palms and skimming the oil off the surface of the water. You can eat the flowers as part of a salad. You can chew fresh, young seedpods to eat the pulpy and soft seeds. The roots may be ground as a substitute for seasoning similar to horseradish.... horseradish tree

Hospital Chaplaincy

A service provided by a religious denomination, primarily aimed at meeting the spiritual and religious needs of patients in hospitals. In the UK, NHS hospital trusts employ both full-time and part-time chaplains, usually representing the mainline Christian churches (Anglican, Free and Roman Catholic). Their duties vary but always at the least involve meeting the speci?cally religious needs of patients as well as of relatives and sta? who may ask for help. Public services in chapels, the bedside administration of the Word and Sacraments, and prayers and radio services are among chaplains’ duties. When requested by patients, chaplains also liaise with representatives of other world faiths.

Chaplains have a broad responsibility for the spiritual health care of all in hospital. They share this with other sta? members, particularly the nursing sta?, for whom the chaplains can be a resource. Chaplains also train and use volunteers from local churches to help with ward visiting and other chaplaincy duties. Much of the time spent with patients takes the form of a listening ministry, helping patients to ?nd their own answers to what is happening to them in hospital and in life generally. Spiritual health can be seen as a quest for the right relationships in four areas – with other people; with oneself; with the world around; and with ‘Life’ itself. The religious person subsumes all that in his/ her relationship to God.

The link between spiritual disease and physical ill-health is well established; the chaplain therefore helps a hospital to provide a HOLISTIC approach to health care. Chaplains also give time to the care of sta? who face increasing levels of stress at work, making use of support groups, counselling, meditation, etc. Chaplains support patients’ relatives facing a crisis, for example, by being with them over the period of a death, and by providing regular bereavement services for those who have lost babies. Some chaplains have a particular expertise in ETHICS and are members of the various hospital ethics committees. A chaplain may have a ‘nonmanagement’ view of the health of the hospital itself, which can be of use to hospital management. (See also SPIRITUAL PAIN.)... hospital chaplaincy

Hospital Discharge Scheme

A scheme which ensures a smooth transition from hospital to home.... hospital discharge scheme

Hospital-acquired Infection

An infection acquired by a patient while in hospital. Because of the high level of antibiotic use in hospitals, some bacteria become resistant

– for example, METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS (MRSA). This makes hospital-acquired infections potentially dangerous and sometimes life-threatening, and is one of the developments that is prompting calls for greater care in the prescribing of antibiotics as well as higher standards of cleanliness.... hospital-acquired infection

Hospital-at-home Scheme

Home-based specialist medical care used to shorten hospital stays or prevent hospital admission.... hospital-at-home scheme

Host Range

Array of hosts susceptible to infection with an agent.... host range

Hostel

An establishment which provides accommodation for older or disabled persons who cannot live independently but do not need nursing care, although some personal care may be provided.... hostel

Hotaru

(Japanese) Resembling a firefly... hotaru

Hour-glass Stomach

The term given to the X-ray appearance of a stomach which is constricted in its middle part due either to spasm of the stomach muscle or to contraction of scar tissue from a gastric ulcer.... hour-glass stomach

Hourig

(Slavic) A small, fiery woman... hourig

Housebound

See “homebound”.... housebound

Household

Occupants of a dwelling.... household

Housemaid’s Knee

An in?ammation of the bursa in front of the knee-cap, often mistaken for some disease in the joint itself (see BURSITIS).... housemaid’s knee

Housing Association

Non-profit organization providing rented housing.... housing association

Housing With Care

A range of housing schemes providing high levels of care.... housing with care

Houston

(American) From the city in Texas Hewston, Huston... houston

Hova

(African) Born into the middle class... hova

Hovenia Dulcis

Thunb.

Synonym: H. acerba Lindl.

Family: Rhamnaceae.

Habitat: Native to China. Now cultivated in Kumaon, Sikkim and West Bengal.

English: Japanese Raisin tree, Coral tree.

Folk: Sikkaa.

Action: Fruit—diuretic; relieves intoxication due to wine.

The leaves and root bark gave tri- terpene saponins. Root bark also gave peptide alkaloids.

The fruit extract contains potassium nitrate and potassium malate and is strongly diuretic. The seeds contain beta-carboline alkaloid, perlolyrine. A toothpaste, containing extracts of the fruits and seeds as one of the ingredients, has been patented for controlling dental caries (in Japan).... hovenia dulcis

Howardena

(German) Feminine form of Howard; guardian of the home Howardina, Howardyna, Howardeena, Howardiena, Howardeina, Howardeana... howardena

Hristina

(Slavic) Form of Christina, meaning “follower of Christ” Hristinah, Hristeena, Hristyna, Hristiena, Hristeina, Hristine, Hristyne, Hristeen, Hristeene... hristina

Hrothbeorhta

(English) A famously bright woman

Hrothberta, Hrothbertina, Hrothnerta... hrothbeorhta

Huang

(Chinese) Yellow... huang

Huang Jin Gui Tea Health Benefits

Huang Jin Gui Tea, meaning “Golden Osmanthus”, is a type ofoolong tea, originating from the Fujian province of China. The drink earns its name through the golden liquor obtained after infusing the yellowish green leaves which offer the tea a distinct flowery honeysuckle aroma of Osmathus. The sweet flowery scent combines with a fruity flavour and complex refreshing taste. Huang Jin Gui Tea Brewing Huang Jin Gui Tea leaves allow multiple infusions, each of them providing a new character to the beverage. The brewing of Huang Jin Gui Tea should be made at a temperature of approximately 85 degrees Celsius. Allow two or three minutes for the steeping process in order to obtain a mild, smooth flavour. If brewed according to these instructions, Huang Jin Gui tea is low in caffeine. When to Drink Huang Jin Gui Tea A cup of Huang Jin Gui tea is suitable for drinking at any point during the day because it is only slightly oxidized and lacks the astringency of green tea. Its delightful light taste and floral aroma guarantee you will gladly enjoy several cups a day, discovering new layers of taste after every brew. You can serve it how or cold and benefit from the long lasting aftertaste and subtle hint of honey. Huang Jin Gui Tea Health Benefits Huang Jin Gui Tea brings a variety ofhealth benefits for the drinker, which include a valuable aid in the process of losing weight. Drinking Huang Jin Gui tea benefits your skin and strengthens your teeth. It is also a contributive factor in the prevention of cancer and heart disease and it helps improving the drinker’s metabolism and overall life quality. Huang Jin Gui tea helps reduce the blood sugar levels, which is beneficial for diabetic patients and last, but not least, it has a stress-relieving effect and it stimulates mental awareness. Huang Jin Gui Tea Side Effects As compared with the health benefits it brings, the side effects of Huang Jin Gui Tea are almost insignificant. The most common side effects are related to the large caffeine intake, which can lead to insomnia, dizziness, nausea, headaches or irregular heartbeat. Huang Jin Gui tea is not recommended for pregnant or nursing women and people who suffer from stomach ulcers, kidney or heart problems. Moreover, it is strongly advisable to consult with a specialist before includingHuang Jin Gui tea into your dietary plan, as the drink could interact with certain medications. Huang Jin Gui is a delicious variety of oolong tea with a rich, brisk taste that brings along an energy surplus. It is relatively easy to prepare and the leaves can be infused at least three times, surprising the drinker with each cup.... huang jin gui tea health benefits

Hubab

(Arabic) An ambitious and focused woman... hubab

Huckleberry

Luck, Protection, Dream Magic, Hex Breaking... huckleberry

Huda

(Arabic) One who provides the right guidance

Hooda, Hudah, Hoodah, Houda, Houdah... huda

Hudel

(Scandinavian) One who is lovable Hudell, Hudele, Hudelle, Hudela, Hudella... hudel

Hudes

(Hebrew) Form of Judith, meaning “woman from Judea”... hudes

Hudi

(Arabic) One who chooses the right path

Hudie, Hudy, Hudey, Hudee, Hudea... hudi

Hudson

(English) One who is adventurous; an explorer

Hudsen, Hudsan, Hudsun, Hudsyn, Hudsin... hudson

Hudun

(Arabic) One who is peaceful; quiet... hudun

Hueline

(German) An intelligent woman Huelene, Huelyne, Hueleine, Hueliene, Hueleene, Huleane... hueline

Huette

(German) Feminine form of Hugh; having a bright mind; an intelligent woman Huguetta, Hugette, Huetts, Hughetta, Hughette, Hugiet, Huberta, Huberte, Hubertine, Hubertina, Huet, Hueta, Huetta, Huitta, Huitte, Hugetta, Hughette, Huyet, Huyete, Huyette, Huyett, Huyetta, Hughet, Hugiherahta, Huela, Huella... huette

Huevo

Egg; also, yema de huevo (egg yolk); used for treating anemia; said to fortify red blood cells; eggshell (cáscara de huevo) can be added as an ingredient to home remedies.... huevo

Hugonia Mystax

Linn.

Family: Linaceae.

Habitat: Konkan and North Kanara, throughout dry forests of Tamil Nadu.

Folk: Kaakibeeraa, Kansamaara.

Siddha/Tamil: Agori. Motirakkanni.

Action: Root—anti-inflammatory, febrifuge; disperses swellings.... hugonia mystax

Huhana

(Maori) Form of Susan, meaning “resembling a graceful white lily” Huhanah, Huhanna, Huhanne, Huhann, Huhane... huhana

Huldah

(Hebrew) Resembling a weasel; in the Bible, the name of a prophetess Hulda... huldah

Hulde

(German) One who is dearly loved... hulde

Huma

(Arabic) A bird who brings good fortune

Humah, Humma, Humaa, Hummaa... huma

Humairaa

(Asian) A generous woman Humaira, Humayraa, Humayra, Humaeraa, Humaera... humairaa

Human Capital

Human skills and capabilities generated by investments in education and health.... human capital

Human Development Index (hdi)

A composite index that measures the overall achievements in a country in three basic dimensions of human development— longevity, knowledge and a decent standard of living. It is measured by life expectancy, educational attainment and adjusted income per capita in purchasing power parity (PPP) US dollars. The HDI is a summary, not a comprehensive measure of human development.... human development index (hdi)

Human Fertilisation & Embryology Act 1990

See ASSISTED CONCEPTION.... human fertilisation & embryology act 1990

Human Fertilisation & Embryology Authority (hfea)

See ASSISTED CONCEPTION.... human fertilisation & embryology authority (hfea)

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

See AIDS/HIV.... human immunodeficiency virus

Human Leucocyte Antigen (hla)

See HLA SYSTEM.... human leucocyte antigen (hla)

Human Organs Transplants Act

UK legislation that lays down the framework and rules governing organ transplantation. The UK Transplant Support Service Authority (UKTSSA), a special health authority set up in 1991, is responsible for administering the NHS Organ Donor Registry and the Act (see APPENDIX 7: STATUTORY ORGANISATIONS).... human organs transplants act

Human-factor Research

The study of the interrelationships between humans, the tools they use, and the environment in which they live and work.... human-factor research

Humidification

The air we breathe must be moist for the e?cient working of the lungs (see RESPIRATION). Humidi?cation, or moistening of the air, is achieved largely by the NOSE, which acts as an air-conditioner, warming, moistening and ?ltering the 10,000 litres of air which we inhale daily – in the process of which, incidentally, it produces around 1·5 litres of secretion daily.

Humidity is expressed as relative humidity (RH). This is the amount of moisture in the air expressed as a percentage of the maximum possible at that temperature. If the temperature of a room is raised without increasing the moisture content, the RH falls. The average outdoor RH in Britain is around 70–80 per cent; with central heating it may drop to 25 per cent or lower. This is why humidi?cation, as it is known, of the air is essential in buildings heated by modern heating systems. The aim should be to keep the RH at around 30–50 per cent. In houses this may be achieved quite satisfactorily by having a jug or basin of water in the room, or some receptacle that can be attached to the heater. In o?ces, some more elaborate form of humidi?er is necessary. Those suffering from chronic BRONCHITIS are particularly susceptible to dry air, as are those individuals with disorders of the EYE because the secretions that bathe the eyes and keep them moist are unnaturally dried out. (See also VENTILATION.)... humidification

Humidifier Fever

A form of ALVEOLITIS caused by contamination of the water used to humidify, or moisten, the air in air-conditioning plants. The breathing of the contaminated air results in infection of the lung, which is characterised by fever, cough, shortness of breath and malaise – worse on Monday and tending to improve during the

course of the week. (See also LEGIONNAIRE’S DISEASE.)... humidifier fever

Humita

(Native American) One who shells corn

Humitah, Humyta, Humeeta, Humieta, Humeita, Humeata, Humytah, Humeetah, Humietah, Humeitah, Humeatah... humita

Humulus Lupulus

Linn.

Family: Cannabinaceae.

Habitat: Native to Europe and Asia. Conditions for its successful cultivation are reported to exist in Kashmir and parts of Himachal Pradesh.

English: Hops.

Unani: Hashish-ut-Dinaar.

Action: Flowers—sedative, hypnotic, nervine tonic, diuretic, spasmolytic on smooth muscle, analgesic, astringent. Used for nervous diseases, intestinal cramps, menopause, insomnia, neuralgia and nervous diarrhoea. Also as a tonic in stomach and liver affections. As a blood cleanser, the root is used like sarsaparilla.

Key application: In mood disturbances, such as restlessness and anxiety, sleep disturbances. (German Commission E. ESCOP.)

The British Herbal Compendium and The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia reported herb's action as sedative, soporific, spasmolytic and aromatic bitter, and indicated its use for excitability, restlessness, disorders of sleep and lack of appetite.

Hop cones consist of the whole dried female inflorescences of Humu- lus lupulus.

Hop contains bitter principles— lupulin containing humulon, lupulon and valerianic acid; volatile oil (0.31.0%) including humulene; flavonoids including xanthohumole; polypheno- lic tannins, asparagin, oestrogenic substances.

Bitter principles stimulate the digestive system. Valerianic acid is sedative. The resin components, lupulon and humulon are antiseptic against Grampositive bacteria. Asparagin is diuretic. Research suggested that the anti- spasmodic effect is stronger than the sedative, and hops also possess antihis- taminic and anti-oxytocic properties. (Cases of amenorrhoea and dysmen- orrhoea are treated with hops.)

Hop extracts exert different effects on CNS in mice. They show hypother- mic, hypnotic, sedative, muscle relaxing and spontaneous locomotor activities, besides potentiating pentobarbital anaesthesia in mice.

Humulone inhibited induced inflammation in mice.

The dried strobila containing humu- lone and lupulone showed antidiabetic activity in experimental rats.

Hop mash or extract is used in the preparation of toothpaste for inhibiting Gram-positive bacteria and in hair preparations for preventing dandruff formation. It is also used in skin- lightening creams.... humulus lupulus

Hunter

(English) A great huntress and provider... hunter

Huong

(Vietnamese) Having a delicate scent of a flower... huong

Huraira

(Arabic) A red-haired woman Hureaira, Hurairah, Hurayra, Hurayrah, Huraera, Huraerah... huraira

Huraiva

(Arabic) A catlike woman Huraivah, Hurayva, Hurava, Huraeva... huraiva

Hurit

(Native American) A beauty... hurit

Huntington’s Chorea

A hereditary disease characterised by involuntary movements and DEMENTIA. Each child of a parent with the disease has a 50:50 chance of developing it. Onset is most common between the ages of 35 and 45, but 10 per cent of cases occur under the age of 20. Some patients show more severe mental disturbance; others more severe disturbances of movement; but in all it pursues an inexorable downward course over a period of 10–20 years to a terminal state of physical and mental helplessness. It is estimated that there are around 6,000 cases in Britain. The defective gene (located on chromosome no. 4) has now been identi?ed and GENETIC SCREENING is possible for those at risk. People with Huntington’s chorea and their relatives can obtain help and guidance from Huntington’s Disease Association.... huntington’s chorea

Hura Crepitans

Linn.

Family: Euphorbiaceae.

Habitat: Native to tropical America; introduced into India.

English: Sandbox tree, Monkey Dinner-bell.

Siddha/Tamil: Mullarasanam.

Action: Seed, bark and fresh latex— emetocathartic, antileprotic. Seed— insecticidal, piscidal.

In South America, a poultice made from the latex is used for treating cutaneous leishmaniasis. Highly irritant and tumour-promoting deterpene esters (DTC) have been detected in the latex. Latex gave the triterpenes, 24- methylene cycloartanol, cycloartanol and butyrospermol. Sap of the plant gave a diterpene hexaol ester, huratox- in, and a glycolipoprotein, crepitin.... hura crepitans

Huriyah

(Arabic) An independent woman; freedom

Huriya, Huriyyah, Hooriya, Huriyya, Hooriyah... huriyah

Hurler’s Syndrome

See GARGOYLISM.... hurler’s syndrome

Hurley

(English) A healthy woman Hurly, Hurli, Hurlie, Hurlee, Hurlea, Hurleigh... hurley

Hushai

(Hebrew) A quick-witted woman Hushae, Hushay, Husha, Hushaye... hushai

Hutchinson’s Teeth

The term applied to the narrowed and notched permanent incisor teeth which occur in congenital SYPHILIS. They are so-named after Sir Jonathan Hutchinson (1828–1913), the London physician who ?rst described them.... hutchinson’s teeth

Hutena

(Hurrian) In mythology, the goddess of fate

Hutenah, Hutenna, Hutyna, Hutina... hutena

Hutton

(English) One who is knowledgeable Huttan, Hutten, Huttun, Huttyn, Huttin... hutton

Huwaidah

(Arabic) One who is gentle Huwaydah, Huwaida, Huwayda, Huwaeda, Huwaedah... huwaidah

Huxlee

(American) One who is creative Huxleigh, Huxly, Huxley, Huxli, Huxlie, Huxlea... huxlee

Huyana

(Native American) Daughter of the rain

Huyanna, Huyane, Huyann, Huyanne... huyana

Huyen

(Vietnamese) A woman with jetblack hair... huyen

Hvergelmir

(Norse) In mythology, the wellspring of cold waters Hvergelmire, Hvergelmira, Hvergelmeer, Hvergelmeera... hvergelmir

Hyades

(Greek) A cluster of stars in the constellation Taurus; in mythology, daughters of the ocean... hyades

Hyaline

Tissue material that has a glass-like appearance when stained and viewed under the microscope. It occurs in a variety of tissues and diseases, particularly ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS), hyaline degeneration of arterioles, and alcoholic liver disease.... hyaline

Hyatt

(English) From the high gate Hyat, Hyate, Hyatte, Hiatt, Hiat, Hiate, Hiatte... hyatt

Hydatid Sand

Free protoscolices lying inside a hydatid.... hydatid sand

Hydeira

(Greek) Woman of the water Hydira, Hydyra, Hydeyra, Hydeera, Hydeara, Hydiera... hydeira

Hydnocarpus Kurzii

(King) Warb.

Synonym: H. heterophylla auct. non-Bl. Taractogenos Kurzii King.

Family: Flacourtiaceae.

Habitat: Assam and Tripura.

English: Chalmogra.

Ayurvedic: Tuvaraka (related species, substitute for H. laurifolia.)

Unani: Chaalmograa, Tukhm-e- Biranj Mograa.

Siddha/Tamil: Niradi-muttu.

Action: Antileprotic, dermatic, febrifuge, sedative. Used parenter- ally for leprosy; also for psoriasis, eczema and dermatitis.

The plant is a source of chaulmoogra oil (Oleum Chaulmoograe which contains hydnocarpic, chaulmoogric, gor- lic, oleic, palmitic acids and lower homologues of hydnocarpic acid. The oil mixed with neem oil or oil of Psoralea corylifolia is used in leprosy.

In mice, intraperitoneal and subcutaneous administration of chaul- moogra fatty acids demonstrated antimicrobial activity against Mycobac- terium leprae. (PDR.)... hydnocarpus kurzii

Hydnocarpus Laurifolia

(Dennst.) Sleumer.

Synonym: H. wightiana Blume.

Family: Flacourtiaceae.

Habitat: Western Ghats.

English: Soorty Oil tree.

Ayurvedic: Tuvaraka, Katu- Kapittha, Kushtavairi, Garudaphala, Chaalmograa.

Unani: Chaalmograa, Tukhm-e- Biranj Mograa.

Siddha/Tamil: Maravattai, Niradi- muttu.

Action: Seed oil—antileprotic, anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic.

The seed oil gave chemical constituents similar to Hydnocarpus kuzii, and contain the flavonolignan, hyd- nowightin, hydnocarpin and neohyd- nocarpin.

Hydnocarpin showed good anti- inflammatory and anti-neoplastic activity in mice, in vivo. Cytotoxicity against the growth of murine and human tissue cultured cells was also observed.

The stem bark and leaves contain triterpenes, acelylbetulinic, betulinic, ursolic and acetylursolic acids.

Dosage: Seed—3-5 g powder; oil— 5-10 drops. (CCRAS.)... hydnocarpus laurifolia

Hydra

(Greek) A constellation; in mythology, a monster killed by Hercules... hydra

Hydradenitis Suppurativa

A chronic in?ammatory disease of the apocrine sweat glands (see PERSPIRATION). It is more common in women – in whom it usually occurs in the armpit – than in men, in whom it is most common in the perineum of the drivers of lorries and taxis. It occurs in the form of painful, tender lumps underneath the skin, which burst often in a week or so. Treatment consists of removal by operation.... hydradenitis suppurativa

Hydragogue

Promoting expulsion of water or serum... hydragogue

Hydrallazine

A vasodilator hypotensive drug, useful as an adjunct to other treatment for HYPERTENSION.... hydrallazine

Hydrocarbamide

A drug used to treat chronic myeloid leukaemia (see MYELOID; LEUKAEMIA).... hydrocarbamide

Hydroid

A plant-like member of the class Hydrozoa.... hydroid

Hydrolea Zeylanica

Vahl.

Family: Hydrophyllaceae.

Habitat: Throughout India, in moist and swampy places.

Ayurvedic: Wrongly equated with Laangali. (Laangali is equated with Gloriosa superba Linn.) Known as Ish-languulia (West Bengal).

Action: Leaves and paste— used for callous ulcers. Plant— antiprotozoal.... hydrolea zeylanica

Hydrocoele

A collection of ?uid connected with the testis (see TESTICLE) or spermatic cord. When there is no obvious cause, it is classi?ed as primary: such hydrocoeles are usually large and tense, and are commonly found in middle-aged and younger men, presenting as a large, painless scrotal swelling. Congenital hydrocoeles may occur in infants, when they are often associated with a hernial sac (see HERNIA). Hydrocoele of the cord is rare. Secondary hydrocoele is generally smaller and lax; it is usually secondary to a tumour or in?ammation of the underlying testis or epididymis.

Treatment Congenital hydrocoeles usually disappear spontaneously and may be safely watched; surgery is only indicated when there is a hernia, or if the condition persists after the ?rst year. Hydrocoeles in adults should be tapped and the testis palpated to exclude primary lesions. Primary hydrocoeles may be managed by intermittent tapping, or, preferably, by surgical removal. Secondary hydrocoeles require treatment of the underlying condition.... hydrocoele

Hydrocotyle Javanica

Thunb.

Family: Umbelliferae; Apiaceae.

Habitat: The Himalayas, Khasi Hills and Western Ghats.

Ayurvedic: Manduukaparni (related species).

Folk: Brahma-manduuki (Sikkim).

Action: Used as a substitute for Centella asiatica, as a blood purifier (in cutaneous diseases); for indigestion, dysentery and nervousness.

The plant is used for treating leuco- derma.

Hydrocotyle rotundifolia Roxb. (throughout India, up to 2,350 m) is also equated with Manduukaparni.... hydrocotyle javanica

Hydromorphone Hydrochloride

A recently introduced opioid analgesic drug used to relieve severe pain in cancer. A controlled drug, it is taken in capsule form or the powder may be sprinkled over soft food.... hydromorphone hydrochloride

Hydrophiidae

The Family name of sea snakes (but not the kraits).... hydrophiidae

Hydrozoa

The taxonomic class including the plume-like hydroids, hard stinging “corals”, small jellyfish with bells (i.e. bell-shaped bodies), and members of the order Siphonophora which may be buoyed up by gaseous floats.... hydrozoa

Hygeia

(Greek) In mythology, the goddess of health Hygia, Hygeiah, Hygea ... hygeia

Hygrophila Auriculata

(K. Schum.) Heine.

Synonym: H. schulli (Ham.) MR & SM Almeida. H. spinosa T. anders. Asteracantha longifolia (L.) Nees.

Family: Acanthaceae.

Habitat: Throughout India along the banks of fresh or stagnant water ditches and swampy grounds, mixed with marshy grasses and sedges.

Ayurvedic: Kokilaaksha, Kokilaak- shi, Ikshuraka, Ikshura, Kshuraka, Bikshu, Kaakekshu.

Unani: Taalmakhaanaa.

Siddha/Tamil: Neermulli.

Action: Leaves, roots and seeds— diuretic; used for diseases of the urinogenital tract, spermatorrhoea. Seeds promote sexual vigour, arrest abortion and cure diseases due to vitiated blood. Also used for arthritis and oedema.

The seeds contain large amounts of tenacious mucilage and potassium salts, which may be responsible for the diuretic property of seeds. The seeds also contain linoleic acid (71%), besides diastase, lipase and protease.

EtOH (50%) extract of the plant is spasmolytic and hypotensive.

The chloroform soluble fraction of ethanolic extract of aerial parts exhibited promising hepatoprotective activity in albino rats.

The plant contains lupeol, stigmas- terol and hydrocarbons.

Dosage: Seed—3-6 g powder; ash—1-3 g. (CCRAS.)... hygrophila auriculata

Hymenodictyon Excelsum

Wall.

Synonym: H. orixense (Roxb) Mobb.

Family: Rubiaceae.

Habitat: Central India and Western Peninsula.

Ayurvedic: Bhramar-chhalikaa, Ugragandhaa (a confusing synonym). Bhringa-vrksha (provisional synonym).

Siddha/Tamil: Sagappu, Vellei Kadambu, Peranjoli.

Folk: Bhaulan, Bhramarchhali, Bhuurkunda.

Action: Bark—astringent, febrifuge, antiperiodic (especially for tertian ague).

The stem bark contains scopoletin and its apioglucoside, hymexelsin (yield 0.12%). The presence of glucose, fructose, galactose and several amino acids, alanine, arginine, cystine, glycine, leucine; besides fatty acids, beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol is also reported from the bark.

Roots contain several quinones.... hymenodictyon excelsum

Hyndla

(Norse) In mythology, a priestess... hyndla

Hyoscyamus Muticus

Linn.

Family: Solanaceae.

Habitat: North-western Himalayas. Cultivated on limited scale in North Indian plains.

English: Egyptian Henbane.

Ayurvedic: Paarsika-yavaani (related species), Turushkaa.

Unani: Ajwaayin Khuraasaani, Shuukraan, Tukhm-bang.

Folk: Vajra-bhang.

Action: Sedative.

The leaves and flowering tops contain higher concentration of tropane alkaloids than other species of Hyoscy- amus, used as a source of hyoscine.... hyoscyamus muticus

Hypatia

(Greek) An intellectually superior woman

Hypasia, Hypacia, Hypate... hypatia

Hypecoum Leptocarpum

Hook. f. & Thoms.

Family: Papaveraceae.

Habitat: Mediterranean region and temperate Asia. (Allied species: H. pendulum Linn. and H. procumbens Linn., found in Peshavar, Multan, Waziristan and Baluchistan). Occurs in Sikkim.

Folk: Zirgulaki, Waziri.

Action: Used in stomachache. Juice of the plant has the same effect as opium. Leaves diaphoretic. Plant— narcotic.

The whole plant contains protopine (0.19) as the major alkaloid.... hypecoum leptocarpum

Hyoscyamus Niger

Linn.

Habitat: Native to Europe and Asia. Occurs in the temperate Himalayas from Kashmir to Garhwal.

English: Indian Henbane, Black Henbane.

Ayurvedic: Paarsika-yavaani, Yavaani, Madkaarini, Turushkaa, Khuraashaanikaa, Khuraasaani Ajwaayin.

Unani: Barz-ul-Banj, Khuraasaani Ajwaayin.

Siddha/Tamil: Paarseekayavani, Khurasani Omam.

Action: Sedative. Narcotic drug. Used for convulsions. Action similar to Belladonna.

Key application: In spasms of gastrointestinal tract. (German Commission E, The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia.)

The leaves and flowering tops contain tropane alkaloids, 0.045-00.14%, the principal ones being hyoscyamine and hyoscine. The alkaloids are para- sympatholytic, with similar actions to Belladonna, although with less cerebral excitement.

The seeds show inhibitory activity against digestive enzyme, lipase in vitro.

Contraindicated in tachycardias, prostatic hyperplasia, narrow-angle glaucoma, acute pulmonary oedema, stenosis of gastrointestinal tract, maga colon.

Dosage: Seed—3-5 g powder. (CCRAS.)... hyoscyamus niger

Hypercalciuria

An abnormally large amount of calcium in the urine. It is the most common single cause of stones in the KIDNEYS in Britain. (See HYPERCALCAEMIA.)... hypercalciuria

Hypercortical

Overly anabolic; used here to describe the constitutional, not pathologic state... hypercortical

Hyperdenosis

Proliferation of glandular tissue... hyperdenosis

Hyperdipsia

Intense thirst of relatively brief duration... hyperdipsia

Hyperdiuresis

Excessive secretion of urine... hyperdiuresis

Hyperemia

Excessive presence of blood, usually arterial; and the resultant increase in heat and metabolic rate. Hyperemia can be a pathology, blowing out blood vessels and the like; used here to describe the chronic or subclinical condition of functional vascular excess and excitation.... hyperemia

Hyperendemic

Intense, seasonal transmission where the immunity is insufficient to prevent the effect of diseases on all age groups.... hyperendemic

Hyperextensions

The excessive extension of a limb or joint, usually followed by pain and some inflammation.... hyperextensions

Hypergluconeogenesis

Also hyperglyconeogenesis. The state of excessive synthesis of glycogen (storage starch) or glucose by the liver, derived from non-sugar sources, such as amino acids, lactate and the glycerol remnants from triglyceride breakdown. In strictly subclinical terms it signifies a yinny, catabolic excess, wherein building materials are less desirable than FUEL, and it is singularly difficult to buff up in any way. There are disease states where this can occur...starvation would induce it as well, but I am not addressing this aspect, since I don’t consider this to be the realm of alternative approaches.... hypergluconeogenesis

Hyperglycemia

Elevations of blood glucose, either from the various types of diabetes, excessive sugar intake (short term) or from adrenalin or stimulant causes.... hyperglycemia

Hyperglycogenolysis

The tendency, usually by the liver, to convert glycogen into glucose at too rapid a rate for metabolic needs.... hyperglycogenolysis

Hyperhydrosis

Excessive perspiration... hyperhydrosis

Hypericum Perforatum

Linn.

Family: Hypericaceae.

Habitat: Temperate Western Himalayas from Kashmir to Shimla at 2,000-3,000 m.

English: Common St. John's wort.

Unani: Heufaariqoon, Bassant, Balsaan.

Action: Antidepressant, sedative, relaxing nervine, anti-inflammatory. Used in anxiety, stress, depression, menopausal nervousness, menstrual cramps, neuralgia and rheumatism.

Key application: Psychovegetative disturbances, depressive moods, anxiety and or nervous unrest. Externally, oil preparation for treatment and post-therapy of acute and contused injuries, myalgia and first degree burns. (German Commission E, ESCOP, British Herbal Pharmocopoeia.)

The herb contains hypericin and pseudohypericin (0.0095 to 0.466% in the leaves and as much as 0.24% in the flowers), rutin, quercetin, hyperoside, methylhesperidin, caffeic, chloro- genic, p-coumaric, ferulic, p-hydroxy- benzoic and vanillic acids.

Plant's standardized extract (0.3% hypericin) shows antidepressant activity by inhibiting MAO.

A biflavonoid, amentoflavone, isolated from the plant, exhibited anti- inflammatory and antiulcerogenic activity.

Alcoholic extract of the plant shows in vivo hepatoprotective activity in rodents.

The oily extract of the flowers have been found effective in wound-healing due to the antibiotically active acyl- phlorogucinol, hyperforin.

The aerial parts show significant antibacterial activity against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

A lyophilized infusion from the aerial parts exhibited antiviral activity and inhibited reproduction of different strains of influenza virus types A and B both in vivo and in vitro.

The whole herb is effective against many viral infections.... hypericum perforatum

Hyperidrosis

Excessive sweating (see PERSPIRATION).... hyperidrosis

Hyperkinetic

Too physically active, jittery, peripatetic.... hyperkinetic

Hyperkinetic Syndrome

See HYPERACTIVITY.... hyperkinetic syndrome

Hyperlipidemia

Elevated blood fats, either from heredity, having so many calories in the diet that they are ending up as a constant stream of liver-synthesized storage fats, an excessively anabolic metabolism...and a constellation of less common disease causes... hyperlipidemia

Hypermnestra

(Greek) In mythology, the mother of Amphiareos... hypermnestra

Hypernatremia

An excess of sodium in the blood...a short-lived condition since the body retains water until the concentration is back to normal...and the blood volume (as well as blood pressure) has increased.... hypernatremia

Hyperorexia

Excessive appetite... hyperorexia

Hyperpituitarism

Overactivity of the anterior lobe of the PITUITARY GLAND, causing ACROMEGALY (GIGANTISM).... hyperpituitarism

Hypersecretion

Oversecretion of fluids by a gland. It may occur from irritation, infection, or allergy, as in the nasal drooling in a head cold or hay fever, or, as in gastric hypersecretion, from a functional imbalance in the chemical and neurologic stimulus of the stomach lining.... hypersecretion

Hypertensive Encephalopathy

A complication of severe HYPERTENSION, this serious but uncommon condition is characterised by neurological symptoms which include transient verbal and visual disturbances, PARAESTHESIA, disorientation, ?ts and sometimes loss of consciousness. It also affects the eyes, causing PAPILLOEDEMA. Haemorrhages may occur in the brain, usually in the area of the BASAL GANGLIA. Neurological symptoms can usually be treated e?ectively by controlling the patient’s hypertension.... hypertensive encephalopathy

Hyperthyroid

Elevated thyroid levels, either functional and constitutional in nature or the more profound state of thyrotoxicosis and overt disease... hyperthyroid

Hyperuricemia

Having elevated blood uric acid, either from high consumption of organ meat or spirulina. See URIC ACID.... hyperuricemia

Hypnozoite

The latent liver forms in Plasmodium vivax and P.ovale which give rise to clinical relapses of malaria byinvasion of the circulating erythrocytes.The hypnozoites are not eliminated by the usual chemotherapeutic drugs used in the treatment of malaria (chloroquine, quinine etc) and to achieve a radical cure in these relapsing malarias an antirelapse drug must be added to the treatment regime (e.g. primaquine or etaquine/Tefanoquine).... hypnozoite

Hypochonodriasis

A state of mind in which the sufferer is much preoccupied with his health... hypochonodriasis

Hypocortical

Having low adrenocortical function.... hypocortical

Hypoendemic

Little transmission, effect on general population not important.... hypoendemic

Hypogastric

A term means pertaining to the lower middle part of the abdomen, just above the pubis.... hypogastric

Hypoglycaemic Coma

Hypoglycaemia or low blood sugar occurs when a patient with DIABETES MELLITUS suffers an imbalance between carbohydrate/glucose intake and INSULIN dosage. If there is more insulin than is needed to help metabolise the available carbohydrate, it causes a range of symptoms such as sweating, trembling, pounding heartbeat, anxiety, hunger, nausea, tiredness and headache. If the situation is not quickly remedied by taking oral sugar – or, if severe, giving glucose by injection – the patient may become confused, drowsy and uncoordinated, ?nally lapsing into a COMA. Hypoglycaemia is infrequent in people whose diabetes is controlled with diet and oral HYPOGLYCAEMIC AGENTS.

Treatment of acute hypoglycaemia depends upon the severity of the condition. Oral carbohydrate, such as a sugary drink or chocolate, may be e?ective if the patient is conscious enough to swallow; if not, glucose or GLUCAGON by injection will be required. Comatose patients who recover after an injection should then be given oral carbohydrates. An occasional but dangerous complication of coma is cerebral oedema (see BRAIN, DISEASES OF – Cerebral oedema), and this should be considered if coma persists. Emergency treatment in hospital is then needed. When the patient has recovered, management of his or her diabetes should be assessed in order to prevent further hypoglycaemic attacks.... hypoglycaemic coma

Hypoglycement

Lowering the level of blood sugar in the body... hypoglycement

Hypoglycaemic Agents

These oral agents reduce the excessive amounts of GLUCOSE in the blood (HYPERGLYCAEMIA) in people with type 2 (INSULIN-resistant) diabetes (see DIABETES MELLITUS). Although the various drugs act di?erently, most depend on a supply of endogenous (secreted by the PANCREAS) insulin. Thus they are of no value in treating patients with type 1 diabetes (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin and the patient’s condition is stabilised using insulin injections). The traditional oral hypoglycaemic drugs have been the sulphonylureas and biguanides; new agents are now available – for example, thiazolidine-diones (insulin-enhancing agents) and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, which delay the digestion of CARBOHYDRATE and the absorption of glucose. Hypoglycaemic agents should not be prescribed until diabetic patients have been shown not to respond adequately to at least three months’ restriction of energy and carbohydrate intake.

Sulphonylureas The main group of hypoglycaemic agents, these act on the beta cells to stimulate insulin release; consequently they are e?ective only when there is some residual pancreatic beta-cell activity (see INSULIN). They also act on peripheral tissues to increase sensitivity, although this is less important. All sulphonylureas may lead to HYPOGLYCAEMIA four hours or more after food, but this is relatively uncommon, and usually an indication of overdose.

There are several di?erent sulphonylureas; apart from some di?erences in their duration or action (and hence in their suitability for individual patients) there is little di?erence in their e?ectiveness. Only chlorpropamide has appreciably more side-effects – mainly because of its prolonged duration of action and consequent risk of hypoglycaemia. There is also the common and unpleasant chlorpropamide/ alcohol-?ush phenomenon when the patient takes alcohol. Selection of an individual sulphonylurea depends on the patient’s age and renal function, and often just on personal preference. Elderly patients are particularly prone to the risks of hypoglycaemia when long-acting drugs are used. In these patients chlorpropamide, and preferably glibenclamide, should be avoided and replaced by others such as gliclazide or tolbutamide.

These drugs may cause weight gain and are indicated only if poor control persists despite adequate attempts at dieting. They should not be used during breast feeding, and caution is necessary in the elderly and in those with renal or hepatic insu?ciency. They should also be avoided in porphyria (see PORPHYRIAS). During surgery and intercurrent illness (such as myocardial infarction, COMA, infection and trauma), insulin therapy should be temporarily substituted. Insulin is generally used during pregnancy and should be used in the presence of ketoacidosis.

Side-effects Chie?y gastrointestinal disturbances and headache; these are generally mild and infrequent. After drinking alcohol, chlorpropamide may cause facial ?ushing. It also may enhance the action of antidiuretic hormone (see VASOPRESSIN), very rarely causing HYPONATRAEMIA.

Sensitivity reactions are very rare, usually occurring in the ?rst six to eight weeks of therapy. They include transient rashes which rarely progress to erythema multiforme (see under ERYTHEMA) and exfoliate DERMATITIS, fever and jaundice; chlorpropamide may also occasionally result in photosensitivity. Rare blood disorders include THROMBOCYTOPENIA, AGRANULOCYTOSIS and aplastic ANAEMIA.

Biguanides Metformin, the only available member of this group, acts by reducing GLUCONEOGENESIS and by increasing peripheral utilisation of glucose. It can act only if there is some residual insulin activity, hence it is only of value in the treatment of non-insulin dependent (type 2) diabetics. It may be used alone or with a sulphonylurea, and is indicated when strict dieting and sulphonylurea treatment have failed to control the diabetes. It is particularly valuable in overweight patients, in whom it may be used ?rst. Metformin has several advantages: hypoglycaemia is not usually a problem; weight gain is uncommon; and plasma insulin levels are lowered. Gastrointestinal side-effects are initially common and persistent in some patients, especially when high doses are being taken. Lactic acidosis is a rarely seen hazard occurring in patients with renal impairment, in whom metformin should not be used.

Other antidiabetics Acarbose is an inhibitor of intestinal alpha glucosidases (enzymes that process GLUCOSIDES), delaying the digestion of starch and sucrose, and hence the increase in blood glucose concentrations after a meal containing carbohydrate. It has been introduced for the treatment of type 2 patients inadequately controlled by diet or diet with oral hypoglycaemics.

Guar gum, if taken in adequate doses, acts by delaying carbohydrate absorption, and therefore reducing the postprandial blood glucose levels. It is also used to relieve symptoms of the DUMPING SYNDROME.... hypoglycaemic agents

Hypoglycemia

Low blood sugar. It can be an actual clinical condition (rather rare), but the term is usually applied to LABILE blood sugar, where the highs are socially acceptable, if zappy, but the lows cause headaches, depression...and sugar cravings...which only kick the sugars UP...which forces the sugars DOWN...etc. This is a subclinical condition that usually goes nowhere, at least clinically, but can drive you (or your companion) crazy. Some normal and healthy food have a rapid blood presence and can leave you hanging; fruits, potatoes and carrot juice are LOUSY...legumes, particularly beans, supply slow and extended release of calories...mostly because of high levels of soluble fiber...and laborious digestion. Even adding such dietarily useless items like Psyllium Seed and Chia Seed can do wonders to slow down sugar spiking.... hypoglycemia

Hypotestosteronism

Having either low secretion levels of testosterone by the testes, having low functional effects because of poor circulation, having competition by less active testosterone metabolites, or having high levels of adipose-released estradiol (former testosterone) in obesity that ends up suppressing testosterone. There are, of course, organic diseases that can cause the condition.... hypotestosteronism

Hypothesis

A supposition that appears to explain a group of phenomena and is advanced as a basis for further investigation; a proposition that is subject to proof or to an experimental or statistical test. Studies are often framed to test a ‘null’ hypothesis (for example “subjects will experience no change in blood pressure as a result of administration of a test product”) to rule out every possibility except the one the researcher is trying to prove, an assumption about a research population that may or may not be rejected as a result of testing. A null hypothesis is used because most statistical methods are less able to prove something true than to provide strong evidence it is false. See also “theory”; “null hypothesis”.... hypothesis

Hypothyroid

Having deficient thyroid levels, either from overt thyroid disease like myxedema, a generally low metabolism from functional causes, or subsequent to emotional depression or the use of depressant drugs.... hypothyroid

Hypsipyle

(Greek) In mythology, the queen of Lemnos

Hypsypyle, Hipsipyle, Hipsipile, Hypsipile, Hypsypile... hypsipyle

Hyrrokkin

(Norse) In mythology, a giantess Hyrokin, Hyrrokin, Hyrokkin... hyrrokkin

Hyptis Suaveolens

(Linn.) Poit.

Family: Labiatae; Lamiaceae.

Habitat: Native to tropical America. Distributed throughout India.

Ayurvedic: Tumbaaka (provisional synonym).

Folk: Gangaa Tulasi, Vilaayati Tulasi, Bhunsari.

Action: Carminative, antispasmodic, antisoporific, antirheumatic, anticephalalgic, lactagogue. Used in catarrhal and uterine affections, parasitical cutaneous diseases, epistaxis.

The plant gave lupeol, lupeol acetate and friedelin, leaves and flowers gave campesterol and fucosterol; roots contained beta-sitosterol, oleanolic and alpha-peltoboykinolic acids.

The plant gave an essential oil containing l-sabinene. l-limonene and azulenic sesquiterpenes as major constituents. The oil inhibits the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, particularly, Staphylococcus aureus; also exhibits fungitoxicity.

Alcoholic extract (50%) of the whole plant exhibited hypoglycaemic and anticancer activity.... hyptis suaveolens

Hyssopus Officinalis

Linn.

Family: Labiatae; Lamiaceae.

Habitat: Native to Europe and temperate Asia. Occurs in West Himalyas from Kashmir to Kumaon.

English: Hyssop.

Ayurvedic: Dayaa-kunji. (Nepeta longibractea is also equated with Zuufaa, Dayaa-kunji.)

Unani: Zuufaa, Zuufaa Yaabis.

Folk: Diyaanku (Laddakh).

Action: Stimulant, carminative, sedative, antispasmodic, diuretic, pectoral. Used for bronchitis, coughs and colds. Induces heavy sweating in fevers, increases blood pressure. Emmenagogue. Used externally for bruises, discoloured contusions and cuts.

Key application: As expectorant. (The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia.)

Hyssop contains terpenoids, including marrubiin; a volatile oil consisting mainly of camphor, pinocamphone and beta-pinene; flavonoids, gluco- sides, tannins and resin. Marrubiin is a strong expectorant. The plant also contains ursolic acid, an anti- inflammatory principle. The alcoholic extract of the aerial parts at flowering yields an active antioxidant compound, rosmanol-9-ethyl ether. Its activity is much greater than butylat- ed hydroxytoluene. The extract of the plant showed weak hepatoprotective activity against CCl4-induced toxicity in albino mice.

Pinocamphone and isopinocam- phone are toxic constituents of the essential oil. Wild plants from Ku- maon (Uttaranchal) shows presence of very small amounts of pinocam- phone (0.61%) in essential oil, as compared to Himalayan hyssop (38.44%) and cultivated North American hyssop (42.66%). The essential oil can induce epileptic seizures.... hyssopus officinalis

Hyun

(Korean) Having great wisdom... hyun

In Home Health Service

A service provided in the home by a home health agency or a residential services agency. It may be provided by personal care attendants or home health aides hired privately and informally, or through staff agencies or registries.... in home health service

Indian Hemp

See CANNABIS.... indian hemp

Institutional (care) Health Services

Health services delivered on an inpatient basis in hospitals, nursing homes or other inpatient institutions. The term may also refer to services delivered on an outpatient basis by departments or other organizational units of such institutions, or sponsored by them.... institutional (care) health services

Interim Nursing Home Care

Care provided in geriatric centres and acute hospitals to older persons who are in need of limited medical care and who are awaiting nursing home placement.... interim nursing home care

Intermediate Host

An animal or human host where the juvenile stages of the parasite undergo an asexual reproductive phase of development but not reaching adult stage.... intermediate host

International Classification Of Functioning, Disability And Health (icf) A

Classification of health and health-related domains that describe body functions and structures, activities and participation. The domains are classified from body, individual and societal perspectives. Since an individual’s functioning and disability occurs in a context, this classification includes a list of environmental factors.... international classification of functioning, disability and health (icf) a

International Classification Of Health Problems In Primary Care (ichppc)

A classification of diseases, conditions and other reasons for attendance for primary care. This classification is an adaptation of the ICD but makes allowance for the diagnostic uncertainty that prevails in primary care.... international classification of health problems in primary care (ichppc)

International Classification Of Impairments, Disabilities And Handicaps (icidh)

A systematic taxonomy of the consequences of injury and disease. See “disability”; “handicap”; “impairment”.... international classification of impairments, disabilities and handicaps (icidh)

International Statistical Classification Of Diseases And Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision (icd-10)

A list of diagnoses and identifying codes used by medical practitioners and other health care providers. The coding and terminology provide a uniform language that permits consistent communication on claim forms. Data from earlier time periods were coded using the appropriate revision of the ICD for that time period. Changes in classification of causes of death in successive revisions of the ICD may introduce discontinuities in cause of death statistics over time.... international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, tenth revision (icd-10)

Ipomoea Hederacea

(L.) Jacq.

Family: Convolvulaceae.

Habitat: North American species. Not found wild in India. Grown in Indian gardens.

Folk: Krishna-bija, Kaalaadaanaa. Kakkattan (Tamil Nadu). Jirki (Andhra Pradesh).

Action: Seed—purgative. Used as a substitute for Jalap (Exogonium purga).

The seed gave alkaloids—lysergol, chanoclavine, penniclavine, iso-penni- clavine and elymoclavine.... ipomoea hederacea

Ischaemic Heart Disease

See HEART, DISEASES OF.... ischaemic heart disease

Jasminum Heterophyllum

Roxb. non-Moench.

Family: Oleaceae.

Habitat: Nepal, North Bengal, Assam hills, Khasi hills and Manipur.

Ayurvedic: Svarna-yuuthikaa (var.). Folk: Juuhi (yellow var.).

Action: See Jasminum humile.... jasminum heterophyllum

Jasminum Humile

Linn.

Synonym: J. humile auct. non L. J. bignoniaceum Wall ex G. Don.

Family: Oleaceae.

Habitat: Sub-tropical Himalayas from Kashmir to Nepal and in the Nilgiris, Palni Hills, Western Ghats and Kerala.

English: Yellow Jasmine, Nepal Jasmine, Italian Jasmine.

Ayurvedic: Svarna-yuuthikaa, Svarnajaati, Hemapushpikaa, Vaasanti.

Siddha/Tamil: Semmalligai.

Folk: Juuhi (yellow var.).

Action: Flower—astringent, cardiac tonic. Root—used in ringworm. The milky juice, exuded from incisions in the bark, is used for treating chronic fistulas. The plant is also used for treating hard lumps.

The leaves gave alpha-amyrin, be- tulin, friedelin, lupeol, betulinic, olea- nolic and ursolic acids; beta-sitosterol, 10-cinnamoyloxyoleoside-7-methyl- ester (jasminoside) and a secoiridoid glycoside.... jasminum humile

Kadsura Heteroclita

(Roxb.) Craib.

Synonym: K. roxburghiana Arn. K. wightiana Arn.

Family: Magnoliaceae.

Habitat: Eastern Himalaya, Assam, Western Ghats in Malabar.

Folk: Pattiamlo, Salado-rik (Himalayas). Kang-mari, Mi-jangew, Theiarbawm (Assam).

Action: The stems have been used in Chinese folk medicine to promote blood circulation and for the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer, acute and chronic gastroenteritis, postpartum abdominal pain and trauma.

The stem contains dibenzocyclo- octadiene type lignans. The plant lig- nans showed PAF (platelet activating factor) receptor antagonistic activity. The lignans have also been reported to be potent inhibitors of lipid peroxidation in rat liver. The fruit contains gomisin D, which is an active ingredient of an antiulcer agent.... kadsura heteroclita

Kleinhovia Hospita

Linn.

Family: Sterculiaceae.

Habitat: Grown in Indian gardens and as an avenue tree.

Folk: Panuitteku (Tamil Nadu). Bol (Bengal).

Action: Bark and leaves—used in the treatment of cough and tuberculosis.

The roots contain kaempferol, quer- cetin and rutin.... kleinhovia hospita

Larval Habitat

The type of aquatic environment in which mosquito larvae are typically found.... larval habitat

Level Of Health

The quantified expression of health status.... level of health

Lifetime Home

Housing built to be adaptable to people’s changing needs, thus avoiding the need for expensive and disruptive adaptations.... lifetime home

Limbic/hypothalamus

Broadly the accumulative process of emotional and metabolic evaluation, as carried on by the various parts of the brain that are part of the ad hoc “evaluations” committee (the limbic system) and those changes in metabolism that, based on the evaluations, are acted out in the whole body by the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus, the main part of the system with tools, acts through a blood translator, the pituitary gland.... limbic/hypothalamus

Lucky Hand

Employment, Luck, Protection, Money, Travel... lucky hand

Luteinising Hormone

A hormone secreted by the anterior PITUITARY GLAND which stimulates OVULATION, maturation of the CORPUS LUTEUM, and the synthesis of progesterone by the ovary (see OVARIES) and testosterone by the testis (see TESTICLE).... luteinising hormone

Lemongrass Tea - A Healthy Herbal Tea

Lemongrass tea is one of the most popular teas from South Asia. The lemongrass plant grows in India and tropical Asia being commonly used in teas, soups and curries. This plant has been used in medicinal purposes since ancient times due to its wonderful health benefits. How To Make Lemongrass Tea Lemongrass tea has a mild lemon taste with a hint of ginger and a tropical flower scent. You can easily brew your own herbal lemongrass tea by following some few easy steps: First of all you will need a pair of gloves to protect your hands from the leaves of the lemongrass plant because they can cut your skin when you pull them from the parent plant. To cut easier, use a sharp knife. Peel the outer layers of the lemongrass leaves (the dark green leaves surrounding the stalk inside) because they will give the tea a bitter taste if they are used. Then cut the remaining lemongrass plant into slices, about 3 inches long. For each cup you will need 1 tablespoon of lemongrass. Put the slices into the teapot, pour in the hot water and let it steep for about 5 minutes. Then strain the tea into your cup and sweeten it with honey or sugar. Optionally, you can add milk. Lemongrass Tea Benefits If you suffer from insomnia, a cup of lemongrass tea before bed provides you relaxation and a restful sleep. Lemongrass tea is a good aid in digestion, so drinking a cup of tea after a meal removes that full feeling and also, helps remove unhealthy food additives, chemicals and excess fats. Since it acts like a natural diuretic, lemongrass tea helps keep the kidneys and bladder working properly. Also, its powerful antioxidants keep the liver and pancreas healthy. A university study revealed that lemongrass tea may have a cholesterol-lowering effect in people. Another benefit is that lemongrass tea reduces the symptoms of anxiety and nervousness and it has been used in Brazil for centuries to treat nervous disorders. You can also use this tea on a wet rag to heal wounds or other skin problems, since lemongrass tea is known for its anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties. Lemongrass Tea Side Effects Despite the fact that it has a lot of health benefits, lemongrass tea also has a few side effects. Make sure you will not drink lemongrass tea if you experience allergy symptoms after consuming lemongrass. It is not indicated for pregnant or breastfeeding women to drink lemongrass tea since it may have different effects on their child. In conclusion, lemongrass tea has a lot of benefits, from its calming effects to skin healing properties. Served hot or iced, this tea makes a wonderful drink during meals or before bed to have calm all night sleep.... lemongrass tea - a healthy herbal tea

Luteinising Hormone-releasing Hormone (lhrh)

A natural hormone released by the HYPOTHALAMUS gland in the BRAIN. It stimulates the release of GONADOTROPHINS from the PITUITARY GLAND; these control the production of the sex hormones (see ANDROGEN; OESTROGENS).... luteinising hormone-releasing hormone (lhrh)

Mainstream Housing / General Needs Housing

Housing not specifically designed for a particular user group.... mainstream housing / general needs housing

Malignant Hyperpyrexia

See MALIGNANT HYPERTHERMIA.... malignant hyperpyrexia

March Haemoglobinuria

A complication of walking and running over long distances. It is due to damage to red blood cells in the blood vessels of the soles of the feet. This results in HAEMOGLOBIN being released into the bloodstream, which is then voided in the URINE – the condition known as HAEMOGLOBINURIA. No treatment is required.... march haemoglobinuria

Mass Hysteria

See HYSTERIA.... mass hysteria

Mental Health

The absence of psychiatric disorders or traits. It can be influenced by biological, environmental, emotional and cultural factors. This term is highly variable in definition, depending on time and place.... mental health

Malignant Hyperthermia

This disorder is a rare complication of general ANAESTHESIA caused, it is believed, by a combination of an inhalation anaesthetic (usually HALOTHANE) and a muscle-relaxant drug (usually succinycholine). A life-endangering rise in temperature occurs, with muscular rigidity the ?rst sign. TACHYCARDIA, ACIDOSIS and SHOCK usually ensue. About 1:20,000 patients having general anaesthesia suffer from this disorder, which progresses rapidly and is often fatal. Surgery and anaesthesia must be stopped immediately and appropriate corrective measures taken, including the intravenous administration of DANTROLENE. It is a dominantly inherited genetic condition; therefore, when a case is identi?ed it is most important that relatives are screened.... malignant hyperthermia

Managed Health Care

This process aims to reduce the costs of health care while maintaining its quality. The concept originated in the United States but has attracted interest in the United Kingdom and Europe, where the spiralling costs of health care have been causing widespread concern. Managed care works through changing clinical practice, but it is not a discrete entity: the American I. J. Iglehart has de?ned it as ‘a variety of methods of ?nancing and organising the delivery of comprehensive health care in which an attempt is made to control costs by controlling the provision of services’. Managed care has three facets: health policy; how that policy is managed; and how individuals needing health care are dealt with. The process and its applications are still evolving and it is likely that di?erent health-care systems will adapt it to suit their own particular circumstances.... managed health care

Mango Tea And Its Healthy Freshness

Mango tea is a complex type of tea, due to its ingredients: green tea, black tea and mango pieces. It is considered to be ideal both for tea consumers and fruit lovers worldwide. About Mango Tea Mango, originally coming fromsouth Asia, was brought to the United States in 1880. It symbolizes love and apparently, its leaves are a good choice to be gifted at weddings. It is a delicious and juicy fruit, that can be eaten fresh or cooked, sliced, pureed or, as part of several beverages. Mango tea is a type of tea resulting from mixing green tea, black tea and whole mango pieces. It gathers the freshness of mangoes and the strong flavor of the two teas mentioned above. How to make Mango Tea?
  • infuse 1 tablespoon per cup
  • use boiling water
  • infuse it for 3 minutes
Mango tea can be also consumed cold. In this case, ice is recommended to be added. To boost its freshness, connoisseurs indicate the use of fresh mint leaves use. Mango Tea benefits Owing to the high quantity of contained antioxidants, Mango tea is effectively used in treating cancer and helping cells to recover from this disease. This type of tea has proven its efficiency in dealing with:
  •  Anemia
  •  Stress
  • Muscle cramps
  • Digestion
  • Weight Control
  • Bone Growth
  • Immune Functions
  • Vision
  • Wound Healing
  • Protein Synthesis
  • Dehydration
Mango Tea side effects Mango tea side effects are generallyassociated to overconsumption or, citrus intolerance. It is indicated that individuals suffering from cardiac problems or hypertension to consume it moderately. Pregnant and breast-feeding women are advised to reduce the amount of Mango tea consumed (less than 2 cups per day), in order not to cause agitation to the baby. Mango teacould be successfully introduced in a daily diet, providing energy and enhancing mood for consumers of all ages and thus, carefully strengthening the immune system.... mango tea and its healthy freshness

Mental Health Problems In Children

Emotional and behavioural problems are common in children and adolescents, affecting up to one-?fth at any one time. But these problems are often not clear-cut, and they may come and go as the child develops and meets new challenges in life. If a child or teenager has an emotional problem that persists for weeks rather than days and is associated with disturbed behaviour, he or she may have a recognisable mental health disorder.

Anxiety, phobias and depression are fairly common. For instance, surveys show that up to

2.5 per cent of children and 8 per cent of adolescents are depressed at any one time, and by the age of 18 a quarter will have been depressed at least once. Problems such as OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER, ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER (HYPERACTIVITY SYNDROME), AUTISM, ASPERGER’S SYNDROME and SCHIZOPHRENIA are rare.

Mental-health problems may not be obvious at ?rst, because children often express distress through irritability, poor concentration, dif?cult behaviour, or physical symptoms. Physical symptoms of distress, such as unexplained headache and stomach ache, may persuade parents to keep children at home on school days. This may be appropriate occasionally, but regularly avoiding school can lead to a persistent phobia called school refusal.

If a parent, teacher or other person is worried that a child or teenager may have a mental-health problem, the ?rst thing to do is to ask the child gently if he or she is worried about anything. Listening, reassuring and helping the child to solve any speci?c problems may well be enough to help the child feel settled again. Serious problems such as bullying and child abuse need urgent professional involvement.

Children with emotional problems will usually feel most comfortable talking to their parents, while adolescents may prefer to talk to friends, counsellors, or other mentors. If this doesn’t work, and if the symptoms persist for weeks rather than days, it may be necessary to seek additional help through school or the family’s general practitioner. This may lead to the child and family being assessed and helped by a psychologist, or, less commonly, by a child psychiatrist. Again, listening and counselling will be the main forms of help o?ered. For outright depression, COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPY and, rarely, antidepressant drugs may be used.... mental health problems in children

Mepacrine Hydrochloride

A synthetic acridine product used in the treatment of MALARIA. It came to the fore during World War II, when supplies of quinine were short, and proved of great value both as a prophylactic and in the treatment of malaria. It is now used only to treat infestation with tapeworms (see TAENIASIS).... mepacrine hydrochloride

Metropathia Haemorrhagica

A disorder characterised by irregular bouts of uterine (see UTERUS) bleeding – without previous OVULATION – due to excessive oestrogenic activity. It is associated with endometrial hyperplasia and cysts of the ovary.... metropathia haemorrhagica

Mental Health Services

Comprehensive mental health services, as generally defined under some national (or state) laws and statutes, include: inpatient care, outpatient care, day care and other partial hospitalization and emergency services; specialized services for the mental health of the elderly; consultation and education services and specialized programmes for the prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of alcohol and drug abusers. They generally include a variety of services provided to people of all ages, including counselling, psychotherapy, psychiatric services, crisis intervention and support groups. Issues addressed include depression, grief, anxiety and stress, as well as severe mental illnesses.... mental health services

Methadone Hydrochloride

Also known as Physeptone®, this is a synthetic drug structurally similar to MORPHINE, one of many opioid drugs used to treat severe pain. Methadone is, however, less sedating and has a longer half-life. Furthermore, it is more reliable when taken orally. Although vomiting is common, this is generally less severe than with morphine.

Methadone is valuable as a suppressant for non-productive cough, acting on the medullary ‘cough centre’ in the central nervous system. It is also helpful in weaning addicts o? morphine and heroin, having a slower onset of DEPENDENCE and a less severe withdrawal syndrome. When used for prolonged periods, methadone should not be given more often than twice daily, to avoid the risks of accumulation and opioid overdosage.... methadone hydrochloride

Microcytic Hypochromic Anaemia

corresponds to a large extent with what used to be known as ‘secondary anaemia’. It takes its name from the characteristic changes in the blood.... microcytic hypochromic anaemia

Millingtonia Hortensis

Linn. f.

Family: Bignoniaceae.

Habitat: Cultivated throughout India.

English: Indian Cork tree.

Siddha/Tamil: Maramalli.

Folk: Aakaasha Neem, Neem- Chameli.

Action: Bark—antipyretic. Flowers—used for asthma and sinusitis.

The butanol soluble fraction from aqueous extract of flowers showed bronchial smooth muscle relaxant property. Hispidulin, isolated from the flowers, is reported to exhibit bron- chodilatory and antiphlogistic activities. Hispidulin is found to be more potent than aminophyllin and less toxic than the crude extract. gallic acid. The aerial parts of the plant contain C-glycosylflavones, 2"- O-rhamnosylorientin and 2"-O- rhamnosylisoorientin.

Dosage: Whole plant, root—10- 20 ml juice; 50-100 ml decoction. (CCRAS.) Whole plant—10-20 g for decoction. (API, Vol. II.)... millingtonia hortensis

Natural Herbs That Increase Sex Drive

Natural Herbs That Increase Sex Drive

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... natural herbs that increase sex drive

Natural History Of Di Sease

The progressive development of a disease that runs its course without treatment. 1. Stage of susceptibility2. Stage of presymptomatic 3. Stage of clinical disease 4. Stage of disability/resolution Necator americanus See hookworm.... natural history of di sease

Nefopam Hydrochloride

A non-opioid analgesic drug (see ANALGESICS) of use in the relief of pain that fails to respond to other non-opioid analgesics. It causes little depression of respiration but side-effects may be a problem.... nefopam hydrochloride

Neighbourhood Health Centre

See “community health centre”.... neighbourhood health centre

Nepeta Hindostana

(Roth) Haines.

Synonym: N. ruderalis Buch-Ham. ex Benth.

Family: Labiatae; Lamiaceae.

Habitat: Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh and South India up to 2,400 m. (Blue-flowered var.)

Unani: Baadranjboyaa, Billilotan. Also equated with Melissa officinalis.

Action: See Nepeta cataria.

The alcoholic extract of the plant yielded a triterpenoid aldehyde, nepe- hinal. Nepetidone, nepedinol, and a triterpenic acid have also been reported. The plant contains flavonoids including nepitrin, dinatin, nepetin. Flowers and stem gave napetol, hen- triacontane and beta-sitosterol. An aqueous extract of flowers contained Na, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Mn and Fe. Alcoholic extract of the plant produced marked hypocholesterolaemic effect in experimental animals. It also produced beneficial effects in the histopathology of myocardial infarction. Aqueous extract of the plant, given intravenously, lowered the blood pressure in dogs by 26.87%. It also showed CNS depressant and sedative activities. (In Indian medicine, the plant is used in various cardiac conditions including cardiac asthma.)... nepeta hindostana

Non-hodgkin’s Lymphoma

See LYMPHOMA.... non-hodgkin’s lymphoma

Occupational Health Services

Health services concerned with the physical, mental and social well-being of an individual in relation to his/her working environment and with the adjustment of individuals to their work. The term applies to more than the safety of the workplace and includes health and job satisfaction.... occupational health services

Mugwort Tea - An Herbal Tea With Many Benefits

Mugwort tea is one of the many herbal teas that have many health benefits. Despite its bitter, tangy taste, it’s worth a try to drink some mugwort tea, as it’s good for your body. Find out more about the tea’s health benefits in this article. About Mugwort Tea Mugwort tea is a type of herbal tea made from mugwort dried leaves. The mugwort is an herbaceous perennial plant with a woody root; it can grow up to 2 meters tall. The stem is reddish in color, with dark green, pinnate leaves that are 5-20 cm long, and radially symmetrical small flowers which have many yellow or dark red petals. It grows in Europe, Asia, northern Africa, Alaska and North America; it is often considered an invasive weed. It is sometimes referred to by the following names: felon herb, chrysanthemum weed, wild wormwood, old Uncle Henry, sailor’s tobacco, or St. John’s plant (be careful not to confuse it with St. John’s wort). The leaves and buds of the plant are best picked right before the flowers of the plant bloom, between July and September. They can be used with season fat, meat and fish, to give them a bitter flavor. Native American legends say that mugwort leaves were rubbed all over one’s body in order to keep ghosts away, as well as to prevent one from dreaming about the dead. Nowadays, it is mixed with other herbs (chamomile, peppermint) to make the so-called “dream tea”, which helps you improve dream recall, and increases the number of dreams you have per night. Components of Mugwort Tea Mugwort, which is the main ingredient of the mugwort tea, has plenty of components that are good for our health. Some of them are essential oils (such as cineole/wormwood oil, and thujone), flavonoids, triterpenes, coumarin derivatives, tannins, and linalool. Thujone consumed in large amounts can be toxic. In many countries, the amount of thujone which can be added in food or drink products is regulated. The amount of thujone oil found in the plant is considered safe. How to make Mugwort Tea In order to enjoy a cup of mugwort tea, add one teaspoon of the dried mugwort herb to a cup of boiling water. Let it steep for about 10 minutes before removing the dried plants. It is recommended that you drink the mugwort tea in mouthful doses throughout the whole day. If the mugwort tea is too bitter for your taste, you can add honey or sugar to sweeten it. Mugwort Tea Benefits Thanks to the many components of mugwort, the mugwort tea is full of health benefits. Mugwort tea is useful when it comes to having a good digestion. It stimulates the secretion of gastric juices, relieves flatulence and bloating, and helps in the treatment for intestinal worms. It also improves your appetite, and helps with indigestion, colic, and travel sickness. This tea might help in the treatment of various brain diseases. It is also a useful remedy when it comes to nervousness, exhaustion, depression, and insomnia. Mugwort tea is also useful during child birth. It has a calming effect when you are during labor, and it also lessens contraction pains. It is also useful when you get menstrual cramps, and stimulates irregular or suppressed menstruation. Considering the diuretic properties of mugwort, it is believed that mugwort tea can help with liver, spleen, and kidney problems. It is also recommended that you drink this type of tea if you’ve got a cold, a fever, or if you’re suffering from asthma or bronchitis. Mugwort Tea side effects Although mugwort tea contains little amount of thujone oil, it is recommended that you don’t drink if you’re pregnant. It might cause miscarriages. Consumed in large quantities, the thujone oil found in the composition of this tea may lead to side effects such as anxiety and sleeplessness. When drinking mugwort tea, be careful not to have an allergic reaction. You might be allergic to mugwort if you know you’re allergic to plants from the Asteraceae or Compositae family. These include ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, daisies, chamomile, and many other plants. Also, avoid drinking this tea if you know you’re allergic to birch, celery, wild carrot, honey, royal jelly, cabbage, hazelnut, olive pollen, kiwi, peach, mango, apple, mustard, and sunflower. Don’t drink more than six cups of mugwort tea - or any other type of tea - a day. If you drink too much, it’ll end up doing more harm. The symptoms you might experience are headaches, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, insomnia, dizziness, and irregular heartbeats.   Despite its bitter taste, mugwort tea is definitely good for your body. It has lots of health benefits, but first make sure you’re not affected by any of its side effects. Once you’re sure it’s safe, you can enjoy a cup of this  delicious tea.... mugwort tea - an herbal tea with many benefits

Multilocular Hydatid

Larval stage of Echinococcus multilocularis in which exogenous development occurs resulting in infiltration of tissues.... multilocular hydatid

National Electronic Library For Health

This National Health Service initiative went online in November 2000. It aims to provide health professionals with easy and fast access to best current knowledge from medical journals, professional group guidelines, etc. Unbiased data can be accessed by both clinicians and the public.... national electronic library for health

National Health Accounts

Information, usually in the form of indicators, a country may collect on its health expenditures. Indicators may include total health expenditure, public expenditure, private expenditure, out-of-pocket expenditure, tax-funded and other public expenditure, and social security expenditure.... national health accounts

National Health Policy

See “health policy”.... national health policy

National Health Service (nhs)

The United Kingdom’s National Health Service was created by Act of Parliament and inaugurated on 5 July 1948. Its original aim was to provide a comprehensive system of health care to everyone, free at the point of delivery. Scotland had its own, similar legislation, as did Northern Ireland. The service is funded by National Insurance contributions and from general taxation, with a small amount from patient charges. The structure, functioning and ?nancing of the NHS have been – and still are – undergoing substantial changes.... national health service (nhs)

National Infection Control And Health Protection Agency

A National Health Service body intended to combat the increasing threat from infectious diseases and biological, chemical and radiological hazards. Covering England, the agency includes the Public Health Laboratory Service, the National Radiological Protection Board, the Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research, and the National Focus Group for Chemical Incidents.... national infection control and health protection agency

Neem Tea - An Indian Herbal Tea

Neem tea is a refreshing herbal tea, with origins in South Asia. Despite its bitter taste, it is often recommended as a beverage thanks to its many health benefits. Read this article to find out more about neem tea! About Neem Tea Neem tea is made from the leaves of the Neem tree. The tree can be found in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. It is an evergreen tree which can grow up to twenty feet in just three years, and it starts bearing fruit after 3-5 years. However, during periods of severe drought, it may shed most or even all of its leaves. The green leaves are 20-40cm long, with medium to dark green leaflets about 3-8cm long; the terminal leaflet is usually missing. The tree’s flowers are small, white and fragrant, arranged axillary. The fruit has an olive-like form, with a thin skin and a yellow-white, fibrous and bittersweet pulp. How to prepare Neem Tea To brew a cup of neem tea, you have to follow a few simple steps. First, boil the necessary amount of water. Then, pour it over a cup with includes a few neem leaves. Let it steep for about 5 minutes. Lastly, remove the leaves and, if you think it is needed, flavor it with honey and/or lemon. You can make your own stack of neem leaves for neem tea. If you’ve got neem trees around, gather leaves and leave them to dry. You can use fresh neem leaves, as well. In both cases though, you have to wash the leaves well before you use them. Once you’ve got the leaves ready, whether dry or fresh, just follow the earlier-mentioned steps. You can also make a cup of neem tea by using powdered neem leaf. Neem Tea Benefits Neem leaves have many antibacterial and antiviral properties. Thanks to this, neem tea is full of health benefits. Indians chew on neem twigs to have a good oral hygiene. However, a cup of neem tea can also help you maintain a good oral hygiene. It is useful in treating bad breath and gum disease, and it fights against cavities. Neem tea is also useful in treating fungal infections, such as yeast infections, jock itch, thrush, and ringworm. Neem tea can help you treat both indigestion and constipation. It is also useful when it comes to reducing swelling of the stomach and intestinal tract, and it can be used to counter ulcers and gout. Neem tea, when combined with neem cream, has anti-viral uses. It can help speed up the healing time and pain associated with herpes simplex 1, herpes zoster and warts. Neem tea is also used in the treatment of malaria and other similar diseases. It helps purify and cleanse the blood, as well; therefore, it increases liver function. Other important benefits that are related to consumption of neem tea are: treating pneumonia, treating diabetes, treating hypertension and heart diseases. Also, neem tea doesn’t have to be used only as a beverage. Because of its anti-parasitic use, you can bathe in it. This way, the tea acts as an antiseptic, killing the parasites. Neem Tea Side Effects While we can say that neem tea has plenty of important health benefits, don’t forget that there are a few side effects, as well. First of all, neem oil can be incredibly toxic for infants. Even a small amount of neem oil can cause death. Check to see if the neem tea you drink has neem oil among its ingredients. Or, just to be on the safe side, don’t give infants neem tea to drink. You shouldn’t drink neem tea if you have a history of stomach, liver or kidney problems. Some of its active ingredients can cause you harm in this case. Although rare, neem tea can also lead to allergic reactions. Symptoms in this case include difficulty in breathing, rashes, itching, or swelling of the throat or mouth. If you get any of these, stop drinking neem teaand contact your doctor. Drinking neem tea is a big no if you’re trying to conceive, or you’re already pregnant. In the first case, neem tea can work as a contraceptive, therefore lessening the chances of you getting pregnant. In the second case, consumption of neem tea can lead to miscarriages. Also, don’t drink more than six cups of neem teaa day - or any other type of tea. It won’t do you well, despite its many health benefits. Some of the symptoms you might get are: headaches, dizziness, insomnia, irregular heartbeats, vomiting, diarrhea and loss of appetite. If you get any of these symptoms, reduce the amount of neem tea you drink. As a herbal tea, neem tea is definitely good for your health. Still, despite its many health benefits, there are a few side effects as well. Keep them both in mind when drinking neem tea.... neem tea - an indian herbal tea

Occupational Health, Medicine And Diseases

Occupational health The e?ect of work on human health, and the impact of workers’ health on their work. Although the term encompasses the identi?cation and treatment of speci?c occupational diseases, occupational health is also an applied and multidisciplinary subject concerned with the prevention of occupational ill-health caused by chemical, biological, physical and psychosocial factors, and the promotion of a healthy and productive workforce.

Occupational health includes both mental and physical health. It is about compliance with health-and-safety-at-work legislation (and common law duties) and about best practice in providing work environments that reduce risks to health and safety to lowest practicable levels. It includes workers’ ?tness to work, as well as the management of the work environment to accommodate people with disabilities, and procedures to facilitate the return to work of those absent with long-term illness. Occupational health incorporates several professional groups, including occupational physicians, occupational health nurses, occupational hygienists, ergonomists, disability managers, workplace counsellors, health-and-safety practitioners, and workplace physiotherapists.

In the UK, two key statutes provide a framework for occupational health: the Health and Safety at Work, etc. Act 1974 (HSW Act); and the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (DDA). The HSW Act states that employers have a duty to protect the health, safety and welfare of their employees and to conduct their business in a way that does not expose others to risks to their health and safety. Employees and self-employed people also have duties under the Act. Modern health-and-safety legislation focuses on assessing and controlling risk rather than prescribing speci?c actions in di?erent industrial settings. Various regulations made under the HSW Act, such as the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations, the Manual Handling Operations Regulations and the Noise at Work Regulations, set out duties with regard to di?erent risks, but apply to all employers and follow the general principles of risk assessment and control. Risks should be controlled principally by removing or reducing the hazard at source (for example, by substituting chemicals with safer alternatives, replacing noisy machinery, or automating tasks to avoid heavy lifting). Personal protective equipment, such as gloves and ear defenders, should be seen as a last line of defence after other control measures have been put in place.

The employment provisions of the DDA require employers to avoid discriminatory practice towards disabled people and to make reasonable adjustments to working arrangements where a disabled person is placed at a substantial disadvantage to a non-disabled person. Although the DDA does not require employers to provide access to rehabilitation services – even for those injured or made ill at work – occupational-health practitioners may become involved in programmes to help people get back to work after injury or long-term illness, and many businesses see the retention of valuable sta? as an attractive alternative to medical retirement or dismissal on health grounds.

Although a major part of occupational-health practice is concerned with statutory compliance, the workplace is also an important venue for health promotion. Many working people rarely see their general practitioner and, even when they do, there is little time to discuss wider health issues. Occupational-health advisers can ?ll in this gap by providing, for example, workplace initiatives on stopping smoking, cardiovascular health, diet and self-examination for breast and testicular cancers. Such initiatives are encouraged because of the perceived bene?ts to sta?, to the employing organisation and to the wider public-health agenda. Occupational psychologists recognise the need for the working population to achieve a ‘work-life balance’ and the promotion of this is an increasing part of occupational health strategies.

The law requires employers to consult with their sta? on health-and-safety matters. However, there is also a growing understanding that successful occupational-health management involves workers directly in the identi?cation of risks and in developing solutions in the workplace. Trade unions play an active role in promoting occupational health through local and national campaigns and by training and advising elected workplace safety representatives.

Occupational medicine The branch of medicine that deals with the control, prevention, diagnosis, treatment and management of ill-health and injuries caused or made worse by work, and with ensuring that workers are ?t for the work they do.

Occupational medicine includes: statutory surveillance of workers’ exposure to hazardous agents; advice to employers and employees on eliminating or reducing risks to health and safety at work; diagnosis and treatment/management of occupational illness; advice on adapting the working environment to suit the worker, particularly those with disabilities or long-term health problems; and advice on the return to work and, if necessary, rehabilitation of workers absent through illness. Occupational physicians may play a wider role in monitoring the health of workplace populations and in advising employers on controlling health hazards where ill-health trends are observed. They may also conduct epidemiological research (see EPIDEMIOLOGY) on workplace diseases.

Because of the occupational physician’s dual role as adviser to both employer and employee, he or she is required to be particularly diligent with regards to the individual worker’s medical CONFIDENTIALITY. Occupational physicians need to recognise in any given situation the context they are working in, and to make sure that all parties are aware of this.

Occupational medicine is a medical discipline and thus is only part of the broader ?eld of occupational health. Although there are some speci?c clinical duties associated with occupational medicine, such as diagnosis of occupational disease and medical screening, occupational physicians are frequently part of a multidisciplinary team that might include, for example, occupational-health nurses, healthand-safety advisers, ergonomists, counsellors and hygienists. Occupational physicians are medical practitioners with a post-registration quali?cation in occupational medicine. They will have completed a period of supervised in-post training. In the UK, the Faculty of Occupational Medicine of the Royal College of Physicians has three categories of membership, depending on quali?cations and experience: associateship (AFOM); membership (MFOM); and fellowship (FFOM).

Occupational diseases Occupational diseases are illnesses that are caused or made worse by work. In their widest sense, they include physical and mental ill-health conditions.

In diagnosing an occupational disease, the clinician will need to examine not just the signs and symptoms of ill-health, but also the occupational history of the patient. This is important not only in discovering the cause, or causes, of the disease (work may be one of a number of factors), but also in making recommendations on how the work should be modi?ed to prevent a recurrence – or, if necessary, in deciding whether or not the worker is able to return to that type of work. The occupational history will help in deciding whether or not other workers are also at risk of developing the condition. It will include information on:

the nature of the work.

how the tasks are performed in practice.

the likelihood of exposure to hazardous agents (physical, chemical, biological and psychosocial).

what control measures are in place and the extent to which these are adhered to.

previous occupational and non-occupational exposures.

whether or not others have reported similar symptoms in relation to the work. Some conditions – certain skin conditions,

for example – may show a close relationship to work, with symptoms appearing directly only after exposure to particular agents or possibly disappearing at weekends or with time away from work. Others, however, may be chronic and can have serious long-term implications for a person’s future health and employment.

Statistical information on the prevalence of occupational disease in the UK comes from a variety of sources, including o?cial ?gures from the Industrial Injuries Scheme (see below) and statutory reporting of occupational disease (also below). Neither of these o?cial schemes provides a representative picture, because the former is restricted to certain prescribed conditions and occupations, and the latter suffers from gross under-reporting. More useful are data from the various schemes that make up the Occupational Diseases Intelligence Network (ODIN) and from the Labour Force Survey (LFS). ODIN data is generated by the systematic reporting of work-related conditions by clinicians and includes several schemes. Under one scheme, more than 80 per cent of all reported diseases by occupational-health physicians fall into just six of the 42 clinical disease categories: upper-limb disorders; anxiety, depression and stress disorders; contact DERMATITIS; lower-back problems; hearing loss (see DEAFNESS); and ASTHMA. Information from the LFS yields a similar pattern in terms of disease frequency. Its most recent survey found that over 2 million people believed that, in the previous 12 months, they had suffered from an illness caused or made worse by work and that

19.5 million working days were lost as a result. The ten most frequently reported disease categories were:

stress and mental ill-health (see MENTAL ILLNESS): 515,000 cases.

back injuries: 508,000.

upper-limb and neck disorders: 375,000.

lower respiratory disease: 202,000.

deafness, TINNITUS or other ear conditions: 170,000.

lower-limb musculoskeletal conditions: 100,000.

skin disease: 66,000.

headache or ‘eyestrain’: 50,000.

traumatic injury (includes wounds and fractures from violent attacks at work): 34,000.

vibration white ?nger (hand-arm vibration syndrome): 36,000. A person who develops a chronic occu

pational disease may be able to sue his or her employer for damages if it can be shown that the employer was negligent in failing to take reasonable care of its employees, or had failed to provide a system of work that would have prevented harmful exposure to a known health hazard. There have been numerous successful claims (either awarded in court, or settled out of court) for damages for back and other musculoskeletal injuries, hand-arm vibration syndrome, noise-induced deafness, asthma, dermatitis, MESOTHELIOMA and ASBESTOSIS. Employers’ liability (workers’ compensation) insurers are predicting that the biggest future rise in damages claims will be for stress-related illness. In a recent study, funded by the Health and Safety Executive, about 20 per cent of all workers – more than 5 million people in the UK – claimed to be ‘very’ or ‘extremely’ stressed at work – a statistic that is likely to have a major impact on the long-term health of the working population.

While victims of occupational disease have the right to sue their employers for damages, many countries also operate a system of no-fault compensation for the victims of prescribed occupational diseases. In the UK, more than 60 diseases are prescribed under the Industrial Injuries Scheme and a person will automatically be entitled to state compensation for disability connected to one of these conditions, provided that he or she works in one of the occupations for which they are prescribed. The following short list gives an indication of the types of diseases and occupations prescribed under the scheme:

CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME connected to the use of hand-held vibrating tools.

hearing loss from (amongst others) use of pneumatic percussive tools and chainsaws, working in the vicinity of textile manufacturing or woodworking machines, and work in ships’ engine rooms.

LEPTOSPIROSIS – infection with Leptospira (various listed occupations).

viral HEPATITIS from contact with human blood, blood products or other sources of viral hepatitis.

LEAD POISONING, from any occupation causing exposure to fumes, dust and vapour from lead or lead products.

asthma caused by exposure to, among other listed substances, isocyanates, curing agents, solder ?ux fumes and insects reared for research.

mesothelioma from exposure to asbestos.

In the UK, employers and the self-employed have a duty to report all occupational injuries (if the employee is o? work for three days or more as a result), diseases or dangerous incidents to the relevant enforcing authority (the Health and Safety Executive or local-authority environmental-health department) under the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 (RIDDOR). Despite this statutory duty, comparatively few diseases are reported so that ?gures generated from RIDDOR reports do not give a useful indication of the scale of occupational diseases in the UK. The statutory reporting of injuries is much better, presumably because of the clear and acute relationship between a workplace accident and the resultant injury. More than 160,000 injuries are reported under RIDDOR every year compared with just 2,500 or so occupational diseases, a gross underestimate of the true ?gure.

There are no precise ?gures for the number of people who die prematurely because of work-related ill-health, and it would be impossible to gauge the exact contribution that work has on, for example, cardiovascular disease and cancers where the causes are multifactorial. The toll would, however, dwarf the number of deaths caused by accidents at work. Around 250 people are killed by accidents at work in the UK each year – mesothelioma, from exposure to asbestos at work, alone kills more than 1,300 people annually.

The following is a sample list of occupational diseases, with brief descriptions of their aetiologies.

Inhaled materials

PNEUMOCONIOSIS covers a group of diseases which cause ?brotic lung disease following the inhalation of dust. Around 250–300 new cases receive bene?t each year – mostly due to coal dust with or without silica contamination. SILICOSIS is the more severe disease. The contraction in the size of the coal-mining industry as well as improved dust suppression in the mines have diminished the importance of this disease, whereas asbestos-related diseases now exceed 1,000 per year. Asbestos ?bres cause a restrictive lung disease but also are responsible for certain malignant conditions such as pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma and lung cancer. The lung-cancer risk is exacerbated by cigarette-smoking.

Even though the use of asbestos is virtually banned in the UK, many workers remain at risk of exposure because of the vast quantities present in buildings (much of which is not listed in building plans). Carpenters, electricians, plumbers, builders and demolition workers are all liable to exposure from work that disturbs existing asbestos. OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA is of increasing importance – not only because of the recognition of new allergic agents (see ALLERGY), but also in the number of reported cases. The following eight substances are most frequently linked to occupational asthma (key occupations in brackets): isocyanates (spray painters, electrical processors); ?our and grain (bakers and farmers); wood dust (wood workers); glutaraldehyde (nurses, darkroom technicians); solder/colophony (welders, electronic assembly workers); laboratory animals (technicians, scientists); resins and glues (metal and electrical workers, construction, chemical processors); and latex (nurses, auxiliaries, laboratory technicians).

The disease develops after a short, symptomless period of exposure; symptoms are temporally related to work exposures and relieved by absences from work. Removal of the worker from exposure does not necessarily lead to complete cessation of symptoms. For many agents, there is no relationship with a previous history of ATOPY. Occupational asthma accounts for about 10 per cent of all asthma cases. DERMATITIS The risk of dermatitis caused by an allergic or irritant reaction to substances used or handled at work is present in a wide variety of jobs. About three-quarters of cases are irritant contact dermatitis due to such agents as acids, alkalis and solvents. Allergic contact dermatitis is a more speci?c response by susceptible individuals to a range of allergens (see ALLERGEN). The main occupational contact allergens include chromates, nickel, epoxy resins, rubber additives, germicidal agents, dyes, topical anaesthetics and antibiotics as well as certain plants and woods. Latex gloves are a particular cause of occupational dermatitis among health-care and laboratory sta? and have resulted in many workers being forced to leave their profession through ill-health. (See also SKIN, DISEASES OF.)

Musculoskeletal disorders Musculoskeletal injuries are by far the most common conditions related to work (see LFS ?gures, above) and the biggest cause of disability. Although not all work-related, musculoskeletal disorders account for 36.5 per cent of all disabilities among working-age people (compared with less than 4 per cent for sight and hearing impairment). Back pain (all causes – see BACKACHE) has been estimated to cause more than 50 million days lost every year in sickness absence and costs the UK economy up to £5 billion annually as a result of incapacity or disability. Back pain is a particular problem in the health-care sector because of the risk of injury from lifting and moving patients. While the emphasis should be on preventing injuries from occurring, it is now well established that the best way to manage most lower-back injuries is to encourage the patient to continue as normally as possible and to remain at work, or to return as soon as possible even if the patient has some residual back pain. Those who remain o? work on long-term sick leave are far less likely ever to return to work.

Aside from back injuries, there are a whole range of conditions affecting the upper limbs, neck and lower limbs. Some have clear aetiologies and clinical signs, while others are less well de?ned and have multiple causation. Some conditions, such as carpal tunnel syndrome, are prescribed diseases in certain occupations; however, they are not always caused by work (pregnant and older women are more likely to report carpal tunnel syndrome irrespective of work) and clinicians need to be careful when assigning work as the cause without ?rst considering the evidence. Other conditions may be revealed or made worse by work – such as OSTEOARTHRITIS in the hand. Much attention has focused on injuries caused by repeated movement, excessive force, and awkward postures and these include tenosynovitis (in?ammation of a tendon) and epicondylitis. The greatest controversy surrounds upper-limb disorders that do not present obvious tissue or nerve damage but nevertheless give signi?cant pain and discomfort to the individual. These are sometimes referred to as ‘repetitive strain injury’ or ‘di?use RSI’. The diagnosis of such conditions is controversial, making it di?cult for sufferers to pursue claims for compensation through the courts. Psychosocial factors, such as high demands of the job, lack of control and poor social support at work, have been implicated in the development of many upper-limb disorders, and in prevention and management it is important to deal with the psychological as well as the physical risk factors. Occupations known to be at particular risk of work-related upper-limb disorders include poultry processors, packers, electronic assembly workers, data processors, supermarket check-out operators and telephonists. These jobs often contain a number of the relevant exposures of dynamic load, static load, a full or excessive range of movements and awkward postures. (See UPPER LIMB DISORDERS.)

Physical agents A number of physical agents cause occupational ill-health of which the most important is occupational deafness. Workplace noise exposures in excess of 85 decibels for a working day are likely to cause damage to hearing which is initially restricted to the vital frequencies associated with speech – around 3–4 kHz. Protection from such noise is imperative as hearing aids do nothing to ameliorate the neural damage once it has occurred.

Hand-arm vibration syndrome is a disorder of the vascular and/or neural endings in the hands leading to episodic blanching (‘white ?nger’) and numbness which is exacerbated by low temperature. The condition, which is caused by vibrating tools such as chain saws and pneumatic hammers, is akin to RAYNAUD’S DISEASE and can be disabling.

Decompression sickness is caused by a rapid change in ambient pressure and is a disease associated with deep-sea divers, tunnel workers and high-?ying aviators. Apart from the direct effects of pressure change such as ruptured tympanic membrane or sinus pain, the more serious damage is indirectly due to nitrogen bubbles appearing in the blood and blocking small vessels. Central and peripheral nervous-system damage and bone necrosis are the most dangerous sequelae.

Radiation Non-ionising radiation from lasers or microwaves can cause severe localised heating leading to tissue damage of which cataracts (see under EYE, DISORDERS OF) are a particular variety. Ionising radiation from radioactive sources can cause similar acute tissue damage to the eyes as well as cell damage to rapidly dividing cells in the gut and bone marrow. Longer-term effects include genetic damage and various malignant disorders of which LEUKAEMIA and aplastic ANAEMIA are notable. Particular radioactive isotopes may destroy or induce malignant change in target organs, for example, 131I (thyroid), 90Sr (bone). Outdoor workers may also be at risk of sunburn and skin cancers. OTHER OCCUPATIONAL CANCERS Occupation is directly responsible for about 5 per cent of all cancers and contributes to a further 5 per cent. Apart from the cancers caused by asbestos and ionising radiation, a number of other occupational exposures can cause human cancer. The International Agency for Research on Cancer regularly reviews the evidence for carcinogenicity of compounds and industrial processes, and its published list of carcinogens is widely accepted as the current state of knowledge. More than 50 agents and processes are listed as class 1 carcinogens. Important occupational carcinogens include asbestos (mesothelioma, lung cancer); polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons such as mineral oils, soots, tars (skin and lung cancer); the aromatic amines in dyestu?s (bladder cancer); certain hexavalent chromates, arsenic and nickel re?ning (lung cancer); wood and leather dust (nasal sinus cancer); benzene (leukaemia); and vinyl chloride monomer (angiosarcoma of the liver). It has been estimated that elimination of all known occupational carcinogens, if possible, would lead to an annual saving of 5,000 premature deaths in Britain.

Infections Two broad categories of job carry an occupational risk. These are workers in contact with animals (farmers, veterinary surgeons and slaughtermen) and those in contact with human sources of infection (health-care sta? and sewage workers).

Occupational infections include various zoonoses (pathogens transmissible from animals to humans), such as ANTHRAX, Borrelia burgdorferi (LYME DISEASE), bovine TUBERCULOSIS, BRUCELLOSIS, Chlamydia psittaci, leptospirosis, ORF virus, Q fever, RINGWORM and Streptococcus suis. Human pathogens that may be transmissible at work include tuberculosis, and blood-borne pathogens such as viral hepatitis (B and C) and HIV (see AIDS/HIV). Health-care workers at risk of exposure to infected blood and body ?uids should be immunised against hapatitis B.

Poisoning The incidence of occupational poisonings has diminished with the substitution of noxious chemicals with safer alternatives, and with the advent of improved containment. However, poisonings owing to accidents at work are still reported, sometimes with fatal consequences. Workers involved in the application of pesticides are particularly at risk if safe procedures are not followed or if equipment is faulty. Exposure to organophosphate pesticides, for example, can lead to breathing diffculties, vomiting, diarrhoea and abdominal cramps, and to other neurological effects including confusion and dizziness. Severe poisonings can lead to death. Exposure can be through ingestion, inhalation and dermal (skin) contact.

Stress and mental health Stress is an adverse reaction to excessive pressures or demands and, in occupational-health terms, is di?erent from the motivational impact often associated with challenging work (some refer to this as ‘positive stress’). Stress at work is often linked to increasing demands on workers, although coping can often prevent the development of stress. The causes of occupational stress are multivariate and encompass job characteristics (e.g. long or unsocial working hours, high work demands, imbalance between e?ort and reward, poorly managed organisational change, lack of control over work, poor social support at work, fear of redundancy and bullying), as well as individual factors (such as personality type, personal circumstances, coping strategies, and availability of psychosocial support outside work). Stress may in?uence behaviours such as smoking, alcohol consumption, sleep and diet, which may in turn affect people’s health. Stress may also have direct effects on the immune system (see IMMUNITY) and lead to a decline in health. Stress may also alter the course and response to treatment of conditions such as cardiovascular disease. As well as these general effects of stress, speci?c types of disorder may be observed.

Exposure to extremely traumatic incidents at work – such as dealing with a major accident involving multiple loss of life and serious injury

(e.g. paramedics at the scene of an explosion or rail crash) – may result in a chronic condition known as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD is an abnormal psychological reaction to a traumatic event and is characterised by extreme psychological discomfort, such as anxiety or panic when reminded of the causative event; sufferers may be plagued with uncontrollable memories and can feel as if they are going through the trauma again. PTSD is a clinically de?ned condition in terms of its symptoms and causes and should not be used to include normal short-term reactions to trauma.... occupational health, medicine and diseases

Oral Health

The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease.... oral health

Orbital Headache

A headache around the eyes. There are supra-orbital headaches and suborbital headaches as well...the difference escapes me.... orbital headache

Ottawa Charter For Health Promotion

The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion of 1986 identifies three basic strategies for health promotion. These are advocacy for health to create essential conditions for health; enabling all people to achieve their full health potential; and mediating between the different interests in society in the pursuit of health. These strategies are supported by five priority action areas: build health public policy; create supportive environments for health; strengthen community action for health; develop personal skills; and reorient health services.... ottawa charter for health promotion

Paratenic Host

An intermediate host which becomes infected by consuming another intermediate host and in which the parasite does not develop any further than in the first intermediate host. Also called a “transport host”.... paratenic host

Parthenocissus Himalayana

(Royle) Planch.

Synonym: Vitis himalayana Brandis.

Family: Vitaceae.

Habitat: Throughout the Himalayas.

Folk: Kandur (Jaunsar), Philunaa (Garhwal) Laderi (Kumaon).

Action: Bark and twigs—astringent and expectorant.... parthenocissus himalayana

Partnership For Health Promotion

A voluntary agreement between two or more partners to work cooperatively towards a set of shared health outcomes.... partnership for health promotion

Oolong Tea Health Benefits, Side Effects And Brewing

Oolong tea, literally meaning “Black Dragon”, is a traditional Chinese beverage which undergoes a unique preparation process resulting in a reddish drink with a slightly sweet delicate flavour. Oolong tea is partially fermented, unlike black tea, which is fully fermented, or green tea, which is unfermented. Oolong Tea Brewing Oolong tea requires a higher brewingtemperature in order to extract the complex aromas of the tea leaves. It is recommended to use spring or filtered water heated at a temperature of approximately 90 degrees Celsius. The steeping process for most Oolong teas should last no longer than five minutes. If this period is extended for too long, it may ruin the delicate aromas and turn your cup of tea unpleasantly bitter. Oolong teas are best served plain, but you can add milk, sugar, honey or lemon according to your taste. Oolong Tea Health Benefits Oolong tea, a hybrid between black and green tea, has numerous health benefits, especially if consumed regularly. Drinking Oolong tea stimulates brain activity and relieves mental and physical stress. Oolong tea has the potential of reducing high blood pressure, lowering blood sugar levels and preventing serious afflictions like obesity, osteoporosis, tooth decay, cancer or heart disease. Oolong tea accelerates the metabolism and promotes weight loss. Another health benefit of Oolong tea is its effectiveness in treating skin problems such as eczema and rashes and combating skin aging. Oolong Tea Side Effects Although drinking Oolong tea is extremely beneficial for the body, it can also lead to unpleasant side effects when consumed in large quantities, therefore moderation is required. These side effects include sleeping difficulties, anxiety or irritability, most of them related to excessive caffeine intake. It is not recommended for pregnant women and people suffering from kidney disorders. Furthermore, oolong tea has been proven to interact with certain medications; therefore, people who undertake treatment are advised to consult a health care provider first. Oolong tea is extremely effective in keeping your energy levels up, due to its caffeine content, and it also increases brain function, helping you maintain active and aware throughout the day.... oolong tea health benefits, side effects and brewing

Orange Spice Tea: A Mixture For Health

Orange Spice Tea is a complex, full-flavored type of black tea, kindly recommended to beginner consumers of tea blends. It is a largely-appreciated tea, having an old acknowledged tradition, its first production being placed in the 19th century. Orange Spice Tea description. Orange Spice Tea is another variety of black tea mixed with orange zest or dried peel, together with a combination of spices, such as: cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg and allspice. It has been noticed that any number of spice combination is possible. Orange Spice Tea is usually caffeine-free, being thus, a good tea to consume at any time of the day or even night.  It can be drunk hot or as an iced tea beverage, with or without adding milk or honey. Orange Spice Tea is recommended to be one of the best choices for those not yet accustomed to gourmet tea blends. It is typically available as loose leaves or as bag forms and is often found in gourmet tea shops, health stores or on grocery shelves. Orange Spice Tea recipe The abovementioned tea has a delicate taste and is also a good ingredient to be included in the daily diet, due to its healthy properties. It can be consumed both as beverage, or can be added to different cookies recipes. To brew Orange Spice Tea:
  • Fill a teapot with about 16 ounces of water
  • Boil the water
  • Place about two tablespoons of the leaves in a teapot
  • Take the pot out of the water
  • Let the mix stand for about 5 to 7 minutes
  • Strain and drink it slowly
To include Orange Spice Tea in sweets recipes, grind the tea leaves and mix them with the dough, together with the ingredients. Orange Spice Tea benefits Orange Spice Tea gathers the benefits of black tea, citrus and spices:
  • strengthens the immune system
  • helps lower the risk of cardiovascular diseases
  • helps in the prevention of certain cancers
  • contributes to preventing colds, cough and flu
  • helps in calming and relaxing the senses
  • stimulates blood circulation
  • increases concentration and memory levels
  • warms the body (especially during winter)
Orange Spice Tea side effects Rarely,Orange Spice Teaconsumers experienced stomach aches or the syndrome of upset stomach. Patients suffering from gastritis are advised to intake a low quantity of Orange Spice Tea. Orange Spice Tea clusters the benefits and taste of black tea, citron and a large array of spices. It is intensely consumed by connoisseurs and novices, especially due to its health contributions and proven energy booster actions.... orange spice tea: a mixture for health

Pediculus Humanus Var. Corporis

(body louse) di?ers from the head and crab louse in that it lives in clothing and only goes on to the body to feed. Infestation is found in vagabonds, armies in the ?eld, or prisoners in conditions where even minimal hygiene is impossible. The lice are found in the seams of clothing together with multiple eggs. Typically excoriation and pigmentation are seen on the back of the infested person. Replacement of clothing or autoclaving or hot ironing of the clothes is curative.... pediculus humanus var. corporis

Pethidine Hydrochloride

A synthetic analgesic and antispasmodic drug, which is used in the treatment of painful and spasmodic conditions in place of morphine and atropine. A prompt but short-lasting analgesic, it has less of a constipating e?ect than morphine but is less potent. Useful for analgesia during childbirth because it produces less respiratory depression in the baby than other opioids. Pethidine is one of the CONTROLLED DRUGS.... pethidine hydrochloride

Phenazocine Hydrobromide

A powerful analgesic which can be given under the tongue if nausea and vomiting are a problem.... phenazocine hydrobromide

Piper Hamiltonii

C. DC.

Family: Piperaceae.

Habitat: Sikkim, Terai, West Bengal and Khasi hills, up to 900 m.

English: Wild Pepper.

Folk: Jangali Paan.

Action: Carminative and diuretic.

Kadsurin A and isodihydrofuto- quinol B have been isolated from aerial parts.... piper hamiltonii

Parthenium Hysterophorus

Linn.

Family: Compositae; Asteraceae.

Habitat: Tropical and subtropical countries of the world.

English: Congress Grass.

Folk: Pichhi, Machhipatri.

Action: Anti-amoebic, antidysen- teric, febrifuge, analgesic, emmena- gogue.

The grass was introduced into India during 1950 s (it first appeared in Pune).

The grass exhibits in vitro anti- amoebic activity against axenic and polygenic cultures of Entamoeba his- tolytica, comparable to the standard drug for amoebiasis, Metronidazole.

Parthenin and some of its derivatives exhibited significant antimalarial activity against a multi drug-resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum.

The main toxic constituent of the grass responsible for causing dermatitis and other forms of allergy are parthenin and coronopilin. Parthenin in present up to 8% in the capitulum and 5% in the leaves.... parthenium hysterophorus

Peganum Harmala

Linn.

Family: Zygophyllaceae.

Habitat: Throughout Northern and Northwestern India, and in drier regions of Deccan.

English: Wild Rue; Foreign Henna, Syrian Rue.

Ayurvedic: Haramal, Isband.

Siddha/Tamil: Simaiyaravandi, Simaiyalavinai.

Action: Plant—emmenagogue, abortifacient. Seeds—narcotic, hypnotic, antispasmodic, anodyne and emetic; used in asthma, hiccough, colic, neuralgia, hysteria, dysmenorrhoea; used as abortifa- cient (properties similar to ergot, savine and rue). (Dried seeds constitute the drug Harmal of Indian medicine.)

The plant gave flavonoids—kaem- pferol, quercetin and acacetin. Aerial parts and seeds contain alkaloids— harmine, harmaline and harmalol (called harman alkaloids). Harman alkaloids from the seeds have been suggested for use in nervous diseases, and as coronary dilators and embolic. Harmol exhibits hypertensive activity. Harmine, vasicinone, deoxyvasici- none and 8-hydroxy glucosylharmine exhibit antitumour activity.

The alkaloids, harmine, harmaline and harmol exhibit antibacterial and antifungal activity.

The aqueous extract of seeds exhibited significant antiviral activity in vitro against herpes virus hominis type 1, slight activity was also observed against influenza viruses A and B. The plant extract exhibits significant analgesic activity.... peganum harmala

Podophyllum Hexandrum

Royle.

Synonym: P. emodi Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thoms.

Family: Berberidaceae.

Habitat: Inner ranges of the Himalayas, from Kashmir to Sikkim at 1,800-4,000 m.

English: Indian Podophyllum.

Ayurvedic: Giriparpata.

Folk: Bana-kakari (Punjab), Venivel (Gujarat), Patvel (Maharashtra). Paapraa, Paapri.

Action: Rhizomes and roots— antineoplastic. Strongly irritant to skin and mucous membranes. Used topically as an ointment for venereal warts, verrucae and similar conditions.

Key application: P. peltatum— externally, for removal of pointed condyloma (skin adjacent to the treated area should be protected). (German Commission E.) P hexandrum: Podophyllin (10-40%) for external application, 2-6 h weekly, for anogenital warts. (Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia.) (Podophyllin is a mitotic poison.)

May Apple of North America is equated with Podophyllum peltatum Linn. The main lignin is podophyllo- toxin. Podophyllum hexandrum contains similar lignans with the exception of alpha-and beta-peltatins, which are reportedly absent; the concentration of podophyllotoxin is up to 4.3%. P. peltatum contains about 0.25% and the Taiwanese species P. pleianthum 0.1% podophyllotoxin.

(Podophyllotoxin is a valuable lig- nin, as it is used for the synthesis of chemically administered cytostat- ic etoposide and tenoposide.)... podophyllum hexandrum

Positive Health

A state of health beyond an asymptomatic state. It usually includes the quality of life and the potential of the human condition. It may also include self-fulfilment, vitality for living and creativity. It is concerned with thriving rather than merely coping. See also “health”.... positive health

Primary Health Care

Sometimes called primary medical care, this is the care provided by a GENERAL PRACTITIONER (GP) – traditionally entitled the family doctor – or other health professionals who have ?rst contact with a patient needing or wanting medical attention. In the NHS, the primary health-care services include those provided by the general, dental, ophthalmic and pharmaceutical services as well as the family doctor service. Community health services provided outside the hospitals also o?er some primary health care.... primary health care

Private Health Insurance

Privately organized health insurance that is based on estimation of probable population risks, and that provides either total or partial indemnity of medical expenses.... private health insurance

Procainamide Hydrochloride

A derivative of PROCAINE, used to treat certain cardiac arrythmias (irregularities in the heartbeat).... procainamide hydrochloride

Proguanil Hydrochloride

A synthetic antimalarial drug usually used with CHLOROQUINE to prevent infection with MALARIA. Occasionally the drug is used to treat uncomplicated falciparum malaria in combination with atovaquone.... proguanil hydrochloride

Promethazine Hydrochloride

A widely used antihistamine drug with a prolonged action and a pronounced sedative e?ect. (See ANTIHISTAMINE DRUGS.)... promethazine hydrochloride

Polygonum Hydropiper

Linn.

Family: Polygonaceae.

Habitat: Throughout India in wet places.

English: Water Pepper, Pepperwort, Smartweed.

Folk: Paakur-muula, Paani-maricha (Bengal).

Action: Haemostatic, astringent, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, lithotriptic, emmenagogue (used as infusion for delayed menses and amenorrhoea), antifungal (root and leaf used externally). Contraindicated during pregnancy.

The herb contains sesquiterpenes, including warburganal and polygodial, in the leaves; polygonal, isodrimeni- nol, isopolygodial and confertifolin in the seeds; and flavonoids including quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin and rhamnesin; polygonolide (an iso- coumarin).

Isoquercitrin exhibited significant anti-oxidative activity. Polygodial and warburganal possess significant an- tifungal property. Warburganal also possesses potent cytotoxic and antibiotic activity. (The herb is used against cancer.)

Folk: Muniyaaraa (Bihar), Raani- phool, Macheti, Dubiaa Saaga.

Action: Galactogenic, antidiar- rhoeal. Powdered herb is given in pneumonia.

The whole plant yields 11% tannin. The rootstock contains oxymethylan- thraquinone.

Flowers gave oleanolic acid, betulin- ic acid, epi-friedelanol, beta-sitosterol, and flavonoids—quercetin, quercetin- 3-arabinoside and quercetin-3-rutino- side.... polygonum hydropiper

Premna Herbacea

Roxb.

Synonym: Pygmaeopremna herbacea Moldenke.

Family: Verbenaceae.

Habitat: The sub-tropical Himalayas and in Assam, extending southwards through West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa into Deccan Peninsula. Roots are usually confused with those of Clerodendrum serratum and are sold as Bhaarangi.

Siddha/Tamil: Siru Thekku.

Folk: Gethiaa, Ghantu Bhaarangi. Baaman-haati (Bengal). Fruits are known as Bhuumi-jambu, Phin Jaamun. The root is known as Bhaarangamuula; in Andhra Pradesh, Gandu Bhaarangi.

Action: Root and leaves—given in asthma, rheumatism.

The root contains several diterpe- noids. Quinonemethide (bharangin) is reported from the plant. controlling the activity of the adreno- corticotropic hormone.

Dosage: Leaf, root bark—50- 100 ml decoction, powder—1-3 g. (CCRAS.)... premna herbacea

Private Health Care

The provision of medical and dental care to patients who pay for the care either directly, through private medical insurance, or through employer-funded private insurance. In the UK, most patients are treated and cared for by the community- or hospital-based NHS. Although not forbidden to do so, few NHS general practitioners see private patients. NHS consultants are – within certain prescribed circumstances – allowed to treat private patients and many, especially surgeons, do so; but consultations and treatment are usually done on private-health premises. Some NHS hospitals have private facilities attached, but most private care is carried out in separate, privately run clinics and hospitals.

Certain specialties – for example, orthopaedic and reconstructive/cosmetic surgery and mental health – attract more private patients than others, such as paediatrics or medicine for the elderly. The standards of clinical care are generally the same in the two systems, but private patients can see the specialist of their choice at a time convenient to them. Waiting times for consultations and treatment are short and, when in hospital, private patients usually have their own room, telephone, TV, open visiting hours, etc.

A substantial proportion of private medical-care services are those provided for elderly people requiring regular nursing care and some medical supervision. The distinction between residential care and nursing care for the elderly is often blurred, but the government policy of providing means-tested state funding only for people genuinely needing regular nursing care – a system operated by local-authority social-service departments in England and Wales – has necessitated clearer de?nitions of the facilities provided for the elderly by private organisations. The strict criteria for state support (especially in England), the budget-conscious approach of local authorities when negotiating fees with private nursing homes, and the fact that NHS hospital trusts also have to pay for some patients discharged to such homes (to free-up hospital beds for new admissions) have led to intense ?nancial pressures on private facilities for the elderly. This has caused the closure of many homes, which, in turn, is worsening the level of BED-BLOCKING by elderly patients who do not require hospital-intensity nursing but who lack family support in the community and cannot a?ord private care.... private health care

Propranolol Hydrochloride

One of the BETA-ADRENOCEPTOR-BLOCKING DRUGS, propranolol hydrochloride is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS, myocardial infarction (see under HEART, DISEASES OF), certain abnormal rhythms of the heart, and high blood pressure (HYPERTENSION). It also prevents attacks of MIGRAINE, and is used for certain anxiety states – particularly those associated with unpleasant bodily sensations, such as palpitations. (See also ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.)... propranolol hydrochloride

Public Health Laboratoryservice (phls)

A statutory organisation that is part of the NHS. It comprises ten laboratory groups and two centres in the UK, with central coordination from PHLS headquarters. The service provides diagnostic-testing facilities for cases of suspected infectious disease. The remit of the PHLS (which was set up during World War II and then absorbed into the NHS) is now based on legislation approved in 1977 and 1979. Its overall purpose was to protect the population from infection by maintaining a national capability of high quality for the detection, diagnosis, surveillance, protection and control of infections and communicable diseases. It provided microbiology services to hospitals, family doctors and local authorities as well as providing national reference facilities. In 2001 it was incorporated into the newly established NATIONAL INFECTION CONTROL AND HEALTH PROTECTION AGENCY.... public health laboratoryservice (phls)

Pygmaeopemna Herbacea

(Roxb.) Mold.

Synonym: Premna herbacea Roxb.

Family: Verbenaceae.

Habitat: Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Orissa and in some parts of Kerala.

Ayurvedic: Bhumi-jambu.

Siddha/Tamil: Siru Thekku.

Action: Rootstock—antiasthmatic. Leaf— bechic, febrifuge. Rootstock and leaf—antirheumatic. (Sold in South Indian market as Bhaarangi.)

A diterpenoid quinonemethide (bharangin) is reported from the plant.... pygmaeopemna herbacea

Re-orienting Health Services

Health services re-orientation is characterized by a more explicit concern for the achievement of population health outcomes in the ways in which the health system is organized and funded.... re-orienting health services

Regulation Of Health Professions

Professional sta? working in health care are registered with and regulated by several statutory bodies: doctors by the GENERAL MEDICAL COUNCIL (GMC); dentists by the GENERAL DENTAL COUNCIL; nurses and midwives by the Council for Nursing and Midwifery, formerly the UK Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting (see NURSING); PHARMACISTS by the Royal Pharmaceutical Society; and the professions supplementary to medicine (chiropody, dietetics, medical laboratory sciences, occupational therapy, orthoptics, physiotherapy and radiography) by the Council for Professions Supplementary to Medicine. In 2002, the Council for the Regulation of Health Care Professions was set up as a statutory body that will promote cooperation between and give advice to existing regulatory bodies, provide a quality-control mechanism, and play a part in promoting the interests of patients. The new Council is accountable to a Select Committee of Parliament and is a non-ministerial government department similar in status to the FOOD STANDARDS AGENCY. It has the right to scrutinise the decisions of its constituent bodies and can apply for judicial review if it feels that a judgement by a disciplinary committee has been too lenient.... regulation of health professions

Rehabilitation Hospital

A hospital that specializes in providing restorative services to rehabilitate chronically ill and/or disabled individuals to a maximum level of functioning.... rehabilitation hospital

Reservoir Host

An animal species which carries a pathogen without detriment to itself and serves as a source of infection. Host which acts as a reservoir of the infection in nature.... reservoir host

Resistance (host)

The sum total of body mechanisms which interpose barriers to the progress of invasion or multiplication of infectious agents, or to damage by their toxic products. 1. Immunity - That resistance usually associated with possession of antibodies having a specific action on the microorganism concerned with a particular infectious disease or on its toxin. Passive immunity is attained either naturally, by maternal transfer, or artificially, by inoculation of specific protective antibodies (convalescent or immune serum or immune serum (gamma) globulin (human) and is of brief duration (days to months). Active immunity lasting months to years is attained either naturally, by infection, with or without clinical manifestations, or artificially, byinoculation of fractions or products of the infectious agent or of the agent itself, in killed, modified or variant form. 2. Inherent resistance - An ability to resist disease independently of antibodies or of specifically developed tissue response; it commonly rests in anatomic or physiologic characteristics of the host; it may be genetic or acquired, permanent or temporary.... resistance (host)

Resting Habits

The habits determining the places and times of day or night that mosquitoes rest.... resting habits

Rural Health Network

Any of a variety of organizational arrangements to link rural health care providers in a common purpose.... rural health network

Salvia Haematodes

Linn.

Family: Labiatae; Lamiaceae.

Habitat: Cultivated in Indian gardens.

English: Blood-veined Sage.

Unani: Behman Surkh. (Behman Safed is equated with Centaurea behen Linn.)

Action: Both the varieties of Behman are used in Unani medicine as a cardiac and sex tonic, also as a liver tonic in jaundice.... salvia haematodes

Rivea Hypocrateriformis

Choisy.

Family: Convolvulaceae.

Habitat: Throughout India.

English: Midnapore Creeper.

Ayurvedic: Phanji.

Siddha/Tamil: Budthi-kiray.

Folk: Kalmi-lataa, Phaang.

Action: Root—a tonic after childbirth. Leaves—astringent; used in haemorrhagic diseases, diarrhoea, dysentery.... rivea hypocrateriformis

Rivina Humilis

Linn.

Synonym: R. laevis Linn.

Family: Phytolacaceae.

Habitat: Native to warmer parts of America; introduced into Indian gardens.

English: Baby Pepper, Dog Blood, Blood Berry, Rouge-Plant.

Action: Berries—febrifuge, intestinal antiseptic.

A betaxanthin, humilixanthin, has been isolated from the berry.

A decoction of the herb is used for cold, chest congestion and pain, diarrhoea and jaundice. Berries alleviate dysentery and amenorrhoea.

Pounded leaves are used for wound- healing and for treating catarrh.... rivina humilis

Rooibos Tea Health Benefits

Rooibos tea is a largely consumed beverage, due to its medicinal properties dealing with weak bone structure, insomnia or even stomach ailments. Rooibos Tea description Rooibos is a plant belonging to the legume family which grows in South Africa. This plant is used to prepare Rooibos tea (also known as bush tea or redbush tea). The beverage is known for centuries in Southern Africa and nowadays, it is consumed in many countries. Fermentation by analogy (the process through which the leaves are oxidized) renders its reddish-brown color and enhances its flavor. Rooibos Tea brewing To prepare Rooibos tea:
  • use spring water or filtered water
  • brew Rooibos tea leaves in heartily boiling water: one heaping teaspoon of tea leaves per eight ounces (one cup) of water
  • steep it five to ten minutes
  • keep the water hot the entire time the leaves are steeping
Milk, sugar or honey can be added to the resulting beverage. Rooibos Tea benefits Rooibos tea has been successfully used to:
  • treat irritability,headaches, disturbed sleeping patterns, insomnia, nervous tension, mild depression or hypertension
  • relieve stomach cramps
  • relieve colic in infants
  • relieve stomach and indigestive problems like nausea, vomiting, heartburn, stomach ulcers and constipation
  • supplement the daily amounts of calcium, manganese and especially fluoride for the development of strong teeth and bones
  • relieve itching and certain skin irritations like eczema, nappy rash and acne (when directly applied to the affected area)
Rooibos Tea side effects Rooibos tea is not recommended to pregnant and nursing women. Also, it is recommended to ask your doctor before consuming this type of tea. Rooibos tea is a healthy beverage used to treat a large array of diseases such as skin-related issues, indigestion, disturbed sleeping patterns, but not only.... rooibos tea health benefits

Sansevieria Hyacinthoides

(Linn.) Druce.

Synonym: S. zeylanica (L.) Willd.

Family: Liliaceae.

Habitat: Native to Sri Lanka; found along coastal regions of India from Bengal to Tamil Nadu.

English: Ceylon Bowstring Hemp.

Ayurvedic: Naagadamani (related species) (also known as Muurvaa).

Siddha/Tamil: Marul, Motta manji.

Action: See S. roxburghiana. Leaves and rhizomes are applied externally in high fever with delirium.

Rhizomes—diuretic, diaphoretic, expectorant.

The leaf contains aconitic acid; the root yielded an alkaloid sansevierine (0.018%).... sansevieria hyacinthoides

Self-rated Health Status / Perceived Health Status

Health status is usually obtained from survey data by asking the respondent if his/her health is excellent, very good, good, fair or poor (or similar questions).... self-rated health status / perceived health status

Settings For Health

The place or social context in which people engage in daily activities in which environmental, organizational and personal factors interact to affect health and well-being.... settings for health

Specialty Hospital

A hospital that admits only certain types of patients or those with specified illnesses or conditions. Examples include psychiatric hospitals and rehabilitation hospitals for the older population.... specialty hospital

Splinter Haemorrhages

Linear bleeding under the ?ngernails. Although they may result from injury, they are a useful physical sign of infective ENDOCARDITIS.... splinter haemorrhages

Satureja Hortensis

Linn.

Family: Labiatae; Lamiaceae.

Habitat: Native to Mediterranean region; found in Kashmir.

English: Summer Savory. Winter Savory is equated with S. montana L.

Action: Flowering top—carminative, digestive, laxative, stomachic, diuretic, sudorific and vermifuge. Used in flatulent colic and menstrual suppression. A tea (of leaves) is given as a carminative and expectorant. Essential oil—antibacterial, antifungal, spasmolytic.

The plant gave fluorine, labiatic acid, ursolic acid and beta-sitosterol. Labi- atic acid is antioxidant. The volatile oil consists mainly of carvacrol with p- cymene, beta-pinene, beta-phellandre- ne, limonene and borneol.

The volatile oil of S. montana contains carvacrol, p-cymene and thymol with alpha-and beta-pinene, cineole and borneol.... satureja hortensis

Saussurea Heteromalla

(D. Don) Raizada & Saxena.

Synonym: S. candicans C. B. Clarke. Carduus heteromallus D. Don.

Family: Compositae, Asteraceae.

Folk: Batula, Kaaliziri (Punjab).

Action: Leaves—antiseptic; applied to wounds. Seeds— carminative. The plant exhibits CNS depressant and hypothermic properties.

Saussurea hieracioides Hook. f (Sikkim Himalayas at 3,600-4,200 m) gave a sesquilignan, saussol; scopoletin, luteolin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside and sy- ringin were isolated from the aerial parts.

Synonym: S. auriculata (DC.) Sch.-Bip.

Aplotaxis auriculata DC.

Family: Compositae; Asteraceae.

Habitat: The Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim.

Ayurvedic: Kushtha (pseudo).

Folk: Uplet (Maharashtra).

Action: Leaves—used in the treatment of syphilis.

The root of the plant is found mixed with the root of Kushtha of Indian medicine.... saussurea heteromalla

Self-heal

Prunella vulgaris. N.O. Labiateae.

Synonym: Heal All.

Habitat: Pastures and wastes.

Features ? Stem square, smooth, up to a foot high. Leaves in pairs, one pair one side of stem, next pair opposite side ; short-stalked, slightly hairy on top side, entire at edges, broad based tapering to point, about one inch long by half-inch across. Flowers small, purplish-blue, upper lip upright, lower lip jagged, bloom in dense terminal bunch at end of stem.

Part used ? Herb.

Action: Astringent.

The 1 ounce to 1 pint infusion is taken in wineglass doses for internal bleeding, used blood-warm as an injection in leucorrhea, and may be used to gargle sore and relaxed throats.... self-heal

Skullcap Tea Health Benefits

Skullcap tea gets its name from the perennial herb shaped like a human skull, native to North America. Skullcap tea has been used for centuries as a natural and effective sedative and nerve tonic which relieves fear, anxiety and promotes relaxation. Skullcap Tea Brewing Skullcap teabrewing should be made with water that is not too hot, because otherwise it will spoil the tea and its benefits will not be fully enjoyed. The infusion will last three to five minutes. Skullcap tea has a pleasant taste which will make you perceive it less like a medicinal sleeping aid. Skullcap Tea Health Benefits Skullcap tea has a wide range ofbeneficial effects on the human body. It has been used as a sedative for centuries and nowadays been proven effective as a cure for insomnia, anxiety and headaches. Skullcap tea has a calming effect which soothes stress, muscle spasms, menstrual cramps and other problems that require the use of a remedy with sedative properties. Skullcap tea consumption may also be useful as a complimentary treatment method for more serious illnesses such as bladder and liver cancer, asthma, arthritis, gout or allergies. Research suggests that the tea could be beneficial for the prevention of heart diseases and strokes as well. Skullcap Tea Side Effects Excessive Skullcap tea intake may lead to unpleasantside effects such as irregular heartbeat, mental confusion, slow responsiveness to stimuli and even seizures. Skullcap tea should not be consumed with other with other medications that have the same relaxing effects because it may enhance their sedation properties and it is not recommended for pregnant or nursing women. Patients suffering from spleen, liver or stomach problems and diabetics should avoid Skullcap tea. It is advisable to consult a doctor prior to adding skullcap tea to your dietary plan. Sleep is essential for the well-being of our body. Drinking Skullcap tea nightly before bed when you feel the need of easing your mind or calming your nerves will work miracles. You will turn off your brain and enjoy a good night’s sleep!... skullcap tea health benefits

State Medicine (health Care Systems)

Major government schemes to ensure adequate health services to substantial sectors of the community through direct provision of services.... state medicine (health care systems)

Supported Housing

Accommodation where there is a degree of daily living support for its residents to enable them to live independently.... supported housing

Supportive Environment For Health

An environment that reduces risks to people’s health and promotes healthy living.... supportive environment for health

Syzygium Hemisphericum

(Wt.) Alston

Synonym: Eugenia hemispherica Wt. Jambosa hemispherica (Wt.) Walp.

Family: Myrtaceae.

Habitat: South India, particularly in the Nilgiri, Palni and Annamalai hills and Western Ghats.

Siddha/Tamil: Vellai Naval.

Action: Bark—antibilious; also used for syphilitic affections.... syzygium hemisphericum

Solomon`s Seal Tea Health Benefits

Solomon’s Seal Tea is a very good remedy when it comes to heart problems and not only. Solomon’s Seal plant is a medicinal herb well known for its healing properties that can easily be recognized by its long green leaves and pale yellow flowers. You are probably more familiar to its cultivated cousin, Lily of the Valley. Solomon’s Seal plant has a large variety of types and it can be found in North America, Northern Europe and Siberia and it can be grown by division or by seeds. Solomon’s Seal was named after King Solomon the Hebrew, who was granted a lot of wisdom from God. According to herbal lore, Solomon put his royal seal on this plant’s leaves after recognizing its great benefits. Solomon’s Seal Tea Properties Solomon’s Seal tea is best known for its therapeutic use. You can make a tonic out of it, a hot tea or a tincture. All you need to do is find the use that bits you best and go for it! But make sure you do not eat or even touch the fruits, the leaves or the stems: they are poisonous ! The main substances of Solomon’s Seal tea are vitamins, saponins (similar to diosgenin), flavonoids. A solution made of roost or rhizomes is used in alternative medicine as an astringent, demulcent, and tonic. The dried roots are a great laxative and restorative, and is does wonders when it comes to inflammations of the stomach, indigestion, profuse menstruation, piles, general debility, bowels and chronic dysentery. You can also apply Solomon’s Seal roots on open cuts or eczema. Solomon’s Seal Tea Benefits Solomon’s Seal tea is useful for a lot of things and it has proven its medical and culinary utility in time. Ladies will find this plant very interesting and nevertheless important: a decoction made of Solomon’s Seal can be used as an excellent face rinse (think of it as a natural makeup remover or an organic face treatment). Solomon’s Seal tea is also a good remedy when it comes to kidney problems, heart conditions and nevertheless sexual problems. A solution of Solomon’s Seal can be used in case of internal bleeding, indigestion and other stomach and digestive system complaints. Let’s not forget that oil infused with Solomon’s Seal tea should always be kept in the medical cabinet: is great for broken bones or strains, torn ligaments and joint problems. How to make Solomon’s Seal Tea Infusion Solomon’s Seal tea can only be made from this herb’s rhizomes. What you need to do is take the roots and boil them for 15-20 minutes (depending on how dry they are). If they are freshly harvested, 10 minutes should do the trick. Put the solution in a bottle and drink it whenever you feel like it, but not more that 2 cups per day. Drinking too much Solomon’s Seal tea can cause diarrhea and other stomach problems. Solomon’s Seal Tea Side Effects Solomon’s Seal tea has few side effects. However, a high dosage may cause aching finger joints or heart burn. If any of that happened to you, see a doctor as soon as possible! Solomon’s Seal Tea- Contraindications Do not take Solomon’s Seal tea if you are suffering from diarrhea or other digestive track conditions, such as ulcer. It may cause serious damage to you and your body. Before starting any type of diet or treatment that involves Solomon’s Seal tea, see a doctor first. The benefits of Solomon’s Seal tea are many. Next time you’re looking for a natural treatment, add Solomon’s Seal Tea to your shopping list and just give it a try!... solomon`s seal tea health benefits

Spermacoce Hispida

Linn.

Synonym: Borreria articularis (Linn. f.) F.N. Williams. Borreria hispida (L.) K. Schum. Spermacoce articularis L. f.

Family: Rubiaceae.

Habitat: The Himalaya, from Simla westwards to Assam and southwards to Kanyakumari.

Ayurvedic: Madana Ghanti.

Siddha/Tamil: Nellichoori.

Action: Leaves—an extract is given as an astringent in haemorrhoids and gall stones. Seeds—demulcent; given in diarrhoea and dysentery. Root—prescribed as a mouthwash to cure toothache. A decoction of the herb is used in the treatment of headache.

The weed is rich in calcium and phosphorus; contains beta-sitosterol, ursolic acid and D-mannitol.

The plant gave alkaloid borreline, along with beta-sitosterol, ursolic acid and iso-rhamnetin.... spermacoce hispida

T-helper Cells

A type of lymphocyte which assists the B-Lymphocytes in producing antibodies.... t-helper cells

Teaching Hospital

A hospital that provides education for students in the health professions.... teaching hospital

Thistle, Holy

Purification, Hex Breaking... thistle, holy

Thyrotrophin-releasing Hormone (trh)

A hormone (see HORMONES) produced and released by the HYPOTHALAMUS which stimulates the release of THYROTROPHINSTIMULATING HORMONE (TSH) by the PITUITARY GLAND.... thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (trh)

Thyrotrophin-stimulating Hormone (tsh)

A hormone (see HORMONES) manufactured and released by the anterior part of the PITUITARY GLAND which stimulates the THYROID GLAND to manufacture and release thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRI-IODOTHYRONINE).... thyrotrophin-stimulating hormone (tsh)

Transport Host

An animal merely acting as a transporter for a parasite, c.f. Paratemic host.... transport host

Ventricular Hypertrophy

Enlargement of the ventricular chambers of the HEART, a common complication of HYPERTENSION and coronary artery disease (see HEART, DISEASES OF). Treatment is of the underlying conditions and cardiac drugs which facilitate the working of the heart.... ventricular hypertrophy

Very Sheltered Housing

See “extra care sheltered housing”.... very sheltered housing

Speedwell Tea Organic Health Benefits

Speedwell Tea is and it has been for centuries used mainly for its soothing effects. Speedwell is a perennial herb that grows mostly in Europe. The French people used it in the 19th century as a very good replacement for ordinary tea, because of its bitter and astringent flavor. Nowadays, Speedwell Tea is used to calm any skin irritation, throat ache or cough. Speedwell Tea Properties Speedwell Tea is a great remedy for almost any health condition that involves inflammation or localized pain. You can use it as a supplementary aid or as a main treatment as well. There are many types of Speedwell Tea solutions, such as infusions, tonics or tinctures. Also, pressing the smashed plant on a open cut will calm your pain and bring relief if you are suffering from irritated skin. You can benefit from this plant’s wonders at home, preparing the tea by yourself or buy it from the tea shop. However, if you are thinking about making it at home, pay attention to our advice on How to prepare Speedwell Tea. Speedwell Tea Benefits Speedwell Tea has been used for many years as a panacea for almost any health problems. Its main use was in treating gall stones and colds. In our times, alternative medicine found new and excited benefits of Speedwell Tea in treating light-headedness, damaged hearing, sinusitis and ear infections. Also, if you are suffering from nephritic problems, skin ailments, hemorrhages or have a small opened wound, Speedwell Tea may come in hand. The leaves and roots of speedwell are astringent, gently diuretic, stomachic, slightly expectorant and stimulant. Lately, herbalists around the world announced the benefits that Speedwell Tea offers when treating ulcers or blockages of the respiratory system. How to make Speedwell Tea Infusion When making Speedwell Tea infusion, you need to pay attention to a couple of things. First of all, you need to decide if you are using Speedwell powder, freshly picked Speedwell plants or dry roots. Put the ingredients in a pot of boiled water and wait for the benefits of Speedwell Tea to be released. If you are using powder, wait only 10 minutes. For dry roots or fresh plants, 15 to 20 minutes, depending on the amount of water used. For better results and a more concentrated solution, wait another 15 minutes. You can drink it or use it on your affected area. Also, you can use the powder directly on an open cut or wound. Speedwell Tea Side Effects Speedwell Tea has almost no side effects at all. Just make sure you don’t drink more than 3 cups a day or you’ll get diarrhea and also experience vomiting sensations. Other than that, go for it! Speedwell Tea Contraindications Don’t take Speedwell Tea if you are already suffering from diarrhea or have vomiting episodes. Also, if you have a dry throat, this tea may not be the best idea for you. However, if you experience any of the symptoms mentioned before and are still thinking about taking Speedwell Tea, talk to a specialist before boiling the water. Judging by this tea’s popularity and the great reviews that people around the world gave, it’s fair to say that Speedwell tea should have its own place in your list of herbal remedies. If you have on open cut and are tired of your medicine cabinet, add Speedwell Tea to your shopping cart next time you’re shopping for natural treatments!... speedwell tea organic health benefits

Stephania Hernandiifolia

Walp.

Synonym: S. japonica Miers. S. sotunda Hook. f. & Thorns.

Family: Menispermaceae.

Habitat: Forests of the Western and Eastern Ghats.

Ayurvedic: Used as Raaj-Paathaa in the South. (Raaj-Paathaa is also equated with Cyclea arnotii Miers in southern and eastern parts of India).

Action: Root—prescribed in skin diseases, pruritus, inflamed piles, internal abscesses, urinary diseases, vomiting, diarrhoea, colic, respiratory disorders and as a cardiotonic.

The plant is rich in alkaloids. Aerial parts gave epi-stephanine (aknadine), hernandifoline, aknadinine and mag- noflorine. Alkaloid aknadine shows significant antispasmodic activity on uterine spasms. Cytotoxic alkaloids include d-and dl-tetrandrine, d-iso- chondrodendrine and fangchinoline. The alkaloid, epi-stephanine (akna- dine) possesses adrenergic neuron blocking activity.... stephania hernandiifolia

Virtual Hospital

See HOSPITAL.... virtual hospital

Water-hammer Pulse

The peculiarly sudden PULSE that is associated with incompetence of the AORTIC VALVE of the heart.... water-hammer pulse

Werthheim’s Hysterectomy

A major operation done to remove cancer of the UTERUS or ovary (see OVARIES). The ovaries, FALLOPIAN TUBES, the uterus and its ligaments, the upper VAGINA, and the regional LYMPH NODES are all excised.... werthheim’s hysterectomy

Wheelchair Housing

Housing designed for wheelchair users.... wheelchair housing

White Hair

The greying or whitening of hair which takes place with age is due to a loss of its pigment, MELANIN, and the collection of air bubbles in the shaft of the hair. There is no evidence that hair ever goes white overnight, whether in response to shock, strain or any other cause. Rapid whitening may occur patchily in a matter of days, but it is more often a matter of weeks or months. In the more rapid cases the cause is thought to be a form of ALOPECIA in which the dark hairs which fall out are replaced by white hairs. An alternative cause is VITILIGO. Certain drugs, including mephenesin and CHLOROQUINE, may also cause whitening of the hair.... white hair

Xiao Hong

(Chinese) Of the morning rainbow... xiao hong

Underlined Herbs

 remedies are underlined. For instance, leading remedies for treatment of neuralgia are Chamomile and Valerian. ... underlined herbs

Arthritis – Of Infective Hepatitis

Inflammatory disease of a joint or joints may follow invasion of organism in infective hepatitis for which primary treatment would be directed to the liver.

See: INFECTIVE HEPATITIS.

Treatment. To include liver agents: Barberry, Fringe Tree, Balmony or Milk Thistle. ... arthritis – of infective hepatitis

Steroid Hormone

These are fats similar to, and usually synthesized from, cholesterol, starting with Acetyl-CoA, moving through squalene, past lanosterol, into cholesterol, and, in the gonads and adrenal cortex, back to a number of steroid hormones. Nearly all of the classic hormones are proteins or smaller peptides; they don’t get inside a cell (the membrane keeps them out); instead, they bind to, and initiate, cell changes from the outside. The exceptions are the thyroxines (from the thyroid) and the steroid hormones. They move into the cell, bind with receptors, and initiate changes in the way a cell regenerates itself or synthesizes new compounds. Because the steroid hormones stimulate cell growth, either by changing the internal structure or increasing the rate of proliferation, they are often called anabolic steroids. Estrogen, an ovarian steroid, when secreted into the bloodstream, will be bound within a short time by internal receptors inside those cells that need estrogen for their growth; the unused portion is partially broken down, mostly in the liver, and partially stored in a less active form by adipose tissue. Since luteinizing hormone from the pituitary is surged in pulses an hour apart, the estrogen is also surged from the reacting ovaries, and by the time more estrogen is available, the binding cells need more; their program of synthesis has run out and needs to be started again. Of course, most steroid hormone reactions are less measured than this, but you get the idea.... steroid hormone

Tea For Hair

Tea is a natural beverage that helps us stay healthy. It has plenty of health benefits related to our body - and this includes our hair, as well. Tea can act as a natural treatment for our hair. Find out more about teas for hair! Why choose tea for hair Tea can help you with various hair problems. Even if you do not have problems, you can use it as a natural “conditioner”. Benefits of tea for hair include: promoting hair growth, keeping your scalp clean, making your hair soft and shiny, acting as a mild, natural hair dye. Tea for hair Green tea is useful when it comes to preventing hair loss. Consumption of green tea reduces DHT levels and promotes blood circulation. To get these benefits, you can either drink green tea daily, massage your scalp after having rinsed your hair with green tea, or use hair care products which list green tea among their ingredients. Black tea also reduces hair loss. Besides this, it makes your hair soft and shiny, and it also acts as a mild, natural hair dye. Rinsing your hair with black tea can either darken it or bring out your natural highlights. Teas can help with hair growth, too. Types of tea which promote hair growth include nettle tea, lemongrass tea, rosemary tea and chamomile tea (which also helps you relax and reduces stress). Chamomile tea helps with scalp problems, as well, and so do burdock tea, comfrey root tea, calendula tea and marshmallow tea. Also, if you have problems with damaged hair, rinse it with neem tea. Side effects of tea for hair Side effects of green tea and black tea are related to the caffeine content which can be found in the Camellia Sinensis plant. If you know that coffee is not good for you, you might get some of these symptoms: dizziness, insomnia, loss of appetite and irritability. Rosemary tea should not be given to children under 18. Also, it should not be drunk by people taking blood-thinning drugs or high blood pressure medications. And as for marshmallow tea, it should not be drunk by people who suffer from diabetes or liver diseases. Tea can act as a natural conditioner for your hair. At the same time, when drinking it, you get many more health benefits, as well. Make sure you use these teas for hair!... tea for hair

Australian Journal Of Medical Herbalism

Quarterly publication of the National Herbalists Association of Australia. Australian medicinal plants, Government reports, case studies, books, plant abstracts. For subscription details and complimentary copy of the Journal contact: NHAA, PO Box 65, Kingsgrove NSW 2208, Australia. Tel: +61(02) 502 2938. Annual subscription (Aus) $40 (overseas applicants include $15 for air mail, otherwise sent by sea mail). ... australian journal of medical herbalism

Box’s Herbal Ointment

Ingredients: Slippery Elm 10.5 per cent; Marshmallow 10.5 per cent; soft yellow paraffin to 100 per cent. General purposes. Now obsolete. ... box’s herbal ointment

Breasts, Hard

To soften. Creams: Calendula, Chickweed, Aloe Vera, Evening Primrose. Castor oil (cold compress). ... breasts, hard

Breasts, Nipple – To Harden

Bathe nipple with Vodka or gin. ... breasts, nipple – to harden

British Herb Tea

Equal parts: Agrimony, Great Burnet, Meadowsweet, Raspberry leaves, Wood Betony. Infuse as domestic tea, as strong and as frequently as desired. ... british herb tea

British Herbal Pharmacopoeia

World-accepted work. New edition published: 1990, fully revised and updated. Over 80 monographs. Official publication of the British Herbal Medicine Association to set and maintain standards of herbal medicine. Does not contain Therapeutic Section and index that appear in the 1983 edition, but describes macroscopical and microscopical characteristics. Quantitative standards, methods of identification, commercial form and source and description of the powdered form. BHP 1990 vol 1 is available from BHMA Publications, PO Box 304, Bournemouth, Dorset, England BH7 6JZ (£35). Abbreviation: BHP. ... british herbal pharmacopoeia

Tea For Good Health

A good health means that all your system works properly and that there’s nothing that could give you a hard time. Generally, people think that if nothing hurts, they have a very strong health, when the truth is that they can’t really tell what’s going on with their body. In order to make sure everything is fine, you have to see a specialist. However, if your health is in danger, there are some teas that could work miracles for you and your body. Just give them a try! How Tea for Good Health Works A Tea for Good Health’s main purpose is to ameliorate your affections and induce a state of calmness and well-being. However, these teas are very useful if you have a very deficient immune system or you’re very sensitive to a series of external factors which may cause you colds, flu or asthenia. If that is the case, a Tea for Good Health will make your body produce the necessary amount of enzymes and nutrients in order to restore your natural health. Aside from Green Tea and Yerba Mate Tea, few teas can be taken for any problem. Not many teas have the same number of active ingredients capable to sustain life, like these two teas have. Efficient Tea for Good Health When choosing a Tea for Good Health, you need to keep in mind the fact that you’re looking for a decoction that’s both efficient and safe. If you don’t know which teas are good to strengthen your immune system, here’s a list to choose from: - Ginger Tea – the well known Chinese tea has a lot of benefits in store for you. Some say that it also cures a lot of affections, such as stress, anxiety and sore throat. Ginger Tea has a pleasant taste; just make sure you use the right amount of herbs when preparing a decoction in order to avoid irritations of the stomach, diarrhea and intolerance to acid foods and drinks. - Peppermint Tea – it’s good for a series of conditions, starting with digestive tract diseases and ending with respiratory system affections. It has a pleasant taste and it’s also one hundred percent safe. You can also use it if you’re suffering from diarrhea, bloating, vomiting and nausea. - Chamomile Tea – the world’s greatest panacea can be used to treat and bring relief to almost any medical problem, from sore throats to diabetes and menstrual or menopausal pains. You may also give it a try in case you’re suffering from stress, anxiety, migraines or headaches. A Chamomile Tea compress will turn this great Tea for Good Health into a reliable disinfector. - Rooibos Tea – rich in vitamin C, this tea can be taken to treat any auto-immune deficiency, such as colds, flu, soreness, pleurisy or pulmonary edema. Just make sure you don’t take more than 2 cups per day in order to avoid other health complications. Tea for Good Health Side Effects When taken properly, these teas are generally safe. However, high dosages may lead to a number of problems such as diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, upset stomach or even hallucinations. If you’ve been taking one of these teas for a while and you’re experiencing some unusual reactions from your body, talk to a specialist as soon as possible. Talk to an herbalist or ask your doctor before starting any kind of herbal treatment and be well informed of the risks. If you have your doctor’s ok on the matter and there’s nothing that could interfere with your herbal treatment, choose a Tea for Good Health that seems right for you and enjoy its wonderful benefits!... tea for good health

Tea For Headaches

Headaches are described as a powerful pain in the forehead area. It may be caused by a number of factors, such as noise, a powerful smell, pregnancy, stress, anxiety. Sometimes, headaches go as quickly as they come. However, when the pain is really high, you need to treat it. Since this is not a serious affection, herbalists recommend that you take a tea. How Tea for Headaches works A Tea for Headaches’ main goal is to make your body release the nutrients and enzymes necessary to make pain and stress go away. They also nourish your nervous system by stimulating your brain cells’ activity. In other words, the active constituents of these teas trigger a positive reaction from your body. No tea contains the necessary substances for your body to function one way or another. Their role is to provide your organism with enough energy to produce it itself. Efficient Tea for Headaches If you suffer from headaches, but you’re tired of traditional medicine, choose a tea that is both effective and safe and give it a try. If you don’t know which tea fits you best, here’s a list to choose from: - Green Tea – not only that it contains all the necessary substances capable to sustain life, but this particular Tea for Headaches has also a great effect on you in case you’re suffering from colds, flu, a sore throat or upset stomach. However, avoid it at all costs if you are pregnant or experiencing menstrual or menopausal pains. In high dosage, may cause miscarriage, nausea, upset stomach and vomiting. - Cinnamon Tea – is a rich in manganese, iron, fiber and calcium, making it one of the best headaches remedies. Do not drink more than 3 cups per day in order to avoid digestive tract complications, such as diarrhea, constipation or upset stomach. - Ginger Tea – nourishes your nervous system and gives your body a boost of energy. Pay attention to the amount of herb you’re using: too much can cause dried mouth, nausea and vomiting and you may experience a slight intolerance to acids foods and drinks. - Chamomile Tea – works magic on your mental and physical health. Helps out with menstrual and menopausal pains, colds, stress, anxiety and flu. It is also the safest Tea for Headaches and you can turn it into a daily habit if you’ve decided to give up coffee. Tea for Headaches Side Effects When taken properly, these teas are generally safe. However, high dosage may lead to a number of problems such as constipation, vomiting and nausea. If you are experiencing any negative reactions, talk to your doctor as soon as possible and do not try to treat it at home! Do not take any herbal treatment without asking your doctor first in order to be informed and avoid complications. Once you have the green light, choose a Tea for Headaches that fits you best and enjoy its wonderful benefits!... tea for headaches

Canadian Hemp

Apocynum cannabinum L. French: Apocyn. German: Hanfhundsgift. Italian: Apocino a fiori erbacei. Rhizome, root.

Action: expectorant, diuretic, diaphoretic, emetic. Contains cardiac glycosides. Action similar to strophanthus, digitalis and adonis. General medical practitioner use only.

Uses: cardiac dropsy, pleuritic effusion. Preparations. Liquid Extract: 0.05 to 0.25ml. Tincture: 0.2 to 0.5ml, in water. ... canadian hemp

Tea For Heart Health

Heart conditions may be triggered by many causes, from stomach pains to vascular strokes and depression. However, some people have a congenital predisposition for cardiac problems and all they can do is treat this affection as it is. Having a heart problem could mean that your heart is not pumping enough blood (or too much), that you have an abnormal growth which weakens your circulatory system or that you suffer from arrhythmia (a disease in which your blood flow is never constant, but fluctuates depending on the situation). How a Tea for Heart Health Works A Tea for Heart Health’s main goal is to prevent diseases from developing and treating the already installed ones. If that is the case, you may want to look after teas and tinctures which contain a high level of antioxidants, natural enzymes, volatile oils and minerals (sodium, iron, magnesium and manganese) and are low on acids (in high concentrations, they may cause heartburn). Efficient Tea for Heart Health In order to work properly, a Tea for Heart Health needs to be both efficient and one hundred percent safe. Remember that you must schedule an appointment with your doctor before self medicating! This way, you’ll eliminate the risk of triggering other health problems and you’ll know for sure what’s wrong with your body. If you don’t know which teas could have a positive effect on you, here’s a list for guidance: - Green Tea – according to specialists, this Tea for Heart Health contains all the ingredients necessary to sustain life, so it’s useful for a wide range of ailments, from sore throats, headaches and migraines to infertility and erectile dysfunctions. However, you may want to avoid it if you’re experiencing menstrual and menopausal symptoms (due to its acids level, it may cause uterine contractions). - Yerba Mate Tea – named “the new green tea” by the herbalists, this decoction is a great choice for many problems, such as loss of appetite, asthenia or anemia. Although it remains yet unknown to European public, Yerba Mate Tea is very popular in South American regions. However, don’t drink more than 2 cups per day! High dosages may lead to death! - Chamomile Tea – has curative properties which are benefic for a series of health problems, from nausea, diarrhea, upset stomach to infertility and hot flashes. This Tea for Heart Health has a pleasant taste and a lovely smell. Plus, it’s one hundred percent safe, so you can drink as much as you want. If you’re thinking about giving up on coffee, Chamomile Tea can be a great replacer. Tea for Heart Health Side Effects When taken properly, these teas are generally safe. However, exceeding the number of cups recommended per day may lead to a number of problems, such as stomach pain, nausea, headaches and even death. Before starting any kind of herbal treatment, make sure you’re well informed of the risks that may occur. Don’t take a Tea for Heart Health if you’re pregnant, breastfeeding, on blood thinners or anticoagulants. The same advice if you’re preparing for a surgery. If you’ve been taking one of these teas for a while and something doesn’t feel quite right, ask for medical assistance right away! Once you have the green light from your doctor and there’s nothing that could interfere with your treatment, choose a Tea for Heart Health that fits best your condition and enjoy its great benefits!... tea for heart health

Tea For Heartburn

Heartburn or indigestion is primarily caused by the back-flow of stomach acid into the esophagus, providing a burning feeling in the chest. It seems that the symptoms of heartburn are worsened by bending over or lying down. How Tea for Heartburn works Teas for Heartburn alleviate the abovementioned symptoms. Efficient Teas for Heartburn There are some teas which proved to be efficient in treating heartburn: ginger tea , fennel seed tea, meadowsweet tea and peppermint tea . Meadowsweet is good for heartburn in two ways: by protecting the lining of the stomach and esophagus and reducing the inflammation caused by the acid. To prepare Meadowsweet tea, add 1 to 2 tablespoons of dried flowers in 1 cup of boiling water. Steep it for about 10 minutes. Strain it and drink it slowly. The tea can be taken three times a day. Peppermint is a popular herb, which is said to soothe the pain of heartburn and indigestion: it calms irritated muscles from the digestive tract and decreases the production of stomach acid. Also, it increases bile production by allowing food to pass rapidly. To prepare Peppermint tea, add 1 tablespoon of dried leaves in 1 cup of boiling water. Steep it for 15 minutes. Strain it and drink it when necessary. Tea for Heartburn: Side effects Meadowsweet tea should not be used together with blood thinners. It is advisable not to give Peppermint tea to children. Also, pregnant women should not drink this tea. Studies showed that patients with gallstones are not recommended to consume tea for heartburn. Teas for Heartburn are always good to have while going on a trip or just changing eating habits.... tea for heartburn

Cleansing Herbs

Typical formula. Senna 70 per cent; Buckthorn 5 per cent; Fennel 10 per cent; Mate 5 per cent; Elder 5 per cent; Psyllium seeds 5 per cent. Brownish green powder. Quarter of a teaspoon or more taken on retiring: children 5-10 years half this quantity, washed down with warm water. A combination of herbs, barks and seeds for the relief of occasional or non-persistent constipation. ... cleansing herbs

Cosmetic Herbs

Today it is possible to blend age-old beauty lore with modern scientific pharmacy. Wide ranges of products are based on totally natural ingredients such as Rosemary, Avocado, Chamomile, Lime flowers, Aloe Vera and Jojoba in the form of make-up, skin-care, hair-care and toiletry preparations. ... cosmetic herbs

Cow Parsley, Himalayan

Heracleum brunonis benth, (umbellifera). Contains coumarins. Related to Angelica.

Action. Photosensitiser, antifungal, tuberculostatic. (Journal of Natural Products 1987, 50(5), pp997-8) Uses. Leucoderma. Vitiligo. Reputed fading of coloured areas of skin. ... cow parsley, himalayan

European Journal Of Herbal Medicine

Published three times a year by The National Institute of Medical Herbalists, 9 Palace Gate, Exeter, Devon, England EX1 1JA. Material of high quality on all subjects relevant to the practice of herbal medicine, creating a forum for sharing information and opinion about developments in the field, including scientific, professional and political issues of importance to the medical herbalist. ... european journal of herbal medicine

Tea For Hydration

Hydration represents the ability of the body to manage water. The optimal hydration is not provided by water only. It should be accompanied by fruit and vegetable consumption. There are some symptoms which come with dehydration: little or no urine or urine that is darker than usual, dry mouth, sleepiness or fatigue, extreme thirst, headache, confusion, feeling dizzy or lightheaded, no tears when crying. How Tea for Hydration works A tea for hydration usually helps the body to keep water within. Efficient Teas for Hydration It has been proved that herbal tea as mint and verbena are efficient for hydration. Mint is a well known plant, due to its ability to soothe the digestive tract. It is appreciated for its flavor and taste, being an important ingredient in the pharmaceutical industry. To prepare Mint tea, infuse 2 tablespoons of dried leaves in a cup of boiling water. After steeping it about 15 minutes, you may enjoy the beverage. As a tea for hydration, Mint tea has been used for centuries all over the planet. It enhances the ability of cells to keep water within for a longer period of time. Verbena is a plant originating from South America (Argentina, Brazil, Peru and Paraguay). It has a lemony scent, being preferred in the perfume industry. In cuisine, verbena could replace oregano, especially in fish and poultry dishes. To prepare Verbena tea , immerse about 2 teaspoons of dried verbena herbs or ¼ teaspoon of fresh leaves and tops into one cup of boiling water. Let the mixture soak and steep for about 5 minutes. Drink it slowly. Honey can be added to enhance flavor. As a tea for hydration, Verbena tea is an adjuvant in keeping water in the human tissues. Tea for Hydration: Side Effects Rarely, teas for hydration may induce diarrhea. In these cases, cease consumption and ask for your doctor’s advice. Teas for hydration are a good choice when the body needs extra hydration and also when the person is on a diet, goes outside on a hot weather or practices sports.... tea for hydration

Tea For Lucid Dreams

Having a lucid dream means dreaming while being aware of the fact that you are dreaming. However, many people become lucid in the middle of the dream or, on the contrary, fall lose reality contact after being lucid at first. Although traditional medicine can’t be very helpful in these cases, alternative medicine has a few tricks up its sleeve. How a Tea for Lucid Dreams Works A Tea for Lucid Dreams’ main purpose is to make you recall what you have dreamed by calming your nervous system and improving your memory function. These teas are good for a number of other diseases, such as memory loss, headaches or migraines. However, talk to an herbalist or to your doctor before starting any kind of herbal treatment in order to make sure everything will be alright. Efficient Tea for Lucid Dreams In order to work properly, a Tea for Lucid Dreams needs to be both very efficient and one hundred percent safe (since lucid dreams are not exactly a medical problem, you may want to avoid developing one). A tea that is rich in antioxidants, nutrients, tannins, volatile oils and minerals (sodium, magnesium, iron, manganese) would be very adequate. You may want to avoid teas with a large amount of acid agents (they could cause stomach pain). If you don’t know which teas could be useful for lucid dreams, here’s a list for guidance: - Green Tea – contains all the ingredients necessary to sustain life, so it’s useful for a wide range of ailments, not just lucid dreams. If you’re suffering from infertility, anemia, asthenia, loss of appetite, digestive tract complaints or nervous system failure, this decoction could also be useful. However, you must avoid it at all costs if you’re experiencing some menstrual or menopausal symptoms. The same advice if you’re pregnant (it may cause uterine contractions and therefore miscarriage). - Valerian Tea – was been used as a sleep aid since ancient times, when the Romans and the Greeks took it before going to bed. This Tea for Lucid Dreams, thanks to its active compounds, is a mild sedative and could also work miracles on your nervous system. However, you need to make sure that you don’t exceed the number of cups recommended per day in order to avoid hallucinations, tiredness or even death. - Chamomile Tea – of course, the world’s greatest panacea shouldn’t be left aside. If you’re having trouble remembering your dreams, try a cup of Chamomile Tea before you go to bed! This Tea has a great fragrance and a pleasant smell. Plus, it’s one hundred percent safe so you can drink as much as you want. Tea for Lucid Dreams Side Effects When taken according to specifications, these teas are generally safe. However, exceeding the number of cups recommended per day may lead to a number of health problems, such as diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, upset stomach or even death! If you’ve been taking one of these decoctions for a while and you’re experience a negative response from your body, ask for medical assistance right away! Don’t take a Tea for Lucid Dreams if you’re pregnant, breastfeeding, on blood thinners or anticoagulants. The same advice in case you’re preparing for a surgery. If your doctor says it’s ok to start an herbal treatment, choose a tea that fits best your requirements and enjoy its wonderful benefits!  ... tea for lucid dreams

Eyes  - Retinal Haemorrhage

See: BLEEDING. ... eyes  - retinal haemorrhage

Father Pierre’s Monastery Herbs

Contain Frangula 2.5 per cent, Senna leaves 65.25 per cent, Ispaghula 6.75 per cent, Meadowsweet 5.125 per cent, Mate leaves 13.5 per cent, Nettles 6.75 per cent. Non-persistent constipation. ... father pierre’s monastery herbs

Gerard House

Founded by Thomas Bartram, 1958, with formulae used with success in his busy practice as Consulting Medical Herbalist, Bournemouth, England. Objects: to spread knowledge of herbal medicine and to provide a reliable service of safe alternatives to drugs. Foundation named after John Gerard in the belief that the science of the herbalist makes an important contribution towards national health. ... gerard house

Glentona Herbal Blood Purifier

Popular blood tonic of the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. Ingredients: Liquid Extract Liquorice 5 per cent, Infusion Gentian Co Conc 10 per cent, Infusion Senna Conc 5 per cent. And 25 per cent alcoholic extractive from Burdock 5 per cent, Red Clover 5 per cent, Queen’s root 2.5 per cent, Yellow Dock root 1.25 per cent, Poke root 2.5 per cent, Sarsaparilla 2.5 per cent. (Carter Bros) ... glentona herbal blood purifier

Weight And Height

Charts relating height to age have been devised, and give an indication of the normal rate of growth. (See APPENDIX 6: MEASUREMENTS IN MEDICINE for more details.) The wide variation in normal children is immediately apparent on studying such charts. Deviations from the mean of this wide range are called percentiles. Centile or percentile charts describe the distribution of a characteristic in a population. They are obtained by measuring a speci?c characteristic in a large population of at least 1,000 of each sex at each age. For each age there will be a height, above and below which 50 per cent of the population lies: this is called the 50th centile. The 50th centile thus indicates the mean height at a particular age. Such tables are less reliable around the age of PUBERTY, because of variation in age of onset.

Minor variations from the mean do not warrant investigation, but if the height of an individual falls below the third centile (3 per cent of normal children have a height that falls below the third centile) or above the 97th centile, investigation is required. Changes in the rate of growth are also important, and skeletal proportions may provide useful information. There are many children who are normal but who are small in relation to their parents; the problem is merely growth delay. These children take longer to reach maturity and there is also a proportional delay in their skeletal maturation – so that the actual height must always be assessed in relation to maturity. The change in skeletal proportions is one manifestation of maturity, but other features include the maturing of facial features with the growth of nose and jaw, and dental development. Maturity of bone can readily be measured by the radiological bone age.

Failure to gain weight is of more signi?cance. Whilst this may be due to some underlying disease, the most common cause is a diet containing inadequate calories (see CALORIE). Over the last six decades or so there has been quite a striking increase in the heights and weights of European children, with manufacturers of children’s clothing, shoes and furniture having to increase the size of their products. Growth is now completed at 20–21 years, compared with 25 at the turn of the century. It has been suggested that this increase, and earlier maturation, have been due to a combination of genetic mixing as a result of population movements, with the whole range of improvement in environmental hygiene – and not merely to better nutrition.

In the case of adults, views have changed in recent years concerning ‘ideal’ weight. Life-insurance statistics have shown that maximal life expectancy is obtained if the average weight at 25–30 years is maintained throughout the rest of life. These insurance statistics also suggest that it is of advantage to be slightly over the average weight before the age of 30 years; to be of average weight after the age of 40; and to be underweight from ages 30–40. In the past it has been usual, in assessing the signi?cance of an adult’s weight, to allow a 10 per cent range on either side of normal for variations in body-build. A closer correlation has been found between thoracic and abdominal measurements and weight.... weight and height

White Tea - Health Benefits, Information

White tea is a fruity low-caffeine beverage with a delicate aroma and a sweet or bittersweet taste. Despite its name, it has a pale yellow colour. White tea originated in the Fujian province of China sometime in the 18th century. Green tea and black tea are made from the leaves of the tea plant, whereas white tea is prepared from its white fuzzy buds. White tea is minimally processed, withered in natural sunlight and only slightly oxidized. White Tea Brewing White tea brewing is a quite easy procedure. When preparing white tea, preferably use water heated at a below boiling temperature of approximately 80 degrees Celsius and steep it for three to five minutes. White tea should be enjoyed plain because milk might neutralize its beneficial properties. White Tea Health Benefits White tea consumption offers your body numerous health benefits by boosting the immune system and strengthening its power to fight against viruses and bacteria. The beverage is also effective in the prevention of dental plaque, one of the main causes of tooth decay, and it may also have a beneficial effect for people afflicted with osteoporosis or arthritis. Research shows that some white tea compounds protect against cancer, reduce the cholesterol level and improve artery function, thus lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease. The antioxidants in white tea protect the skin and make it appear healthy and radiant. Regular consumption of white tea may also prevent obesity and aid in the weight-loss process. White tea increases metabolism, encouraging the burning of fat. White Tea Side Effects Although white tea has low caffeine content, some people may still experience unpleasant side effects which include anxiety, sleeping difficulties, nausea, faster heart rate, tremors or gastrointestinal problems. Enjoy the pleasant aroma ofwhite tea and its health benefits at any time of the day. You have a wide range of white teas you can choose from and you can drink as many as four cups a day. White tea is definitely one of nature’s great gifts!... white tea - health benefits, information

Green Health Cup

Feed into an electric juicer leaves of any one kind of leaf (Mint, Alfalfa, etc). For Green Multicup juice any number of different leaves: Alfalfa, Chard, Dandelion, Carrots, Parsley, Beet Greens, Filaree, Spinach, Celery, Mint, Kale. Discard stems.

Green drinks are important sources of chlorophyll, vitamins and minerals and are regarded as preventive medicine. ... green health cup

Anaemia: Haemolytic

A blood condition due to abnormal destruction of red blood cells in the spleen.

Causes: hereditary background with deficiency of cell enzymes or cell membrane weakness; wrongly matched blood transfusion, environmental chemicals, food additives, colourings, drugs, infections. Symptoms. Pale face, sore tongue, headache, dizziness, palpitations, breathlessness, angina, weakness, loss of weight and appetite, jaundice (yellow skin), feverishness, vague aches and pains, enlarged spleen and pain under left ribs.

Treatment. Under hospital supervision.

Echinacea has a long reputation for regeneration of red blood cells: experience shows it beneficial for this type of anaemia. To assist control of symptoms: Gentian, Motherwort, Mugwort, Barberry, Hops, Saw Palmetto.

Bitter herbs stimulate the stomach, liver and pancreas. By increasing the appetite they benefit digestion and are given half an hour before meals by tea or decoction: Hops, Quassia chips, Angostura, Feverfew, Bogbean.

Formula. Tea. Milk Thistle 2; Betony 1; Hops 1. Mix. 1-2 teaspoon to each cup boiling water. Infuse 5-15 minutes. 1 cup, thrice daily.

Decoction. Echinacea 1; Sarsaparilla 1; Peruvian bark half; Saw Palmetto half. Mix. 2 teaspoons to 2 cups water, simmer gently 20 minutes. Half a cup, cold, thrice daily before meals.

For weak heart add one part Hawthorn; neurasthenia (Ginkgo); swelling of ankles (Lily of the Valley); loss of hormonal balance (Ginseng).

Prognosis. Surgical removal of spleen may be necessary.

Diet. Dandelion coffee, molasses, desiccated or fresh calves’ liver. Green leafy vegetables, dried beans, apricots. Shellfish, milk, eggs, Soya, meats. Supplements. Daily. Vitamin B12 1mg; Vitamin C, 1g; Folic acid 400mcg; Floradix. ... anaemia: haemolytic

Anti-haemorrhagics

A group of powerful astringents clinical experience has shown to be effective in arresting mild to moderate internal bleeding.

Digestive tract: Marigold, Comfrey, Bur-Marigold, Matico, Shepherd’s Purse, Holy Thistle, American Cranesbill, Goldenseal.

Anal/Rectal: Pilewort, Plantain, Matico, Rhatany root, Witch Hazel.

Mouth: Tormentil.

Nose-bleeds: Nettles.

Uterus. Shepherd’s Purse, Ladies Mantle, Greater Periwinkle, Beth root, Avens, Goldenseal. Urinary system. Bistort, Plantain, Marigold, Stone root, Horsetail, Bur-Marigold.

Lungs. Bugleweed, Elecampane, Lungwort.

Colon. Greater Burnet, Matico, Comfrey, Bistort, Wild Yam, Holy Thistle, Avens, Tormentil. Capillary haemorrhage. Buckwheat. ... anti-haemorrhagics

Athlete’s Heart

Jogger’s heart. Excessive strain on the heart as in running and other sports. Alternatives. Teas. Ginseng, Hawthorn, Marigold, Motherwort.

Tablets/capsules. Ginseng, Hawthorn, Motherwort.

Formula. Ginseng, Hawthorn, Mistletoe, Motherwort. Equal parts. Dose: Powders: 750mg (three 00 capsules or half a teaspoon). Liquid extracts: 1 teaspoon. Tinctures: 2 teaspoons. Thrice daily in water. Practitioner. Tincture Arnica: 1-3 drops in honey, once or twice daily.

First-aid on the track. Ginseng. Arnica.

Diet. See DIET – HEART AND CIRCULATION.

Supplements. Vitamin E (500-1000iu daily), Chromium, Magnesium, Potassium, Selenium. ... athlete’s heart

Haematinics

Agents used to increase haemoglobin in the blood. May be advised for iron-deficiency anaemia. Burdock, Devil’s Claw, Nettles, Red Clover, Yellow Dock. ... haematinics

Hair Analysis

Hair is believed to be a “time capsule” of a person’s metabolic activity. Believed to be a useful means of acquiring information regarding the concentration of mineral nutrients and toxins. Alone, it does not provide sufficient evidence for purposes of diagnosis, but helpful in building a picture of the nutritional state of the patient. ... hair analysis

Hair – Dry

Internally, and externally where lotions, creams etc are available. Burdock root, Comfrey, Elderflowers, Geranium, Marshmallow, Nettles, Parsley, Sage.

Itchy scalp. Catmint leaves and flowers, Chamomile, Comfrey. ... hair – dry

Hair Falling

To arrest recent fall-out where baldness has not been established. See: HAIR LOSS for internal treatments.

Topical. Massage scalp with creams or lotions of Jojoba, Aloe Vera, or wash with strong teas made from Burdock, Sage, Elder leaves, Walnut leaves or Nettles. Apple Cider vinegar.

Aromatherapy. 2 drops each: Sage, Nettles, Thyme to two teaspoons Gin, Vodka or strong spirit. Massage into scalp daily.

Supplements. Biotin, a growth factor, seems to slow down hair loss and is a substitute for oestrogen in a penetrating cream applied to the scalp. Inositol 300mg; Zinc 15mg, daily. ... hair falling

Bean Husks

French beans. Phaseolus vulgaris L. French: Haricot. German: Bohnen. Spanish: Habichuela seca. Italian: Fagoilo. Indian: Khurdya. Chinese: Lu-tou. Iranian: Bendo mash. Constituents: phaseoline, mucilage, minerals including sulphur.

Keynote: kidneys. Part used: pods without beans.

Action: hypotensive, diuretic, anti-diabetic, resolvent, glycaemic – to regulate blood sugar.

Uses: Water retention. Albuminuria (proteinuria), especially of pregnancy. Oedema of cardiac origin. Premenstrual tension. Diabetes mellitus. Hyperinsulinism. To induce loss of weight. Swollen legs and ankles. Hypoglycaemia. Sometimes given in combination with Bladderwrack.

Preparations: Capt Frank Roberts Bean Cure. 40 grams of the dried herb soaked for 6 hours in 750ml (1 and a half pints) cold water. Boil, half an hour. Drink all over 1-2 days for water retention.

Roasted beans: nutritious coffee substitute.

French bean water (after cooking beans without salt) used traditionally in France for a soaked-lint compress for leg ulcer.

Powder. Capsules, 200mg. Dose: 8 capsules: 2 in morning, 3 at midday, 3 in the evening, at beginning of meals. (Arkocaps) ... bean husks

British Herbal Compendium

1990 provides data complementary to each monograph in the British Herbal Pharmacopoeia 1990. Sections on constituents and regulatory status, therapeutic action and indications for use. A valuable text for the practitioner, manufacturer and all involved in herbal medicine. Therapeutic Section records observations and clinical experience of senior practitioners (members of the National Institute of Medical Herbalists). Compiled by the British Herbal Medicine Association Pharmacopoeia Commission which includes scientists, university pharmacognosists, pharmacologists, botanists, consulting medical herbalists, and medical practitioners in an advisory capacity. See abbreviation BHC under preparations. ... british herbal compendium

British Herbal Medicine Association

Before the Medicine’s Bill proceeded to the Statute book to become the Medicine’s Act 1968, so great was the threat to the practice of herbal medicine and sale of herbal preparations, that the profession and trade were galvanised into mobilising opposition. Thus, the British Herbal Medicine Association was formed in 1964. In the ensuing struggle, important concessions were won that ensured survival.

The BHMA is recognised by the Medicines Control Agency as the official representative of the profession and the trade. Its objects are (a) to defend the right of the public to choose herbal remedies and be able to obtain them; (b) to foster research in herbal medicine and establish standards of safety which are a safeguard to the user; (c) to encourage the dissemination of knowledge about herbal remedies, and (d) do everything possible to advance the science and practice of herbal medicine, and to further recognition at all levels.

Membership is open to all interested in the future of herbal medicine, including herbal practitioners, herbal retailers, health food stores, wholesalers, importers, manufacturers, pharmacists, doctors and research workers.

The BHMA produces the British Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Its Scientific Committee is made up of senior herbal practitioners, university pharmacologists and pharmacognosists. Other publications include: BHMA Advertising Code (1978), Medicines Act Advertising guidelines (1979), the Herbal Practitioner’s Guide to the Medicine’s Act (F. Fletcher Hyde), and miscellaneous leaflets on ‘Herbs and Their Uses’.

The BHMA does not train students for examination but works in close co-operation with the National Institute of Medical Herbalists, and with the European Scientific Co-operative on Phytotherapy.

Chairmen since its inception: Frank Power, 1964-1969; Fred Fletcher-Hyde, 1969-1977; Hugh Mitchell 1977-1986; James Chappelle 1986-1990; Victor Perfitt 1990-.

During the years the association has secured important advantages for its membership, particularly continuity of sale of herbal medicines in health food shops. It continues to maintain vigilance in matterss British and European as they affect manufacturing, wholesaling, retailing, prescribing and dispensing.

See: BRITISH HERBAL PHARMACOPOEIA and BRITISH HERBAL COMPENDIUM. ... british herbal medicine association

British Herbal Medicine Association, Scientific Committee, 1995

Peter R. Bradley MSc CChem FRSC (Chairman). Whitehall Laboratories.

Sheila E. Drew BPharm PhD MRPharms. Deputy Head of Technical Services, William Ransom & Son plc.

Fred Fletcher-Hyde BSc FNIMH. President Emeritus, British Herbal Medicine Association. President Emeritus, National Institute of Medical Herbalists.

Simon Y. Mills MA FNIMH. Director, Centre for Complementary Health Studies, University of Exeter. Hugh W. Mitchell MNIMH (Hon). President, British Herbal Medicine Association. Managing Director, Mitchfield Botanics Ltd.

Edward J. Shellard BPharm PhD DSc(Hon) (Warsaw Medical Academy) FRPharmS CChem FRSC FLS. Emeritus Professor of Pharmacognosy, University of London.

Arnold Webster CChem MRSC. Technical Director, English Grains Ltd.

Peter Wetton BSc LRSC. G.R. Lane Health Products Ltd.

Hein Zeylstra FNIMH. Principal. School of Phytotherapy, Sussex. ... british herbal medicine association, scientific committee, 1995

Hair – Greying

Rinse hair with strong decoction of Rosemary, Red Sage or Oak bark: believed to temporarily allay greying of the hair.

Supplements: PABA, Vitamin B-complex, Kelp, Selenium, Zinc. ... hair – greying

Hair – Oily

To condition. Calendula, Clary, all kinds of mints, Horsetail, Lavender, Lemon Balm, Rosemary, Southernwood. Internal and external. ... hair – oily

Hair – Surplus

See: HIRSUTISM.

HAKIMS. A group of herbal therapists, usually Indian or Muslim, who practise the Ayurvedic system of medicine. See: AYURVEDIC.

HALFA SUDANI. Sudanese grass. Hamareb. Traditional reputation in Egypt and the Sudan for breaking- up gravel and stone. Due to high salt content in soil and water, gravel is a common native affliction.

Tea: whole plant: 1oz to 1 pint water simmered 5 minutes. 1 cup freely until all is taken during the day. Continue until positive results ensue. ... hair – surplus

Hamdard National Foundation, Pakistan

Greco-Arabian and Ayurvedic Medicine. Islamic Research and scholarship. Research into natural medicines on the Indian Continent and Far East; traditional medicines of Pakistan. President: Hakim Mohammed Said, distinguished physician, researcher and publisher.

Publications include: Hamdard Pharmacopoeia of Eastern Medicine; Greco-Arabian Concepts of Cardio-vascular Disease; Avicenna’s Tract of Cardiac Drugs and Essays on Arab Cardiotherapy. Scientific journal: Hamdard Medicus – informative articles by world authorities. Hamdard Foundation, Nazimabad, Karachi-18, Pakistan. ... hamdard national foundation, pakistan

Dermatitis, Herpetiformis

 Red inflammation of the skin with blisters. Not eczema. Common cause: gluten, as present in cereals barley, oats, rye, wheat.

Alternatives. Teas. Betony, Burdock, Elderflowers, German Chamomile, Hops, Gotu Kola, Mullein, Plantain, Red Clover, Valerian.

Tea formula. Equal parts, Mullein, Red Clover, Valerian. Mix. 1 heaped teaspoon to each cup boiling water; infuse 15 minutes; 1 cup thrice daily.

Tablets/capsules. Blue Flag, Dandelion, Devil’s Claw, Echinacea, Poke root, Red Clover, Seaweed and Sarsaparilla, Valerian.

Powders. Formula. Equal parts: Burdock root, Dandelion root, Valerian root. Two 00 capsules or one- third teaspoon thrice daily, (500mg).

Liquid extracts or tinctures. Formula. Chickweed 10ml; Poke root 5ml; Meadowsweet 10ml; Valerian 10ml. Dose: liquid extracts, one 5ml teaspoon; tinctures, two 5ml teaspoons. Thrice daily in water. Topical. Apply dilute Tea Tree oil 3-4 times daily. Witch Hazel, Aloe Vera, Vitamin E cream, Evening Primrose oil, or Marshmallow and Slippery Elm ointment. Bran bath.

Diet. Gluten-free.

DERMATITIS, LIGHT. Photo dermatitis. Reddening and blistering of the skin on exposure to sunlight.

See: SUNBURN. ... dermatitis, herpetiformis

Hand Cream

Dry skin: Avocado or Elderblossom cream.

Oily skin: Witch Hazel cream, cleansing milk or skin freshener.

To maintain healthy skin: Cucumber cleansing cream, or milk; Marigold cream.

Formula: Almond oil 2; Apricot kernel oil 1; Beeswax 1. Dissolve in a pan in gentle heat; pour into pots. To soothe chapped hands, wind burn, and for general kitchen use. ... hand cream

Hart’s Tongue

Fern. Phyllitis scolopendrium L. Scolopendrium vulgare L. Dried leaves. Keynotes: liver and spleen.

Constituents: flavonoids, tannins, mucilage.

Action: spleen and liver astringent, pectoral, laxative, diuretic. Uses. Disorders of liver and spleen BHP (1983). Gravel.

Combines well with Fringe Tree BHP (1983).

Preparations: Average dose 2-4g. Thrice daily.

Tea. 1 heaped teaspoon to each cup of boiling water; infuse 15 minutes; dose half-1 cup. Liquid extract. Half-1 teaspoon in water.

Tincture BHP (1983) 1:5 in 45 per cent alcohol; dose 2-6ml. ... hart’s tongue

Healing Herbs

Herbs with outstanding ability to promote granulation and healing of flesh as in injury, ulceration and breakdown of tissue. There are many, chief of which are: Comfrey, Fenugreek, Iceland Moss, Marigold, Witch Hazel. ... healing herbs

Heart - Over-strained

See: ATHLETE’S HEART. ... heart - over-strained

Diet - Heart And Circulation

It is now widely accepted that changes in diet and lifestyle can dramatically reduce the risk of heart disease. Use DIET – GENERAL as a base.

Unsaturated fatty acids, as in vegetable oils, should replace animal fats (saturated fatty acids) that increase deposits of cholesterol on the inner coat of arteries and encourage hardening. Vegetable oils contain lecithin – a homogeniser which thins and separates the cholesterol, sweeping it along through the bloodstream and preventing deposits to form on walls of the arteries.

A study on the European population has shown a strong link between oily fish consumption and a reduced risk of heart disease. Populations that eat a lot of fish, such as Greenland Eskimos (about 400g a day) and Japanese fishermen (about 200g a day) have low rates of heart disease.

Another study, by the Leiden University of the Netherlands, has found that men who ate more than 30g of fish per day were less than half as likely to die from coronary heart disease as those who ate no fish. A diet high in fish lowers plasma cholesterol, triglyceride and very low density lipoprotein levels and is of value in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia (abnormally high concentration of fats in the blood).

Indicated: Magnesium-containing foods, lecithin, Evening Primrose oil for gamma linoleic acid which is converted into prostaglandin E1 in the body and helps reduce high blood pressure and prevents platelet clumping. Coffee carries a risk factor and should be taken sparingly – alternatives: herbal teas Rutin, Lime flowers and others as available in bulk or tea-bags. Green grapes.

Supplements, daily: Vitamin C 1g; Vitamin E 400iu; Magnesium 300mg – 450mg for pregnant women and nursing mothers. Iodine. Chromium, Selenium. Garlic tablets/capsules – 2-3 at night.

Flora margarine is high in essential polyunsaturated fats – made from sunflower seed oil. Hay diet: good results reported. ... diet - heart and circulation

Diet - High Fibre

A diet high in rich carbohydrate foods with sufficient protein to promote efficient elimination and supply vital trace elements in the form of minerals. Such foods produce moist bulky stools easy to pass and reduce blood cholesterol. It reduces LDLs and increases HDLs.

Fibre-deficient foods lead to poor elimination of body wastes and constipation, disposing the colon to a toxic state. This induces depression, a coated tongue and tiredness during the day. Such foods bring about a change in the balance of bowel bacterial flora, and form gas which may cause pouches of diverticulitis to develop. One of its less obvious effects is to enhance the risk of tooth and gum disease. Soon calcium is expelled by the urine and the intake of magnesium reduced, thus favouring the development of stone.

All plant material; leaves, stalks, seeds etc contain fibre. High-fibre foods include: whole grains, wholemeal bread, wholemeal flour (100 per cent extraction rate), crispbreads, biscuits (digestive, bran, oatmeal or coconut), raw green salad materials, potatoes boiled in their jackets, breakfast cereals (porridge, muesli, All-Bran, Shredded Wheat), brown rice, bran (2 teaspoons thrice daily; increase if necessary), fresh or dried fruit once or twice daily. ... diet - high fibre

Drying Herbs

Herbs should be harvested from unsprayed dust-free zones and spread out on racks or suitable fittings. Smaller batches may be hung in bunches. Rotting may set in if fresh herbs are left compressed in bags, baskets, etc. Never wash herbs before drying or place one above another. Turn or agitate daily. They should be dried in a well-ventilated room in the absence of excessive heat, sunlight or bright lights which may destroy the volatile oils of aromatic herbs. They should not be cut until thoroughly dried.

Only roots should be washed soon after lifting, and cut before drying into hardness. In a few cases drying of roots may be assisted by added heat. ... drying herbs

Exploding Head Synrome (ehs)

Explosive bomb-like sensation – ‘like a thunderclap’ – coming from the back of the head. Not a morning-after-the-night-before feeling or pain in the head, but an unexplained loud noise occurring during sleep. Sufferers are mostly women, middle-aged or elderly, with no other symptoms and usually in good health.

Described as “seems as if my head was bursting, with a flash of light”. Reaction is one of fear and violent heart beat. Attacks unrelated to alcohol or excitement of the previous evening. No circulatory changes in the brain or cerebrospinal fluid are known to cause such a symptom.

Treatment. Cup of one of the following teas at bedtime: Buckwheat, Yarrow, Hawthorn flowers, Skullcap, Oats. Morning and evening: one 500mg Evening Primrose capsule; one 400iu Vitamin E capsule.

Diet: low-salt. Cholesterol-rich foods should be kept to a minimum. ... exploding head synrome (ehs)

Heart – Fibrous Degeneration

Distinct from fatty degeneration. Due to thickening of walls by atheroma. Heart muscle (myocardium) fibres waste away due to lack of nourishment and are replaced by fibrous tissue. The condition usually runs with kidney weakness. Incurable. Partial relief of symptoms – treatment as for arteriosclerosis.

Every cardiac prescription for this condition should include a gentle diuretic to assist kidney function. The kidneys should be borne in mind, the most appropriate diuretic being Dandelion which would also make good any potassium loss. ... heart – fibrous degeneration

Heart, Rapid Beat

See: TACHYCARDIA.... heart, rapid beat

Heat Rash

See: PRICKLY HEAT. ... heat rash

Heather Flowers

Ling. Calluna vulgaris L. French: Brande. German: Heidekraut. Spanish: Breyo. Italian: Brendolo. Russian: Weresk. Swedish: Liung. Part used: flowers. Keynote: urine.

Action: urinary antiseptic, diuretic, anti-rheumatic.

Uses: Cystitis, urethritis, gravel in the bladder, gout, muscular rheumatism.

Preparations: Average dose: 1-2 grams. Thrice daily.

Tea: half-1 teaspoon to each cup boiling water; infuse 15 minutes.

Liquid Extract BHP (1983) 1:1 in 25 per cent alcohol. Dose: 15-30 drops (1-2ml). ... heather flowers

Fletcher-hyde, Frederick

Distinguished herbal authority. President Emeritus both of the National Institute of Medical Herbalists and of the British Herbal Medicine Association. Degree in Chemistry and a first class honours degree in the special examination in Botany granted in 1932 at London University. Founder of the Education Fund and the School of Herbal Medicine. Former member of the Commitee on Review of Medicines and other government bodies. He gave herbal medicine a place on the Statute Book (Medicines Act 1968) after 400 years. For 16 years, chairman of the British Herbal Pharmacopoeia Committee. Entered the National Institute of Medical Herbalists (then NAMH) in 1931, and directed the Research and Analytical Department for 50 years.

Hyde organised the fight for the survival of herbal medicine endangered by the Medicines Bill and was able to modify some clauses that would have put an end to herbal medicine under the Medicines Act, 1968. The BHP is indebted to his expertise and clinical experience. As a consultant and teacher he inspired many students and practitioners. A Doctorate of Botanic Medicine was conferred on him by the School of Botanic Medicine, London. ... fletcher-hyde, frederick

Haemolytic Disease Of Infants

Severe disease of the newly born and infants with jaundice and anaemia. Occurs when a Rhesus negative mother gives birth to a Rhesus positive child. There may be degeneration of nerve cells of the brain through circulating bile. Followed by water-logging of tissues lining lungs, abdomen or heart (hydrops).

Treatment. Purpose of medication is to stimulate flow of bile and support the liver.

Arthur Hyde, MNIMH recommends a selection from the following according to individual case: Balmony, Barberry, Dandelion, Goldenseal, Hops, Ladyslipper, Mistletoe, Passion flower, Stone root. Tinctures. Formula. Marigold 2; Barberry 2; Ginkgo 1. Dose: 2 drops in feed, or in water, thrice daily. Infants 3-5 years: 10 drops.

To be treated by or in liaison with a qualified medical practitioner. ... haemolytic disease of infants

Haemolytic-uraemia Syndrome (hus)

An uncommon cause of kidney failure in children. The association of three processes: reduced platelets, haemolytic anaemia and kidney failure. Foodborne infection is spread by micro-organisms (E. coli, etc) with an affinity for the alimentary canal. The central nervous system is involved.

Onset: diarrhoea with streaks of blood, vomiting, breathlessness, feverishness, dizziness, jaundice and enlargement of the spleen.

Other causes may be mismatched food transfusion, environmental chemicals, nitrite food preservatives and analgesic drugs.

Alternatives. Tea. Combine herbs: Red Clover (to increase platelets) 3; Yarrow (kidneys) 2; Hops (cerebrospinal supportive) 1. 1-2 teaspoons to each cup boiling water; infuse 15 minutes. Half-1 cup freely.

Formula: Combine, Tinctures. Red Clover 2; Fringe Tree 1; Hops half. Dose: one 5ml teaspoon. Babies: 2 drops in feed; infants 3-5 years 10 drops in water and honey thrice daily.

Supplementation. Vitamin B-complex. C.

To be treated by or in liaison with a qualified medical practitioner. ... haemolytic-uraemia syndrome (hus)

Hahnemann

Dr SAMUEL (1755-1843). Born: Meissen, Germany. Discovered a science of healing which he called Homoeopathy, based on the immutable law of similia similibus curentur (like cures like). It brings to the treatment of human and animal sickness a universal law, which in the field of medicine ranks with Newton’s Law of Gravity in physics.

Far in advance of his time in preventive medicine, he denounced the hazardous treatments of his day thus arousing the animosity of his contemporaries. His major work, “The Organon” is the homoeopathist’s bible to this day. “Cinchona bark was to Hahnemann what the falling apple was to Newton and the swinging lamp to Galileo.” See: HOMOEOPATHY. ... hahnemann

Hair Care

Hair, like nails and skin, is a protein material built up on amino acids. It is rich in minerals, especially sulphur. A sebaceous gland at the base of the hair follicle secretes sebum, an oily substance, which acts as a lubricant. When vital minerals and vitamins are lacking in the blood the quality of fibre and sebum deteriorates resulting in lustreless hair and change of texture. Healthy hair depends upon good personal hygiene, brushing, and washing with gentle-acting materials instead of harsh detergent shampoos which remove natural oils from the scalp and spoils its condition.

An adequate daily intake of essential fatty acids is assured by the golden oils (Sunflower, Corn, etc) which can be well supported by Evening Primrose oil capsules.

Internal: Bamboo gum. Nettle tea, Alfalfa, Horsetail, Soya.

Topical. Shampoo. Soapwort or Yucca. Chop 2 tablespoons (dry) or 1 tablespoon (fresh) leaves or root. Place in cup of warm water. Stir until a froth is produced. Decant and massage liquor into scalp.

Aloe Vera gel is noted for its moisturising effect and to provide nutrients. It may be used as a shampoo, hair set and conditioner. Jojoba oil has been used for centuries by the Mexican Indians for a healthy scalp; today, it is combined with Evening Primrose and Vitamin E with good effect. Olive oil stimulates strong growth.

One of several herbs may be used as a rinse, including Nettles, Rosemary, Southernwood, Fennel, Chamomile, Yellow Dock and Quassia. Hair should be washed not more than once weekly with warm water and simple vegetable soap; rinse four times with warm rinse, finishing off with cold. Brunettes should add a little vinegar; blondes, lemon juice. Selenium once had a reputation as a hair conditioner; recent research confirms. Selenium shampoos are available.

Supplements: Vitamins B (complex), B6, Choline, C and E. Copper, Zinc, Selenium, Vitamin B12 (50mg thrice daily).

Aromatherapy. 2 drops each: Sage, Nettles, Thyme; to 2 teaspoons Gin or Vodka, and massage into the scalp daily. ... hair care

Heatherclean

(Heath and Heather) Senna leaves 75 per cent, Fennel 15 per cent, Frangula 5 per cent, Mate 2.5 per cent, Elder leaves 2.5 per cent. Non-persistent constipation. ... heatherclean

Heavy Aching Legs

See: OEDEMA, CRAMPS, VARICOSE VEINS. ... heavy aching legs

Herb Pillow

To promote sleep. Fill linen bag with herbs: Hops, Chamomile, Bergamot, Basil, etc. Stitch together ends. Expose to heat before use. ... herb pillow

Hair Loss

Alopecia. Baldness. Shedding of the hair in patches leaving glossy bald areas. It is normal to lose about one hundred hairs a day, but severe stress such as unemployment, divorce or death in a family may considerably increase hair loss. Losses of long-standing are seldom recovered.

Causes: hormone deficiency (Agnus Castus) in females, where it may be associated with failing thyroid or ovarian function. In such cases, other agents include: Helonias, Motherwort, Black Haw bark. Other causes may be pregnancy, the menopause, or simply discontinuing The Pill. Certain skin diseases predispose: ringworm (Thuja), eczema (Yellow Dock), from thyroid disorder (Kelp, Blue Flag root).

Exposure to some cosmetics, excessive sunlight, strong chemicals and treatment of cancer with cytotoxic drugs may interfere with nutrition of the hair follicles. To ensure a healthy scalp a correct mineral balance is essential calling for supplementation of the diet with vitamins, selenium, zinc and silica. Yellow Dock is believed to counter toxicity of chemicals; Pleurisy root opens the pores to promote sweat and action of surface capillaries.

Baldness sometimes happens suddenly; eye-lashes or beard may be affected. Though emotional stress and a run-down condition is a frequent cause, most cases are not permanent, returning to normal with adequate treatment.

Baldness of the eyebrows alerts us to a lowered function of the thyroid gland, being an early outward sign of myxoedema. A pony-tail hair style or the wearing of a crash helmet may cause what is known as traction alopecia. Heavy coffee drinkers invariably lose hair lustre.

Soviet Research favours silica-rich plants internally and as a lotion: Horsetail, Burdock, Nettles, Bamboo gum.

Growth of hair is assisted by improving surface circulation of the scalp which is beneficial for conveying nutrients to the hair roots and facilitating drainage. Herbal vasodilators stimulate hair follicle nutrition and encourage growth: Cayenne, Pleurisy root, Black Cohosh and Prickly Ash, taken internally. A convenient way of taking Cayenne is the use of a pepper-shaker at table.

Topical. Hair rinse. 2-3 times weekly. Infusion: equal parts Yarrow, Sage and Rosemary. 1oz (30g) to 1 pint (500ml) water. Simmer gently five minutes. Allow to cool. Strain before use.

Cider vinegar – minimal success reported.

Day lotion. Liquid Extract Jaborandi half an ounce; Tincture Cantharides half an ounce; Oil Jojoba to 4oz. Shake well before use.

Oily lotion. Equal parts Olive and Eucalyptus oils.

Bay Rhum Lotion. Oil of Bay 50 drops; Olive oil half an ounce; Rum (Jamaica or other) to 4oz. Shake well before use.

Oil Rosemary: rub into hair roots.

Russian Traditional. Castor oil half an ounce; Almond oil 1oz; Oil Geranium 15 drops; Vodka to 6oz. Rub into hair roots.

Aromatherapy. To 1oz Castor oil and 1oz Olive oil add, 10 drops each – Oils Neroli, Lavender and Rosemary.

Gentian plant extract. Japanese scalp massage with extract from roots to thicken thinning hair. Some success reported.

Supplements. B-vitamins, Kelp, Silicea Biochemic salt. Zinc. Low levels of iron and zinc can cause the condition.

Note: Studies show that male occipital baldness confers a risk of heart disease, being associated with a higher total cholesterol and diastolic blood pressure than men with a full head of hair. Frontal baldness has not been found to be associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease and myocardial infarct. “It seems prudent for bald men to be specially vigorous in controlling risk factors for such conditions.” (S.M. Lesko, Journal of the American Medical Association, Feb 24, 1993, 269: 998-1003) ... hair loss

Herb Robert

Geranium robertianum. German: Germe robert. French: Herbe a? Robert. Spanish: Geranio. Italian: Geranio Robertia. Leaves. Keynote: bleeding.

Action: haemostatic, astringent, anti-diarrhoeic, styptic, anti-diabetic.

Uses: Bleeding throughout the gastro-intestinal tract. Bleeding from nose, mouth, throat.

Irritable bowel. As a cleansing wash for discharging ulcers.

Preparations: Tea: 1oz to 1 pint boiling water; infuse 15 minutes. Half-1 cup freely. Poultice: rheumatism. ... herb robert

Herb Tea

Old English. Combine equal parts: Agrimony, Balm, Dandelion, Peppermint and Raspberry leaves. Alternative to caffeine drinks. Pick-me-up of piquant natural flavour. ... herb tea

Herb Teas

Day-to-day drinks available in filterbags: Blackberry leaf, Chamomile, Dandelion, Devil’s Claw, Fennel, Hawthorn, Horsetail, Lemon Balm, Lime flowers (Linden), Marshmallow, Mate, Mistletoe, Nettles, Orange Blossom, Peppermint, Rosehip, Sage, St John’s Wort, Thyme, Yarrow, Vervain. ... herb teas

Herbalene

(Lusty’s). Formula: Senna leaf BP 64 per cent; Fennel BPC 16 per cent; Buckthorn BPC 1934 4 per cent; Mate? 8 per cent; Elder leaves 8 per cent. Laxative. Relief of non-persistent constipation. ... herbalene

Hindoo Flower Attar

Perfume or sick-room disinfectant. Mix, parts: Sandalwood oil 50 drops; Eugenol 20 drops; Bergamot 10 drops; Jasmine 20 drops. Use as a spray on handkerchief, or place an electric light bulb in fluid causing slow evaporation of 20-40 drops in a little water. ... hindoo flower attar

Hantaan Virus

Haemorrhagic fever with kidney syndrome (HFRS). Has been known for years by the Chinese and other nations of antiquity. Over 3,000 cases recorded during the Korean War (1951- 1952), the disease taking its name from the River Hantaan, South Korea.

Cause: a virus spread by field mice, rats and other rodents. Incubation period: 2-3 weeks.

Symptoms: fever, headache, backache, severe nervous prostration, low blood pressure, red patches on skin, failure of kidneys, high protein levels in urine. Small red or purple spots indicate bleeding beneath the skin.

Treatment. Traditional. Ayurvedic:– Gotu Kola, Juniper. Dr Mattiolus regards Juniper as a preventative of the pestilence.

To be treated by or in liaison with a qualified medical practitioner. HARPAGOPHYTUM. See: DEVIL’S CLAW. ... hantaan virus

Harvesting Of Herbs

Older generations of herbalists attached great importance to the time of collection. The most auspicious hour may vary from herb to herb and is recorded in the old herbals. The kind of weather, with presence or absence of sunlight, are now known to affect the potency of a plant. Much herb lore of history has been vindicated by today’s scientific research, with the discovery that the quality of active ingredients depends upon such variables as season, location, and the time of day when gathered. Different parts of herbs are gathered at different times.

Herbs should be collected in dry weather after the dew has lifted. Where not possible to cull by hand, a sharp knife or scythe should be used. In general, aerial parts should be gathered before flowering. Rhizomes and roots are gathered in the autumn when the leaves decline for maximum therapeutic action. Wash and clean roots, and ensure they do not touch when drying. Flowers are picked just before breaking into full bloom. Barks and twigs are collected in the spring when the sap is rising.

Spread out fresh material to dry in a thin layer, without delay. Use trays, wire racks, even lengths of string netting. Packed into bundles without circulation of air encourages bruising, fermentation and mould that destroy medicinal properties.

Almost any shed can be adapted as a drying shed, provided there is adequate ventilation. Artificial heat may be required for complete drying. Leaves should not be dried to the point where they powder when rubbed between the palms. Most herbs and roots lose about four-fifths of their weight on drying. When the hand is plunged into a bag of well-dried herbs they should feel warm and crisp to the touch. Roots are dried to the point of brittleness, breaking easily.

Present-day growers achieve high standards of drying. Since passage of the Medicine’s Act, 1968, the quality of herbs on sale has been good. Dried herbs should be stored away from direct sunlight, or they will lose their colour and efficacy. ... harvesting of herbs

Hollyhock

Althaea rosea L. Part used: flowers contain mucilage. Action similar to Marshmallow. ... hollyhock

Homoeostasis

An assumption that the body has within itself the resources and materials to restore normal function when disordered by disease. Some herbs, including Ginseng, Echinacea and Capsicum are known to trigger a response and mobilise body defence. This group contains adaptogens, alteratives, etc. ... homoeostasis

Honey And Almond Cream

Make up sufficient for single application: Teaspoon honey, into which has been mixed with a spatula or spoon – 10 drops Almond oil and 10 drops Witch Hazel water. ... honey and almond cream

Horehound And Aniseed

Cough Mixture. Active ingredients: Each 10ml contains Liquid Extract Pleurisy root (1:1, 35 per cent alcohol) 0.15ml. Liquid Extract Elecampane (1:1, 21 per cent alcohol) 0.15ml. Liquid Extract Horehound (1:1, 20 per cent alcohol) 0.15ml. Liquid Extract Skunk Cabbage (1:1, 21 per cent alcohol) 0.15ml. Tincture Lobelia (1:12.5, 5.8 acetic acid) 0.225ml, in a syrup base.

Adults and elderly: two 5ml teaspoons thrice daily. Children over 5: one 5ml teaspoon thrice daily.

Expectorant and demulcent to soothe irritable cough. (Potter’s, UK) ... horehound and aniseed

Hormonal Herbs

To promote production of hormones of the male and female sex organs (androgens and oestrogens), hormones of the adrenal cortex, pituitary, thyroid and other glands. Agnus Castus, Beth root, Black Cohosh, Blue Cohosh, Damiana, Helonias, Hydrangea, Kelp (Fucus v.), Liquorice, Oats, Sarsaparilla, Saw Palmetto, Squaw Vine. ... hormonal herbs

Headache, Common

 Usually due to muscular tension. Where persistent the underlying cause should be treated. Causes are many and varied including fevers, infected sinus cavities, kidney disorders, dental problems, thrombosis, neuralgias, nasal congestion, arteritis, pressure within the eyes, spread of pain from bones, etc.

See separate entry for migraine.

As indicated: relaxants, antispasmodics, hepatics (liver agents), laxatives. BHP (1983) recommends: Betony, Hops, St John’s Wort, Yerba Mate, Catmint, Passion flower, Jamaican Dogwood, Pulsatilla, Rosemary. A diuretic may release excess body fluid and surprisingly relieve headache as in pre-menstrual tension.

Frontal headache: Agnus Castus.

From eyestrain: Rue, Witch Hazel.

After heavy physical work: Ginseng.

Neuralgia of the skull: Gelsemium.

Low blood pressure: Gentian.

High blood pressure: Lime flowers.

Depressive conditions: Cola.

Pain, back of the head: Oats, Ladyslipper.

Pre-menstrual: Cramp bark, Agnus Castus.

Excess mental exertion: Rosemary.

Following anger: Sumbul.

In children: see CHILDREN’S COMPLAINTS.

Pain, top of head: Pulsatilla, Cactus.

Throbbing headache: Chamomile.

Sick headache: Blue Flag.

Tension headache: Skullcap, Betony, Passion flower.

Cluster headache, associated with shingles: Vervain, Skullcap.

Menstrual headache: see entry: MENSTRUAL HEADACHE.

Alternatives. Tea. Combine equal parts: Skullcap, Betony, Chamomile. 1-2 teaspoons to each cup boiling water; infuse 15 minutes. Half-1 cup when necessary.

Decoction. Combine equal parts: Valerian, Blue Flag, Barberry bark. 1 teaspoon to each cup water gently simmered 20 minutes. Half-1 cup whens necessary.

Tablets/capsules. Blue Flag, Valerian, Chamomile, Passion flower.

Powders. Formula. Equal parts: Skullcap, Rosemary, Valerian. 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon) when necessary.

Tinctures. Combine equal parts: Mistletoe, Valerian, Skullcap. One to two teaspoons in water every 3 hours as necessary.

Tincture Rosemary. 15-30 drops in water as necessary.

Practitioner. Tincture Gelsemium 5 drops to 100ml water (half cup) – 1 teaspoon hourly.

Traditional combination: Skullcap, Valerian, Mistletoe.

Topical. Hot footbaths. Cold compress to head.

Aromatherapy. Anoint forehead with few drops: Lavender, Chamomile, Rosemary, Mint, Balm, or Tiger Balm essential oils.

Diet. Low fat. Low salt. Avoid meats preserved in sodium nitrite (bacon, ham, red meats, etc). Supplementation. Vitamins A, B-complex, B6 (50mg), B12, C (up to 1 gram), E (up to 1000iu). Magnesium, Zinc. ... headache, common

Health Stores (wholesale) Ltd

Registered as a Friendly Society (1932) under the Industrial and Provident Societies Act. The buying society of the independent health food trader. Owned and managed entirely by retailer members and concerned with food standards. Stringent rules govern membership and conduct of business. Members are the only shareholders, who are required to hold 20 withdrawable shares of £5 each.

Financial advantages to members include earning profit-sharing discounts: suppliers are relieved of the burden of collecting separate accounts and benefit from having their products approved by the retailers own organisation. Its meetings are a focal point for reporting on up-to-date research and protecting the public interest. Address: Queen’s Road, Nottingham NG2 3AS. ... health stores (wholesale) ltd

Hydroquinones

Artificial alkaloids. Cramp bark, Uva-Ursi. ... hydroquinones

Hymenal Bleeding

The maidenhead, thin band of membrane at the entrance of the vagina (the hymen) may be ruptured at first intercourse followed by bleeding. Bleeding may occur from time to time thereafter.

Alternatives. Seldom necessary. Prolonged pressure with the finger against the source of the bleeding usually suffices. Insert tampon saturated with Witch Hazel water. Marigold or Yarrow tea.

Internal. Two Cranesbill tablets every 15 minutes. Raspberry leaf or Ladies Mantle tea. Topical. Douche – Raspberry leaf infusion. ... hymenal bleeding

Hypergalactia

See: BREAST MILK.

HYPERGLYCAEMIA. See: DIABETES. To reduce sugar in blood – Guar gum. HYPERHIDROSIS. Excessive sweating. See: PERSPIRATION. ... hypergalactia

Heart – Degeneration, In The Elderly

May take the form of degeneration of healthy cardiac tissue replaced by broken fatty patches. As cardiac muscle wastes fibrous tissue takes its place.

While cure is not possible, atheroma may be arrested by a cup of herbal tea: Hawthorn blossoms, Motherwort, Horsetail: single or in combination. 1-2 teaspoons to each cup boiling water; infuse 5-15 minutes; 1-2 cups daily.

Formula. Hawthorn 2; Ginkgo 2; Horsetail 1; Ginger quarter. Dose. Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon). Liquid extracts: 1 teaspoon. Tinctures: 2 teaspoons. Twice daily: morning and evening in water or honey.

Diet. See: DIET – HEART AND CIRCULATION. Few grains of Cayenne pepper as seasoning on food once daily.

Stop smoking. ... heart – degeneration, in the elderly

Heart – Enlargement

A heart may dilate (enlarge) to compensate for valvular disease. One of two types: (1) Swelling (dilation) of the cavities with thickening of the walls, (hypertrophy of the heart muscle). (2) Dilation of cavities with thinning of the walls.

(1) Arises from the exertions of professional athletes. Extra strain enlarges the heart and calls for compensation. Other causes: high blood pressure and diseased valves.

(2) From anaemia, thyroid disorder, or extra strain demanded by fever. Thin walls always lead to heart weakness, robbing the organ of its maximum power.

Treatment. When compensation is delayed cardiac supportives include Bugleweed (American) to increase force of contractions of the heart and reduce the rate BHP (1983).

Right ventricular enlargement – Stone root.

Left ventricular enlargement – Lily of the Valley.

Both remedies have the advantage of being diuretics, thus aiding elimination of excess fluids.

Diet. See: DIET – HEART AND CIRCULATION. ... heart – enlargement

Heart – Extra Beats

Extra-systoles. An occasional beat or beats may arise prematurely from an abnormal focus in atrium or ventricle. Such is a common occurrence and is little cause for alarm. Simple arrythmia may be the outraged protest of a heart under the influence of alcohol, heavy meals, too much tea or coffee, smoking or excitement. If persistent, examination by a trained practitioner should be sought. For uncomplicated transient extra-systole:–

Alternatives. Teas: Balm, Motherwort, Hawthorn flowers or leaves. Tablets: Hawthorn, Motherwort, Mistletoe, Valerian.

Tincture Lily of the Valley: 8-15 drops when necessary.

Broom: Spartiol drops. (Klein) 20 drops thrice daily.

Broom decoction. 1oz to 1 pint water gently simmered 10 minutes. 1 cup morning and evening. ... heart – extra beats

Hyperventilation (hv)

Breathing at an abnormally rapid rate while resting. Diverse causes range from psychiatric disorders, asthma or unsuspected lung disease, hyperthyroidism, habit disorders, heart disease, hiatus hernia, phobia. May precipitate tetany. Air-swallowing (aerophagia) may occur when a person both eats and talks when at food.

For serious cases requiring medication: Lobelia, Gelsemium. A cup of Lime flower tea may reduce the breathing rate.

Elecampane decoction: good results reported.

Supportive: instruct patient to swallow when exhaling. Magnesium supplementation. ... hyperventilation (hv)

Hypo-allergenic

Some excipients used in the manufacture of tablets may have an allergenic effect. They may include additives, colourings, yeast, iodine, etc to which an increasing number of people are allergic. Present-day tablet-makers move away from these chemical binders and fillers, using natural alternatives such as vegetable oils, calcium phosphate, acacia gum and alginic acid from seaweeds. The term also refers to products, including herbal preparations made without sugar, starch, salt, wheat, yeast or artificial preservatives: suitable for vegetarians. ... hypo-allergenic

Hypoglycaemic

A herb with ability to lower blood-sugar levels. Of value in diabetes mellitis. Bean pods, Bladderwrack, Goat’s Rue, Jambul, Nettles, Onion, Fenugreek seeds, Olive leaves, Periwinkle (Vinca rosea), Sweet Sumach.

Eucalyptus, (R. Benigni et col Planti Medicinali, 1962, vol 1, 562) Reduction of blood sugar by Garlic has been reported. ... hypoglycaemic

Institute Of Health Food Retailing

Professional body to ensure status of those whose career is in the health food industry. Encourages training, research and education in health food retailing, health and nutrition, and furthers these objects with meetings and seminars. Holders of the NAHS Diploma of Health Food Retailing may apply for membership. On acceptance they are awarded a certificate with authority to use the designatory letters M Inst HFR.

Address: Byron House, College Street, Nottingham NG1 5AQ. ... institute of health food retailing

Heart – Fatty Degeneration

A deposit and infiltration of fat on the heart in the obese and heavy consumers of alcohol. Distinct from true degeneration in which there is no destruction of tissue. Symptoms. Breathlessness and palpitation on slight exertion. Anginal pain: see ANGINA. Mental dullness. May follow enlargement of the heart and acute infections such as influenza.

Alternatives. Teas. Alfalfa, Clivers, Yarrow, Motherwort.

Tablets/capsules. Poke root, Kelp, Motherwort.

Formula. Equal parts: Bladderwrack, Motherwort, Aniseed, Dandelion. Dose. Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon). Liquid extracts: 1 teaspoon. Tinctures: 2 teaspoons in water thrice daily. Black Cohosh. Introduced into the medical world in 1831 when members of the North American Eclectic School of physicians effectively treated cases of fatty heart.

Diet. Vegetarian protein foods, high-fibre, whole grains, seed sprouts, lecithin, soya products, low-fat yoghurt, plenty of raw fruit and vegetables, unrefined carbohydrates. Oily fish: see entry. Dandelion coffee. Reject: alcohol, coffee, salt, sugar, fried foods, all dairy products except yoghurt.

Supplements. Daily. Broad-spectrum multivitamin including Vitamins A, B-complex, B3, B6, C (with bioflavonoids), E, Selenium. ... heart – fatty degeneration

Heart – Left Ventricular Failure (lvf)

Failure of the left ventricle to receive blood from the pulmonary circulation and to maintain efficient output of incoming blood to the arterial system. Failure to do so leads to congestion of blood in the lungs followed by fluid retention. If uncorrected, leads to kidney disturbance, low blood pressure, cyanosis (blueness of the skin). Onset may be tragically sudden.

Failure of the left ventricle may occur in cases of pericarditis, disease of the aortic valve, nephritis or high blood pressure.

Left ventricular failure is often of sudden onset, urgent, and may manifest as “cardiac asthma”.

Causes: blood clot, anaemia, thyroid disorder, coronary disease, congenital effects, drug therapy (beta blockers, etc), and to fevers that make heavy demands on the left ventricle.

Symptoms: breathlessness, wheezing, sweating, unproductive cough, faintness, bleeding from the lungs, palpitation. Cardiac asthma at night: feels he needs air; better upright than lying flat. Exertion soon tires. Sensation as if heart would stop. Blueness of lips and ears from hold-up in circulation of the blood through the lungs. Frequent chest colds. Awakes gasping for breath. Always tired. Cold hands and feet. Symptoms abate as compensation takes place. ‘Cream and roses’ complexion. The failure of left ventricle soon drags into failure of the right ventricle.

Right ventricular failure leads to congestive heart failure, with raised venous pressure in neck veins and body generally, causing oedema, ascites and liver engorgement.

Treatment. Agents to strengthen, support, and eliminate excess fluids from the body. BHP (1983) advises four main remedies: Hawthorn, Motherwort, Broom and Lily of the Valley. The latter works in a digitaloid manner, strengthening the heart, contracting the vessels, and lessening congestion in the lungs. Tinctures. Hawthorn 2; Stone root 1. Lily of the Valley 1. Dose: 15-45 drops thrice daily.

Broom tea. 2 teaspoons flowers, or 2-3 teaspoons tops and flowers, in cup water brought to boil and simmered one minute. 1 cup freely.

To remove fluid retention in the lungs, diuretics are indicated; chief among which is Dandelion root because of its high potassium content to prevent hypokalaemia. Dandelion coffee. As urinary excretion increases, patient improves.

Vitamin E. Not to be taken in left ventricular disorders.

Diet. See entry: DIET – HEART AND CIRCULATION.

UK Research. Researchers found that left ventricular failure was reduced by a quarter when patients were given magnesium intravenously for the first 24 hours after admission to the coronary care unit. They conclude that it should be given before any other heart therapy is commenced, and that patients should receive regular infusions if no other drug treatment is used. (The Lancet, 2.4.1994). This supports the use of magnesium sulphate (Epsom’s salts) by a past generation of herbal practitioners for the condition. ... heart – left ventricular failure (lvf)

Heart – Nervous

Condition with no specific organic lesion present, but one in which palpitation or cardiac distress may be precipitated by nervous or emotional stimuli.

Alternatives. Neuralgia of the Heart: Lobelia.

Palpitation with sense of suffocation: Pulsatilla.

From physical exhaustion: Ginseng.

With rapid heart beat: Lily of the Valley, Gelsemium.

Tea. Equal parts, Valerian, Motherwort, Lime flowers. Mix. 1-2 teaspoons to each cup boiling water allowed to cool. Drink cold 1 teacup 2 or 3 times daily.

Decoction. Equal parts, Valerian, Hawthorn, Mistletoe. Mix. 1 heaped teaspoon to each cup water simmered gently for 20 minutes. 1 teacup 2 or 3 times daily.

Tablets/capsules. Hawthorn, Mistletoe, Motherwort. Valerian. Passion flower. Lobelia.

Formula. Equal parts: Hawthorn, Lily of the Valley, Mistletoe. Dose: Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon). Liquid extracts: 1 teaspoon. Tinctures 2 teaspoons. Thrice daily.

Practitioner. Formula. Tincture Hawthorn 2; Tincture Gelsemium 1. Dose: 15-30 drops 2-3 times daily. Alternative formula. Tincture Valerian 2; Strophanthus 1. Dose: 15-30 drops thrice daily.

Diet. Oats (oatmeal porridge), low fat, low salt, high fibre. See also: DIET – HEART AND CIRCULATION. ... heart – nervous

Labelling Of Herbal Products By A Practitioner

Labelling regulations require every dispensed product, i.e. a container of medicine, lotion, tablets, ointment, etc, to be labelled with the following particulars:–

1. Name of the patient.

2. Name and address of the herbal practitioner.

3. Directions for use of the remedy.

4. Liquid preparations for local or topical use to be clearly marked: For external use only.

Statutory Instruments: Medicine (Labelling) Regulations 1976 No. 1726. Medicines (Labelling) Regulations 1977 No. 996. ... labelling of herbal products by a practitioner

Licensing Of Herbal Remedies

See: PRODUCT LICENCE. ... licensing of herbal remedies

Liver – Hepatitis A

The most common cause of inflammation of the liver from a virus known as Hepatitis A. May be caught by eating shellfish contaminated by sewage or polluted water. Distinct from alcohol and drugs. The virus is ingested in the mouth, grown in the intestines and passes out of the body on defecation.

Treatment. Same as for acute infectious hepatitis. ... liver – hepatitis a

Heart - Rheumatic Heart

Hearts can be damaged by rheumatic fever but they yearly become less, due to the advance of medical science, better nutrition and living conditions. Damage to the valves may not come to light until years later. Mostly a legacy from rheumatic fever in early childhood. Alternatives. Regular treatment may not be necessary except for periods of unusual tension, exposure and stress.

Teas: Nettles, Borage, Mate, Figwort, Gotu Kola, Motherwort.

Decoctions: Blach Cohosh, Cramp bark, Hawthorn, Lily of the Valley, White Willow, Sarsaparilla. Any one.

Formula. Combine Black Cohosh root half; White Willow bark 2; Gotu Kola 1; Hawthorn berries 1. 1oz to 1 pint water; bring to boil; simmer gently 15 minutes; strain when cold. Dose: half-1 cup thrice daily, and when necessary.

Ligvites. Guaiacum resin BHP (1983) 40mg; Black Cohosh BHP (1983) 35mg; White Willow bark BHP (1983) 100mg; Extract Sarsaparilla 4:1 25mg; Extract Poplar bark 7:1 17mg. (Gerard House)

Powders. Combine, Hawthorn 1; Cactus 2; Black Cohosh half; White Willow bark 1; with pinch Cayenne. 750mg (three 00 capsules or half a teaspoon) 2-3 times daily.

White Bryony. Liquid Extract: 15-60 drops, thrice daily. Good results reported.

Colchicum, Tincture. Indicated in presence of gout: Dose: 0.5-2ml in water. (Practitioner use only) Vitamin E. Should not be taken in rheumatic heart disorders.

Diet. See: DIET – HEART AND CIRCULATION. ... heart - rheumatic heart

Heart – Right Ventricular Failure (rvf)

Failure of the right ventricle to hold its own with the return flow of blood and to re-direct it through the lungs where it is re-oxygenated before entering the left ventricle for completing the circulatory cycle. Usually secondary to failure of the left ventricle. May be caused by valvular disease, especially narrowing of the orifice of the mitral valve.

Mitral disease leads to heart failure either by a narrowing of the orifice (stenosis) or a regurgitation blocks the passage of blood from the left atrium (auricle) to the left ventricle. The left atrium enlarges (hypertrophies) in an effort to counter the impediment. Real compensation – increased thrust of the blood – is provided by the right ventricle. In order to overcome a mitral impediment the right ventricle has to enlarge.

Sooner or later the right ventricle cannot enlarge any further and general heart failure sets in. Though caused primarily by a lesion of the mitral valve, it may be secondary to left ventricular failure (LVF), thyroid disorder (thyrotoxicosis), pericarditis, congenital heart disease, or any disease which weakens ventricular muscle.

Venous congestion and back pressure of RVF leads to congestion and accumulation of fluid in the lungs, cough and spitting of blood, painful swelling of the liver, nausea, loss of appetite and severe wasting.

Where the right ventricle fails to move the blood forward as it arrives from the systemic circulation, generalised dropsy sets in. Congestion of the kidneys leads to reduced urinary excretion and presence of albumin in the urine.

The picture is well known to the cardiac practitioner: blueness of the skin, congestion of the brain circulation with sleeplessness and delirium. Soon the tension of water-logged tissues results in pain and extreme anxiety. Feet are swollen and ankles pit on pressure; chest cavities fill with fluid and the abdomen swells (ascites).

Alternatives. Cardio-tonics would be given to strengthen the ventricle and diuretics to correct fluid retention: Lily of the Valley, Hawthorn, Motherwort, Broom. BHP (1983).

Due to rheumatic fever: Hawthorn.

High Blood Pressure: Mistletoe.

Effort Syndrome: Motherwort.

Tinctures. Combine, Lily of the Valley 2; Hawthorn 2; Motherwort 3. Dose: 1 teaspoon thrice daily after meals.

Diet. Low salt, low fat, high fibre. Restricted fluids, vegetarian protein foods, yoghurt. See also: DIET – HEART AND CIRCULATION.

Supplements. Potassium (bananas), Vitamin B6.

General. Stop smoking. Correction of overweight. Complete bed-rest with legs raised above level of the abdomen and patient propped-up to relieve difficult breathing. ... heart – right ventricular failure (rvf)

Liver – Hepatitis C

Paul Bergner describes 4 cases of patients with chronic hepatitis C successfully treated. All were given Milk Thistle, and prescribed an alternative tea: equal parts, Burdock, Dandelion, Barberry, Liquorice, Cinnamon and Fennel. Chologogue action is important in chronic liver disease. Not used in acute inflammation. All patients felt better within 2 weeks, and had liver function tests at 3-monthly intervals, showing a gradual decline in elevated values until normal or almost so. All patients became symptom-free. (Medical Herbalism, Vol 6, No 4) ... liver – hepatitis c

Liver – Amoebic Hepatitis

Patients with amoebic dysentery may develop liver complications, usually by blood borne infection via the portal system. Small lesions coalesce to form abscesses capable of destroying liver cells.

Treatment: as for LIVER ABSCESS. ... liver – amoebic hepatitis

Mad-cow Disease, Human

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. See: BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY. ... mad-cow disease, human

National Herbalist Association Of Australia

Professional association of qualified consulting medical herbalists. Founded 1920. Membership is by examination. Members required to adhere to a strict Code of Ethics. Quarterly publication: see – AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HERBALISM.

Address: NHAA – PO Box 65, Kingsgrove, NSW 2208, Australia. Tel: +61(02) 502 2938. ... national herbalist association of australia

Heath And Heather, Ltd.

From small beginnings this unique herbal enterprise grew into a national concern. Founded: 1920 by James Ryder, St Albans, Herts. On his death in 1937 the company passed to Mrs Joan Ryder. Vendors of fine herbal preparations and publishers of a number of booklets including: Gateway to Health and Famous Book of Herbs. Following the company’s ‘take-over’ from Booker Health Foods in 1987, it passed to The London Herb and Spice Co. Ltd., who maintain it as a brand leader in the health food trade.

Herbal combinations include: Rheumatic Pain tablets No 100: formula:– Guaiacum resin BPC ’49 50.0mg; Capsicum oleoresin BPC 0.6mg; the solid extracts of: Rhubarb (alc 60 per cent 1-4) BPC ’54 15mg; Uva Ursi (Aq 4:10) BPC ’34 12.0mg; Bogbean (Aq 1:4) 30.0mg; Celery seed (Aq l:4) BPC ’49 30.0mg.

Indigestion and Flatulence tablets No 80: formula:– Capsicin BPC ’23 0.25mgm; dried aqueous extract of Skullcap (3-10) BPC ’34 3mgm; Valerian BPC 14mgm; Fennel seed BPC 14mgm; Myrrh BPC 19mgm; Papain BPC ’54 1mgm; Peppermint oil BP 0.0006ml. ... heath and heather, ltd.

Heavy Metal Toxicity

Pollution of the blood and tissues by environmental poisons and traces of chemicals is a source of chronic disease. The most common toxic metals are lead, aluminium, cadmium, mercury and arsenic in that order. Copper is also toxic but is essential in small amounts.

Lead disrupts neurotransmitters in the brain and disposes to nervous excitability, aggression and hyperactivity. Aluminium is associated with senile dementia and Alzheimer’s disease, accumulating in the brain. Cadmium induces changes in behaviour with reduced mental ability. Mercury is present in the amalgam used in dental surgery as part-filling for teeth. Arsenical poisoning may occur in food contamination or paints.

An internal chelating or cleansing of tissues of the lungs, urinary system, blood and lymph may be assisted by a combination of relative expectorants, diuretics, hepatics and adaptogens among which are: Barberry, Blue Flag root, Chaparral, Burdock, Echinacea, Red Clover, Yellow Dock. To bind with metals and assist their passage through the intestinal canal to the outside of the body: Irish Moss, Iceland Moss or Slippery Elm. Garlic.

The Medicines Control Agency of the Ministry of Health (UK) has given consideration to the content of heavy metal impurities and rules that a limit of 75 micrograms of total heavy metals shall be the acceptable maximum daily intake.

Licence-holders are required to carry out tests on all incoming material. Some seaweeds may be heavily polluted with mercury, arsenic and radioactive particles as a result of micro-biological contamination. The MCA requires Bladderwrack and other seaweeds to contain minimum levels. ... heavy metal toxicity

Helonias

False Unicorn root. Blazing Star root. Chamaelirium luteum LA Gray. Parts used: roots, rhizome. Keynote: female reproductive system.

Constituents: helonin, saponins, chamaelirin.

Action. Powerful uterine tonic. Emmenagogue. Adaptogen. (Simon Mills) Precursor of oestrogen. Anthelmintic, diuretic, emetic.

Uses: Weakness of female reproductive organs. Absent or painful periods. Endometriosis, leucorrhoea, morning sickness, female sterility, inflammation of the Fallopian tubes, vaginitis, pruritus. Symptoms of the menopause: hot flushes, heavy bloated feeling, headache, depression, and to maintain normal fluid balance. Ovarian neuralgia. Spermatorrhoea in the male. Threatened abortion: miscarriage.

Preparations: Thrice daily. Average dose: 1-2g.

Combines well with Beth root. (F. Fletcher Hyde)

Tea. Does not yield its properties to simple infusion.

Decoction. Half-1 teaspoon to each cup water gently simmered 20 minutes. Dose: half-1 cup.

Liquid extract BHC Vol 1. 1:1 in 45 per cent ethanol. Dose: 1-2ml.

Tincture BHC Vol 1. 1:5 in 45 per cent alcohol. Dose: 2-5ml.

Powder. Equal parts Helonias and Beth root: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon).

Popular combination. Tablets/capsules. Powdered Helonias BHP (1983) 120mg; powdered Parsley BHP (1983) 60mg; powdered Black Cohosh BHP (1983) 30mg; powdered extract Raspberry leaves 3:1 – 16.70mg. (Gerard House)

Note: Large doses may cause vomiting. ... helonias

Noises In Head

(ears). See: TINNITUS. ... noises in head

Hemp Agrimony

Water Hemp. Eupatorium cannabinum, L. Herb. German: Hanfwasserdost. French: Chanvre d’Eau. Italian: Canapa salvatica.

Chinese: Tse-lan. Indian: Allepa.

Constituents: flavonoids, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, sesquiterpene lactones, volatile oil.

Action: anti-tumoral, diuretic, cathartic. Echinacea-effect to enhance immune system.

Uses: Blood impurities. Tumour. Internal use discouraged except by a general medical practitioner. Preparations. Tea: 1 teaspoon to each cup boiling water: infuse 15 minutes. Dose: half a cup, thrice daily.

Liquid Extract: 30-60 drops in water.

Externally as a poultice. HENBANE. See: HYOSCYAMUS. ... hemp agrimony

Henry Viii

King, Herbalist’s Charter. From the Book of Statutes, 1215-1572. “At all times from henceforth it shall be lawful to every person being the King’s subject, having knowledge and experience of the nature of Herbs, Roots and Waters, or of the operation of the same, by speculation or practice within any part of the realm of England, or in any other of the King’s dominions, to practise, use and minister in and to any outward sore, uncome, wound, apostemations, outward swelling or disease, any herb or herbs, ointments, baths, pultes and amplaisters, according to their cunning, experience and knowledge in any of the diseases, sores and maladies before-said, and all other like to the same, or drinks for the Stone and Strangury, or Agues, without suit, vexation, trouble, penalty, or loss of their goods.”

Since 1542 there have been many attempts to expunge this law from the Statute Book. A formidable attack was launched by the Pharmacy and Medicines Bill, 1941, which was fought so vigorously by a Mr Montgomery and Mrs Hilda Leyel that herbalists won the concession to continue the right to practise. ... henry viii

Herb Society, The

Founded as the Society of Herbalists in 1927 by Hilda Leyel who carried on a consulting service together with retailing herbs and preparations under the name of “Culpeper”.

Practical medical herbalism in Britain received an impetus under the work of Mrs Leyel until the 1968 Medicine’s Act which made this alternative therapy available to all. In 1974 the Society became a registered educational charity and its name changed to The Herb Society. The brand name “Culpeper” was franchised to a private company which continues to trade as the “Culpeper” retail chain of shops.

Today, The Herb Society promotes interest in and knowledge of all aspects of herbs, as well as herbal medicine. Information is available from: The Secretary, The Herb Society, PO Box 599, London SW11 4RW. ... herb society, the

Herbs, Source Of

Today’s practice: only first grade organically grown herbs (European, British, American, etc) without the aid of pesticides or herbicides are the general rule, but standards vary in different countries. Some herbs are freshly picked and processed on the same day, and it is modern practice to cultivate in a remote location to avoid wind-blown chemical contamination.

Herbs are soft-stemmed plants that die back in winter. No artificial additives; no cruelty to animals; and no damage to the environment is the ideal in the preparation of herbal remedies.

All herbs are subject to natural variations such as weather, climate and constituents of the soil. In herbal pharmacy products are standardised as carefully as possible under strict laboratory conditions. ... herbs, source of

Bites, Human

Wounds caused by one person biting another. Human bites rarely cause serious tissue damage or blood loss, but infection is likely, particularly if the bite is deep. There is a risk of tetanus infection. Transmission of hepatitis B, herpes simplex, and AIDS by a bite is a theoretical hazard.... bites, human

Herbal Practitioner

WHAT THE LAW REQUIRES. The consulting herbalist is covered by Part III of The Supply of Herbal Remedies Order, 1977, which lists remedies that may be used in his surgery on his patients. He enjoys special exemptions under the Medicines Act (Sections 12 (1) and 56 (2)). Conditions laid down for practitioners include:

(a) The practitioner must supply remedies from premises (apart from a shop) in private practice ‘so as to exclude the public’. He is not permitted to exceed the maximum permitted dose for certain remedies, or to prescribe POM medicines.

(b) The practitioner must exercise his judgement in the presence of the patient, in person, before prescribing treatment for that person alone.

(c) For internal treatment, remedies are subject to a maximum dose restriction. All labels on internal medicines must show clearly the date, correct dosage or daily dosage, and other instructions for use. Medicines should not be within the reach of children.

(d) He may not supply any remedies appearing in Schedule 1. Neither shall he supply any on Schedule 2 (which may not be supplied on demand by retail).

He may supply all remedies included in the General Sales List (Order 2129).

(e) He must observe requirements of Schedule III as regards remedies for internal and external use.

(f) He must notify the Enforcement Authority that he intends to supply from a fixed address (not a shop) remedies listed in Schedule III.

(g) Proper clinical records should be kept, together with records of remedies he uses under Schedule III. The latter shall be available for inspection at any time by the Enforcement Authority.

The practitioner usually makes his own tinctures from ethanol for which registration with the Customs and Excise office is required. Duty is paid, but which may later be reclaimed. Accurate records of its consumption must be kept for official inspection.

Under the Medicines Act 1968 it is unlawful to manufacture or assemble (dispense) medicinal products without an appropriate licence or exemption. The Act provides that any person committing such an offence shall be liable to prosecution.

Herbal treatments differ from person to person. A prescription will be ‘tailored’ according to the clinical needs of the individual, taking into account race as well as age. Physical examination may be necessary to obtain an accurate diagnosis. The herbalist (phytotherapist) will be concerned not only in relieving symptoms but with treating the whole person.

If a person is receiving treatment from a member of the medical profession and who is also taking herbal medicine, he/she should discuss the matter with the doctor, he being responsible for the clinical management of the case.

The practitioner can provide incapacity certificates for illness continuing in excess of four days for those who are employed. It is usual for Form CCAM 1 5/87 to be used as issued on the authority of the Council for Complementary and Alternative medicine.

General practitioners operating under the UK National Health Service may use any alternative or complementary therapy they choose to treat their patients, cost refunded by the NHS. They may either administer herbal or other treatment themselves or, if not trained in medical herbalism can call upon the services of a qualified herbalist. The herbal practitioner must accept that the GP remains in charge of the patient’s clinical management.

See: MEDICINES ACT 1968, LABELLING OF HERBAL PRODUCTS, LICENSING OF HERBAL REMEDIES – EXEMPTIONS FROM. ... herbal practitioner

Hiccups

Repeated involuntary contraction of the diaphragm.

Causes: eating too fast, carbonated drinks, stomach irritation (hot peppers, vinegars, alcohol). Where persistent, there may be constriction of the lower gullet by early neoplasm caused by drinking piping-hot tea when X-ray and specialist advice should be sought.

Alternatives. Teas. Celery seed. Spearmint. Mustard seed. Fennel seed, Dill seed, Coriander seed, Peppermint. Caraway seed.

Decoction. Blue Cohosh. Black Cohosh. Calamus. Valerian.

Tablets/capsules. Capsicum (Cayenne), Papaya, Peppermint, Cinnamon, Celery seed, Liquorice, Ginger. Old English traditional. 1-2 teaspoons Onion juice every few minutes.

Cinnamon, oil of. 3 drops on sugar. (John Wesley)

Blue Cohosh, or Black Cohosh. 10 drops Tincture in little water, hourly.

Cloves, oil of. 1-2 drops in teaspoon honey.

Wild Yam. Liquid Extract. 15-30 drops in water, every 10 minutes.

Capsicum (Cayenne). Tincture, 3-5 drops in water, hourly.

Cramp Bark. (Muscle relaxant).

Slippery Elm gruel.

Supportives: deep breathing; holding the breath as long as possible. Hot foot bath. Stick a finger in each ear for 20 seconds. ... hiccups

Brain Haemorrhage

Bleeding within or around the brain that is caused either by injury or by spontaneous rupture of a blood vessel. There are 4 possible types of brain haemorrhage: subdural, extradural, subarachnoid, and intracerebral. Extradural and subdural haemorrhages are usually the result of a blow to the head (see head injury). Subarachnoid and intracerebral haemorrhages usually occur spontaneously due to rupture of aneurysms or small blood vessels in the brain.... brain haemorrhage

Braxton Hicks’ Contractions

Short relatively painless contractions of the uterus during pregnancy.

They may be felt in late pregnancy and are sometimes mistaken for labour pains.... braxton hicks’ contractions

Burr Hole

A hole made in the skull by a special drill with a rounded tip (burr). A hole is made to relieve the pressure on the brain that often results from bleeding inside the skull, usually following a head injury. Burr holes may be made as part of a craniotomy and may be lifesaving procedures.... burr hole

Chancre, Hard

An ulcer, usually on the genitals, that develops during the first stage of syphilis.... chancre, hard

Hippocrates – Oath Of

“I Swear . . . To my master in the healing art I shall pay the same respect as to my parents, and I shall share my life with him and pay all my debts to him. I shall regard his sons as my brothers, and I shall teach them the healing art if they desire to learn it, without fee or contract. I shall hand-on precepts, lectures and all other learning to my sons, to my master’s sons and to those pupils who are duly apprenticed and sworn, and to no others.

I will use my power to help the sick to the best of my ability and judgement. I will abstain from harming or wronging any man.

I will not give a fatal draught to anyone, even if it is demanded of me, nor will I suggest the giving of the draught. I will give no woman the means of procuring an abortion.

I will be chaste and holy in my life and actions. I will not cut, even for the stone, but I will leave all cutting to the practitioners of the craft.

Whenever I enter a house, I shall help the sick, and never shall I do any harm or injury. I will not indulge in sexual union with the bodies of women or men, whether free or slaves.

Whatever I see or hear, either in my profession or in private, I shall never divulge. All secrets shall be safe with me. If therefore I observe this Oath, may prosperity come to me and may I earn good repute among men through all the ages. If I break the Oath, may I receive the punishment given to all transgressors.” ... hippocrates – oath of

They Generally Heal Without Treatment Child Abuse

The maltreatment of children.

Child abuse may take the form of physical injury, sexual abuse, emotional mistreatment, and/or neglect; it occurs at all levels of society.

Being deprived or ill-treated in childhood may predispose people to repeat the pattern of abuse with their own children.

Children who are abused or at risk of abuse may be placed in care while the health and social services decide on the best course of action.... they generally heal without treatment child abuse

Congestive Heart Failure

See heart failure.... congestive heart failure

Contraception, Hormonal Methods Of

The use by women of synthetic progestogen drugs, which are often combined with synthetic oestrogens, to prevent pregnancy.

These drugs suppress ovulation and make cervical mucus thick and impenetrable to sperm.

They also cause thinning of the endometrium (lining of the uterus), which reduces the chance of a fertilized egg implanting successfully.

The best-known form of hormonal contraception is the contraceptive pill (see oral contraceptives).

The hormones can also be given as contraceptive implants under the skin, by injection (see contraceptives, injectable), or be released by IUDs.... contraception, hormonal methods of

Corticosteroid Hormones

A group of hormones produced by the adrenal glands that control the body’s use of nutrients and the excretion of salts and water in the urine.... corticosteroid hormones

Femoral Hernia

A type of hernia that occurs in the groin area, where the femoral artery and femoral vein pass from the lower abdomen to the thigh.... femoral hernia

Gastrointestinal Hormones

A group of hormones released from specialized cells in the stomach, pancreas, and intestine that control various functions of the digestive organs. Gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin are the best known of these hormones.... gastrointestinal hormones

Horehound, White

 Marrubium vulgare L. German: Maurerandorn. French: Marrube blanc. Spanish: Marrubio. Italian: Marrobio bianco. Dutch: Gemeene malrove. Flowering tops and leaves. Keynote: chest.

Constituents: Marrubiin, volatile oil, tannins, alkaloids, diterpene alcohols.

Action: stimulating expectorant, mild antispasmodic, sedative, amphoteric, vulnerary, diuretic, stomach and liver bitter tonic.

Uses: Chronic bronchitis, whooping cough, hard cough with little phlegm, common cold, loss of voice, snake bite, dog bite. Chronic gall bladder disease, fevers, malaria, hepatitis, “Yellowness of the eyes”. Combinations. Teas. (1) with Coltsfoot and Hyssop (equal parts) for hard cough. (2) with Lobelia and Iceland Moss for chronic chest complaints.

Preparations: Thrice daily.

Tea. 1 teaspoon to each cup boiling water; infuse 15 minutes. Dose: half-1 cup. Liquid extract BHC Vol 1. 1:1, 20 per cent ethanol. Dose: 1-2ml.

Tincture BHC Vol 1. 1:5, 25 per cent ethanol. Dose: 3-6ml.

Horehound ale: wholesome beverage.

Horehound, Hyssop and Honey Mixture.

Traditional English syrup.

Note: Horehound, Horseradish, Coriander, Lettuce and Nettles are the five bitter herbs eaten by the Jews at their Passover feast according to the Old Testament. ... horehound, white

Genome, Human

The complete set of human genetic material. The human genome consists of 23 chromosomes, which, together, contain about 30,000 genes. All body cells contain 2 sets of the 23 chromosomes, one set inherited from the father and the other from the mother. An international research programme, the Human Genome Project, was launched in 1990 with the aim of identifying all the human genes. The first rough draft of the project was published in 2000.... genome, human

Gingival Hyperplasia

See hyperplasia, gingival.... gingival hyperplasia

Gonadotrophin Hormones

Hormones that stimulate cell activity in the ovaries and testes. Gonadotrophins are essential for fertility. The two most important gonadotrophins are follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which are secreted by the pituitary gland. Another gonadotrophin, HCG (see gonadotrophin, human chorionic), is produced by the placenta during pregnancy. Certain gonadotrophins are used as drugs in the treatment of infertility.... gonadotrophin hormones

Gonadotrophin, Human Chorionic

A hormone produced by the placenta in early pregnancy. Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen and progesterone, which are needed for a healthy pregnancy. HCG is excreted in the urine, and its presence in urine is the basis of pregnancy tests on urine samples. ... gonadotrophin, human chorionic

Horse Radish

Cochlearia armoracia L. Armoracia rusticana, Gaertn. Part used: root.

Constituents: asparagine, B vitamins, Vitamin C, sinigrin and other glucosinolates, resin.

Action: efficient alternative to Cayenne pepper, Diuretic, urinary antispetic, diaphoretic, carminative; liver, spleen and pancreatic stimulant. Bacteriostatic action on Gram-negative bacilli. (Rudat K.D. (1957) Journal Hyg. Epidem. Microbiol. Immunol. Prague 1213)

To raise vital force in the elderly. Antibiotic. Circulatory stimulant with warming effect. Digestive aid. Anti-thyroid.

Uses: Feeble circulation, hypothermia, hyperthyroidism, frostbite, chilblains, absence of stomach acid in the elderly, dropsy following fevers, proteinuria (albuminuria), to arrest vaginal discharge. Hoarseness (1 teaspoon juice in honey). Rheumatic joints (poultice). Common cold, influenza and early stages of fever: cup of Horse Radish tea every 2-3 hours. Combine with Juniper berries (equal parts) for dropsy and kidney stone. Purulent wounds: cold decoction used as a lotion.

Preparations: Average dose: 1-2 grams; thrice daily.

Tea: 1 teaspoon grated fresh root in each cup boiling water; infuse 20 minutes. Half-1 cup in sips, freely. Horse Radish vinegar. 1oz scraped fresh root to 1 pint cider vinegar. 1-2 teaspoons in water for catarrh, sinusitis, poor circulation or as a male tonic.

Steeping slices of the fresh root in cider produces a copious discharge of urine in dropsy.

Tablets, Blackmore’s Labs: Horse Radish powder 350mg; Dolomite 140mg; Gum Acacia 20mg; Magnesium stearate 10mg.

Diet: Mayonnaise: whip double cream until stiff and fold in fresh grated root, flaked almonds, lemon juice and seasoning, with a little Paprika.

Note: One of the five bitter herbs eaten by the Jews during the Passover Festival. ... horse radish

Hoxsey

Harry M. M.D. Cancer specialist. Great Grandson of John Hoxsey, American physician, who in 1840 observed one of his horses with cancer cure itself by foraging for certain herbs. Noticing the herbs (Alfalfa, Red Clover, etc) he gathered them and fed them to other animals with the disease with conspicuous success.

The Hoxsey Cancer Clinic was founded in Dallas, which became a mecca for the herbal treatment of that disease. However, he received such persecution from the American Medical Association that he was persuaded to sign a contract transferring to them his herbal formulae, medicines and ointments, and to abandon his practice. This he did in good faith but the opposition continued. Worn out by long prison sentences for practising medicine without a licence, he died a broken man.

Though it is still illegal to offer the Hoxsey treatment in the United States, his main formula is still used by individuals left to their own resources.

Formula. Liquid Medicine: Red Clover, Burdock root, Queen’s Delight root, Barberry root, Liquorice, Poke root, Cascara sagrada, Potassium iodide, Prickly Ash bark, Buckthorn powder.

Pills: Red Clover, Queen’s Delight root, Poke root, Buckthorn, Pepsin.

A popular version revised by Paul Bergner, American Medical Herbalist reads: Liquorice 4 parts; Red

Clover 4 parts; Burdock 2 parts; Queen’s Delight 2 parts; Mountain Grape 2 parts; Poke root 2 parts; Prickly Ash bark 1 part; Frangula bark 1 part. (P. Bergner, ‘Botanic Medicine: Alterative Medicine’. Townsend Letter for Doctors, Nov. 1988, No 64, p487-8) ... hoxsey

Huang Qi

Astragalus membranaceus. Chinese anti-viral, anti-bacterial. Immune system enhancer. 2,000-year old herb drunk as tea in China.

Action. Anti-infective against Coxsackie virus. Immune stimulant. Antiviral.

Uses: Myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME). Upper respiratory infection. For increased white blood cell count, improved sleep habits and to stimulate appetite in patients receiving chemotherapy and radiation. (American Health 1989 8th Oct. –100) To increase production of interferon. Gastric ulcer therapy. Influenza. The common cold. To combat Coxsackie B myocarditis. Of value for incontinence and frequency of urine. Inhibits HIV-1 replication in cells acutely or chronically infected.

Preparation. Decoction. Dried root: 2 teaspoons to each cup of water simmered gently 20 minutes. Half- 1 cup thrice daily. ... huang qi

Huntingdon’s Chorea

Degenerative disease of the cortex and basal ganglia of the brain with mental retardation, jerky movements of face and limbs. Onset: 30-45 years. Hereditary.

Differential diagnosis: arterio-sclerosis, Sydenham’s chorea.

Action. Emotional instability ranging from apathy to irritability. Complicated by menstrual problems (Motherwort, Helonias, Black Cohosh). Regresses into dementia. No cure possible, but anti-convulsants may reduce contortions and restlessness. Institutional care may be necessary. Scientists claim the gene that causes Huntingdon’s disease has been identified.

Alternatives. Of Therapeutic Value. Betony, Black Cohosh, Chamomile (German), Cramp bark, Helonias, Ladyslipper, Motherwort, Oats, Passion flower, Sarsaparilla, Skullcap, Valerian, Feverfew. Tablets/capsules. Motherwort, Passion flower, Skullcap, Valerian.

Formula. Combine: equal parts, Black Cohosh, Mistletoe, Helonias. Dose: Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon). Liquid extract: 1 teaspoon. Tinctures: 2 teaspoons. Thrice daily in water or honey.

Traditional, UK. Combine equal parts, Skullcap, Valerian, Mistletoe. 1oz (30g) to 1 pint (500ml) water; bring to boil; remove vessel when boiling point is reached. Dose: half-1 cup thrice daily.

Diet. Lacto-vegetarian. Yoghurt. Low salt. Oatmeal porridge, Muesli, regular raw food days. Supplements. Vitamin B-complex, Vitamin B6, Kelp, Calcium, Magnesium, Zinc.

Note: It would appear the Ginkgo would be an object of scientific study for the complaint. Treatment by or in liaison with general medical practitioner only. ... huntingdon’s chorea

Gsl Hydrocele

Excessive collection of fluid in the scrotum, the protective covering of the testicles. In infants the condition usually disappears on its own and requires no treatment. In adults, onset is mostly in middle life when it may be withdrawn by needle and syringe. One cause is inflammation of the testicle or of the epididymus.

Treatment. Aspiration or surgery. Pulsatilla is a key remedy. Ellingwood recommends Thuja. Poke root. Pulsatilla: tablets, tincture. Liquid Extract: thrice daily.

Thuja. Tea, liquid extract or tincture. See entry.

Poke root. Tablets, Decoction, liquid extract or tincture. See entry.

Supportives: cold hip bath. Attention to bowels; a laxative may relieve pressure. ... gsl hydrocele

Hydrotherapy, Colon

 Irrigation of the low bowel.

When elimination of body wastes is held up by a chronically-overloaded bowel general health may suffer. A constipated colon, with accumulations of hard faeces, obstructs peristalsis and loses its ability to evacuate effectively. Toxaemia follows, with gross interference of digestion of food.

As contents putrefy, toxins are re-absorbed, poisoning the blood. Such self-induced disease may lie at the root of sluggish liver function, skin disease, blood pressure, and aches in muscles similating rheumatism.

To clean out a clogged colon, injection of a herbal tea into the rectum not only proves effective but brings about a healthful purgation and release from tension. 2-3oz herb is brought to the boil in 1 gallon water, simmered for one minute, and allowed to cool. The tea is strained when warm and injected.

Enema herbs include: Soapwort, Chamomile, Marshmallow, Catmint, Raspberry leaves, Chickweed. Alternative: 20-30 drops Tincture Myrrh added to boiled water allowed to cool. ... hydrotherapy, colon

Haematoma Auris

The medical term for cauliflower ear.... haematoma auris

Haemolytic Anaemia

See anaemia, haemolytic.... haemolytic anaemia

Haemolytic–uraemic Syndrome

A rare disease in which red blood cells are destroyed prematurely and the kidneys are damaged, causing acute kidney failure. Thrombocytopenia can also occur. Haemolytic–uraemic syndrome most commonly affects young children and may be triggered by a serious bacterial or viral infection. Symptoms include weakness, lethargy, and a reduction in the volume of urine. Seizures may occur. Blood and urine tests can determine the degree of kidney damage. Dialysis may be needed until the kidneys have recovered. Most patients recover normal renal function.... haemolytic–uraemic syndrome

Hyoscyamus

Henbane. Hyoscyamus niger, L. German: Schwarzes Bilsenkraut. French: Jusquiame noire. Spanish: Beteno. Iranian: Sickran. Arabian: Bazrul-banj. Italian: Jusquiame nero. Indian: Khurasani ajvayan. Chinese: Lang-tang. Leaves and flowering tops.

Constituents: The leaves contain hyoscine, hyoscamine, scopolamine, choline, mucilage.

Action: Powerful brain relaxant, antispasmodic on smooth muscle, sedative. Inhibits release of acetylcholine as a neuro-transmitter (action similar to Belladonna). Analgesic, narcotic.

Uses: Rabies, delirium tremens, delirium of fevers, cystitis, travel sickness, bronchitis, asthma, renal colic, whooping cough. See: TRANSDERMAL PATCHES.

Preparations: Poultice. Leaves once used for painful rheumatism.

Pharmacy only. Herbal practitioners are exempted up to 300mg daily (100mg per dose). HYPERACIDITY. See: ACIDITY. ... hyoscyamus

Hypericum

St John’s Wort. Hypericum perforatum L. German: Tupfelharthen. French: Mille pertuis. Spanish: Hierba de San Juan. Italian: Perforata. Iranian: Dadi. Arabian: Hynfarikun. Chinese: Chin-ssu?- t’sao. Leaves and flowers. Keynote: pain.

Constituents: flavonoids, hypericins, essential oil.

Action: alterative, astringent, antiviral, relaxing nervine, anti-depressant, sedative, anti-inflammatory, cardio-tonic. Analgesic (external).

Topical. Antiseptic, analgesic (mild). To promote coronary flow and strengthen the heart.

Uses: Neuralgia (facial and intercostal), sciatica, concussion of the spine, post-operative pain and neuralgia, physical shock. Pain in coccyx, polymyalgia with tingling of fingers or feet, to reduce pain of dental extractions. Injuries to flesh rich in nerves – finger tips or sole of feet. Shooting, stitching pains. Punctured wounds: bites of dogs (rabies), cats, rats where pain shoots up the arm from the wound. Painful piles. Chorea. Tetanus. Temporary relief reported in Parkinsonism. Has been used with some success in relieving cramps of terminal disease. Anxiety, stress, depression. Menopausal nervousness. Menstrual cramps.

Researchers have shown that the herb possesses radioprotective properties. (Biol. Nauki. 1992 (4) 709)

Preparations: Average dose: 2-4 grams, or equivalent in fluid form. Thrice daily. Tea: 1 heaped teaspoon to each cup of boiling water; infuse 15 minutes. Half a cup. Liquid Extract: 15-60 drops in water.

Tincture BHP (1983). 1:10 in 45 per cent alcohol. Dose: 2-4ml.

Flowers: steeped in Olive oil offer a good dressing for burns, sores and stubborn ulcers. Oil of St John’s Wort, (topical).

Compress, or wet pack for wounds or rheumatism: tea rinse.

Keynote: depression ... hypericum

Jaundice, Haemolytic

 Caused by disease toxins that kill off red blood cells, or autoimmune disease.

Treatment: emphasis is on new red cell production. Dosage would be according to individual tolerance. Alternatives. Tea. Mix equal parts: Agrimony, Clivers, Red Clover flowers. 2 teaspoons to each cup boiling water; infuse 5-15 minutes; one cup every 3 hours.

Decoction. Equal parts: Fringe Tree, Gentian, Milk Thistle. 2 teaspoons to each cup water gently simmered 20 minutes. Half-1 cup every 3 hours, or as much as tolerated.

Tablets/capsules. Red Clover, Ginseng.

Formula. Equal parts: Fringe Tree, Yellow Dock root, Dandelion. Dose – Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon). Liquid Extracts: one 5ml teaspoon. Tinctures: two 5ml teaspoons. Every 3 hours in water or honey. ... jaundice, haemolytic

Labelling Of Herbal Products

The law requires labels to carry a full description of all ingredients. No label should bear the name of a specific disease or promote treatment for any serious disease or condition requiring consultation with a registered medical practitioner. Labels must not contravene The Medicines (Labelling and Advertising to the Public), SI 41, Regulations, 1978.

Misleading claims and the use of such words as “organic”, “wholesome”, “natural” or “biological” cannot be accepted on product labels. The Licensing Authority treats herbal manufacturers no differently than manufacturers of allopathic products for serious conditions.

The Advertising Standards Authority does not allow quotation of any medicinal claims, except where a Product Licence (PL) has been authorised by the Licensing Authority.

All labels must include: Name of product (as on Product Licence), description of pharmaceutical form (tablet, mixture etc), Product Licence No., Batch No., quantity of each active ingredient in each unit dose in metric terms; dose and directions for use; quantity in container (in metric terms); “Keep out of reach of children” or similar warning; Name and address of Product Licence Holder; expiry date (if applicable); and any other special warnings. Also to appear: excipients, method/route of administration, special storage instructions, and precautions for disposal, if any.

Where licences are granted, the following words should appear on the label of a product: “A herbal product traditionally used for the symptomatic relief of . . .”. “If symptoms persist see your doctor.” “Not to be used in pregnancy” (where applicable). “If you think you have . . . consult a registered medical practitioner before taking this product.” “If you are already receiving medical treatment, tell your doctor that you are taking this product.” These warnings are especially necessary should symptoms persist and be the start of something more serious than a self-limiting condition.

Herbal preparations should be labelled with the additives and colourings they contain, if any. This helps practitioners avoid prescribing medicines containing them to certain patients on whom they may have an adverse reaction.

Labels of medicinal products shall comply with the Medicines (Labelling) Regulations 1976 (SI 1976 No. 1726) as amended by the Medicines (Labelling) Amendment Regulations 1977 (SI 1977 No. 996), the Medicines (Labelling) Amendment Regulations 1981 (SI 1981 No. 1791) and the Medicines (Labelling) Amendment Regulations 1985 (SI 1985 No. 1558).

Leaflets issued with proprietory medicinal products shall comply with the requirements of the Medicines (Leaflets) Regulations 1977 (SI 1977 No. 1055).

See also: ADVERTISING: CODE OF PRACTICE. BRITISH HERBAL MEDICINE ASSOCIATION. ... labelling of herbal products

Haemophilus Influenzae

A bacterium (see bacteria) responsible for numerous cases of the infectious diseases epiglottitis and meningitis.... haemophilus influenzae

Licencing Of Herbal Remedies – Exemptions From

There are remedies that may be manufactured or assembled by any person carrying on a business or practice provided he or she is occupier of the premises which are closed to exclude the general public. The person (i.e. practitioner) supplies or sells the remedy to a particular person (i.e. patient) having been requested by or on behalf of that person and in that person’s presence to use his/her own judgement as to treatment.

Anyone may administer a herbal product to a human being, except by injection. Under Section 12 of the Medicines Act 1968, any remedy may be sold or supplied which only specifies the plant and the process. The remedy shall be called by no other name. This applies to the process producing the remedy consisting only of drying, crushing and comminuting. It must be sold without any written recommendation for use.

Those who have a manufacturer’s licence, or who notify the Enforcement Authority (the Secretary of State and the Pharmaceutical Society) can sell dried, crushed or comminuted herbs which have also been subjected to certain other limited processes (tablet-making, etc) but not those herbs contained in the Schedule to the Medicines (Retail Sale or Supply of Herbal Remedies) Order 1977 (SI 1977 No.2130).

This Schedule has three parts.

Part 1 contains substances that may only be sold by retail at registered pharmacies under the supervision of a pharmacist.

Part 2 refers to remedies that can be sold only in a registered pharmacy. There is, however, an important exception, as follows.

Part 3 contains a list of considered toxic herbs. A practitioner can prescribe all remedies that a shopkeeper can sell. He may also prescribe and sell remedies on Part 3 of the Schedule which a shopkeeper cannot. Such supply must be in premises closed to the public and subject to a clear and accurate indication of maximum dosage and strength. These remedies are as follows:... licencing of herbal remedies – exemptions from

Liver – Acute Infectious Hepatitis

Inflammation of the liver from virus infection. As the commonest form of liver disorder, it is often without jaundice or marked liver symptoms apart from general malaise and abdominal discomfort, ‘Gippy tummy’, ‘chill on the liver’. For feverishness, add a diaphoretic.

Treatment. Bitter herbs keep the bile fluid and flowing.

Alternatives. Teas. Agrimony, Lemon Balm, Boldo, Bogbean, Centuary, Dandelion, Hyssop, Motherwort, Wormwood, Yarrow.

Maria Treben. Equal parts: Bedstraw, Agrimony, Woodruff. 2 teaspoons to cup boiling water.

Cold tea: 2 teaspoons Barberry bark to each cup cold water. Infuse overnight. Half-1 cup freely. Tablets/capsules: Blue Flag. Dandelion. Wild Yam. Liquorice.

Formula. Equal parts: Turkey Rhubarb, Dandelion, Meadowsweet. Dose: Liquid Extracts: 1-2 teaspoons. Tinctures: 2-3 teaspoons. Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon). 3-4 times daily. Alfred Vogel. Dandelion, Devil’s Claw, Artichoke.

Antonius Musa, physician to Emperor Augustus Caesar records: “Wood Betony preserves the liver and bodies of men from infectious diseases”.

Preventative: Garlic. (Old Chinese)

Milk Thistle: good responses observed.

General. Bedrest until motions are normal. Enema with any one of above herb teas.

Diet. Fat-free. Fasting period from 1-3 days on fruit juices and herb teas only. Artichokes. Dandelion coffee. Lecithin.

See: COCKROACH, The.

Treatment by or in liaison with a general medical practitioner. ... liver – acute infectious hepatitis

Liver – Hepatitis, Chronic

Term referring to hepatitis where the condition is the result of acute attacks of more than six months duration.

Causes: alcohol excess, drugs (Paracetamol prescribed for those who cannot tolerate aspirin), autoimmune disease, toxaemia, environmental poisons. Clinically latent forms are common from carbon monoxide poisoning. May lead to cirrhosis.

Symptoms. Jaundice, nausea and vomiting, inertia.

Treatment. Bile must be kept moving.

Alternatives:– Decoction. Formula. Milk Thistle 2; Yellow Dock 1; Boldo 1. 1 heaped teaspoon to each cup water gently simmered 20 minutes. Half-1 cup thrice daily.

Formula. Barberry bark 1; German Chamomile 2. Dose: Liquid Extracts: 2 teaspoons. Tinctures: 2-3 teaspoons. Powders: 750mg (three capsules or half a teaspoon) thrice daily.

Tablets/capsules. Blue Flag root. Goldenseal.

Astragalus. Popular liver tonic in Chinese medicine. A liver protective in chemotherapy.

Diet. Fat-free. Dandelion coffee. Artichokes. Lecithin.

Supplements. B-vitamins, B12, Zinc.

Treatment by or in liaison with a general medical practitioner. ... liver – hepatitis, chronic

Haemospermia

The medical term for blood in the semen (see semen, blood in the).... haemospermia

Haemostatic Drugs

A group of drugs used to treat bleeding disorders and to control bleeding. Haemostatic preparations that help blood clotting are given to people who have deficiencies of natural clotting factors. For example, factor VIII is used to treat haemophilia. Drugs that prevent the breakdown of fibrin in clots, such as tranexamic acid, can also improve haemostasis.... haemostatic drugs

Hairiness, Excessive

See hirsutism; hypertrichosis.... hairiness, excessive

Hair Removal

Hair is usually removed from the body for cosmetic reasons.

It may also be shaved from around an incision site before surgery.

Temporary methods include shaving, waxing, depilatory creams, and waxing; electrolysis is the only permanent method of removal.... hair removal

Hallucinogenic Drug

A drug that causes hallucination.

Hallucinogens include certain drugs of abuse, such as LSD, marijuana, mescaline, and psilocybin.

Some prescription drugs, including anticholinergic drugs and levodopa, occasionally cause hallucinations.... hallucinogenic drug

Hamstring Muscles

A group of muscles at the back of the thigh. The upper ends of the hamstring muscles are attached by tendons to the pelvis; the lower ends are attached by tendons called hamstrings to the tibia and fibula. The hamstring muscles bend the knee and swing the leg backwards from the thigh. Tearing of the hamstring muscles is common in sports. Repeated strenuous exercise may sprain the muscles (see overuse injury).... hamstring muscles

Liver – Hepatitis B

Regarded as more serious than Hepatitis A. A main symptom is a flu-like illness followed by jaundice. Transmitted sexually, blood transfusion or by infected blood as from contaminated needles used by drug abusers. It is the first human virus to be identified with cancer in man. High mortality rate.

Symptoms: nausea and vomiting, fever, dark urine, loss of appetite, skin irritation, yellow discoloration of the skin and whites of eyes, weakness and fatigue.

Treatment. Internal. Silymarin (active principle of Milk Thistle) has been used with good responses. (R.L. Devault & W. Rosenbrook, (1973), Antibiotic Journal, 26;532)

Wormwood tea. 1-2 teaspoons herb to each cup boiling water in a covered vessel. Infuse 10-15 minutes: 1 cup thrice daily.

Formula. Equal parts: Balmony, Valerian, Wild Yam. Dose: Liquid Extracts: 1-2 teaspoons. Tinctures: 1- 3 teaspoons. Powders: 750mg (three 00 capsules or half a teaspoon) thrice daily.

Astragalus. Popular liver protective used in Chinese medicine.

Phyllanthus amarus. Clinical trials on 78 carriers of the virus revealed that this plant effectively eliminated the virus from the body in 59 per cent of cases. Treatment consisted of 200mg dried powdered herb (whole plant minus the roots) in capsules, thrice daily for 30 days). (Thyagarajan, S.P., et al “Effect of Phyllanthus amarus on Chronic Carriers of Hepatitis B Virus.” The Lancet, Oct. 1988 2:764-766) External. Castor oil packs for two months.

Treatment by or in liaison with a general medical practitioner. ... liver – hepatitis b

Menstrual Headache

Menstrual migraine. Headache with lowering mood, muddled thinking, sluggish dopey feeling preceded by visual or sensory aura, dizziness, pain around eyes, persistent tiredness. These suggest underlying hypothalamic disturbance – a nerve-cause which, together with progesterone deficiency may trigger menstrual migraine.

Treatment. Uterine restoratives, nerve relaxants. Formula. Tea. Equal parts: Raspberry leaves; Skullcap; Agnus Castus. 1 heaped teaspoon to each cup boiling water; infuse 5-15 minutes; drink freely. Alternative formula. Agnus Castus 2; Black Cohosh 1. Dose: Liquid Extracts: 1-2 teaspoons. Tinctures:

2-3 teaspoons. Powders: 750mg (three 00 capsules or half a teaspoon). Thrice daily.

Feverfew: good results reported.

Evening Primrose oil capsules. 500mg thrice daily.

Sleep. One in two patients find relief in ‘sleeping it off’ any time of the day or night. Hot bath. Passion flower tea or tablets.

Diet. High fibre, low fat, low salt. Hot soup. A cooked meal but not with rich fatty or spicy foods. Oatmeal porridge.

Supplements. Vitamin B6, 50mg daily. Magnesium, Zinc.

Preventative: Raspberry leaf tea 3 days before periods. ... menstrual headache

National Association Of Health Stores (nahs)

Founded 1931. Objects:

(a) To promote and protect the interests of Health Foods Stores among members.

(b) To set standards in retailing of health foods and herbs.

(c) To encourage production, marketing and sales of products derived from purely natural and vegetable sources.

((d) To provide qualifications by certificate and diploma courses for those engaged in the industry.

The Association provides advice on aspects of health food and herb retailing and is able to help its members with professional advice and merchandising. NAHS Diploma of Health Food Retailing qualifies for membership of the Institute of Health Food Retailing. Address: Bastow House, Queens Road, Nottingham NG2 3AS. ... national association of health stores (nahs)

National Institute Of Medical Herbalists

Est. 1864. The oldest and only body of professional medical herbalists, now known as phytotherapists, in Europe. Membership by examination after completion of course of training. A stipulated period of clinical practice must be completed before the final examination is taken.

Members are directly involved with patient-care, carrying full responsibility for their recommendations, prescribing medication suitable to the individual biological requirements of each patient. Their role includes patient-counselling, health education and research.

Official recognition of the Institute, indicating its growing importance in the field of medicine came with the historic Grant of Arms by Her Majesty’s College of Heralds. Members regard this as evidence that the Royal Charter of King Henry VIII still stands and that there is no monopoly in healing the sick. See: HENRY VIII, HERBALISTS’ CHARTER.

The Institute played a major role in winning vital concessions for the survival of the herbalist in the passage through Parliament of the Medicine’s Bill. See: MEDICINE’S ACT, 1968.

In connection with the NIMH degree courses in herbal medicine are available at a London University, and Exeter University.

The Institute provides professional indemnity cover for its members, and is engaged in a series of clinical trials to evaluate traditional remedies.

All members are required to adhere to a strict professional Code of Ethics and are entitled to carry after their names the letters of qualification: MNIMH or FNIMH.

Members have a key role in preventative medicine and health promotion in their contribution to improvement of the nation’s health.

Address: 56 Longbrook Street, Exeter EX4 6AH, from which a list of members is obtainable. ... national institute of medical herbalists

Hand–arm Vibration Syndrome

Pain and numbness in the hand and arm due to prolonged use of vibrating tools. Symptoms often also include blue or white coloration of the fingers and a tingling sensation in affected areas. Hand–arm vibration syndrome tends to develop slowly over years and is the result of repeated damage to blood vessels and nerves. Exposure to cold tends to aggravate the condition. There is no specific treatment, but avoiding vibrating tools is essential to prevent the disease progressing. In some cases, calcium channel blockers may help relieve some symptoms.... hand–arm vibration syndrome

Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital

An uncommon genetic disorder in which an enzyme defect blocks the production of corticosteroid hormones from the adrenal glands. Excessive amounts of androgens (male sex hormones) are produced, which can result in abnormal genital development in an affected fetus. Other effects include dehydration, weight loss, low blood pressure, and hypoglycaemia. Hyperplasia (enlargement) of the adrenal glands occurs and there is excessive skin pigmentation in skin creases and around the nipples.

In severe cases, the disorder is apparent soon after birth. In milder cases, symptoms appear later, sometimes producing premature puberty in boys and delayed menstruation, hirsutism, and potential infertility in girls.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is confirmed by measuring corticosteroid hormones in blood and urine. Treatment is by hormone replacement. If this is started early, normal sexual development and fertility usually follow.... adrenal hyperplasia, congenital

Anaemia, Haemolytic

A form of anaemia caused by premature destruction of red cells in the bloodstream (haemolysis). Haemolytic anaemias can be classified according to whether the cause of haemolysis is inside or outside the red cells.

When haemolysis is due to a defect inside the red cells, the underlying problem is abnormal rigidity of the cell membrane. This causes the cells to become trapped, at an early stage of their life-span, in the small blood vessels of the spleen, where they are destroyed by macrophages (cells that ingest foreign particles). Abnormal rigidity may result from an inherited defect of the cell membrane (as in hereditary spherocytosis), a defect of the haemoglobin in the cell (as in sickle-cell anaemia), or a defect of one of the cell’s enzymes. An inherited deficiency of the glucose-6phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme (see G6PD deficiency) may result in episodes of haemolytic anaemia since the red cells are prone to damage by infectious illness or certain drugs or foods.

Haemolytic anaemias due to defects outside the red cells fall into 3 main groups. First are disorders in which red cells are destroyed by buffeting (by artificial surfaces such as replacement heart valves, abnormal blood-vessel linings, or a blood clot in a vessel, for example). In the 2nd group, the red cells are destroyed by the immune system. Immune haemolytic anaemias may occur if foreign blood cells enter the bloodstream, as occurs in an incompatible blood transfusion, or they may be due to an autoimmune disorder. In haemolytic disease of the newborn, the baby’s red cells are destroyed by the mother’s antibodies crossing the placenta. Thirdly, the red cells may be destroyed by microorganisms; the most common cause is malaria. People with haemolytic anaemia may have symptoms common to all types of anaemia, such as fatigue and breathlessness, or symptoms specifically due to haemolysis, such as jaundice.

Diagnosis is made by examination of the blood (see blood film). Some inherited anaemias can be controlled by removing the spleen (see splenectomy). Others, such as G6PD deficiency, can be prevented by avoiding the drugs or foods that precipitate haemolysis. Anaemias due to immune processes can often be controlled by immunosuppressant drugs. Transfusions of red cells are sometimes needed for emergency treatment of life-threatening anaemia.... anaemia, haemolytic

Hangnail

A strip of skin torn away from the side or base of a fingernail, exposing a raw, painful area.... hangnail

Hardening Of The Arteries

The popular term for atherosclerosis.... hardening of the arteries

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

An autoimmune disorder in which the body’s immune system develops antibodies against its own thyroid gland cells. As a result, the thyroid gland cannot produce enough thyroid hormones, a condition known as hypothyroidism. The principal symptoms of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis are tiredness, muscle weakness, and weight gain, and the thyroid gland becomes enlarged.

Diagnosis is confirmed by blood tests.

Treatment is by thyroid hormone replacement therapy, which is life-long.... hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Head-banging

The persistent, rhythmic banging of the head against a wall or hard object. Head-banging is seen in some people with severe learning difficulties, particularly those who lack stimulation. It also occurs in some normal toddlers, often when they are frustrated or angry; most children grow out of the behaviour.... head-banging

Head Lag

The backward flopping of the head that occurs when an infant is placed in a sitting position.

Head lag is obvious in a newborn because the neck muscles are still weak, but by 4 months the baby can hold his or her head upright (see child development).... head lag

Ectopic Heartbeat

A contraction of the heart muscle that is out of normal timing. An ectopic heartbeat occurs shortly after a normal beat and is followed by a longer than usual interval before the next one.

Ectopic beats can occur in a heart that is otherwise normal and may cause no symptoms. Multiple ectopic beats can cause palpitations. After a myocardial infarction, multiple ectopic beats are a sign of damaged heart muscle. Multiple ectopic beats may lead to ventricular fibrillation, a rapid uncoordinated heartbeat that may be fatal.

Multiple ectopic beats that are causing palpitations, or that occur after a myocardial infarction, are often treated with an antiarrhythmic drug. (See also arrhythmia, cardiac.)... ectopic heartbeat

Extradural Haemorrhage

Bleeding into the space between the inner surface of the skull and the external surface of the dura mater, the outer layer of the meninges. Extradural haemorrhage usually results from a blow to the side of the head that fractures the skull and ruptures an artery running over the surface of the dura mater. A haematoma (collection of clotted blood) forms and enlarges, causing an increase in pressure inside the skull and resulting in symptoms several hours or even days after the injury. Symptoms may include headache, drowsiness, vomiting, paralysis affecting one side of the body, and seizures. Untreated, extradural haemorrhage may be life-threatening.

CT scanning or MRI confirms the diagnosis.

Surgical treatment consists of craniotomy, draining the blood clot, and clipping the ruptured blood vessel.... extradural haemorrhage

Fetal Heart Monitoring

The use of an instrument to record and/or listen to an unborn baby’s heartbeat during pregnancy and labour. Monitoring is carried out at intervals throughout pregnancy if tests indicate that the placenta is not functioning normally or if the baby’s growth is slow. During labour, monitoring can detect fetal distress, in which oxygen deprivation causes abnormality in the fetal heart-rate.

The simplest form of fetal heart monitoring involves the use of a special fetal stethoscope. Cardiotocography, a more sophisticated electronic version, makes a continuous paper recording of the heartbeat together with a recording of the uterine contractions. The heartbeat is picked up either externally by an ultrasound transducer strapped to the mother’s abdomen or, as an alternative during labour, internally by an electrode attached to the baby’s scalp that passes through the vagina and cervix.... fetal heart monitoring

Hair Transplant

A cosmetic operation in which hairy sections of scalp are removed and transplanted to hairless areas to treat alopecia (baldness). There are several different techniques.

In strip grafting, a strip of skin and hair is taken from a donor site, usually at the back of the scalp or behind the ears. The removed hairs and their follicles are then inserted into numerous incisions made in a bald area, known as the recipient site. The procedure usually takes 60–90 minutes. The patient is given a mild sedative and anaesthetic on the donor and recipient sites. The donor site heals in about 5 days. Transplanted hairs fall out shortly afterwards, but new hairs grow from the follicles 3 weeks to 3 months later.

Other transplant techniques include punch grafting, in which a punch is used to remove small areas of bald scalp, which are replaced with areas of hairy scalp; flap grafting, in which flaps of hairy skin are lifted, rotated, and stitched to replace bald areas; and male pattern baldness reduction, which involves cutting out areas of bald skin and stretching surrounding areas of hair-bearing scalp to replace them.... hair transplant

Health Food

A term applied to any food products thought to promote health.... health food

Health Hazards

Envir-injury); hazards associated with domestic and social life; tobacco-smoking and alcohol; and global environmental hazards (see pollution; radiation hazards; sunlight, adverse effects of).... health hazards

Heartbeat

A contraction of the heart that pumps blood to the lungs and the rest of the body. The different parts of the heart contract in a precise sequence that is brought about by electrical impulses that emanate from the sinoatrial node at the top of the right atrium. Three phases make up a cycle of 1 heartbeat: the diastole (resting phase), the atrial systole (atrial contraction), and the ventricular systole (ventricular contraction). The rate at which contractions occur is called the heart-rate. The term pulse refers to the character and rate of the heartbeat when it is felt at certain points around the body (at the wrist, for example).... heartbeat

Heart Disease, Ischaemic

The most common form of heart disease, in which narrowing or obstruction of the coronary arteries, usually by atherosclerosis, results in a reduced blood supply (see coronary artery disease).... heart disease, ischaemic

Heat Treatment

The use of heat to treat disease, aid recovery from injury, or to relieve pain. Heat treatment is useful for certain conditions, such as ligament sprains, as it stimulates blood flow and promotes healing of tissues.

Moist heat may be administered by soaking the affected area in a warm bath, or applying a hot compress or poultice. Dry heat may be administered by a heating pad, hot-water bottle, or by a heat lamp that produces infra-red rays. More precise methods of administering heat to tissues deeper in the body include ultrasound treatment and short-wave diathermy.... heat treatment

Hearing Tests

Tests carried out to assess hearing. Hearing tests are performed as part of a routine assessment of child development and when hearing impairment is suspected. The tests are sometimes included in a general medical examination. Hearing tests may also be used to identify the cause of tinnitus or dizziness.

An audiometer (an electrical instrument) is used to test an individual’s ability to hear sounds at different frequencies and volumes. The lowest level at which a person can hear and repeat words (the speech reception threshold) is tested, as is the ability to hear words clearly (speech discrimination). The type of hearing loss (see deafness) is determined by holding a tuning fork to different parts of the ear.... hearing tests

Heart, Artificial

An implantable mechanical device that takes over the action of the heart or assists the heart in maintaining the circulation. There are 3 main types of artificial heart.

An intra-aortic balloon pump, comprising a balloon in the aorta that inflates with each heartbeat, increases the volume of blood entering the circulation. A left ventricular assist device takes blood from the left ventricle and pumps it electrically into the abdominal aorta. There are also mechanical hearts, which are powered from outside the body, usually by compressed air.

Problems with artificial hearts include the formation of blood clots within the device, and infection.

They are therefore used as a temporary measure until a heart transplant can be performed.... heart, artificial

Heart, Disorders Of

A wide range of disorders can disrupt the heart’s action.

In general, genetic factors do not play a large part in causing heart disorders, however they do contribute to the hyperlipidaemias that predispose a person to atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. Structural abnormalities in the heart are among the most common birth defects (see heart disease, congenital).

Infections after birth may result in endocarditis or myocarditis. Tumours arising from the heart tissues are rare. They include noncancerous myxomas and cancerous sarcomas.

The heart muscle may become thin and flabby from lack of protein and calories. Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency, common in alcoholics, causes beriberi with congestive heart failure. Alcohol poisoning over many years may cause a type of cardiomyopathy. Obesity is an important factor in heart disease, probably through its effect on other risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, and cholesterol.

The coronary arteries may become narrowed due to atherosclerosis, depriving areas of heart muscle of oxygen. The result may be angina pectoris or, eventually, a myocardial infarction.

Some drugs, such as the anticancer drug doxorubicin, tricyclic antidepressants, and even drugs used to treat heart disease, may disturb the heartbeat or damage the heart muscle.

Many common and serious heart disorders may be a complication of an underlying condition, such as cardiomyopathy or a congenital defect. Such disorders include cardiac arrhythmia, some cases of heart block, and heart failure. Cor pulmonale is a failure of the right side of the heart as a consequence of lung disease.... heart, disorders of

Helminth Infestation

Infection by any parasitic worm. (See worm infestation.)... helminth infestation

Hepatectomy, Partial

Surgical removal of part of the liver.

Surgery may be needed to remove a damaged area of liver following injury, or to treat noncancerous liver tumours and hydatid disease.

Rarely, liver cancer is treated in this way.... hepatectomy, partial

Hepatectomy, Total

Surgical removal of the liver.

Hepatectomy is the 1st stage in a liver transplant operation.... hepatectomy, total

Hepatitis A

Also known as epidemic hepatitis, this disorder is caused by the hepatitis A virus, which is transmitted to people in contaminated food or drink.

The incubation period lasts for 15–40 days, after which nausea, fever and jaundice develop.

Recovery usually occurs within 3 weeks.

Serious complications are rare.

Active immunization provides the best protection against hepatitis A, and an attack can confer immunity.... hepatitis a

Heart Imaging

Techniques that provide images of heart structure. Imaging is used to detect disease or abnormalities. A chest X-ray, the simplest and most widely used method of heart imaging, shows heart size and shape, and the presence of abnormal calcification. Pulmonary oedema and engorgement of the vessels connecting the heart and lungs are also usually detectable.

Echocardiography is useful for investigating congenital heart defects and abnormalities of the valves or heart wall. An ultrasound technique using the Doppler effect allows measurement of blood flow through valves. Radionuclide scanning and CT scanning provide information about the efficiency of heart function. Angiography may be used to show the heart chambers and to assess the condition of the coronary arteries and valves. High-quality images of the heart can be obtained by MRI.... heart imaging

Heart–lung Machine

A machine that temporarily takes over the function of the heart and lungs to facilitate operations such as open heart surgery, heart transplants, and heart–lung transplants.

A heart–lung machine consists of a pump (to replace the heart’s function) and an oxygenator (to replace the lung’s function). It bypasses the heart and lungs, and the heart can be stopped.

Use of a heart–lung machine tends to damage red blood cells and to cause blood clotting. These problems can be minimized, however, by the administration of heparin, an anticoagulant drug, beforehand.heart–lung transplant A procedure in which the heart and lungs of a patient are removed, and replaced with donor organs. This surgery is used to treat diseases in which the lung damage has affected the heart, or vice versa. Such diseases include cystic fibrosis, fibrosing alveolitis, and some severe congenital heart defects (see heart disease, congenital). A heart–lung machine is used to take over the function of the patient’s heart and lungs during the operation, which is no more dangerous than a heart transplant.

heart-rate The rate at which the heart contracts to pump blood around the body. Most people have a heart-rate of between 60 and 100 beats per minute at rest. This rate tends to be faster in childhood and to slow slightly with age. Very fit people may have a resting rate below 60 beats per minute.

The heart muscle responds automatically to any increase in the amount of blood returned to it from active muscles by increasing its output. During extreme exercise, heart-rate may increase to 200 contractions per minute and the output to almost 250 ml per beat.

The heart-rate is also regulated by the autonomic nervous system. The parts of this system concerned with heart action are a nucleus of nerve cells, called the cardiac centre, in the brainstem, and 2 sets of nerves (the parasympathetic and sympathetic).

At rest, the parasympathetic nerves – particularly the vagus nerve – act on the sinoatrial node to maintain a slow heart-rate. During or in anticipation of muscular activity, this inhibition lessens and the heart-rate speeds up.

Sympathetic nerves release noradrenaline, which further increases the heart-rate and force of contraction. Sympathetic activity can be triggered by fear or anger, low blood pressure, or a reduction of oxygen in the blood.

Release of adrenaline and noradrenaline by the adrenal glands also acts to increase heart-rate.

The rate and rhythm of the heart can be measured by feeling the pulse or by listening with a stethoscope; a more accurate record is provided by an ECG.

A resting heart-rate above 100 beats per minute is termed a tachycardia, and a rate below 60 beats per minute a bradycardia. (See also arrhythmia, cardiac.)... heart–lung machine

Heart Sounds

The sounds made by the heart during each heartbeat. In each heart cycle, there are 2 main heart sounds that can clearly be heard through a stethoscope. The first is like a “lubb”. It results from closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves at the exits of the atria, which occurs when the ventricles begin contracting to pump blood out of the heart. The second sound is a higher-pitched “dupp” caused by closure of the pulmonary and aortic valves at the exits of the ventricles when the ventricles finish contracting.

Abnormal heart sounds may be a sign of various disorders.

For example, highpitched sounds or “clicks” are due to the abrupt halting of valve opening, which can occur in people with certain heart valve defects.

Heart murmurs are abnormal sounds caused by turbulent blood flow.

These may be due to heart valve defects or congenital heart disease.... heart sounds

Hepatitis C

Caused by the hepatitis C virus and formerly known as non-A non-B hepatitis, this infection is often transmitted through sharing needles. Blood transfusions no longer pose a significant risk because of blood screening.

Hepatitis C has an incubation period of 6–12 months and begins as a mild illness which may go undetected. In about 3 in 4 patients, chronic hepatitis develops (see hepatitis, chronic), which can progress to cirrhosis of the liver and an increased risk of hepatoma.... hepatitis c

Hepatitis D

An infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis D virus, which occurs only in people who already have hepatitis B infection. People who develop hepatitis D will usually suffer from severe chronic liver disease.... hepatitis d

Hepatitis E

A type of hepatitis, caused by the hepatitis E virus, transmitted in contaminated food or drink. The disease is similar to hepatitis A.... hepatitis e

Hepatitis, Viral

Any type of hepatitis caused by a viral infection.

Five viruses that attack the liver as their primary target have been identified.

They cause hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D, and hepatitis E.... hepatitis, viral

Hereditary Spherocytosis

See spherocytosis, hereditary.... hereditary spherocytosis

Hermaphroditism

A congenital disorder in which gonads of both sexes are present, and the external genitalia are not clearly male or female.

True hermaphroditism is extremely rare and its cause unknown.

A more common condition is pseudohermaphroditism, in which the gonads of only 1 sex are present, but the external genitalia are not clearly either male or female.... hermaphroditism

Hernia Repair

Surgical correction of a hernia.

Surgery is usually performed to treat a hernia of the abdominal wall that is painful or cannot be pushed back into place.

A strangulated hernia requires an emergency operation.

During surgery, the protruding intestine is pushed back into the abdomen and the weakened muscle wall is strengthened.

Either open or minimally invasive surgery may be used.... hernia repair

Heart Transplant

Replacement of a patient’s damaged or diseased heart with a healthy heart taken from a donor at the time of death. Typically, transplant patients have advanced coronary artery disease or cardiomyopathy. During the operation, the function of the heart is taken over by a heart–lung machine.

Most of the diseased heart is removed, but the back walls of the atria (upper chambers) are left in place.

The ventricles (upper chambers) are then attached to the remaining areas of the recipient’s heart.

Once the immediate post-operative period is over, the outlook is good.

Patients face the long-term problems associated with other forms of transplant surgery.

(See also heart–lung transplant.)... heart transplant

Heart Valve

A structure at the exit of a heart chamber that allows blood to flow out of the chamber, but prevents backwash. There are 4 heart valves: aortic, pulmonary, mitral, and tricuspid. Their opening and closing during each heart cycle produces heart sounds.

Any of the 4 heart valves may be affected by stenosis (narrowing), which causes the heart to work harder to force blood through the valve, or by incompetence or insufficiency (leakiness), which makes the valve unable to prevent backwash of blood. These defects cause characteristic heart murmurs.

Heart-valve defects may be present at birth (see heart disease, congenital), or they may be acquired later in life. The most common congenital valve defects are aortic stenosis and pulmonary stenosis. Acquired heart-valve disease is usually the result of degenerative changes or ischaemia affecting part of the heart and leading to aortic stenosis or mitral incompetence. Rheumatic fever can cause mitral stenosis, mitral incompetence, aortic valve defects, tricuspid stenosis and tricuspid incompetence. The heart valves may also be damaged by bacterial endocarditis.

Heart-valve disorders commonly lead to heart failure, arrhythmias, or symptoms resulting from reduced blood supply to body tissues.

Heart-valve defects may be diagnosed by auscultation, chest X-ray, ECG, or echocardiography and may be corrected by heart-valve surgery.... heart valve

Heart-valve Surgery

An operation to correct a heart valve defect or to remove a diseased or damaged valve. A heart valve may have to be repaired, widened, or replaced because it is either incompetent (leaky) or stenotic (narrowed). Widening of a valve may involve valvotomy or valvuloplasty. A damaged valve can be replaced by a mechanical one (fashioned from metal and plastic), a valve constructed from human tissue, a pig valve, or a valve taken from a human donor after death. A heart–lung machine is used during replacement.After heart-valve surgery, symptoms such as breathlessness may take weeks to improve and require medication to be continued. Some people need longterm treatment with anticoagulant drugs to prevent the formation of blood clots around the new valve.... heart-valve surgery

Heat Disorders

The body functions most efficiently around 37°C, and any major temperature deviation disrupts body processes. The malfunctioning or overloading of the body’s mechanisms for keeping internal temperature constant may cause a heat disorder.

The mechanisms by which the body loses unwanted heat are controlled by the hypothalamus in the brain. When blood temperature rises, the hypothalamus sends out nerve impulses to stimulate the sweat glands and dilate blood vessels in the skin, which cools the body down. However, excessive sweating may result in an imbalance of salts and fluids in the body, which may lead to heat cramps or heat exhaustion. When the hypothalamus is disrupted (for example, by a fever), the body may overheat, leading to heatstroke. Excessive external heat may cause prickly heat.

Most heat disorders can be prevented by gradual acclimatization to hot conditions and taking salt tablets or solution.

A light diet and frequent cool baths or showers may also help.

Alcohol and strenuous exercise should be avoided.... heat disorders

Henoch–schönlein Purpura

Inflammation of small blood vessels, causing leakage of blood into the skin, joints, kidneys, and intestine. The disease is most common in young children, and may occur after an infection such as a sore throat. The condition may also be due to an abnormal allergic reaction.

The main symptom is a raised purplish rash on the buttocks and backs of the limbs. The joints are swollen and often painful, and colicky abdominal pain may occur. In some cases, there is intestinal bleeding, leading to blood in the faeces. The kidneys may become inflamed, resulting in blood and protein in the urine.

The only treatment usually required is bed rest and analgesic drugs. Complications may arise if kidney inflammation persists. In severe cases, corticosteroid drugs may be given.... henoch–schönlein purpura

Herniated Disc

See disc prolapse.... herniated disc

Heroin Abuse

Nonmedical use of heroin.

Heroin addiction has many adverse effects on the user, including injection scars, skin abscesses, weight loss, impotence, and the risk of infection with hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV through sharing needles.

Death commonly occurs from accidental overdose.... heroin abuse

Herpes Gestationis

A rare skin disorder of pregnant women that produces crops of blisters on the legs and abdomen. The cause is not known.

Severe herpes gestationis is treated with corticosteroid drugs in tablet form and may require hospital admission.

The disorder usually clears up completely after birth of the baby, but tends to recur in subsequent pregnancies.... herpes gestationis

Heterosexuality

Sexual attraction to members of the opposite sex. (See also bisexuality; homosexuality.)... heterosexuality

Heterozygote

A term used to describe a person whose cells contain 2 different alleles controlling a specified inherited trait. A homozygote has identical alleles controlling that trait. (See also inheritance; genetic disorders.)... heterozygote

Hexachlorophane

An antibacterial drug used in dusting powder form to prevent staphylococcal infections in newborns, and to prevent and treat pressure sores.... hexachlorophane

Hepatitis, Acute

Short-term inflammation of the liver, which usually recovers in 1–2 months. In some cases, acute hepatitis may progress to chronic hepatitis (see hepatitis, chronic), but it rarely leads to acute liver failure.

Acute hepatitis is fairly common.

The most frequent cause is infection with one of the hepatitis viruses (see hepatitis, viral), but it can arise as a result of other infections such as cytomegalovirus infection or Legionnaires’ disease.

It may also occur as a result of overdose of halothane or paracetamol or exposure to toxic chemicals including alcohol (see liver disease, alcoholic).

Symptoms range from few and mild to severe with pain, fever, and jaundice.

Blood tests, including liver function tests, may be used for diagnosis.

In most cases of acute viral hepatitis, natural recovery occurs within a few weeks.

If the disorder is caused by exposure to a chemical or drug, detoxification using an antidote may be possible.

Intensive care may be required if the liver is badly damaged.

Rarely, a liver transplant is the only way of saving life.

In all cases, alcohol should be avoided.... hepatitis, acute

Hepatitis B

Formerly known as serum hepatitis, this disorder is due to the hepatitis B virus, which is transmitted in infected blood, blood products, or other body fluids, often through contact with needles, blood transfusions, or sexual contact. After an incubation period of 1–6 months, the onset of symptoms, such as headache, fever, and jaundice, is sudden. Most patients recover, but hepatitis B can be fatal. A vaccine is available.

In about 5 percent of cases, the virus continues to cause inflammation and can still be detected in the blood 6 months after infection. People who suffer from persistent infection are at long-term risk of liver cancer and cirrhosis and may be treated with interferon.... hepatitis b

Hepatitis, Chronic

Inflammation of the liver persisting for a prolonged period. Eventually, scar tissue forms and liver cirrhosis may develop.Chronic hepatitis may develop following an attack of acute hepatitis (see hepatitis, acute). It may also occur as the result of an autoimmune disorder, a viral infection (see hepatitis, viral), a reaction to certain types of drugs or, more rarely, to a metabolic disorder, such as haemochromatosis or Wilson’s disease.

Chronic hepatitis may cause slight tiredness or no symptoms at all.

It is diagnosed by liver biopsy.

Autoimmune hepatitis is treated with corticosteroid drugs and immunosuppressants.

Viral infections often respond to interferon.

In the drug-induced type, withdrawal of the medication can lead to recovery.

For metabolic disturbances, treatment depends on the underlying disorder.... hepatitis, chronic

Heritability

A measure of the extent to which a disease or disorder is the result of inherited factors, as opposed to environmental influences such as diet and climate. Certain disorders (such as haemophilia or cystic fibrosis) are known to be caused entirely by hereditary factors. Others are caused by environmental factors. Between these extremes are many disorders (such as schizophrenia) in which both inheritance and environment probably play a part.

A rough estimate of heritability can be obtained from the known incidence of a disorder in the first-degree relatives of affected people compared with the incidence of the disorder in a population exposed to similar environmental influences. Estimates of heritability are useful in genetic counselling. (See also genetic disorders.)... heritability

Histamine-receptor Antagonists

See H-receptor antagonists.... histamine-receptor antagonists

Histiocytosis X

A rare childhood disease in which there is an overgrowth of a type of tissue cell called a histiocyte. The cause is unknown, but histiocytosis X probably results from a disturbance of the immune system. In the mildest form, rapid cell growth occurs in 1 bone only, usually the skull, a clavicle, a rib, or a vertebra, causing swelling and pain. In the most severe, and least common, form, there is a rash and enlargement of the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes.... histiocytosis x

Histopathology

A branch of histology concerned with the effects of disease on the microscopic structure of tissues.... histopathology

History-taking

The process by which a doctor learns from patients the symptoms of their illnesses and any previous disorders. (See also diagnosis.)... history-taking

Histocompatibility Antigens

A group of proteins that have a role in the immune system. Certain types of histocompatibility antigens are essential for the immunological function of killer T cells (see lymphocytes). The antigens act as a guide for killer T cells to recognize and kill abnormal or foreign cells.

The main group of histocompatibility antigens is the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system, which consists of several series of antigens. A person’s tissue type (the particular set of HLAs in the body tissues) is unique, except for identical twins, who have the same set.

HLA analysis has some useful applications. Comparison of HLA types may show that 2 people are related, and it has been used in paternity testing. The HLA system is also used in tissue-typing to help match recipient and donor tissues before transplant surgery. Certain HLA types occur more frequently in people with particular diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, coeliac disease, and ankylosing spondylitis. HLA testing can help to confirm the presence of such diseases and identify people at risk of developing them.... histocompatibility antigens

Hoarseness

A rough, husky, or croaking voice. Short-lived hoarseness is often due to overuse of the voice, which strains the muscles in the larynx. It is also commonly caused by inflammation of the vocal cords in acute laryngitis. Persistent hoarseness may be due to chronic irritation of the larynx, which can be caused by smoking, excessive consumption of alcohol, chronic bronchitis, or constant dripping of mucus from the nasal passages. Polyps on the vocal cords may also cause hoarseness. In people with hypothyroidism, hoarseness can result from formation of tissue on the vocal cords. In young children, hoarseness may be a symptom of croup. Occasionally persistent hoarseness in adults has a more serious cause, such as cancer of the larynx (see larynx, cancer of), thyroid cancer, or lung cancer.

Resting the voice helps in strain- or laryngitis- related cases. If hoarseness persists for more than 2 weeks, a doctor should be consulted. A laryngoscopy may be performed to exclude a serious underlying cause.... hoarseness

Holistic Medicine

A form of therapy that treats the whole person, not just specific disease symptoms. A holistic approach is emphasized by many practitioners of complementary medicine.... holistic medicine

Holter Monitor

A wearable device used in ambulatory electrocardiography (ECG) to record the heart’s electrical activity

continuously for 24 hours or longer.

The monitor records by means of electrodes attached to the chest and allows the detection of intermittent arrhythmias.... holter monitor

Homozygote

A term used to describe a person whose cells contain 2 identical alleles controlling a specified inherited trait. The cells of a heterozygote contain2 different alleles controlling that trait.

(See also inheritance; genetic disorders.)... homozygote

Hookworm Infestation

An infestation of the small intestine by small, round, blood-sucking worms of the NECATOR AMERICANUS or ANCYLOSTOMA DUODENALE species. Hookworm infestation occurs mainly in the tropics.

The larvae penetrate the skin of the feet or are ingested. They migrate throughout the body and mature in the small intestine. Adult worms lay eggs, which pass out in the faeces.

When larvae penetrate the skin, a red, itchy rash may develop on the feet. In light infestations, there may be no further symptoms. In heavier infestations, migration of the larvae through the lungs may produce cough and pneumonia; adult worms in the intestines may cause abdominal discomfort. The most important problem is iron-deficiency anaemia due to loss of blood.

Diagnosis is made by microscopic examination of the faeces for worm eggs. Anthelmintic drugs kill the worms. (See also larva migrans.)... hookworm infestation

Hormonal Disorders

Conditions caused by malfunction of an endocrine gland.... hormonal disorders

Hormone Antagonist

A drug that blocks the action of a hormone.... hormone antagonist

Horn, Cutaneous

A hard, noncancerous protrusion occasionally found on the skin of elderly people and caused by an overgrowth of keratin.... horn, cutaneous

Hospitals, Types Of

Most of the hospitals in the are part of the National Health Service.

Each district has a general hospital providing services that include medicine, surgery, gynaecology, obstetrics, and paediatrics.

Some more specialist services are concentrated in fewer centres.

Many of the ’s private hospitals are nursing homes for the elderly; others cater for nonemergency surgery, obstetric care, or inpatient care for the mentally ill.... hospitals, types of

Human Leukocyte Antigen

(HLA) A type of protein belonging to the group known as histocompatibility antigens, which play a role in the immune system.... human leukocyte antigen

’s Humerus, Fracture Of

The humerus is most commonly fractured at its neck (the upper end of the shaft, below the head), particularly in elderly people. Fractures of the shaft occur in adults of all ages. Fractures of the lower humerus occur most commonly in children.An X-ray can show a fracture of the humerus. A fracture of the bone’s neck usually requires only a sling to immobilize the bone; a fracture of the shaft or lower bone normally needs a plaster cast. Most fractures of the humerus heal in 6–8 weeks.... ’s humerus, fracture of

Humours

Liquid or jelly-like substances in the body.

The term humours usually refers to the aqueous humour and vitreous humour that occur in the eye.... humours

Hunchback

See kyphosis.... hunchback

Hygiene, Oral

See oral hygiene.... hygiene, oral

Hygroma, Cystic

A lymphangioma that occurs around the head and neck, the armpits, or the groin and contains clear fluid. Cystic hygromas are usually present from birth and disappear naturally from the age of about 2.... hygroma, cystic

Hyperacidity

A condition in which excess acid is produced by the stomach. Hyperacidity is often confused with acid reflux or waterbrash. It occurs in people with a duodenal ulcer (see peptic ulcer) or Zollinger–Ellison syndrome.... hyperacidity

Hyperalimentation

Administration of excessive amounts of calories, usually intravenously or by stomach tube (see feeding, artificial).... hyperalimentation

Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment

A method of increasing the amount of oxygen in the tissues.

This is achieved by placing a person in a special chamber and exposing him or her to oxygen at a much higher atmospheric pressure than normal.

Hyperbaric oxygen treatment is used to treat poisoning from carbon monoxide and in cases of gas gangrene.... hyperbaric oxygen treatment

Hypergonadism

Overactivity of the gonads (testes or ovaries) that results in overproduction of androgen hormones or oestrogen hormones.

Hypergonadism may be due to disorders of the gonads or a disorder of the pituitary gland that results in overproduction of gonadotrophin hormones.

During childhood, the condition causes precocious sexual development and excessive growth.... hypergonadism

Hyperlipidaemias

Metabolic disorders that are characterized by high levels of lipids in the blood. Hyperlipidaemias may be inherited or associated with another disorder, such as hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, kidney failure, or Cushing’s syndrome. They may also be a result of use of corticosteroid drugs. Hyperlipidaemias are associated with atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease.The signs depend on the type of hyperlipidaemia and may include fatty nodules in the skin or over joints, and a white line around the rim of the cornea.

Diagnosis depends on blood tests.

Treatment aims to reduce blood lipid levels, usually by a low-fat diet and lipid-lowering drugs.... hyperlipidaemias

Hyperplasia, Gingival

Abnormal enlargement of the gums.

Causes include gingivitis, persistent breathing through the mouth, the anticonvulsant drug phenytoin, and ill-fitting dentures.

Surgical treatment may be needed.... hyperplasia, gingival

Hyperthermia, Malignant

A rapid rise in body temperature to a dangerously high level, brought on by general anaesthesia. The condition is rare. In most cases, susceptibility is inherited; people suffering from certain muscle disorders may also be at risk. The patient’s body temperature rises soon after the anaesthetic is given. Emergency treatment and intensive care are needed.... hyperthermia, malignant

Hypnotherapy

The use of hypnosis as part of a psychological therapy.... hypnotherapy

Hypnotic Drugs

Drugs that induce sleep (see sleeping drugs).... hypnotic drugs

Hypoaldosteronism

A rare deficiency of the hormone aldosterone, which is produced by the adrenal glands. The condition may be caused by damage or disease affecting the adrenal glands. It may produce weakness, and is treated by the drug fludrocortisone.... hypoaldosteronism

Hypoglycaemics, Oral

A group of antidiabetic drugs that are used to lower blood glucose.

Too high a dose may provoke the onset of hypoglycaemia.... hypoglycaemics, oral

Hypoplasia, Enamel

A defect in tooth enamel (see enamel, dental), usually due to amelogenesis imperfecta.

It may also be caused by vitamin deficiency, injury, or infection of a primary tooth that interferes with enamel maturation.... hypoplasia, enamel

Hypothermia, Surgical

The deliberate reduction of body temperature to prolong the period for which the vital organs can safely be deprived of their normal blood supply during open heart surgery.

Cold reduces the rate of metabolism in tissues and thus increases their tolerance to lack of oxygen.

Cooling may be achieved by continuously instilling cold saline at about 4°C into the open chest cavity.... hypothermia, surgical

Hypoplastic Left-heart Syndrome

A very serious form of congenital heart disease (see heart disease, congenital). The baby is born with a poorly formed left ventricle, often associated with other heart defects. The aorta is malformed and blood can reach it only via a duct (the ductus arteriosus) that links the aorta to the pulmonary artery.

At birth, the baby may seem healthy. However, within a day or 2 the ductus arteriosus naturally closes off and the baby collapses, becoming pale and breathless. In most cases, hypoplastic left-heart syndrome cannot be treated surgically, and most affected babies die within a week. A few infants have been treated with heart transplants.... hypoplastic left-heart syndrome

Hypotonia In Infants

Excessive limpness in infants, also known as floppy infant syndrome. Hypotonic babies cannot hold their limbs up against gravity and so tend to lie flat with their arms and legs splayed. Hypotonia may be caused by Down’s syndrome or hypothyroidism and may be

an early feature of cerebral palsy.

It occurs in disorders of the spinal cord, such as Werdnig–Hoffman disease, and in some children who have muscular dystrophy.... hypotonia in infants

Intracerebral Haemorrhage

Bleeding into the brain from a ruptured blood vessel. It is 1 of the 3 principal mechanisms by which a stroke can occur. It mainly affects middle-aged or elderly people and is usually due to atherosclerosis. Untreated hypertension increases the risk of intracerebral haemorrhage.

The ruptured artery is usually in the cerebrum. The escaped blood seeps out, damaging brain tissue. The symptoms are sudden headache, weakness, and confusion, and often loss of consciousness. Speech loss, facial paralysis, or onesided weakness may develop, depending on the area affected. Surgery is usually impossible; treatment is aimed at lifesupport and the reduction of blood pressure. Large haemorrhages are usually fatal. For the survivor of an intracerebral haemorrhage, rehabilitation and outlook are as for any type of stroke.

intracytoplasmic sperm injection... intracerebral haemorrhage

Lanugo Hair

Fine, soft, downy hair that covers a fetus. Lanugo hair first appears in the 4th or 5th month of gestation and usually disappears by the 9th month. It can still be seen in some premature babies. Lanugo hair sometimes reappears in adults who have cancer. It may also occur in those with anorexia nervosa or be a side effect of certain drugs, especially ciclosporin.... lanugo hair

Lymphoma, Non-hodgkin’s

Any cancer of lymphoid tissue (found mainly in the lymph nodes and spleen) other than Hodgkin’s disease. In most cases there is no known cause. Occasionally, the disease is associated with suppression of the immune system, particularly after an organ transplant. One type of nonHodgkin’s lymphoma, known as Burkitt’s lymphoma, is thought to be caused by the Epstein–Barr virus.

There is usually painless swelling of lymph nodes in the neck or groin. The liver and spleen may enlarge, and lymphoid tissue in the abdomen may be affected. Many other organs may become involved, leading to diverse symptoms ranging from headache to skin ulceration. Unless it is controlled, the disease (often marked by fever) progressively impairs the immune system, leading to death from infections or an uncontrolled spread of cancer. Diagnosis is based on a biopsy, usually taken from a lymph node. Chest X-ray, CT scanning, MRI, bone marrow biopsy, and lymphangiography of the abdomen may be needed to assess the extent of the disease.

If the lymphoma is confined to a single group of lymph nodes, treatment consists of radiotherapy. More often, the disease is more extensive, and in such cases anticancer drugs are given. A bone marrow transplant, together with drug treatment and/or radiotherapy, may be performed on some people.... lymphoma, non-hodgkin’s

Mental Hospital

A hospital, formerly known as an asylum, specializing in the treatment of psychiatric illness.

Most admissions to mental hospitals are for acute psychiatric illness.

The majority of admissions are voluntary, but in some cases detention under the Mental Health Act may be necessary.... mental hospital

Nervous Habit

A nontechnical term for a minor repetitive movement or activity. Sometimes a nervous habit consists of involuntary twitches and facial tics, such as in Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome and some forms of dyskinesia. Voluntary nervous habits, such as nailbiting and thumb-sucking, are common in young children.

All nervous habits increase during periods of tension or anxiety, and may be severe in some forms of depression, anxiety disorder, or drug withdrawal.... nervous habit

Noise-induced Hearing Loss

Hearing loss caused by prolonged exposure to excessive noise or by brief exposure to intensely loud noise.

Exposure to a sudden, very loud noise, usually above 130 decibels, can cause immediate and permanent damage to hearing. Normally, muscles in the middle ear respond to loud noise by altering the position of the ossicles (the chain of bones that pass vibrations to the inner ear), thus damping down the intensity of the noise. If these protective reflexes have no time to respond, the full force of the vibrations is carried to the inner ear, severely damaging the delicate hair cells in the cochlea. Occasionally, loud noises can rupture the eardrum.

More commonly, noise damage occurs over a period of time by prolonged exposure to lower levels of noise. Any noise above 85–90 decibels may cause damage, with gradual destruction of the hair cells of the cochlea, leading to permanent hearing loss. Prolonged exposure to loud noise leads initially to a loss of the ability to hear certain high tones. Later, deafness extends to all high frequencies, and the perception of speech is impaired. Eventually, lower tones are also affected.

Sounds at 85–90 decibels or above may cause pain and temporary deafness. Prolonged tinnitus (ringing or buzzing in

the ears) occurring after a noise has ceased is an indication that some damage has probably occurred.... noise-induced hearing loss

Oestrogen Hormones

A group of hormones that are essential for normal female sexual development and healthy functioning of the reproductive system.

In women, they are produced mainly in the ovaries and also in the placenta in pregnancy.

Small amounts are produced in the adrenal glands in both men and women, but oestrogens have no known specific function in men.

When levels are low, oestrogen hormones can be replaced with oestrogen drugs.... oestrogen hormones

Open Heart Surgery

Any operation on the heart in which it is stopped temporarily and its function taken over by a mechanical pump. The main forms of open heart surgery are correction of congenital heart defects (see heart disease, congenital), surgery for narrowed or leaky heart valves (see heart-valve surgery), and coronary artery bypass surgery. Once the pump is connected, the heart is opened, and the defects repaired. Surgical hypothermia is used to keep the heart cool and help prevent damage to the heart muscle from lack of oxygen (see hypothermia, surgical).... open heart surgery

Oral Hygiene

Measures to keep the mouth and teeth clean and reduce the risk of tooth decay (see caries, dental), gingivitis and other gum disorders, and halitosis. Oral hygiene includes regular, thorough toothbrushing and flossing (see floss, dental) to remove plaque. Disclosing agents help to reveal build-up of plaque. Dentures are brushed on all surfaces and soaked in cleansing solution.

Professional treatment to remove calculus and stubborn plaque by scaling and polishing is usually carried out by a dentist or dental hygienist during a routine check-up.

In periodontal disease, treatment may be needed more often.... oral hygiene

Progesterone Hormone

A female sex hormone essential for the functioning of the female reproductive system.

Progesterone is made in the ovaries, and small amounts are produced by the adrenal glands and testes.

During the menstrual cycle, changing progesterone levels cause thickening of the endometrium and menstruation.

If pregnancy occurs, progesterone is produced by the placenta; a fall in its level helps to initiate labour.

Progesterone also causes increased fat deposition and increased sebum production by glands in the skin.... progesterone hormone

Retinal Haemorrhage

Bleeding into the retina from 1 or more blood vessels, due to diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or retinal vein occlusion. When the macula

(site of central vision) is involved, vision is severely impaired.

Peripheral haemorrhages may be detected only when the eye is examined with an ophthalmoscope.... retinal haemorrhage

Shoulder–hand Syndrome

Pain and stiffness affecting one shoulder and the hand on the same side; the hand may also become hot, sweaty, and swollen. Arm muscles may waste through lack of use (see Sudeck’s atrophy). The cause of shoulder–hand syndrome is unknown, but it may occur as a complication of myocardial infarction, stroke, herpes zoster, or shoulder injury. Recovery usually occurs in about 2 years. This period may be shortened by physiotherapy and corticosteroid drugs. In rare cases, a cervical sympathectomy is performed.... shoulder–hand syndrome

Subconjunctival Haemorrhage

Bleeding under the conjunctiva that is usually harmless and disappears in a few days without treatment.... subconjunctival haemorrhage

Radiation Hazards

Hazards from radiation may arise from external sources of radiation or from radioactive materials taken into the body. The effects depend on the dose, the duration of exposure, and the organs exposed.

With some forms of radiation, damage occurs when the radiation dose exceeds a certain limit, usually 1 sievert (Sv) (see radiation unit). This damage may include radiation dermatitis, cataracts, organ failure (which may occur many years later), or radiation sickness.

For other types of radiation damage, the risk that damage will occur increases with increasing doses of radiation. Cancer caused by radiation-induced mutation is the major example of this type of damage. Radioactive leaks from nuclear reactors can cause a rise in mutation rates, which may lead to an increase in cancers, such as leukaemias; to birth defects; and to hereditary diseases. Cancer usually develops years after exposure. Radiation damage can be controlled by limiting exposure. People exposed to radiation at work have their exposure closely monitored to ensure that it does not exceed safe limits. People of reproductive age or younger should have their reproductive organs shielded when having X-rays or radiotherapy.There is no evidence of radiation hazards with visual display units (VDUs).... radiation hazards

Subdural Haemorrhage

Bleeding into the space between the outer and middle layers of the meninges, usually following head injury. The trapped blood slowly forms a large clot within the skull that presses on brain tissue. The symptoms, which tend to fluctuate, may include headache, confusion, drowsiness, and one-sided weakness or paralysis. The interval between the injury and the start of symptoms varies from days to months. Diagnosis is by CT scanning or MRI. In many cases, surgical treatment is needed. This involves drilling burr holes in the skull (see craniotomy), so that the blood can be drained out and damaged blood vessels repaired. If treatment is carried out at an early enough stage, the person usually makes a full recovery. A subdural haemorrhage that is small and produces few symptoms may not require any treatment. The affected

person is usually monitored with regular scans, and the clot may clear up on its own. (See also extradural haemorrhage.)... subdural haemorrhage

Valvular Heart Disease

A defect of 1 or more of the heart valves.... valvular heart disease

Vitreous Haemorrhage

Bleeding into the vitreous humour. A common cause is diabetic retinopathy. Vitreous haemorrhage often affects vision; a major haemorrhage causes poor vision until the blood is reabsorbed, which may not be for several months, if at all.... vitreous haemorrhage

Werdnig–hoffmann Disease

A very rare inherited disorder of the nervous system that affects infants. Also known as infantile spinal muscular atrophy, Werdnig–Hoffmann disease is a type of motor neuron disease, affecting the nerve cells in the spinal cord that control muscle movement.

Marked floppiness and paralysis occur during the first few months, and affected children rarely survive beyond age 3.

There is no cure for the disease. Treatment aims to keep the affected infant as comfortable as possible.... werdnig–hoffmann disease

Albright’s Hereditary Osteodystrophy

the skeletal abnormalities, collectively, of *pseudohypoparathyroidism. These include short stature, abnormally short fingers and toes (particularly involving the fourth and fifth metacarpals and metatarsals), and soft-tissue calcification. [F. Albright (1900–69), US physician]... albright’s hereditary osteodystrophy

Alcoholic Hallucinosis

*hallucinations in the context of *alcoholism. They are usually shortlived *auditory hallucinations (‘hearing voices’). Although abstinence is the best remedy, they can persist beyond the active use of alcohol and are often difficult to treat (a recent review showed a dearth of data regarding all possible treatment options).... alcoholic hallucinosis

Allied Health Professional

a health-care professional with expert knowledge and experience in certain fields but without a medical or nursing qualification. Allied health professionals include speech and language therapists, radiographers, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, and dieticians.... allied health professional

Aluminium Chloride Hexahydrate

a powerful antiperspirant used in the treatment of conditions associated with excessive sweating (see hyperhidrosis).... aluminium chloride hexahydrate

Academic Health Science Network

(AHSN, academic health science centre, academic health science system, academic medical partnership) a regional partnership between one or more academic institutions (typically universities) and one or more health-care providers (in England, typically foundation trusts) with a twin focus on promoting economic growth in the region covered and improving the health of the population. Many AHSNs also include third-sector and industry partners and most have a role in providing education and training. The fifteen AHSNs across England were established by NHS England in 2013 and represent a national expansion of the earlier Academic Health Science Partnerships (AHSPs), which were first set up in London in 2007.... academic health science network

Aluminium Hydroxide

a safe slow-acting antacid. It is administered (often in combination with magnesium hydroxide) in the treatment of indigestion, gastric and duodenal ulcers, and reflux *oesophagitis.... aluminium hydroxide

Anti-müllerian Hormone

see Müllerian duct.... anti-müllerian hormone

Apathetic Hyperthyroidism

a condition seen in older patients with *thyrotoxicosis, characterized by weight loss, slow atrial fibrillation, and severe depressive illness, rather than the usual florid symptoms. They have small goitres on examination and the blood tests confirm thyrotoxicosis, which is treated in the standard manner.... apathetic hyperthyroidism

Artificial Heart

see ventricular assist device.... artificial heart

Artificial Nutrition And Hydration

the use of enteral feeding tubes or cannulas to administer nutrients and fluids directly into the gastrointestinal tract or bloodstream when the oral route cannot be used owing to disability or disease. When other intensive treatments are judged *futile, artificial nutrition and hydration are considered *extraordinary means of prolonging life in patients who have no prospect of recovery. It is permissible to withdraw such treatment when it is no longer in the patient’s interests and when the primary intention is not to kill the patient, although death is foreseen (see doctrine of double effect). In cases of patients in a *persistent vegetative state in England and Wales, the matter must be referred to the courts following the case of Tony Bland. Where food and water are withdrawn it is still considered important to moisten the patient’s lips and to keep him or her comfortable until death.... artificial nutrition and hydration

Asteroid Hyalosis

1. a degenerative condition, formerly known as asteroid hyalitis, in which tiny deposits of calcium are suspended in the vitreous humour. They are more commonly seen in the elderly and usually cause no decrease in vision. 2. see synchysis scintillans.... asteroid hyalosis

Asymmetric Septal Hypertrophy

(ASH) see hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.... asymmetric septal hypertrophy

Benign Intracranial Hypertension

see idiopathic intracranial hypertension.... benign intracranial hypertension

Benzydamine Hydrochloride

an anti-inflammatory drug (see NSAID) administered as a mouthwash or spray for the relief of inflammatory ulcerative conditions of the mouth and throat.... benzydamine hydrochloride

Bicros Hearing Aid

see contralateral-routing-of-signal hearing aid.... bicros hearing aid

Bielschowsky Head Tilt

an orthoptic eye test used mainly to differentiate between a weakness of the superior oblique muscle and a weakness of the contralateral superior rectus muscle (see extrinsic muscle). [A. Bielschowsky (1871–1940), German ophthalmologist]... bielschowsky head tilt

Black Heel

a black area, sometimes called a ‘talon noir’, resulting from the rupture of capillaries in the skin in those who play basketball, squash, etc. It may be mistaken for malignant melanoma.... black heel

Bone-anchored Hearing Aid

(BAHA) a specialized form of *hearing aid for patients with certain forms of conductive *deafness. A small titanium screw is surgically fixed into the bone of the skull behind the external ear using a process called *osseointegration. Sound energy is passed from a miniature microphone and amplifier to the screw, through the bone, to the *cochlea.... bone-anchored hearing aid

Braxton Hicks Contractions

irregular painless contractions of the uterus that occur during pregnancy and may become stronger towards term. [J. Braxton Hicks (1825–97), British obstetrician]

BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes associated with susceptibility to breast and ovarian cancer. Women with mutations in either of these genes have a 56–85% risk of developing breast cancer, and this form of the cancer tends to develop at a relatively young age. The risk of ovarian cancer is 36–66% in women with BRCA1 mutations and 10–20% with BRCA2. Targeted therapy specific to these mutations using a *PARP inhibitor is undergoing investigation.... braxton hicks contractions

Buffalo Hump

excessive subcutaneous adipose tissue forming a hump on the back over the lower cervical (neck) and upper thoracic regions of the spine. It is seen classically in *Cushing’s syndrome but also in patients who are obese. Compare dowager’s hump.... buffalo hump

Bur Hole

(burr hole) a circular hole drilled through the skull to release intracranial pressure (due to blood, pus, or cerebrospinal fluid) or to facilitate such procedures as needle aspiration or biopsy.... bur hole

Cerebral Hemisphere

one of the two paired halves of the *cerebrum.... cerebral hemisphere

Chediak–higashi Syndrome

a rare fatal hereditary (autosomal *recessive) condition causing enlargement of the liver and spleen, albinism, and abnormalities of the eye. It is thought to be due to a disorder of glycolipid metabolism. [A. Chediak (20th century), Cuban physician; O. Higashi (20th century) Japanese paediatrician]... chediak–higashi syndrome

Child Health Clinic

(in Britain) a special clinic for the routine care of infants and preschool children, formerly known as a child welfare centre. Sometimes these clinics are staffed by doctors, *health visitors, and clinic nurses; the children attending them are drawn from the neighbourhood around the clinic. Alternatively, general practitioners may run their own child health clinic on a regular basis, with health visitors and other staff in attendance; it is unusual for children not registered with the practice to attend such clinics. The service provides screening tests for such conditions as *congenital dislocation of the hip, suppressed squint (see cover test), and impaired speech and/or hearing. The *Guthrie test may also be performed if this has not been done before the baby leaves hospital. The staff of child health clinics also educate mothers (especially those having their first child) in feeding techniques and hygiene and see that children receive the recommended immunizations against infectious diseases. They also ensure that the families of children with disabilities receive maximum support from health and social services and that such children achieve their maximum potential in the preschool period. See also community paediatrician.... child health clinic

Chinese Herb Nephropathy

a condition that came to prominence in the 1990s when hundreds of young European women developed end-stage renal disease after receiving slimming pills containing Chinese herbs. The condition is also associated with a high incidence of urothelial tumours. It was eventually proved that the product was contaminated with aristolochic acid, a main toxic product of *Aristolochia plant species. Its presence in the slimming regimen was the result of accidental substitution of the prescribed herb Stephania tetrandra (han fang-ji) by A. fangchi (guang fang-ji).... chinese herb nephropathy

Chondrodermatitis Nodularis Helicis

a fairly common painful nodule on the upper part of the ear. It occurs mainly in middle-aged or elderly men and characteristically prevents the sufferer from sleeping on the affected side; it is readily treated by being cut out.... chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis

Cluster Headache

a variant of *migraine more common in men than in women (ratio 9:1). The unilateral pain around one eye is very severe and lasts between 15 minutes and 3 hours. The attacks commonly occur in the early hours of the morning but may occur up to eight times a day. The pain is associated with drooping of the eyelid (*ptosis), a bloodshot eye, a small pupil, and/or excessive production of tears in the eye. The acute treatment is with high-flow inhaled oxygen in conjunction with antimigraine drugs (5HT1 agonists) and prophylaxis is with such drugs as verapamil, lithium, or methysergide.... cluster headache

Community Hospital

see hospital.... community hospital

Community Mental Health Team

(CMHT) a multidisciplinary team consisting of psychiatrists, psychiatric nurses, psychologists, social workers, and occupational therapists who treat patients with severe mental illness in the community.... community mental health team

Consultant In Health Protection

(CHP) a consultant within *Public Health England who is responsible for the surveillance, prevention, and control of communicable disease and noncommunicable environmental exposures. While no longer the preferred term, the older form Consultant in Communicable Disease Control (CCDC) is still sometimes used. See also public health consultant.... consultant in health protection

Contralateral-routing-of-signal Hearing Aid

(CROS hearing aid) a form of hearing aid used to help people with severe or profound unilateral hearing loss. Sound information is collected by a microphone worn on the affected side and then transmitted by a thin wire or Bluetooth wireless technology to a device worn on the opposite side. If the hearing in the better ear is normal, no amplification is applied to the signal. If the better ear has a hearing loss the device also acts as a conventional hearing aid and amplifies the signal from both sides: this is known as a BICROS hearing aid.... contralateral-routing-of-signal hearing aid

Corticotrophin-releasing Hormone

(CRH) a peptide hypothalamic hormone (of 41 amino acids) stimulating the release of *ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone) from the anterior pituitary. Its own release is suppressed by a *negative feedback loop involving cortisol, and its action is increased by antidiuretic hormone (see vasopressin) and *angiotensin II. It can be administered intravenously as part of the CRH test, during which blood is analysed at 15-minute intervals for one hour for the ACTH response, which is excessive in cases of primary adrenal failure and suppressed in cases of anterior *hypopituitarism.... corticotrophin-releasing hormone

Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Fever

a disease caused by bunyaviruses that has occurred in the former USSR, the Middle East, and Africa. It causes bleeding into the intestines, kidneys, genitals, and mouth with up to 50% mortality. The virus is spread by various types of tick from wild animals and birds to domestic animals (especially goats and cattle) and thus to humans.... crimean congo haemorrhagic fever

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

(CDH) herniation of the fetal abdominal organs into the fetal chest, which occurs in one in 2000–5000 live births. This leads to pulmonary *hypoplasia, which is the main cause of the associated high neonatal mortality. The risk of pulmonary hypoplasia is substantially greater where there is herniation of the liver into the thoracic cavity. CDH is commonly associated with additional structural abnormalities (cardiac, neural tube defects, and exomphalos), and the risk of chromosomal abnormality (*aneuploidy) is 10–20%. Demonstration of a fluid-filled bowel at the level of the heart on ultrasound is diagnostic.... congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Crisis Resolution And Home Treatment Team

(CRHT) (in psychiatry) a multidisciplinary team in psychiatric services specialized in the treatment of severely mentally ill patients in their home environment. An additional remit of CRHTs is to try and avoid acute hospital admissions.... crisis resolution and home treatment team

Cros Hearing Aid

see contralateral-routing-of-signal hearing aid.... cros hearing aid

Cystic Hygroma

a collection of fluid behind the neck of a fetus, occasionally extending laterally to involve the sides of the neck (see hydrops fetalis). In its mildest form it is evidenced by an increased nuchal translucency (see nuchal translucency scanning). Cystic hygroma may be a diagnostic feature of chromosomal abnormality (e.g. Down’s syndrome, Turner’s syndrome).... cystic hygroma

Deliberate Self-harm

any attempt at self-injury or self-poisoning, as often occurs in the context of acute stress, personality disorder, depression, and alcoholism. It may or may not involve suicidal intent. Treatment begins with a psychosocial assessment, on the basis of which the patient may be offered various forms of *psychotherapy and occasionally *antipsychotic medication, *lithium, or *SSRIs. If the attempt is serious, immediate treatment may be necessary in a medical ward or (more rarely), if suicidal intent persists, in a psychiatric ward. Patients who do not have a mental disorder should be assessed using the criteria set out in the Mental Capacity Act 2005 and, if found to have *capacity, are entitled to consent to or refuse treatment like any other capacitous adult. See also suicide.... deliberate self-harm

Dental Handpiece

a piece of dental equipment (high-speed or low-speed) for holding a dental *bur or *file. It is made of corrosion-resistant materials to allow sterilization. See drill.... dental handpiece

Department Of Health And Human Services

(HHS) the major US government agency providing health care. The department was created in 1953 and assumed its current name in 1980. HHS administers more than 300 health and health-related programmes and services, including *Medicare and *Medicaid. Other activities include research, immunization services, and providing financial assistance for low-income families. Almost a quarter of federal spending occurs through HHS.... department of health and human services

Department Of Health And Social Care

(DHSC) (in Britain) a department of central government that supports the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care in meeting his or her obligations, which include the *National Health Service, the promotion and protection of the health of the nation, and social care, including some oversight of personal social services provided by local authorities. The department is staffed by civil servants, including some health professionals. Following the reforms of the Health and Social Care Act 2012, the Department no longer has direct control of the NHS, which has passed to *NHS England. The name of the department was expanded from ‘Department of Health’ in 2018. Equivalent departments support the ministers responsible for health services in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.

DHSC section of the website: provides information on a wide range of public health issues... department of health and social care

Dew-point Hygrometer

see hygrometer.... dew-point hygrometer

Diabetic Hand Syndrome

the combination of features, often found in the hands of long-standing diabetic subjects, consisting of *Dupuytren’s contractures, knuckle pads, *carpal tunnel syndrome, *cheiroarthropathy, and sclerosing *tenosynovitis.... diabetic hand syndrome

Diabetic Holiday Foot Syndrome

a condition in which patients with diabetic sensory polyneuropathy (see diabetic neuropathy) suffer significant trauma to their insensate feet through holiday activities. These may include walking on hot flagstones or sand and wearing ill-fitting shoes. The condition may be prevented with prior education and advice and by maintaining safe footcare practices.... diabetic holiday foot syndrome

Diabetic Honeymoon Period

a well-recognized period just after the diagnosis of type 1 *diabetes mellitus when only very low insulin doses are required to control the condition. It lasts from months to a few years but inevitably ends, when dose requirements will increase quite quickly.... diabetic honeymoon period

Digital Hearing Aid

see hearing aid.... digital hearing aid

Director Of Public Health

(DPH) a senior public health consultant or specialist in a local authority. Responsibilities include advising on the health needs of the local population. See also public health consultant; public health specialist.... director of public health

Disc Herniation

displacement of an intervertebral disc through a tear in the fibrous outer coat of the disc. See prolapsed intervertebral disc.... disc herniation

Dix–hallpike Test

(Hallpike test) a test for *benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), performed with the patient first sitting upright on an examination couch and then lying supine with the head and neck extended beyond the edge of the couch. The patient’s head is rotated to the left (or right) and supported by the examiner while the patient assumes the supine position and keeps his or her eyes focused on the examiner’s eyes. The test is then repeated with the other ear facing down. In patients with BPPV, after a short delay rotatory *nystagmus is seen, in association with severe vertigo and nausea, which gradually abates. The effect diminishes with repeated manoeuvres. In conditions affecting the cerebellum or brainstem, the nystagmus occurs immediately, in any direction, and does not diminish, and patients do not feel especially nauseated. [M. R. Dix and C. S. Hallpike (20th century), British otologists]... dix–hallpike test

Dopamine Hypothesis

the theory that *schizophrenia is caused in part by abnormalities in the metabolism of *dopamine and can be treated in part by drugs that antagonize its action as a neurotransmitter.... dopamine hypothesis

Dowager’s Hump

curvature of the spine in the cervical (neck) and upper thoracic region (kyphosis), caused by compression fractures from osteoporosis. These fractures may be asymptomatic but when symptomatic cause significant pain. Long-term lung function may be compromised by the abnormal curvature of the spine. Compare buffalo hump.... dowager’s hump

Dtap/ipv/hib/hepb

a primary *immunization given to infants typically at 2, 3, and 4 months of age. It protects against six diseases: diphtheria (D), tetanus (T), pertussis (whooping cough) acellular component (aP), polio (inactivated polio vaccine) IPV, Haemophilus influenzae type b infection (Hib) (see Hib vaccine), and Hepatitis B (HepB).... dtap/ipv/hib/hepb

Ectopic Hormone

a hormone produced by cells that do not usually produce it. Some tumour cells secrete hormones; for example, small-cell lung cancer cells secrete antidiuretic hormone and cause *hyponatraemia.... ectopic hormone

Eczema Herpeticum

(Kaposi’s varicelliform eruption) a skin eruption, typically in children or young adults, of widespread *vesicles and ulcers caused by *herpes simplex. This is due to impaired barrier function in skin with eczema. Clinical features include fever, malaise, and lymphadenopathy. Rarely, the infection may become systemic and be life-threatening. Eczema herpeticum is commonly misdiagnosed as a bacterial infection. Treatment is with systemic antivirals and hospitalization may be required.... eczema herpeticum

Endometrial Hyperplasia

an increase in the thickness of the cells of the *endometrium, usually due to prolonged exposure to unopposed oestrogen, which can be endogenous, as in anovular menstrual cycles; or exogenous, deriving, for example, from *hormone replacement therapy or an oestrogen-secreting tumour. It is classified as simple, complex, or atypical. Endometrial hyperplasia most commonly presents with abnormal uterine bleeding and accounts for 15% cases of postmenopausal bleeding. It may also be asymptomatic, and in some cases regresses spontaneously without ever being detected. The presence of atypical cells may lead to *endometrial cancer. Treatment can include progestogen therapy or surgery (see endometrial ablation); hysterectomy is advised when atypical changes are present.... endometrial hyperplasia

Environmental Health Officer

(EHO) a person, employed by a local authority, with special training in such aspects of environmental health as housing, pollution, and food safety (formerly known as a Public Health Inspector). EHOs work closely with other professionals within the local authority and with other agencies, including *Public Health England.... environmental health officer

Environmental Hearing Aid

any of various devices for helping people with hearing difficulties. Environmental aids include *assistive listening devices and alerting devices, such as door bells with visible as well as audible alarms, infrared links to televisions, and vibrating alarm clocks.... environmental hearing aid

Equality And Human Rights Commission

a nondepartmental public body set up in 2007 to promote human rights and equality in regard to age, disability, gender, race, religion and belief, pregnancy and maternity, marriage and civil partnership, sexual orientation, and human rights. It replaced the Commission for Racial Equality, the Disability Rights Commission, and the Equal Opportunities Commission.... equality and human rights commission

Exploding Head Syndrome

(EHS, episodic cranial sensory shock) an auditory *hallucination, characterized by the perception of a sudden loud noise in the head or ears, that is experienced during a transition between sleep stages. The cause is not currently known.... exploding head syndrome

Expulsive Haemorrhage

sudden bleeding from the choroid, usually during a surgical procedure or trauma. This may force the ocular tissue out of the wound and is potentially one of the most devastating intraoperative complications of ocular surgery.... expulsive haemorrhage

Faculty Of Public Health

(FPH) a joint faculty of the three Royal Colleges of Physicians of the United Kingdom and the standard setting body for specialists in public health in the UK. It aims to promote public health, develop the public health workforce, and act as an authoritative body offering consultation and advocacy on matters concerning public health. It assesses public health trainees and makes recommendations for inclusion on the GMC specialist register and UK voluntary register for public health professionals.

The FPH website... faculty of public health

Familial Hypercholesterolaemia

see hypercholesterolaemia.... familial hypercholesterolaemia

Familial Mixed Hyperlipidaemia

see hyperlipidaemia.... familial mixed hyperlipidaemia

First Do No Harm

see primum non nocere. See also nonmaleficence.... first do no harm

Fitz-hugh–curtis Syndrome

a condition in which infection due to *pelvic inflammatory disease spreads to the right upper quadrant of the *abdomen. Adhesions form between the liver and the anterior abdominal wall causing *perihepatitis, with pain and liver function abnormalities. [T. Fitz-Hugh and A. H. Curtis (20th century), US physicians]... fitz-hugh–curtis syndrome

Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

see fish.... fluorescence in situ hybridization

Foundation Hospitals

see foundation trusts.... foundation hospitals

Fuchs’ Heterochromic Cyclitis

a condition characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation of the ciliary body and iris (anterior *uveitis) with depigmentation of the affected iris (*heterochromia). Glaucoma and cataract can develop in the affected eye.... fuchs’ heterochromic cyclitis

Fundal Height

(symphysis–fundal height) the distance, measured in centimetres, from the top of the symphysis pubis to the highest point in the midline at the top of the uterus (fundus). It is measured at each antenatal visit to assess fetal growth and development during pregnancy. See fetal growth chart.... fundal height

General Health Questionnaire

(GHQ) a reliable screening tool published in 1978 for identifying minor psychiatric disorders, still frequently used for research in the general population. The 28-question version (GHQ28) is most commonly used, but the GHQ is available in lengths from 12 to 60 questions.... general health questionnaire

General Household Survey

a rolling survey carried out annually (1971–2007) in Great Britain by the *Office for National Statistics. It included questions about the household and questions to be completed by all individuals aged over 16 within the household. It covered a wide variety of topics, such as health, employment, pensions, education, and income. It was succeeded (2007–12) by the general lifestyle survey. See also census.... general household survey

Glycated Haemoglobin

(glycosylated haemoglobin) any derivative of haemoglobin in which a glucose molecule is attached to the haemoglobin molecule. The most abundant form of glycated haemoglobin is haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), levels of which are significantly increased in diabetes. The percentage of the HbA molecules that become glycated is dependent on the general level of glucose in the plasma over the lifetime of the molecule (generally three months); this percentage is therefore used as the standard measure of the degree of control of *hyperglycaemia in a person with diabetes over this period. HbA1c values are now expressed in mmol per mol haemoglobin (mmol/mol) rather than as a percentage. The use of HbA1c as a screening tool for diabetes mellitus has become recognized.... glycated haemoglobin

Gonadotrophin-releasing Hormone

(GnRH, gonadorelin) a peptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus and transported via the bloodstream to the pituitary gland, where it controls the synthesis and release of pituitary *gonadotrophins. It may be used to test the ability of the pituitary to produce gonadotrophins. *Gonadorelin analogues are used to treat endometriosis, fibroids, some types of infertility, and prostate cancer.... gonadotrophin-releasing hormone

H1n1

see swine influenza.

H2-receptor antagonist see antihistamine.... h1n1

H5n1

see avian influenza.... h5n1

Haab’s Striae

splits or tears in *Descemet’s membrane occurring during infancy, commonly as a result of congenital glaucoma. [O. Haab (1850–1931), German ophthalmologist]... haab’s striae

Habitus

n. an individual’s general physical appearance, especially when this is associated with a constitutional tendency to a particular disease.... habitus

Haemagglutination

n. the clumping of red blood cells (see agglutination). It is caused by an antibody–antigen reaction or some viruses and other substances.... haemagglutination

Haemagglutinin

(HA, H) a glycoprotein projecting from the surface layer of the lipid bilayer envelope of *influenza virions. This protein is involved in virus binding and may influence virulence. It is a key target for antibody attack and therefore is important in vaccination.... haemagglutinin

Haemaphysalis

n. a genus of hard *ticks. Certain species transmit tick *typhus in the Old World; H. spinigera transmits the virus causing *Kyasanur Forest disease in India.... haemaphysalis

Haemathidrosis

(haematidrosis) n. see haematohidrosis.... haemathidrosis

Haematin

n. a chemical derivative of *haemoglobin formed by removal of the protein part of the molecule and oxidation of the iron atom from the ferrous to the ferric form.... haematin

Haematochesia

n. the passage of fresh red blood through the rectum. Haematochesia occurs in patients with haemorrhoids, colorectal carcinoma, colitis, diverticulitis, angiodysplasia, and volvulus. Haematochesia also occurs as a result of severe haemorrhage in the upper gastrointestinal tract.... haematochesia

Haematocyst

n. a cyst that contains blood.... haematocyst

Haematohidrosis

(haemathidrosis, haematidrosis) n. the secretion of sweat containing blood.... haematohidrosis

Haematometra

n. 1. accumulation of menstrual blood in the uterus. 2. any abnormally copious bleeding in the uterus.... haematometra

Haematomyelia

n. bleeding into the tissue of the spinal cord. This may result in acutely developing symptoms that mimic *syringomyelia.... haematomyelia

Haematopoiesis

n. see haemopoiesis.... haematopoiesis

Haematoporphyrin

n. a type of *porphyrin produced during the metabolism of haemoglobin.... haematoporphyrin

Haematosalpinx

(haemosalpinx) n. the accumulation of menstrual blood in the *Fallopian tubes.... haematosalpinx

Haematospermia

n. the occurrence of blood in the semen, which may be due to one of several benign or malignant urological conditions.... haematospermia

Haematoxylin

n. a colourless crystalline compound extracted from logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum) and used in various histological stains. When oxidized haematoxylin is converted to haematein, which imparts a blue colour to certain parts of cells, especially cell nuclei. Heidenhain’s iron haematoxylin is used to stain sections that are to be photographed, since it gives great clarity at high magnification.... haematoxylin

Haemin

n. a chemical derivative of haemoglobin formed by removal of the protein part of the molecule, oxidation of the iron atom, and combination with an acid to form a salt (compare haematin). Chlorohaemin forms characteristic crystals, the identification of which provides the basis of a chemical test for blood stains.... haemin

Haemo

combining form. see haem-.... haemo

Haemobartonella

n. see Bartonella.... haemobartonella

Haemobilia

n. haemorrhage into the bile ducts, usually presenting as an acute upper gastrointestinal bleed (with bloody vomit or *melaena) or with a dropping blood count. The most common causes are liver injury, liver biopsy, hepatobiliary surgery, or use of instruments (such as *ERCP). Other causes include gallstones, inflammatory conditions, vascular abnormalities, tumours, and conditions that predispose to bleeding (such as using anticoagulant medication).... haemobilia

Haemoconcentration

n. an increase in the proportion of red blood cells relative to the plasma, brought about by a decrease in the volume of plasma or an increase in the concentration of red blood cells in the circulating blood (see polycythaemia). Haemoconcentration may occur in any condition in which there is a severe loss of water from the body. Compare haemodilution.... haemoconcentration

Haemocytometer

n. a special glass chamber of known volume into which diluted blood is introduced. The numbers of the various blood cells present are then counted visually, through a microscope. Haemocytometers have been largely replaced by electronic cell counters.... haemocytometer

Haemodiafiltration

n. a form of renal replacement therapy that removes toxins by a combination of diffusion (as in conventional *haemodialysis) and convection (as in *haemofiltration), and is more efficient than either in the process.... haemodiafiltration

Haemodilution

n. a decrease in the proportion of red blood cells relative to the plasma, brought about by an increase in the total volume of plasma. This may occur in a variety of conditions, including pregnancy and enlargement of the spleen (see hypersplenism). Compare haemoconcentration.... haemodilution

Haemofiltration

n. the use of a transmembrane hydrostatic pressure to induce filtration of plasma water across the membrane of a haemofilter. Solutes dissolved in the plasma water accompany their solvent to a greater or lesser extent dependent on molecular weight and the characteristics of the filter membrane (pore size).... haemofiltration

Haemoglobinometer

n. an instrument for determining the concentration of *haemoglobin in a sample of blood, which is a measure of its ability to carry oxygen.... haemoglobinometer

Haemogram

n. the results of a routine blood test, including an estimate of the blood haemoglobin level, the *packed cell volume, and the numbers of red and white blood cells (see blood count). Any abnormalities seen in microscopic examination of the blood are also noted.... haemogram

Haemolysin

n. a substance capable of bringing about destruction of red blood cells (*haemolysis). It may be an antibody or a bacterial toxin.... haemolysin

Haemoperfusion

n. the passage of blood through a sorbent column with the aim of removing toxic substances. The commonest sorbent in use is charcoal, microencapsulated with cellulose nitrate. Haemoperfusion might be considered for the treatment of poisoning with carbamazepine, theophylline, barbiturates, and Amanita mushrooms.... haemoperfusion

Haemoperitoneum

n. the presence of blood in the peritoneal cavity, between the lining of the abdomen or pelvis and the membrane covering the organs within.... haemoperitoneum

Haemophthalmia

n. bleeding into the *vitreous humour of the eye: vitreous haemorrhage.... haemophthalmia

Haemopneumothorax

n. the presence of both blood and air in the pleural cavity, usually as a result of injury. Both must be drained out to allow the lung to expand normally. See also haemothorax.... haemopneumothorax

Haemorrhagic

adj. associated with or resulting from blood loss (see haemorrhage). For example, haemorrhagic anaemia is due to blood loss (see anaemia).... haemorrhagic

Haemorrhagic Disease Of The Newborn

a temporary disturbance in blood clotting caused by *vitamin K deficiency and affecting infants on the second to fourth day of life. It varies in severity from mild gastrointestinal bleeding to profuse bleeding into many organs, including the brain. It is more common in breast-fed and preterm infants. The condition can be prevented by giving all babies vitamin K, either by injection or orally, shortly after birth. Medical name: melaena neonatorum.... haemorrhagic disease of the newborn

Haemosalpinx

n. see haematosalpinx.... haemosalpinx

Haemosiderin

n. an iron-storage compound found mainly in the cells of the *macrophage– *monocyte system in the marrow, in the *Kupffer cells of the liver, and in the spleen. It contains around 30% iron by weight.... haemosiderin

Haemozoin

n. an iron-containing pigment present in the organisms that cause malaria (*Plasmodium species).... haemozoin

Hair Follicle

a sheath of epidermal cells and connective tissue that surrounds the root of a *hair.... hair follicle

Hair Papilla

a projection of the dermis that is surrounded by the base of the hair bulb. It contains the capillaries that supply blood to the growing *hair.... hair papilla

Hairy Cell

an abnormal white blood cell that has the appearance of an immature lymphocyte with fine hairlike cytoplasmic projections around the perimeter of the cell. It is found in a rare form of leukaemia (hairy-cell leukaemia) most commonly occurring in young men.... hairy cell

Hallpike Test

see Dix–Hallpike test.... hallpike test

Hallucinogen

n. a drug that produces hallucinations, e.g. *cannabis and *lysergic acid diethylamide. Hallucinogens were formerly used to treat certain types of mental illness. —hallucinogenic adj.... hallucinogen

Hallux Varus

displacement of the big toe away from the others (i.e. towards the middle).... hallux varus

Haloes

pl. n. coloured rings seen around lights by people with acute (angle-closure) glaucoma and sometimes by people with cataract.... haloes

Halophilic

adj. requiring solutions of high salt concentration for healthy growth. Certain bacteria are halophilic. —halophile n.... halophilic

Hamate Bone

(unciform bone) a hook-shaped bone of the wrist (see carpus). It articulates with the capitate and triquetral bones at the sides, with the lunate bone behind, and with the fourth and fifth metacarpal bones in front.... hamate bone

Hamman’s Sign

a crunching sound synchronous with the heartbeat heard with a stethoscope in 45–50% of patients with *pneumomediastinum. [L. V. Hamman (1877–1946), US physician]... hamman’s sign

Hammer

n. (in anatomy) see malleus.... hammer

Hamstring

n. any of the tendons at the back of the knee. They attach the hamstring muscles (the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus) to their insertions in the tibia and fibula.... hamstring

Hamulus

n. (pl. hamuli) any hooklike process, such as occurs on the hamate, lacrimal, and sphenoid bones and on the cochlea.... hamulus

Hand–foot Syndrome

see palmoplantar erythrodysaesthesia.... hand–foot syndrome

Hand–schüller–christian Disease

see Langerhans cell histiocytosis. [A. Hand (1868–1949), US paediatrician; A. Schüller (1874–1958), Austrian neurologist; H. A. Christian (1876–1951), US physician]... hand–schüller–christian disease

Hansen’s Bacillus

see Mycobacterium. [G. H. A. Hansen (1841–1912), Norwegian physician]... hansen’s bacillus

Haplotype

n. a complete set of *HLA antigens inherited from either parent.... haplotype

Happy Puppet Syndrome

see Angelman syndrome.... happy puppet syndrome

Hapt

(hapto-) combining form denoting touch.... hapt

Haptoglobin

n. a protein present in blood plasma that binds with free haemoglobin to form a complex that is rapidly removed from the circulation by the liver. Depletion of plasma haptoglobin is a feature of anaemias in which red blood cells are destroyed inside the circulation with the release of haemoglobin into the plasma and its loss in the urine.... haptoglobin

Harara

n. a severe and itchy inflammation of the skin occurring in people continuously subjected to the bites of the *sandfly Phlebotomus papatasii. The incidence of this allergic skin reaction, prevalent in the Middle East, may be checked by controlling the numbers of sandflies.... harara

Harelip

n. see cleft lip.... harelip

Harlequin Colour Change

an unusual phenomenon in newborn babies characterized by transient red colour changes to half of the body, well demarcated at the midline. It is seen usually 2–5 days after birth and can last from 30 seconds to 20 minutes before fading away. It may recur when the infant is placed on his or her side as the intensity of the erythema appears to be gravity-dependent.... harlequin colour change

Harm

n. physical, mental, or moral damage or the threat of this. Avoiding it is one of the ethical *four principles known as *nonmaleficence. Although health service staff have a clear duty to benefit patients and avoid harming them, in practice almost all medical actions run the risk of harming the patient and in some no good effect can be achieved without a clearly harmful process (such as mastectomy or chemotherapy for breast cancer). Therefore all medical professionals should learn how to make a *risk–benefit analysis at each point of care. The risk of harm should be explained to patients and their agreement obtained at each appropriate point. Professional blame or litigation may result if this is not done and harm results. See also primum non nocere; professionalism.... harm

Harrison’s Sulcus

a depression on both sides of the chest wall of a child between the pectoral muscles and the lower margin of the ribcage. It is caused by exaggerated suction of the diaphragm when breathing in and develops in conditions in which the airways are partially obstructed (e.g. poorly treated asthma) or when the lungs are abnormally congested due to some congenital abnormality of the heart. [E. Harrison (1789–1838), British physician]... harrison’s sulcus

Hartmann’s Operation

a method of reconstruction after surgical removal of the distal colon and proximal rectum, in which the rectal stump is closed off and the divided end of the colon is brought out as a *colostomy. The technique allows for a second operation to join up the bowel ends and obviates the need for a stoma. It is often used temporarily where primary anastomosis is unsafe (e.g. in cases of perforated *diverticular disease) or permanently as a palliative procedure (e.g. for unresectable colonic cancer). [H. Hartmann (1860–1952), French surgeon]... hartmann’s operation

Hartmann’s Pouch

a saclike dilatation of the gall-bladder wall near its outlet; it is a common site for finding *gallstones. [R. Hartmann (1831–93), German anatomist]... hartmann’s pouch

Hartmann’s Solution

a *physiological solution used for infusion into the circulation. In addition to essential ions, it also contains glucose. [A. F. Hartmann (1898–1964), US paediatrician]... hartmann’s solution

Hartnup Disease

a rare hereditary defect in the absorption of the amino acid tryptophan, leading to learning disability, thickening and roughening of the skin on exposure to light, and lack of muscular coordination. The condition is similar to *pellagra. Treatment with nicotinamide is usually effective. [Hartnup, the family in whom it was first reported]... hartnup disease

Harvest Mite

see Trombicula.... harvest mite

Hasson Technique

a technique used in laparoscopic surgery in which the skin, muscle, fascia, and peritoneum are incised under direct vision to allow the insertion of a blunt *trocar, through which the laparoscope is introduced. [H. M. Hasson (21st century), US gynaecologist]... hasson technique

Haustrum

n. one of the pouches on the external surface of the *colon.... haustrum

Haversian Canal

one of the small canals (diameter about 50 ?m) that ramify throughout compact *bone. See also Haversian system. [C. Havers (1650–1702), English anatomist]... haversian canal

Haversian System

one of the cylindrical units of which compact *bone is made. A Haversian canal forms a central tube, around which are alternate layers of bone matrix (lamellae) and lacunae containing bone cells. The lacunae are linked by minute channels (canaliculi).... haversian system

Hazardous Substance

(in occupational health) see COSHH.

HbA1c see glycated haemoglobin.... hazardous substance

Head Tilt, Chin Lift

a manoeuvre for opening the airway of an unconscious patient. With the patient lying on his or her back, the neck is extended and the chin simultaneously pulled gently upwards to pull the tongue away from the back of the pharynx. This method is often used when mouth-to-mouth ventilation is to be given and is an alternative to the *jaw thrust manoeuvre.... head tilt, chin lift

Health-adjusted Life Expectancy

a measure developed by the World Health Organization to capture life expectancy in terms of both morbidity and mortality. The number of years lived with ill-health, weighted according to severity, are subtracted from the overall life expectancy. Previously known as disability-adjusted life expectancy, it is sometimes referred to as healthy life expectancy. See also disability-adjusted life year.... health-adjusted life expectancy

Health And Safety Executive

(HSE) (in Britain) a statutory body responsible for health and safety in the workplace (including factories, offices, and farms). See also COSHH.

HSE website: provides guidance on a wide range of health and safety topics... health and safety executive

Health And Social Care Information Centre

(HSCIC) formerly, an executive nondepartmental public body set up in April 2013 to collect, analyse, and publish UK national health data and supply IT systems and services to health-care providers nationwide. It was rebranded as *NHS Digital in August 2016.... health and social care information centre

Health And Wellbeing Board

(HWB) a statutory local authority committee that aims to improve integration between local health care, social care, and other public service providers. HWBs (of which there are over 130) also have a responsibility to reduce health inequalities and produce a local joint strategic needs assessment to inform commissioning of local services. Each upper-tier local authority is obliged under the Health and Social Care Act 2012 to have an HWB, whose membership must include: an elected local representative; the local *Directors of Public Health, adult social services, and children’s social services; and representatives from the local *Healthwatch, each local *clinical commissioning group, and *NHS England.... health and wellbeing board

Health Authority

see National Health Service.... health authority

Health Board

a health authority in Wales (since 2003), Scotland, and Northern Ireland. See National Health Service.... health board

Health-care Commissioning

identifying services required to meet population health-care needs and obtaining such services from an appropriate service provider via allocation of resources and contracting arrangements. Commissioners monitor the quality of commissioned services, including adherence to any appropriate national standards. Most NHS commissioning is undertaken by *clinical commissioning groups or *NHS England.... health-care commissioning

Health Education England

(HEE) a *special health authority of the NHS responsible for leading education and training for the whole health-care and public health workforce. It was established following the Health and Social Care Act 2012. See also local education and training boards.

HEE website... health education england

Health Maintenance Organization

(HMO) in the USA, a type of prepaid group medical practice with a defined and restricted patient population. Each enrolled patient pays a fixed fee regardless of the amount of physician services used. The HMO physicians assume responsibility for the health care of the enrolled members and provide a wide range of inpatient and outpatient services.... health maintenance organization

Health Protection

the branch of *public health medicine that is concerned with protecting the population from communicable diseases, chemicals and poisons, radiation, and other potential threats to health. See Public Health England.... health protection

Health Inequalities

differences in health-related *variables (e.g. life expectancy, all-age all-cause mortality, breast cancer incidence) between population groups (often defined by socio-economic group, sex, age, ethnic group, place of birth, place of residence, and income). Health inequalities between groups arise as a result of differences in constitutional factors (e.g. age, sex, ethnic group), educational attainment, health-related behaviour (e.g. smoking, diet) and access to services. Typically, socio-economic deprivation is associated with poorer health outcomes. Recent government policy has sought to reduce gaps in health outcomes between population groups, particularly those related to socio-economic group and income.... health inequalities

Health Protection Agency

(HPA) formerly, a nondepartmental public body set up as a special health authority in 2003 to protect the health of the UK population via advice and support to the NHS, local authorities, the Department of Health, emergency services, and others. The HPA was abolished in April 2013; its responsibilities were largely passed to *Public Health England. See Consultant in Health Protection.... health protection agency

Health Research Authority

a *special health authority of the NHS established following the Health and Social Care Act 2012 to promote and protect the interests of patients in health research and to simplify the regulation of research. The Health Research Authority inherited the functions of the National Research Ethics Service, which closed in 2012.... health research authority

Health Service Manager

an administrator with special training and skills in management who is concerned with the planning and provision of health services and with managing performance. Some managers enter the profession via the NHS Graduate Management Training Scheme; for others the basic training is in disciplines other than health; however, doctors, nurses, and others may fill such posts, sometimes combining them with professional appointments. See also National Health Service.... health service manager

Health Service Planning

balancing the health and health-care needs of a community, assessed by such indices as mortality, morbidity, and disability, with the resources available to meet these needs in terms of human resources (including ensuring the numbers in training grades meet future requirements) and technical resources, such as hospitals (capital planning), equipment, and medicines. See also clinical audit.... health service planning

Health Visitor

a trained nurse with specialist qualifications in *health promotion and public health. The role of the health visitor takes place within the primary health-care team and focuses on families with children under five years old, but can be extended to other targeted groups in the population (e.g. the elderly) to meet health needs in the wider community. Health visitors seek to educate, in particular by drawing attention to unmet needs in terms of health and social care.... health visitor

Healthwatch England

the national consumer champion for health and social care, formed following the Health and Social Care Act 2012. In addition, there are 148 local Healthwatch groups, which have statutory representation on local *health and wellbeing boards.

Healthwatch England website... healthwatch england

Hearing Aid

a device to improve the hearing. Simple passive devices, such as ear trumpets, are now rarely used. An analogue hearing aid consists of a miniature microphone, an amplifier, and a tiny loudspeaker. The aid is powered by a battery and the whole unit is small enough to fit behind or within the ear inconspicuously. If necessary, aids can be built into the frames of spectacles. In a few cases of conductive hearing loss the loudspeaker is replaced by a vibrator that presses on the bone behind the ear and transmits the sound energy through the bones of the skull to the inner ear. Digital hearing aids are in some respects similar to analogue aids but in addition to the microphone, amplifier, and loudspeaker, they have digital-to-analogue converters and a tiny computer built into the casing of the aid. This enables the aid to be programmed to the patient’s particular requirements and generally offers improved sound quality. See also bone-anchored hearing aid; cochlear implant; environmental hearing aid; implantable hearing aid.... hearing aid

Hearing Therapy

the support and rehabilitation of people with hearing difficulties, tinnitus, or vertigo. It includes supplying help with acclimatizing to *hearing aids, teaching lip-reading, advising on *environmental hearing aids, and offering general information and advice regarding the auditory system. Other functions are to explain such conditions as *Ménière’s disease and *otosclerosis and to provide *tinnitus retraining therapy (TRT) and other forms of tinnitus management.... hearing therapy

Heart Age

a scoring system that uses biometric data to calculate the risk of a heart attack for an individual and expresses this risk in terms of notional heart age.... heart age

Heart Rate

see pulse.... heart rate

Heater-probe

n. a device that can be passed through an endoscope to apply controlled heat in order to coagulate a bleeding peptic ulcer.... heater-probe

Heavy-chain Disease

a disorder associated with proliferation of B lymphocytes producing heavy chains – one of the two types of polypeptide chains (the other being light chains) that make up the structure of immunoglobulins. It results in the production of abnormal immunoglobulins with distorted heavy chains and no light chains.... heavy-chain disease

Heberden’s Node

a bony thickening arising at the terminal joint of a finger in *osteoarthritis. It is often inherited, with women most commonly affected. [W. Heberden (1710–1801), British physician]... heberden’s node

Hectic

adj. occurring regularly. A hectic fever is a fever that typically develops in the afternoons, in cases of pulmonary tuberculosis.... hectic

Hecto

prefix denoting a hundred.... hecto

Heel-prick Blood Test

see Guthrie test.... heel-prick blood test

Heerfordt’s Syndrome

a rare syndrome in which *sarcoidosis is associated with swelling of the parotid and other salivary glands, uveitis, fever, and paralysis of the facial nerve. It can be treated with steroids but generally resolves spontaneously.... heerfordt’s syndrome

Hefnef

heart failure with normal ejection fraction: see diastolic dysfunction.... hefnef

Hegar’s Sign

an indication of pregnancy detectable between the 6th and 12th weeks: used before modern urine tests for pregnancy were available. If the fingers of one hand are inserted into the vagina and those of the other are placed over the pelvic cavity, the lower part of the uterus feels very soft compared with the body of the uterus above and the cervix below. [A. Hegar (1830–1914), German gynaecologist]... hegar’s sign

Helc

(helco-) combining form denoting an ulcer.... helc

Helicobacter

n. a genus of spiral flagellated Gram-negative bacteria. The species H. pylori (formerly classified as Campylobacter pylori) is found in the stomach within the mucous layer. It occurs in the majority of middle-aged people and may cause gastritis. It is almost invariably present in duodenal ulceration and usually in gastric ulceration. Testing to confirm infection includes the urea breath test. Eradication of the organism (using various combinations of antibiotics and *antisecretory drugs) promotes ulcer healing. H. pylori has been implicated in some forms of stomach cancer and in coronary heart disease. The role of other Helicobacter species in the causation of disease in humans is unclear.... helicobacter

Helicopter-based Emergency Medical Services

see HEMS.... helicopter-based emergency medical services

Helicotrema

n. the narrow opening between the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani at the tip of the *cochlea in the ear.... helicotrema

Helio

combining form denoting the sun.... helio

Heliotrope Rash

an eruption of violet-coloured macules with variable scale and oedema that predominantly affects the eyelids but may be more widespread. It is usually asymptomatic and is a cutaneous sign of *dermatomyositis.... heliotrope rash

Helix

n. the outer curved fleshy ridge of the *pinna of the outer ear.... helix

Heller’s Operation

see achalasia. [E. Heller (1877–1964), Austrian pathologist]... heller’s operation

Heller’s Test

a test for the presence of protein (albumin) in the urine. A quantity of urine is carefully poured onto the same quantity of pure nitric acid in a test tube. A white ring forms at the junction of the liquids if albumin is present. However, a similar result may be obtained if the urine contains certain drugs or is very concentrated. A dark brown ring indicates the presence of an abnormally high level of potassium indoxyl sulphate in the urine (see indicanuria). [J. F. Heller (1813–71), Austrian pathologist]... heller’s test

Helly’s Fluid

a mixture of potassium dichromate, sodium sulphate, mercuric chloride, formaldehyde, and distilled water, used in the preservation of bone marrow. [K. Helly (20th century), Swiss pathologist]... helly’s fluid

Helminth

n. any of the various parasitic worms, including the *flukes, *tapeworms, and *nematodes.... helminth

Helminthology

n. the study of parasitic worms.... helminthology

Helper T Cell

a type of T *lymphocyte that plays a key role in cell-mediated immunity by recognizing foreign antigen on the surface of *antigen-presenting cells when this is associated with the individual’s *MHC antigens, having been processed by antigen-presenting cells. Helper T cells stimulate the production of *cytotoxic T cells, which destroy the target cells.... helper t cell

Hemeralopia

n. see day blindness.... hemeralopia

Hemi

prefix denoting (in medicine) the right or left half of the body. Example: hemianaesthesia (anaesthesia of one side of the body).... hemi

Hemiachromatopsia

n. loss of colour appreciation in one half of the visual field.... hemiachromatopsia

Hemiarthroplasty

n. see arthroplasty.... hemiarthroplasty

Hemifacial Spasm

a type of *dystonia that results in irregular spasms affecting the facial muscles on one side. It is usually due to irritation of the facial nerve by an overlying artery within the skull base. Treatment is with injections of *botulinum toxin.... hemifacial spasm

Hemihypertrophy

n. a condition in which one side of the body is larger than the other. It is often benign but can be associated with *nephroblastoma.... hemihypertrophy

Hemisacralization

n. fusion of the fifth lumbar vertebra to one side only of the sacrum. See sacralization.... hemisacralization

Hemispatial Neglect

(neglect syndrome) a deficit in attention to and awareness of one side of space. It is characterized by inability to process and perceive stimuli on one side of the body or environment that is not due to a lack of sensation. It is generally seen after damage to the right hemisphere, which leads to neglect of the contralateral (left) side of space.... hemispatial neglect

Hemisphere

n. one of the two halves of the *cerebrum, not in fact hemispherical but more nearly quarter-spherical.... hemisphere

Hemizygous

adj. describing genes that are carried on an unpaired chromosome, for example the genes on the X chromosome in males. —hemizygote n.... hemizygous

Hems

helicopter-based emergency medical services: a fast method for the provision of first aid and the rapid transport of the seriously injured (primary use) or the critically ill (secondary use) to a hospital.... hems

Henle’s Loop

the part of a kidney tubule that forms a loop extending towards the centre of the kidney. It is surrounded by blood capillaries, which absorb water and selected soluble substances back into the bloodstream. [F. G. J. Henle (1809–85), German anatomist]... henle’s loop

Henoch–schönlein Purpura

(Schönlein–Henoch purpura, anaphylactoid purpura) a common, and frequently recurrent, form of *purpura found especially (but not exclusively) in young children. It is characterized by red weals and a purple rash on the buttocks and lower legs due to bleeding into the skin from inflamed capillaries, together with arthritis, gastrointestinal symptoms, and (in some cases) nephritis. Glucocorticoids are often used for treatment. [E. H. Henoch (1820–1910), German paediatrician; J. L. Schönlein (1793–1864), German physician]... henoch–schönlein purpura

Henry

n. the *SI unit of inductance, equal to the inductance of a closed circuit with a magnetic flux of 1 weber per ampere of current. Symbol: H.... henry

Henry Equation

a formula used to predict the basal metabolic rate, and therefore the energy requirements, of a patient based on age, sex, and weight. See basal metabolism.... henry equation

Hensen’s Node

(primitive knot) the rounded front end of the embryonic *primitive streak. [V. Hensen (1835–1924), German pathologist]... hensen’s node

Hepat

(hepato-) combining form denoting the liver. Examples: hepatopexy (surgical fixation of); hepatorenal (relating to the liver and kidney).... hepat

Hepatalgia

n. pain in or over the liver. It is usually caused by stretching of the outer covering (capsule) of the liver due to infection (especially liver abscess), an enlarging liver tumour, or swelling (as in cardiac failure or *steatosis).... hepatalgia

Hepatic Duct

see bile duct.... hepatic duct

Hepatic Flexure

the bend in the *colon, just underneath the liver, where the ascending colon joins the transverse colon.... hepatic flexure

Hepaticostomy

n. a surgical operation in which a temporary or permanent opening is made into the hepatic duct, the main duct carrying bile from the liver.... hepaticostomy

Hepatic Vein

one of several short veins originating within the lobes of the liver as small branches, which unite to form the hepatic veins. These lead directly to the inferior vena cava, draining blood from the liver.... hepatic vein

Hepatization

n. the conversion of lung tissue, which normally holds air, into a solid liver-like mass during the course of acute lobar *pneumonia. In the early stages of lobar pneumonia, the lungs show red hepatization due to the presence of red and white blood cells in the alveolar spaces. As the disease progresses, the red cells are destroyed and phagocytosed, resulting in grey hepatization.... hepatization

Hepato

combining form. see hepat-.... hepato

Hepatoblastoma

n. a malignant tumour of the liver occurring in children, made up of embryonic liver cells. It is often confined to one lobe of the liver; such cases may be treated by a partial *hepatectomy.... hepatoblastoma

Hepatocellular

adj. relating to or affecting the cells of the liver.... hepatocellular

Hepatorenal Syndrome

impairment of renal function, which can occur in acute or chronic liver disease. The condition is associated with intrarenal vasoconstriction and extrarenal vasodilation and hypotension, and the kidney disease is functional rather than structural in nature. There are two common clinical presentations. An acute form (type 1) is characterized by rapid spontaneous deterioration in renal function against a background of acute liver failure, acute alcoholic hepatitis, or acute decompensation of chronic cirrhotic liver disease. A chronic form (type 2) is characterized by insidious onset and slowly progressive deterioration in renal function. This is most often observed in patients with decompensated cirrhosis and portal hypertension. The prognosis of hepatorenal syndrome is extremely poor, and the best hope of survival is usually with liver transplantation.... hepatorenal syndrome

Hepatotoxic

adj. damaging or destroying liver cells. Certain drugs, such as *paracetamol, can cause liver damage at high doses or with prolonged use.... hepatotoxic

Hepcidin

n. a peptide hormone, secreted by the liver, that regulates the entry of iron into the circulation. It inhibits iron transfer through ferroportin channels (which transport iron from inside to outside the cells), enabling cellular iron storage.... hepcidin

Hept

(hepta-) prefix denoting seven.... hept

Her2

human epidermal growth factor receptor 2: a protein occurring in excessive amounts on the surface of tumour cells in highly malignant forms of breast cancer. It acts as an *epidermal growth factor receptor, which influences the growth and proliferation of the tumour. See also trastuzumab.... her2

Herceptin

n. see trastuzumab.... herceptin

Hereditary Multiple Exostoses

see exostosis.... hereditary multiple exostoses

Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer

(HNPCC, Lynch syndrome) an inherited disorder in which there is an increased incidence of colorectal *polyp formation, although to a lesser extent than in familial adenomatous *polyposis (FAP). HNPCC has also been associated with other types of tumour, particularly ovarian and endometrial tumours. This increased risk is due to inherited mutations that impair DNA mismatch repair.... hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer

Hereditary Periodic Fever Syndromes

a group of rare inherited disorders characterized by recurrent attacks of fever and inflammation in the absence of infection. They include familial Mediterranean fever (see polyserositis), tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS), and the cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS). Causative gene mutations have been identified.... hereditary periodic fever syndromes

Heredo

combining form denoting heredity.... heredo

Hering–breuer Reflex

the normal physiological reflex to breathe out when the breath is held in inspiration and to breathe in when it is held in exhalation. [H. E. Hering (1866–1948), German physiologist; J. Breuer (1842–1925), German physician]... hering–breuer reflex

Hermeneutics

n. the practice of interpreting literary and historical texts in relation to one another and to their various contexts. By extension, in *clinical ethics, interpreting the ‘text’ of an ill patient in terms of history taking, physical examination, diagnostic tests, and listening to the patient’s account of their own experience.... hermeneutics

Hernia-en-glissade

an inguinal *hernia that has an element of descent (‘slide’) of related structures alongside the sac.... hernia-en-glissade

Hernio

combining form denoting a hernia.... hernio

Heroic Measures

a mainly US term for therapies instituted to save a patient’s life when all other options have failed. These may have serious or even fatal side-effects, but the risk is considered worth taking since the patient will surely otherwise die. Many people specify ‘no heroic measures’ in their *advance directive (‘living will’).... heroic measures

Heroin-associated Nephropathy

see HAN.... heroin-associated nephropathy

Herpesvirus

n. one of a group of DNA-containing viruses causing latent infections in animals (including humans). The herpesviruses are the causative agents of *herpes and chickenpox. The group also includes the *cytomegalovirus and *Epstein–Barr virus. Herpesvirus simiae (virus B) causes an infection in monkeys similar to herpes simplex, but when transmitted to humans it can produce fatal encephalitis.... herpesvirus

Herxheimer Reaction

see Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction.... herxheimer reaction

Hesitation

n. a *lower urinary tract symptom in which there is a delay between being ready to pass urine and the actual flow of urine. It is often associated with bladder outflow obstruction.... hesitation

Heter

(hetero-) combining form denoting difference; dissimilarity.... heter

Heterochromatin

n. chromosome material (see chromatin) that stains most deeply when the cell is not dividing. It is thought not to represent major genes but may be involved in controlling these genes, and also in controlling mitosis and development. Compare euchromatin.... heterochromatin

Heterochromia

n. colour difference in the iris of the eye, which is usually congenital but is occasionally secondary to inflammation of the iris (as in *Fuchs’ heterochromic cyclitis). In heterochromia iridis one iris differs in colour from the other; in heterochromia iridum one part of the iris differs in colour from the rest. —heterochromic adj.... heterochromia

Heterogametic

adj. describing the sex that produces two different kinds of gamete, which carry different *sex chromosomes, and that therefore determines the sex of the offspring. In humans men are the heterogametic sex: the sperm cells carry either an X or a Y chromosome. Compare homogametic.... heterogametic

Heterogeneity

n. (in oncology) variability or differences in the properties of cells within a tumour.... heterogeneity

Heterophoria

n. a tendency to squint. Normally both the eyes work together and look at the same point simultaneously, but if one eye is covered it will move out of alignment with the object the other eye is still viewing. When the cover is removed the eye immediately returns to its normal position. Most people have a small degree of heterophoria in which the covered eye turns outwards, away from the nose (exophoria; compare esophoria). Heterophoria may produce eyestrain because of the unconscious effort required to keep the two eyes aligned. See also strabismus.... heterophoria

Heterophyes

n. a genus of small parasitic *flukes occurring in Egypt and the Far East. Adult flukes of the species H. heterophyes live in the small intestine of humans and other fish-eating animals; in humans the flukes can produce serious symptoms (see heterophyiasis). The fluke has two intermediate hosts, a snail and a mullet fish.... heterophyes

Heterophyiasis

n. an infestation of the small intestine with the parasitic fluke *Heterophyes heterophyes. Humans become infected on eating raw or salted fish that contains the larval stage of the fluke. The presence of adult flukes may provoke symptoms of abdominal pain and diarrhoea; if the eggs reach the brain, spinal cord, and heart (via the bloodstream) they produce serious lesions. Tetrachloroethylene may be used in treatment of the infection.... heterophyiasis

Heteropsia

n. different vision in each eye.... heteropsia

Heterosis

n. hybrid vigour: the increased sturdiness, resistance to disease, etc., of animals whose parents are genetically different compared both with their parents and with the offspring of genetically similar parents.... heterosis

Heterotopia

(heterotopy) n. the displacement of an organ or part of the body from its normal position.... heterotopia

Heterotopic Transplantation

see orthotopic transplantation.... heterotopic transplantation

Heterotrophic

(organotrophic) adj. describing organisms (known as heterotrophs) that use complex organic compounds to synthesize their own organic materials. Most heterotrophs are chemoheterotrophic, i.e. they use the organic compounds as an energy source. This group includes the majority of bacteria and all animals and fungi. Compare autotrophic.... heterotrophic

Heterotropia

n. see strabismus.... heterotropia

Hexachromia

n. the ability to distinguish only six of the seven colours of the spectrum, the exception being indigo. Most people cannot distinguish indigo from blue or violet.... hexachromia

Hexokinase

n. an enzyme that catalyses the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate. This is the first stage of *glycolysis.... hexokinase

Hexosamine

n. the amino derivative of a *hexose sugar. The two most important hexosamines are *glucosamine and galactosamine.... hexosamine

Hexose

n. a simple sugar with six carbon atoms. Hexose sugars are the sugars most frequently found in food. The most important hexose is *glucose.... hexose

5-hiaa

see 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid.... 5-hiaa

Hiatus

n. an opening or aperture. For example, the diaphragm contains hiatuses for the oesophagus and aorta.... hiatus

Hibernating Myocardium

an area of heart muscle subject to critical coronary ischaemia sufficient to cause reversible impairment of function but insufficient to result in death of the muscle. Also known as viable myocardium, it is detected by MRI scanning of the heart. The clinical importance is that restoration of normal coronary blood flow may improve heart muscle contraction.... hibernating myocardium

Hidr

(hidro-) combining form denoting sweat. Example: hidropoiesis (formation of).... hidr

Hidrosis

n. 1. the excretion of sweat. 2. excessive sweating.... hidrosis

Hidrotic

n. an agent that causes sweating. *Parasympathomimetic drugs are hidrotics.... hidrotic

Hifu

high-intensity focused *ultrasound: a minimally invasive technique used for the treatment of primary localized prostate cancer and prostate cancer that has recurred after radiotherapy. An ultrasound probe is inserted into the rectum and precisely focuses a beam of high-intensity ultrasound on the cancerous tissue resulting in coagulative necrosis by raising the temperature of the target tissue to approximately 90°C. The procedure may have fewer side-effects than other treatments for localized prostate cancer.... hifu

High-intensity Focused Ultrasound

see HIFU; ultrasound.... high-intensity focused ultrasound

Hilar Cell Tumour

an androgen-producing tumour of the ovary found in older women and often resulting in *virilization. Such tumours are so called as they tend to occur around the area of the ovary where the blood vessels enter (the hilum). They are usually small and are treated by surgical removal, with resolution of most of the symptoms.... hilar cell tumour

Hindgut

n. the back part of the embryonic gut, which gives rise to part of the large intestine, the rectum, bladder, and urinary ducts. See also cloaca.... hindgut

Hindquarter Amputation

an operation involving removal of an entire leg and part or all of the pelvis associated with it. It is usually performed for soft tissue or bone sarcomas arising from the upper thigh, hip, or buttock. Compare forequarter amputation.... hindquarter amputation

Hinge Joint

see ginglymus.... hinge joint

Hippelates

n. a genus of small flies. The adults of H. pallipes are suspected of transmitting *yaws in the West Indies. Other species of Hippelates may be involved in the transmission of conjunctivitis.... hippelates

Hippocampal Formation

a curved band of cortex lying within each cerebral hemisphere: in evolutionary terms one of the brain’s most primitive parts. It forms a portion of the *limbic system and is involved in the complex physical aspects of behaviour governed by emotion and instinct.... hippocampal formation

Hippuran

n. trade name for sodium iodohippurate, used as a contrast medium in radiology of the urinary tract. Labelled with iodine-131, it can be used to measure renal function, although it has now largely been replaced by other agents.... hippuran

Hirudin

n. an *anticoagulant present in the salivary glands of *leeches and in certain snake venoms that prevents *blood coagulation by inhibiting the action of the enzyme *thrombin. The anticoagulant bivalirudin is a genetically engineered form of hirudin from the medicinal leech. It is administered by intravenous injection and infusion, in combination with aspirin and clopidogrel, to treat patients with S–T elevation *myocardial infarction who are undergoing primary *percutaneous coronary intervention.... hirudin

Hist

(histio-, histo-) combining form denoting tissue.... hist

Histaminase

n. an enzyme, widely distributed in the body, that is responsible for the inactivation of histamine.... histaminase

Histamine Acid Phosphate

a derivative of *histamine that was formerly used to test for acid secretion in the stomach in conditions involving abnormal gastric acid secretion, such as *Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.... histamine acid phosphate

Histiocyte

n. a fixed *macrophage, i.e. one that is stationary within connective tissue.... histiocyte

Histiocytosis

n. any of a group of diseases in which there are abnormalities in certain large phagocytic cells (*histiocytes) due to (1) abnormal storage of fats, as in *Gaucher’s disease; (2) inflammatory disorders, as in *Langerhans cell histiocytosis, which includes disorders previously called histiocytosis X; or (3) malignant proliferation of histiocytes.... histiocytosis

Histochemistry

n. the study of the identification and distribution of chemical compounds within and between cells, by means of stains, indicators, and light and electron microscopy. —histochemical adj.... histochemistry

Histocompatibility

n. the form of *compatibility that depends upon tissue components, mainly specific glycoprotein antigens in cell membranes. A high degree of histocompatibility is necessary for a tissue graft or organ transplant to be successful. —histocompatible adj.... histocompatibility

Histogenesis

n. the formation of tissues.... histogenesis

Histoid

adj. 1. resembling normal tissue. 2. composed of one type of tissue.... histoid

Histone

n. a simple protein that combines with a nucleic acid to form a *nucleoprotein.... histone

Histoplasma

n. a genus of parasitic yeastlike fungi. The species H. capsulatum causes the respiratory infection *histoplasmosis.... histoplasma

Histoplasmin

n. a preparation of antigenic material from a culture of the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, used to test for the presence of the disease *histoplasmosis by subcutaneous injection.... histoplasmin

Histotoxic

adj. poisonous to tissues: applied to certain substances and conditions.... histotoxic

Histrionic Personality Disorder

a type of *personality disorder characterized by excessive emotionality and attention-seeking, self-dramatization, inappropriately seductive behaviour, and an excessive need for approval. It affects more women than men. Classified as a specific personality disorder in DSM-IV-TR, in DSM-5 it is treated as a subtype of *narcissistic personality disorder.

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) a *retrovirus responsible for *AIDS. There are two varieties, HIV-1 and HIV-2; the latter is most common in Africa. See also HTLV.... histrionic personality disorder

Hivan

human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy: a condition associated with HIV infection. The patient usually presents with nephrotic-range proteinuria (see nephrotic syndrome) with microscopic haematuria, without oedema but with a rapid decline in renal function. Enlargement of the kidneys on ultrasound examination is a common finding, and HIVAN may precede other manifestations of HIV infection. Typical renal pathological findings are of a collapsing form of *focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. The clinical course is usually one of rapid decline in renal function.... hivan

Hnpcc

see hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer.... hnpcc

Hoarding Disorder

a condition in which a person struggles to discard useless or worn-out possessions, acquires an excessive number of such items, and stores them in a chaotic manner resulting in unmanageable clutter. The items are nearly always of little or no monetary value, although valuable items are often found mixed indiscriminately with the rest. Hoarding disorder was included in DSM-5 in 2013 as a new disorder and has been considered for introduction in ICD-11.... hoarding disorder

Hobnail Liver

the liver of a patient with *cirrhosis, which has a knobbly appearance caused by regenerating nodules separated by bands of fibrous tissue.... hobnail liver

Hoffmann’s Sign

(finger-flexion reflex) an abnormal reflex elicited by flicking the distal phalanx of the patient’s middle finger sharply downwards. Hoffmann’s sign is positive when there is a brisk flexion response in the index finger and thumb. It indicates an upper *motor neuron response due to a disorder at or above the cervical (neck) level of the spinal cord. [J. Hoffmann (1857–1919), German neurologist]... hoffmann’s sign

Hollister Ring

a watertight adherent ring placed around an intestinal *stoma and incorporating a flange to which a disposable plastic bag could be attached. It was the forerunner of modern disposable stoma bags.... hollister ring

Holmes-adie Syndrome

see Adie’s syndrome.... holmes-adie syndrome

Holmium:yag Laser

a type of *YAG laser that uses a short-pulsed high-energy beam with a wavelength of 2100 nm to cut, perforate, and fragment tissue. It has a penetration of 0.4 mm. This laser is used in the fragmentation of urinary tract calculi (stones) and in *enucleation of the prostate gland.... holmium:yag laser

Holo

combining form denoting complete or entire.... holo

Holocrine

adj. describing a gland or type of secretion in which the entire cell disintegrates when the product is released.... holocrine

Homans’ Sign

a test for deep vein thrombosis of the calf. With the patient lying supine, the examiner squeezes the calf firmly and dorsiflexes the foot; the test is positive if deep-seated pain is felt in the calf. [J. Homans (1877–1954), US physician]... homans’ sign

Home Delivery

see community midwife.... home delivery

Homeo

(homoeo-) combining form denoting similar; like.... homeo

Home Visit

see domiciliary consultation.... home visit

Homo

combining form denoting the same or common.... homo

Homogametic

adj. describing the sex that produces only one kind of gamete, which carries the same *sex chromosome, and that therefore does not determine the sex of the offspring. In humans women are the homogametic sex: each egg cell carries an X chromosome. Compare heterogametic.... homogametic

Homogenize

vb. to reduce material to a uniform consistency, e.g. by crushing and mixing. Organs and tissues are homogenized to determine their overall content of a particular enzyme or other substance. —homogenization n.... homogenize

Homogentisic Acid

a product formed during the metabolism of the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine. In normal individuals homogentisic acid is oxidized by the enzyme homogentisic acid oxidase. In rare cases this enzyme is lacking and a condition known as *alcaptonuria, in which large amounts of homogentisic acid are excreted in the urine, results.... homogentisic acid

Homoiothermic

adj. warm-blooded: able to maintain a constant body temperature independently of, and despite variations in, the temperature of the surroundings. Mammals (including humans) and birds are homoiothermic. Compare poikilothermic. —homoiothermy n.... homoiothermic

Homolateral

adj. see ipsilateral.... homolateral

Homologous

adj. 1. (in anatomy) describing organs or parts that have the same basic structure and evolutionary origin, but not necessarily the same function or superficial structure. Compare analogous. 2. (in genetics) describing a pair of chromosomes of similar shape and size and having identical gene loci. One member of the pair is derived from the mother; the other from the father.... homologous

Homonymous

adj. describing a visual defect in which the visual field to one side of the body is restricted in both eyes (see hemianopia).... homonymous

Homunculus

n. 1. (manikin) a dwarf with no deformity or abnormality other than small size. 2. (manikin) a small jointed anatomical model of a man. 3. (in early biological theory) a miniature human being thought to be contained within each of the reproductive cells.... homunculus

Honeycomb Lung

the honeycomb pattern seen on X-ray at the later stages of chronic lung conditions, in which the lungs become less elastic and more fibrotic. Once the honeycomb appearance is visible on the X-ray, the lungs are likely to progress to respiratory failure.... honeycomb lung

Honk

see hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state.... honk

Hook

n. a surgical instrument with a bent or curved tip, used to hold, lift, or retract tissue at operation.... hook

Horizontal Transmission

the spread of an infectious agent from one person or group to another, usually through contact with contaminated material, such as sputum or faeces. Compare vertical transmission.... horizontal transmission

Hormone-binding Globulins

a family of plasma proteins whose function is to bind free hormone molecules to varying degrees and thus reduce their function. Alterations in levels of the binding globulins, for example during pregnancy or ill health, can result in variations in assays of hormone levels in individuals. Examples include thyroid-binding globulin, sex-hormone-binding globulin, and corticosteroid-binding globulin.... hormone-binding globulins

Horn

n. (in anatomy) a process, outgrowth, or extension of an organ or other structure. It is often paired. In the spinal cord crescent-shaped areas of grey matter (seen in cross section) are known as the dorsal and ventral horns.... horn

Hospital Episode Statistics

(HES) (in England) a database containing data on all admissions to NHS hospitals and admissions of NHS patients treated elsewhere. See record linkage.... hospital episode statistics

Hospital Fatality Rate

see case fatality rate.... hospital fatality rate

Hospital Infection

see nosocomial infection.... hospital infection

Hospital Social Worker

a social worker employed to assist hospital patients with social problems that may arise through illness. See also social services.... hospital social worker

Hookworm Disease

a condition resulting from an infestation of the small intestine by hookworms. Hookworm larvae live in the soil and infect humans by penetrating the skin. The worms travel to the lungs in the bloodstream and from there pass via the windpipe and gullet to the small intestine. Heavy hookworm infections may cause considerable damage to the wall of the intestine, leading to a serious loss of blood; this, in conjunction with malnutrition, can provoke severe anaemia. Symptoms include itching and rash at the site of infection, followed by abdominal pain, diarrhoea, debility, and mental inertia. More serious effects can include difficulty in breathing, heart enlargement, and irregular heartbeat. The disease occurs mostly in the tropics and subtropics; mebendazole is used in treatment.... hookworm disease

Hounsfield Unit

the numerical unit assigned electronically to each *pixel in a computerized tomography (CT) image, according to its X-ray density. The fixed points on the scale are arbitrarily assigned as ?1000 for air and 0 for water. The CT image is viewed in a ‘window’. The range of Hounsfield units displayed (window width) and the centre point of the range of interest (window level) can be varied by the radiologist in order to observe specific tissues (see windowing). The unit was named after Sir Godfrey Hounsfield (1919–2004), who developed CT scanning in the 1950s. Symbol: HU.... hounsfield unit

Hourglass Stomach

a deformity of the stomach in which the ‘waist’ is constricted by fibrosis caused by a chronic peptic ulcer, producing an upper and a lower cavity separated by a narrow channel.... hourglass stomach

House–brackmann Facial Nerve Grading System

(House–Brackmann score, House–Brackmann scale, House–Brackmann facial weakness scale) a six-point grading system for patients with *Bell’s palsy or other forms of facial nerve palsy. Grade I is normal function; grade VI is a total palsy. [J. W. House and D. E. Brackmann (21st century), US otorhinolarygologists]... house–brackmann facial nerve grading system

House-dust Mite

see Dermatophagoides.... house-dust mite

Housemaid’s Knee

(prepatellar bursitis) inflammation and resultant swelling of the bursa in front of the kneecap, usually due to repetitive friction and pressure over the kneecap, as from frequent episodes of prolonged kneeling. Treatment includes pressure bandaging, *NSAIDs, and avoidance of kneeling. See bursitis.... housemaid’s knee

Htlv

human T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus (or lymphocytotrophic virus) – a family of viruses that includes HTLV-I, which causes lymphoma. *HIV (the AIDS virus) was formerly called HTLV-III.... htlv

Hudson–stähli Line

a linear horizontal yellowish line seen in the deep epithelium of ageing corneas. [A. C. Hudson (1875–1962), British ophthalmologist; J. Stähli (20th century), Swiss ophthalmologist]... hudson–stähli line

Hughes Syndrome

see antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. [G. Hughes (21st century), British physician]... hughes syndrome

Human Chorionic Somatomammotrophin

see human placental lactogen.... human chorionic somatomammotrophin

Human Fertilisation And Embryology Acts

Acts of the UK parliament in 1990 and 2008, establishing and amending principles for the legal supervision, by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority, of the creation, use, and storage of human embryos outside the body and of their use in treatment and research. The 2008 amendments included a ban on sex selection for social reasons, recognition of same-sex couples as potential legal parents, and regulations related to developing areas of research using embryos. The 1990 Act had also reduced the legal time limit for most abortions from 28 weeks gestation (as in the 1967 Abortion Act) to 24 weeks. Interpretation and regulation of principles and practice in this rapidly developing area of research and practice continue and are often controversial.... human fertilisation and embryology acts

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

see HIV.... human immunodeficiency virus

Humanity

n. 1. the state or quality of being human. In most ethical traditions, membership of the human species is seen as conferring a unique moral status, so that human life is considered inherently and particularly valuable and worthy of protection (see sanctity of life). Humanity may be defined in terms of a unique capacity to feel, reason, evoke emotional responses, or form relationships (see personhood). 2. compassion or benevolence.... humanity

Human Leucocyte Antigen System

see HLA system.... human leucocyte antigen system

Human Menopausal Gonadotrophins

commercially available preparations of *follicle-stimulating hormone and *luteinizing hormone. They are used mainly to treat infertility in women with gonadotrophin deficiency due to hypopituitarism and to stimulate superovulation in women undergoing in vitro fertilization.... human menopausal gonadotrophins

Human Placental Lactogen

(human chorionic somatomammotrophin) a protein hormone of 190 amino acids produced by the placenta during most but not all pregnancies. Despite its name it does not appear to have a role in lactation and its exact function remains obscure. It does, however, seem to contribute to the development of diabetes in some pregnancies.... human placental lactogen

Human Genome Project

a massive international research project to isolate all the genes in human DNA and determine the sequence of genes on human chromosomes. The project began in 1988 and the full draft sequence was published in 2001; the high-quality sequence was completed in 2003. The human genome comprises some 3 × 109 nucleotide base pairs (see DNA) forming 22,000–25,000 genes, distributed among 23 pairs of chromosomes. Knowledge of the entire human genome has already resulted in the identification of the genes associated with many hereditary disorders and revealed the existence of a genetic basis or component for many other diseases not previously known to have one. Theoretically, this would enable the development of targeted drugs and the large-scale genetic screening of populations. See pharmacogenomics; targeted agent.... human genome project

Human Rights

a legal framework adopted by the United Nations following World War II that sought to define and promote fundamental entitlements, conditions, and freedoms to be afforded to all human beings. In the UK the Human Rights Act 1998 enacts the provisions of the 1950 European Convention on Human Rights, which sets out, via fourteen articles, an individual’s rights, entitlements, and freedoms.... human rights

Human Tissue Authority

the UK government agency, established by the Human Tissue Act 2004, that regulates the removal, use, and storage of human organs and tissue from both the living and the deceased for certain purposes as defined by the statute. These purposes include clinical research, clinical audit, and medical education. Anyone handling such material for those purposes should have a licence issued by the authority. Membership of the authority comprises clinical, scientific, academic, and lay representatives.... human tissue authority

Humectant

1. n. a substance that is used for moistening. 2. adj. causing moistening.... humectant

Humoral

adj. circulating in the bloodstream; humoral *immunity requires circulating antibodies.... humoral

Hunchback Deformity

see kyphos.... hunchback deformity

Hunner’s Ulcer

see interstitial cystitis. [G. L. Hunner (1868–1957), US urologist]... hunner’s ulcer

Hunter’s Syndrome

a hereditary disorder caused by deficiency of an enzyme that results in the accumulation of protein–carbohydrate complexes and fats in the cells of the body (see mucopolysaccharidosis). This leads to learning disability, enlargement of the liver and spleen, and prominent coarse facial features (gargoylism). The disease is *sex-linked, being restricted to males, although females can be *carriers. Medical name: mucopolysaccharidosis type II. [C. H. Hunter (1872–1955), US physician]... hunter’s syndrome

Hürthle Cell Tumour

a malignant tumour of the thyroid gland that arises from Hürthle (or Askanazy) cells, altered follicular cells of the gland that have large nuclei and stain deeply with eosin (these cells are also found in benign nodules and Hashimoto’s disease). Hürthle cell carcinoma is not as common as papillary, follicular, or anaplastic thyroid carcinomas (see thyroid cancer). [K. W. Hürthle (1860–1945), German histologist]... hürthle cell tumour

Hutchinson’s Teeth

narrowed and notched permanent incisor teeth: a sign of congenital *syphilis. [J. Hutchinson (1828–1913), British surgeon]... hutchinson’s teeth

Hyal

(hyalo-) combining form denoting 1. glassy; transparent. 2. hyalin. 3. the vitreous humour of the eye.... hyal

Hyalin

n. a clear glassy material produced as the result of degeneration in certain tissues, particularly connective tissue and epithelial cells.... hyalin

Hyaline Cartilage

the most common type of *cartilage: a bluish-white elastic material with a matrix of chondroitin sulphate in which fine collagen fibrils are embedded.... hyaline cartilage

Hyalitis

n. inflammation of the *vitreous humour of the eye. See also asteroid hyalosis.... hyalitis

Hyaloid Artery

a fetal artery lying in the *hyaloid canal of the eye and supplying the lens.... hyaloid artery

Hyaloid Canal

a channel within the vitreous humour of the *eye. It extends from the centre of the optic disc, where it communicates with the lymph spaces of the optic nerve, to the posterior wall of the lens.... hyaloid canal

Hyaloid Membrane

the transparent membrane that surrounds the *vitreous humour of the eye, separating it from the retina.... hyaloid membrane

Hyaluronic Acid

an acid *mucopolysaccharide that acts as the binding and protective agent of the ground substance of connective tissue. It is also present in the synovial fluid around joints and in the vitreous and aqueous humours of the eye.... hyaluronic acid

Hybridomas

pl. n. cells created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with malignant cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce antibodies or T-cell receptors, identical to those produced by the parent immune cells. See monoclonal antibody.

HYCOSY (hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography) an out-patient technique that tests for blocked Fallopian tubes. Using *transvaginal ultrasonography following the injection of an echo contrast medium through the cervix, flow along the tubes can be reliably visualized. See also Doppler ultrasound.... hybridomas

Hydatidosis

n. see hydatid disease.... hydatidosis

Hydr

(hydro-) combining form denoting water or a watery fluid.... hydr

Hydraemia

n. the presence in the blood of more than the normal proportion of water.... hydraemia

Hydrargyria

n. see mercurialism.... hydrargyria

Hydrarthrosis

n. swelling at a joint caused by excessive synovial fluid. The condition usually involves the knees and may be recurrent. Often no cause is apparent; in some cases rheumatoid arthritis develops later. Excess synovial fluid may also occur with other forms of inflammatory arthritis, such as psoriatic and reactive arthritis, as well as with osteoarthritis.... hydrarthrosis

Hydrocalycosis

n. see caliectasis.... hydrocalycosis

Hydrocyanic Acid

(prussic acid) an intensely poisonous volatile acid that can cause death within a minute if inhaled. It has a smell of bitter almonds. See cyanide.... hydrocyanic acid

Hydrogenase

n. an enzyme that catalyses the addition of hydrogen to a compound in reduction reactions.... hydrogenase

Hydrogen Bond

a weak electrostatic bond formed by linking a hydrogen atom between two electronegative atoms (e.g. nitrogen or oxygen). The large number of hydrogen bonds in proteins and nucleic acids are responsible for maintaining the stable molecular structure of these compounds.... hydrogen bond

Hydrolase

n. an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of compounds. Examples are the *peptidases.... hydrolase

Hydroma

n. see hygroma.... hydroma

Hydropericarditis

n. see hydropericardium.... hydropericarditis

Hydropericardium

n. accumulation of a clear serous fluid within the membranous sac surrounding the heart. It occurs in many cases of *pericarditis (hydropericarditis). If the heart is compressed the fluid is withdrawn (aspirated) via a needle inserted into the pericardial sac through the chest wall (pericardiocentesis). See also hydropneumopericardium.... hydropericardium

Hydroperitoneum

n. see ascites.... hydroperitoneum

Hydrophthalmos

n. see buphthalmos.... hydrophthalmos

Hydropneumopericardium

n. the presence of air and clear fluid within the pericardial sac around the heart, which is most commonly due to entry of air during pericardiocentesis (see hydropericardium). The presence of air does not affect the management of the patient.... hydropneumopericardium

Hydropneumoperitoneum

n. the presence of fluid and gas in the peritoneal cavity. This may be due to the introduction of air through an instrument being used to remove the fluid; because of a perforation in the digestive tract that has allowed the escape of fluid and gas; or rarely because gas-forming bacteria are growing in the peritoneal fluid.... hydropneumoperitoneum

Hydropneumothorax

n. the presence of air and fluid in the pleural cavity. If the patient is shaken the fluid makes a splashing sound (called a succussion splash). An *effusion of serous fluid commonly complicates a *pneumothorax, and must be drained.... hydropneumothorax

Hydrosalpinx

n. the accumulation of fluid in one of the *Fallopian tubes due to inflammation and subsequent obstruction, usually as a result of pelvic infection.... hydrosalpinx

Hydrotubation

n. the introduction of a fluid (usually a dye) through the cervix (neck) of the uterus under pressure to allow visualization, by *laparoscopy, of the passage of the dye through the Fallopian tubes. It is used to test whether or not the tubes are blocked in the investigation of infertility.... hydrotubation

Hydroureter

n. an accumulation of urine in one of the tubes (ureters) leading from the kidneys to the bladder. The ureter becomes swollen and the condition usually results from obstruction of the ureter by a stone or a pelvic mass.... hydroureter

Hydroxyapatite

n. 1. a complex phosphate of calcium (Ca5(PO4)3OH) that occurs as a mineral and is the chief structural element of human bone and teeth. Hydroxyapatite crystals may also occur in joints in association with arthritis. 2. a biocompatible ceramic material that is a synthetic form of natural hydroxyapatite. Some joint replacement prostheses are coated with synthetic hydroxyapatite, which encourages bone to grow on to the implant. The material is also used in some forms of middle-ear surgery.... hydroxyapatite

Hydroxycarbamide

(hydroxyurea) n. a drug that prevents cell growth and is used mainly to treat chronic myeloid leukaemia but also to reduce the frequency of sickle-cell crises (see sickle-cell disease). Hydroxycarbamide may lower the white cell content of the blood due to its effects on the bone marrow.... hydroxycarbamide

Hydroxychloroquine

n. a drug similar to *chloroquine, used mainly to treat lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis (see disease-modifying antirheumatic drug). Side-effects such as skin reactions, headache, and digestive upsets may occur and prolonged use can lead to eye damage.... hydroxychloroquine

5-hydroxyindoleacetic Acid

(5-HIAA) a metabolite of *serotonin, the most common secretion product of *carcinoid tumours. Measured over 24 hours in the urine, this is the most reliable screening test for such tumours.... 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid

Hydroxyproline

n. a compound, similar in structure to the *amino acids, found only in *collagen.... hydroxyproline

5-hydroxytryptamine

n. see serotonin.... 5-hydroxytryptamine

Hydroxyurea

n. see hydroxycarbamide.... hydroxyurea

Hydroxyzine

n. an *antihistamine drug with sedative properties, used to treat pruritus (itching). It may cause drowsiness, headache, dry mouth, and gastrointestinal upsets.... hydroxyzine

Hygr

(hygro-) combining form denoting moisture.... hygr

Hygroma

(hydroma) n. a type of cyst. It may develop from the liquified remains of a subdural *haematoma (subdural hygroma). See also cystic hygroma.... hygroma

Hygrometer

n. an instrument for measuring the relative humidity of the atmosphere, i.e. the ratio of the moisture in the air to the moisture it would contain if it were saturated at the same temperature and pressure. In the dew-point hygrometer a polished surface is reduced in temperature until the water vapour from the atmosphere forms on it. The temperature of this dew point enables the relative humidity of the atmosphere to be calculated. In the wet-and-dry bulb hygrometer, there are two thermometers mounted side by side, the bulb of one being surrounded by moistened muslin. The thermometer with the wet bulb will register a lower temperature than that with the dry bulb owing to the cooling effect of the evaporating water. The temperature difference enables the relative humidity to be calculated.... hygrometer

Hymenolepis

n. a genus of small widely distributed parasitic tapeworms. The dwarf tapeworm, H. nana, only 40 mm in length, lives in the human intestine. Fleas can be important vectors of this species, and children in close contact with flea-infested dogs are particularly prone to infection. H. diminuta is a common parasite of rodents; humans occasionally become infected on swallowing stored cereals contaminated with insect pests – the intermediate hosts for this parasite. Symptoms of abdominal pain, diarrhoea, loss of appetite, and headache are obvious only in heavy infections of either species. Treatment involves a course of *anthelmintics.... hymenolepis

Hymenoplasty

n. see female genital cosmetic surgery.... hymenoplasty

Hymenotomy

n. incision of the hymen at the entrance to the vagina. This operation may be performed on a young girl if the membrane completely closes the vagina and thus impedes the flow of menstrual blood. It is also carried out to alleviate dyspareunia (painful intercourse).... hymenotomy

Hyoglossus

n. a muscle that serves to depress the tongue. It has its origin in the hyoid bone.... hyoglossus

Hyoid Bone

a small isolated U-shaped bone in the neck, below and supporting the tongue. It is held in position by muscles and ligaments between it and the styloid process of the temporal bone.... hyoid bone

Hypalgesia

n. an abnormally low sensitivity to pain.... hypalgesia

Hyperadrenalism

n. overactivity of the adrenal glands. See Cushing’s syndrome.... hyperadrenalism

Hyperandrogenism

n. excessive secretion of androgen in women. It is associated with *hirsutism, acne, sparse or infrequent menstruation (oligomenorrhoea), absent or infrequent ovulation, infertility, endometrial *hyperplasia, *hyperlipidaemia, *hyperglycaemia, and hypertension; all these conditions may be the result of mutations in specific genes. See also virilization.... hyperandrogenism

Hyperbaric Oxygenation

a technique for exposing a patient to oxygen at a pressure of greater than 1 atmosphere in a compression chamber. It is used to treat carbon monoxide poisoning, gas gangrene, compressed air illness, and acute breathing difficulties. It is also used in some cases during heart surgery. In dental extractions and implant treatment it may reduce the incidence of osteonecrosis in patients who have received radiation to the head and neck region (osteoradionecrosis).... hyperbaric oxygenation

Hypercalcaemic Nephropathy

defects of kidney function related to a high serum calcium, irrespective of cause. Impaired urine-concentrating ability and reduction in glomerular filtration rate are common features. Histologically, calcific deposits in the kidneys (*nephrocalcinosis) may be seen in cases of long-standing hypercalcaemia.... hypercalcaemic nephropathy

Hypercalcinuria

(hypercalcuria) n. the presence in the urine of an abnormally high concentration of calcium.... hypercalcinuria

Hyperchloraemia

n. the presence in the blood of an abnormally high concentration of chloride.... hyperchloraemia

Hyperchromatism

n. the property of the nuclei of certain cells (for example, those of tumours) to stain more deeply than normal. —hyperchromatic adj.... hyperchromatism

Hyperdactylism

(polydactylism) n. the condition of having more than the normal number of fingers or toes. The extra digits are commonly undersized (rudimentary) and are usually removed surgically shortly after birth.... hyperdactylism

Hyperdontia

n. the condition of having *supernumerary teeth. Compare hypodontia.... hyperdontia

Hyperdynamia

n. excessive activity of muscles.... hyperdynamia

Hyperechoic

adj. (in ultrasound imaging) describing a brighter area, which is usually caused by any structure (e.g. a stone) that reflects the sound waves (echoes) more than the adjacent structure. Compare hypoechoic.... hyperechoic

Hyperextension

n. extension of a joint or limb beyond its normal limit.... hyperextension

Hyper-igm Syndrome

an inherited immunodeficiency syndrome characterized by normal or high IgM levels with absence of IgA, IgG, and IgE (see immunoglobulin). Patients are susceptible to bacterial and opportunistic infections. Some cases are due to a mutation in the gene encoding the CD40 ligand, which is synthesized by *helper T cells and is involved in activation of B cells to produce circulating antibodies.... hyper-igm syndrome

Hyperinsulinism

n. 1. excessive secretion of the hormone insulin by the islet cells of the pancreas. 2. metabolic disturbance due to administration of too much insulin.... hyperinsulinism

Hyperintense

adj. (in CT scanning) describing a structure that is denser than surrounding structures (allows fewer X-rays to pass through) and therefore appears brighter on CT; for example, bones and calcifications. Compare hypointense.... hyperintense

Hyperkinesia

n. a state of overactive restlessness in children. —hyperkinetic adj.... hyperkinesia

Hyperkinetic Disorder

see attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.... hyperkinetic disorder

Hyperlipoproteinaemia

n. the presence in the blood of abnormally high concentrations of *lipoproteins.... hyperlipoproteinaemia

Hypermobility

(joint hypermobility) a common condition in which joints can be moved beyond the normal range of motion. Most people with hypermobility have no other symptoms. However, those with joint hypermobility syndrome may suffer many difficulties due to laxity of the ligaments as the joints may sprain or dislocate. This can lead to weakened joints, muscle fatigue, and chronic pain. Joint hypermobility syndrome may be symptomatic of a more serious underlying medical condition, such as *Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.... hypermobility

Hypermotility

n. excessive movement or activity, especially of the stomach or intestine.... hypermotility

Hyperopia

n. the usual US term for *hypermetropia.... hyperopia

Hyperosmia

n. an abnormally acute sense of smell.... hyperosmia

Hyperostosis

n. excessive enlargement of the outer layer of a bone. The condition is harmless and is usually recognized as an incidental finding on X-ray. It commonly affects the frontal bone of the skull (hyperostosis frontalis). Infantile cortical hyperostosis (or Caffey’s disease) affects infants under six months. There is periodic swelling of the long bones, jaw, and shoulder blade, with pain and a fever. The condition settles spontaneously.... hyperostosis

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic State

(HHS) a state of extreme hyperglycaemia seen in type 2 diabetes accompanied by dehydration that can be severe, typically triggered by illness in a patient with type 2 diabetes or a patient with previously unknown type 2 diabetes. It was previously known as hyperosmolar non-ketotic hyperglycaemia (HONK). Emergency hospital treatment is required to control blood glucose levels and to treat the dehydration and the underlying precipitating cause. There is a significant mortality, especially in the elderly and patients with other disorders (e.g. vascular disease). While insulin is required as part of the initial emergency treatment, the patient often does not need insulin in the longer term, when well.... hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state

Hyperphagia

n. pathological overeating due to a loss of the normal regulatory processes.... hyperphagia

Hyperpiesia

n. see hypertension.... hyperpiesia

Hyperpnoea

n. an increase in the rate of breathing that is proportional to an increase in metabolism; for example, on exercise. Compare hyperventilation.... hyperpnoea

Hypersensitive

adj. prone to respond abnormally to the presence of a particular antigen, which may cause a variety of tissue reactions ranging from *serum sickness to an allergy (such as hay fever) or, at the severest, to anaphylactic shock (see anaphylaxis). It is thought that when the normal antigen-antibody defence reaction is followed by tissue damage this may be due to an abnormality in the working of the *complement system. See also allergy; immunity. —hypersensitivity n.... hypersensitive

Hypersomnia

n. sleep lasting for exceptionally long periods, as occurs in some cases of brain inflammation.... hypersomnia

Hypersthenia

n. an abnormally high degree of strength or physical tension in all or part of the body.... hypersthenia

Hypertelorism

n. an abnormally increased distance between two organs or parts, commonly referring to widely spaced eyes (ocular hypertelorism). See Crouzon syndrome; Sotos syndrome.... hypertelorism

Hypertriglyceridaemia

n. an excess of *triglyceride lipids in the serum, which can be caused by a genetic predisposition with or without a high-fat diet (see also lipoprotein lipase), excessive alcohol intake, or poorly controlled diabetes mellitus. The condition can predispose to cardiovascular disease and, in its extreme form, to acute pancreatitis. Lipid-lowering drugs, including *fibrates, are used in treatment.... hypertriglyceridaemia

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

a familial condition affecting the heart, characterized by unexplained thickening (hypertrophy) of the wall of the left ventricle. In many cases this is an incidental finding and patients have a good outcome. However, more severely affected patients may suffer chest pain, tachyarrhythmia (see arrhythmia), heart failure, and sudden death. In some cases there is focal thickening of muscle around the left ventricular outflow tract (asymmetric septal hypertrophy, ASH), and this can result in restriction of blood flow to the body (hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, HOCM). The diagnosis is made by electrocardiography, echocardiography, and cardiac *magnetic resonance imaging. Usually drug treatment is sufficient to control symptoms, but some patients require cardiac *catheterization or surgical treatment. Those deemed at highest risk of sudden death may require an *implantable cardiovertor defibrillator.... hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Hypertropia

n. see strabismus.... hypertropia

Hyperuricaemia

(lithaemia) n. the presence in the blood of an abnormally high concentration of uric acid. See gout.... hyperuricaemia

Hyperuricuria

(lithuria) n. the presence in the urine of an abnormally high concentration of uric acid.... hyperuricuria

Hyperviscosity Syndrome

a collection of symptoms resulting from an increase in the viscosity of blood. These symptoms include epistaxis (nosebleed), blurred vision, dizziness, headaches, drowsiness, confusion, and breathlessness. Hyperviscosity of the blood occurs in conditions such as polycythaemia, plasma-cell myeloma, leukaemia, and Waldenström’s macroglobulinaemia.... hyperviscosity syndrome

Hypervitaminosis

n. the condition resulting from excessive consumption of vitamins. This is not usually serious in the case of water-soluble vitamins, when any intake in excess of requirements is excreted in the urine. However, the fat-soluble vitamins A and D are toxic if taken in excessive amounts.... hypervitaminosis

Hyphedonia

n. a lower than normal capacity for achieving enjoyment.... hyphedonia

Hypn

(hypno-) combining form denoting 1. sleep. 2. hypnosis.... hypn

Hypnagogic

adj. see hallucination.... hypnagogic

Hypnopompic

adj. see hallucination.... hypnopompic

Hypoadrenalism

n. subnormal activity of the *adrenal glands, which can be due to disease of the adrenal glands themselves (e.g. *Addison’s disease) or to a lack of stimulation from the pituitary hormone *ACTH as part of any condition causing *hypopituitarism.... hypoadrenalism

Hypoaesthesia

n. a condition in which the sense of touch is diminished; uncommonly this may be extended to include other forms of sensation.... hypoaesthesia

Hypobaric

adj. at a pressure lower than that of the atmosphere.... hypobaric

Hypochloraemia

n. the presence in the blood of an abnormally low concentration of chloride.... hypochloraemia

Hypocretin

n. a recently discovered neuropeptide that originates in the hypothalamus. Low levels of hypocretin in the cerebrospinal fluid are found in most patients with *narcolepsy and may also be found in patients who have suffered with stroke, brain tumours, head injuries, and infections of the nervous system.... hypocretin

Hypoderma

n. a genus of non-bloodsucking beelike insects – the warble flies – widely distributed in Europe, North America, and Asia. Cattle are the usual hosts for the parasitic maggots, but rare and accidental infections of humans have occurred (see myiasis), especially in farm workers. The maggots migrate beneath the skin surface, producing an inflamed linear lesion similar to that of *creeping eruption.... hypoderma

Hypodipsia

n. pathological failure to drink enough to maintain the body’s normal plasma osmolality. Like its most extreme form, adipsia, it is most commonly due to lesions of the thirst centre in the anterior hypothalamus.... hypodipsia

Hypodontia

n. congenital absence of one or more teeth (not including the third molars, whose absence is considered a normal variation). Forms of hypodontia include *oligodontia and *anodontia.... hypodontia

Hypoechoic

adj. (in ultrasound imaging) describing a darker area, which is usually caused by any structure (e.g. a cyst) that allows the sound waves to pass through and therefore reflects echoes to a lesser degree than the adjacent structure. Compare hyperechoic.... hypoechoic

Hypofibrinogenaemia

(fibrinogenopenia) n. a deficiency of the clotting factor *fibrinogen in the blood, which results in an increased tendency to bleed. It may occur as an inherited disorder in which either production of fibrinogen is impaired or the fibrinogen produced does not function in the normal way (dysfibrinogenaemia). Alternatively, it may be acquired. For example, it is the commonest cause of blood coagulation failure during pregnancy, when the blood fibrinogen level falls below the normal pregnancy level of 4–6 g/l as a result of *disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). This usually occurs as a complication of severe *abruptio placentae, prolonged retention of a dead fetus, or amniotic fluid embolism.... hypofibrinogenaemia

Hypogastrium

n. that part of the central *abdomen situated below the region of the stomach. —hypogastric adj.... hypogastrium

Hypogeusia

n. a condition in which the sense of taste is abnormally weak. See also hypoaesthesia.... hypogeusia

Hypoinsulinism

n. a deficiency of insulin due either to inadequate secretion of the hormone by the pancreas or to inadequate treatment of diabetes mellitus.... hypoinsulinism

Hypointense

adj. (in CT scanning) describing a structure or substance (e.g. gas) that is less dense than surrounding structures (allows more X-rays to pass through) and therefore appears darker on CT. Compare hyperintense.... hypointense

Hypokalaemic Nephropathy

abnormalities seen with chronic hypokalaemia (usually K+ <3.0 mmol/l) and manifest by impaired urine-concentrating ability and reduced capacity to excrete sodium. Histological changes include cytoplasmic vacuolation of the renal tubules and medullary fibrosis.... hypokalaemic nephropathy

Hypopharynx

(laryngopharynx) n. the part of the pharynx that lies below the level of the hyoid bone.... hypopharynx

Hypophysitis

n. a rare condition of inflammation of the *pituitary gland (hypophysis). The main cause is an infiltration by lymphocytes, most commonly during or just after pregnancy. This usually presents as a mass lesion of the pituitary with visual-field loss and headache or with anterior *hypopituitarism, which may be total or just involve particular hormone systems. Around 50% of cases are associated with other autoimmune endocrine diseases, and antipituitary antibodies have been identified.... hypophysitis

Hypoplastic Left Heart

a congenital heart disorder in which the left side of the heart, particularly the left ventricle, is underdeveloped. The first part of the aorta may also be abnormal. Affected babies usually develop severe heart failure within the first few days of life. Diagnosis can be confirmed on *echocardiography. Prognosis is generally very poor – most babies die within the first few weeks – but milder cases may be amenable to surgery. It is the commonest cause of death in the neonatal period due to heart disease.... hypoplastic left heart

Hypoglycaemic Unawareness

a serious condition in which a person with diabetes loses the earliest warning signs of an approaching hypoglycaemic episode. Such people may suffer a severe attack of hypoglycaemia, with confusion, seizures, or even coma and death, because they fail to take the necessary measures to abort the episode. The condition is more common in longstanding diabetes and in those who experience frequent hypoglycaemic episodes. People with hypoglycaemic unawareness should not drive. Some awareness of hypoglycaemia may be restored by careful avoidance of more episodes, ensuring that the blood glucose level never falls below 4 mmol/l.... hypoglycaemic unawareness

Hypoplastic Leukaemia

a stage of *leukaemia in which there is a decrease in the number of white cells, red cells, and platelets in the blood and reduced *haemopoiesis in the bone marrow.... hypoplastic leukaemia

Hypopnoea

n. an episode during sleep in which there is a reduction in the nasal airflow to less than 50% of normal, but more than 30% (see apnoea), for more than 10 seconds. See also obstructive sleep apnoea.... hypopnoea

Hypopyon

n. pus in the anterior chamber (in front of the iris) of the eye. Seen in severe cases of *uveitis or other ocular infections, it can be a sign of endophthalmitis following intraocular surgery.... hypopyon

Hyposensitive

adj. less than normally responsive to the presence of antigenic material. Compare hypersensitive. —hyposensitivity n.... hyposensitive

Hyposmia

n. reduction in the sense of smell. See anosmia.... hyposmia

Hyposthenia

n. a state of physical weakness or abnormally low muscular tension.... hyposthenia

Hyposthenuria

n. the secretion of urine of low specific gravity. The inability to concentrate the urine occurs in patients at the final stage of chronic renal failure.... hyposthenuria

Hypothenar

adj. describing or relating to the fleshy prominent part of the palm of the hand below the little finger. Compare thenar.... hypothenar

Hypothetical Imperative

see imperative.... hypothetical imperative

Hypotony

n. a very low intraocular pressure, usually as a result of trauma or surgery to the eye.... hypotony

Hypotrichosis

n. a condition in which less hair develops than normal.... hypotrichosis

Hypotropia

n. see strabismus.... hypotropia

Hypoxic-ischaemic Encephalopathy

(HIE, birth asphyxia, perinatal asphyxia) brain damage in a newborn infant as a result of the brain receiving inadequate oxygen. HIE may cause seizures and, if severe, death within minutes of oxygen deprivation. If the infant survives there can be significant long-term consequences, such as developmental delay, learning disabilities, or cerebral palsy.... hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy

Hypsarrhythmia

n. a severe abnormality on an EEG (see electroencephalography) that demonstrates a chaotic pattern of brain activity. It is usually characteristic of *infantile spasms.... hypsarrhythmia

Hyster

(hystero-) combining form denoting 1. the uterus. 2. hysteria.... hyster

Hysterical

adj. formerly, describing a symptom that is not due to organic disease, is produced unconsciously, and from which the individual derives some gain. What were known as hysterical symptoms are characteristic of *conversion disorder.... hysterical

Hysterosalphingography

n. radiological examination of the uterus and Fallopian tubes. A radiopaque contrast material is injected through a catheter placed in the uterine cavity and the flow is then observed with X-rays. The technique is used to look for patency of the Fallopian tubes in cases of infertility, or for any uterine anomalies or mass. See also sonohysterography.... hysterosalphingography

Hysterosalpingosonography

n. see HYCOSY.... hysterosalpingosonography

Implantable Hearing Aid

a form of hearing aid in which a small electrical vibrator is surgically attached to the auditory *ossicles. An external device with a microphone and an electronic processing unit passes information to the implanted device using radio-frequency waves. The external part is located behind the pinna and is powered by batteries.... implantable hearing aid

Interstitial-cell-stimulating Hormone

see luteinizing hormone.... interstitial-cell-stimulating hormone

Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

(benign intracranial hypertension, pseudotumour cerebri) a syndrome of raised pressure within the skull in the absence of a clear structural cause, such as a tumour. Although the cause is not certain, proposed mechanisms include impaired reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid or venous outflow from the brain. The symptoms include headache, vomiting, double vision, and *papilloedema. The diagnosis is made by finding a high opening pressure at *lumbar puncture in the absence of a causative structural abnormality on brain imaging. It can improve spontaneously but drug therapy or neurosurgical treatment may be required to protect the patient’s vision.... idiopathic intracranial hypertension

Intracranial Hypotension Headache

an increasingly recognized type of persistent headache in a patient with no history of headaches. Features include headache that is worse on standing and resolves on lying flat. It may be associated with other symptoms, such as dizziness, tinnitus, and (rarely) *diplopia. The commonest cause is a complication of lumbar puncture, but it may occur spontaneously (spontaneous intracranial hypotension) after a dural tear resulting in a leak of cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment is with bed rest and increased intake of fluids; caffeine orally or intravenously is also used. In cases that do not resolve, an epidural blood patch procedure is performed, in which a small quantity of the patient’s blood is slowly injected into the *epidural space to seal the leak.... intracranial hypotension headache

Intraventricular Haemorrhage

(IVH) see periventricular haemorrhage.... intraventricular haemorrhage

Ispaghula Husk

a bulking agent (see laxative) used to treat constipation, *diverticular disease, *irritable bowel syndrome, and other conditions of disturbed bowel habit.... ispaghula husk

Jarisch–herxheimer Reaction

(Herxheimer reaction) exacerbation of the symptoms of syphilis that may occur on starting antibiotic therapy for the disease. The effect is transient and requires no treatment. [A. Jarisch (1850–1902), Austrian dermatologist; K. Herxheimer (1861–1944), German dermatologist]... jarisch–herxheimer reaction

Lactogenic Hormone

see prolactin.... lactogenic hormone

Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis

overgrowth of cells of the *reticuloendothelial system. This includes disorders previously called histiocytosis X, including eosinophilic granuloma, Hand–Schüller–Christian disease, and Letterer–Siwe disease. [P. Langerhans (1847–88), German physician and anatomist]... langerhans cell histiocytosis

Littre’s Hernia

an unusual hernia containing a Meckel’s *diverticulum. [A. Littre (1658–1726), French anatomist]... littre’s hernia

Low-molecular-weight Heparin

a type of *heparin that is more readily absorbed and requires less frequent administration than standard heparin preparations used as *parenteral anticoagulant therapy to prevent and treat deep vein thrombosis following surgery or during kidney dialysis. Preparations in use include, dalteparin sodium, enoxaparin sodium, and tinzaparin sodium.... low-molecular-weight heparin

Luteotrophic Hormone

(luteotrophin) see prolactin.... luteotrophic hormone

Lyon Hypothesis

the hypothesis that gene dosage imbalance between males and females, because of the presence of two X chromosomes in females (XX) as opposed to only one in males (XY), is compensated for by random inactivation of one of the X chromosomes in the somatic cells of females. The inactivated X chromosome becomes the Barr body (see sex chromatin). [M. F. Lyon (1925–2014), British geneticist]... lyon hypothesis

Magnesium Hydroxide

a magnesium salt used as an osmotic *laxative to treat constipation. It is also combined with *aluminium hydroxide in antacid preparations.... magnesium hydroxide

Major Histocompatibility Complex

see MHC.... major histocompatibility complex

Manuka Honey

a honey, produced in Australia and New Zealand from nectar of the manuka (or tea) tree, that is reported to have antibacterial and antioxidant properties and is used to promote wound healing. The thickness of the honey acts as a moist protective barrier.... manuka honey

Maydl Hernia

a rare hernia that contains two adjacent loops of intestine. The intra-abdominal section of intestine between the two loops within the hernia may become strangulated. [K. Maydl (1853-1903), Bohemian surgeon]... maydl hernia

Medicines And Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency

(MHRA) a UK government agency that regulates the use of medicinal drugs and medical devices. The agency regulates and issues *licences for the clinical trial, manufacture, and marketing of new products. It also applies the regulations governing the collection, storage, and use of human blood and blood products.

MHRA section of the website... medicines and healthcare products regulatory agency

Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone

(MSH) a peptide hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. In humans it stimulates production and dispersal of melanin in the melanocytes. Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (?-MSH), which is released by neurons in the hypothalamus, suppresses appetite and regulates energy balance. It also stimulates sexual activity and is involved in regulation of heart rate and blood pressure.... melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Mayer–rokitansky–küster–hauser Syndrome

(Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser syndrome, Müllerian agenesis) congenital absence of the uterus and upper part of the vagina due to failure of development of the *Müllerian duct. It may be associated with skeletal, renal, and auditory abnormalities, but usually presents with amenorrhoea in a patient with otherwise normal secondary sexual characteristics. There is a multidisciplinary approach to treatment, with psychological support, counselling, discussion of creation of a ‘neovagina’ with gradual use of vaginal dilators, and/or surgical vaginal reconstruction. Surrogacy is the only option for childbearing, although oocyte donation from the mother to a surrogate can be discussed. [K. W. Mayer (1795–1868), German gynaecologist; K. von Rokitansky (1804–78), Austrian pathologist; H. Küster and G. A. Hauser (20th century), German gynaecologists]... mayer–rokitansky–küster–hauser syndrome

Memantine Hydrochloride

an *NMDA-receptor antagonist drug indicated for treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimer’s-type dementia. Its most common side-effects are dizziness, headache, and constipation.... memantine hydrochloride

Menkes Kinky-hair Disease

a genetic disorder characterized by severe learning disabilities, seizures, poor vision, colourless fragile hair, and chubby red cheeks. It is inherited as an X-linked (see sex-linked) recessive characteristic. There is no treatment and affected infants usually die before the age of three. [J. H. Menkes (1928–2008), US neurologist]... menkes kinky-hair disease

Mental Health Act Commission

a regulating body in England and Wales, governed by the Mental Health Act 2007, that was responsible for regularly visiting psychiatric hospitals, reviewing psychiatric care, giving second opinions on the need for certain psychiatric treatments, and acting as a forum for the discussion of psychiatric issues. It was subsumed under the *Care Quality Commission in April 2009.... mental health act commission

Mental Health Review Tribunal

(MHRT) a tribunal, established under the Mental Health Act 1959 and now operating under the Mental Health Act 2007, to which applications may be made for the discharge from hospital of a person compulsorily detained there under provisions of the Act (see compulsory admission). When a patient is subject to a restriction order an application may only be made after his or her first six months of detention. The powers of the tribunal, which comprises both legally and medically qualified members, include reclassifying unrestricted patients, recommending leave of absence for a patient, delaying discharge, and transferring patients to other hospitals. Detained patients may also apply to have a managers hearing to review their detention. The powers of the managers hearing are slightly different from those of the MHRT, but both are defined in the Mental Health Act 2007 and both can discharge a patient from a section of the Mental Health Act.... mental health review tribunal

Molar–incisor Hypomineralization

a defect involving a deficiency in the mineralization of permanent first molar and incisor teeth during their maturation phase, thought to be due to a disturbance of development around the time of birth. It often presents in discolouration (yellow, brown, cream, or white depending on severity) and results in the affected teeth being more susceptible to decay.... molar–incisor hypomineralization

National Health Service

(NHS) (in Britain) a comprehensive service offering therapeutic and preventive medical and surgical care, including the prescription and dispensing of medicines, spectacles, and medical and dental appliances. Exchequer funds pay for the services of doctors, nurses, and other professionals, as well as residential costs in NHS hospitals, and meet a substantial part of the cost of the medicines and appliances. Legislation enacted in 1946 was implemented in 1948 and the services were subjected to substantial reorganization in 1974 and again in 1982, 1991, 1999, and in 2013 as a result of the Health and Social Care Act 2012. In England overall responsibility is vested in the Secretary of State for Health. Responsibility for commissioning most services is held by *clinical commissioning groups, consisting of GPs in a local area, and commissioning for primary care services and some specialized services is undertaken by *NHS England. Public health functions are largely delivered by local authorities, though some specialist functions are provided by *Public Health England. The relationship between the Secretary of State for Health and the NHS also changed in 2013. The Secretary of State for Health, via the *Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC), no longer has direct control of the day-to-day operation of the NHS. This has passed to NHS England. However, the DHSC continues to provide strategic leadership for the NHS.

Different arrangements apply in Northern Ireland, Wales, and Scotland.

NHS website: includes much basic medical information together with a guide to local services... national health service

National Institute For Health And Care Excellence

see NICE.... national institute for health and care excellence

National Institute For Health Research

(NIHR) a national organization, funded through the *Department of Health and Social Care, that coordinates, supports, and funds research within the NHS.

NIHR website... national institute for health research

Neointimal Hyperplasia

a pathological process involved in *atherosclerosis of arteries and vein grafts, and in *restenosis, that may be in response to angioplasty and stent placement. Damage to the endothelium of the artery exposes the underlying smooth muscle cells in the *media to cytokines, growth factors, and other plasma components in the circulation, which results in loss of their contractile characteristics. These abnormal muscle cells migrate to the *intima, where they proliferate and eventually form a thick layer of tissue (neointima), which occludes the artery.... neointimal hyperplasia

Non-hodgkin’s Lymphoma

see lymphoma.... non-hodgkin’s lymphoma

Occupational Health Service

(OHS) a scheme by which employers provide a mainly preventive health service for employees. Specially trained doctors and nurses advise management on hazardous situations at work. Advice is also given to management to ensure that people with ill health or disability are not prevented from taking up employment and on the potential for rehabilitating employees with prolonged or repeated sickness absence. Instruction may be given to the workforce on simple first aid procedures, and *health promotion programmes may be offered in relation to nutrition, physical activity, and stress. With the approval of the *Health and Safety Executive, the OHS may conduct routine tests on employees working with potentially hazardous substances, such as lead. See also coshh.... occupational health service

Ocular Hypertension

(OHT) a constantly raised intraocular pressure (greater than 21 mmHg by Goldmann applanation *tonometry) registered on two or more occasions in one or both eyes with the absence of evidence of optic nerve damage or visual field defect. Intraocular pressure increases slowly with age and OHT can increase the risk of developing glaucoma. It is treated with eye drops and surgery if indicated.... ocular hypertension

Oral Hypoglycaemic Drug

(oral antihyperglycaemic drug) one of the group of drugs that reduce the level of glucose in the blood and are taken by mouth for the treatment of type 2 *diabetes mellitus. They include the *sulphonylurea group (e.g. glibenclamide, gliclazide), metformin (a *biguanide), *alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, *meglitinides, *thiazolidinediones, *DPP-IV inhibitors, and *SGLT-2 inhibitors.... oral hypoglycaemic drug

Out-of-hours

(in general practice) denoting the period from 6.30 pm to 8.00 am on weekdays and the whole of weekends, bank holidays, and public holidays. Most GPs use a deputizing service to provide health-care services during the out-of-hours period. See general practitioner.... out-of-hours

Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome

a potentially life-threatening condition classically associated with ovarian stimulation using gonadotrophins in assisted conception procedures, such as in vitro fertilization (see superovulation). It is characterized by gross enlargement of the ovaries resulting in pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, *haemoconcentration, and *ascites. The most severe cases require intensive care due to the high risk of thromboembolism and acute respiratory distress.... ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome

Pantaloon Hernia

a double sac comprising the sac of an indirect (external) and a direct (internal) inguinal *hernia on the same side.... pantaloon hernia

Parathyroid Hormone

(parathormone) a hormone, synthesized and released by the parathyroid glands, that controls the distribution of calcium and phosphate in the body. A high level of the hormone causes transfer of calcium from the bones to the blood; a deficiency lowers blood calcium levels, causing *tetany. This condition may be treated by injections of calcium gluconate. Compare calcitonin.

Recombinant parathyroid hormone (Preotact) is given by subcutaneous injection to treat postmenopausal osteoporosis.... parathyroid hormone

Parathyroid Hormone-related Protein

(PTH-RP) a protein that is secreted by certain malignant tumours and is the main cause of malignant *hypercalcaemia. PTH-RP, which has effects similar to *parathyroid hormone, stimulates generalized bone resorption and excessive calcium reabsorption in the kidney tubules. It is most commonly produced by lung tumours, squamous-cell carcinomas of other organs, melanomas, and tumours of the breast, liver, pancreas, bladder, and prostate.... parathyroid hormone-related protein

Parliamentary And Health Service Ombudsman

(in England) an official responsible to Parliament and appointed to protect the interests of patients in relation to administration of and provision of health care by the *National Health Service. He or she can investigate complaints about the NHS when they cannot be resolved locally. In Scotland, and in Wales, this role is undertaken by a Public Services Ombudsman.... parliamentary and health service ombudsman

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria

(PNH) a type of acquired haemolytic *anaemia that results from an abnormality of the red blood cell membrane. It is due to a defect in the formation of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI), whose role is to anchor proteins to the lipid framework of the membrane. This leads to increased *complement-mediated destruction of red blood cells, which results in the release of haemoglobin in the circulation and then in the urine, giving the latter a reddish colour. Some patients may develop blood clots.... paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria

Patient Health Questionnaire

see PHQ-9.... patient health questionnaire

Periventricular Haemorrhage

(PVH) a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in infants who are born prematurely in which bleeding occurs from fragile blood vessels around the *ventricles in the brain. Bleeding extending into the lateral ventricles is termed intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) and in severe cases can extend into the brain tissue (cerebral parenchyma). Surviving infants may have long-term neurological deficits, such as cerebral palsy, developmental delay, or seizures.... periventricular haemorrhage

Policeman’s Heel

see plantar fasciitis.... policeman’s heel

Pregnancy-induced Hypertension

(PIH) raised blood pressure (>140/90 mmHg) developing in a woman during the second half of pregnancy. It usually resolves within six weeks of delivery and is associated with a better prognosis than *pre-eclampsia.... pregnancy-induced hypertension

Public Health Consultant

(in Britain) a medical consultant with postgraduate training in public health. Formerly known as community physicians, such consultants undertake public health functions, either as *Directors of Public Health in local authorities or as consultants in public health in local authorities, *Public Health England, or elsewhere. See also public health specialist.... public health consultant

Public Health England

(PHE) an executive agency of the Department of Health and Social Care with responsibility for providing national leadership on health protection, health improvement, and public health knowledge and information. In addition to the national team, there are four regional offices and nine local centres providing public health support to *clinical commissioning groups, local authorities, and health-care providers. PHE also hosts a network of specialist and reference microbiology laboratories. It was formed as a result of the Health and Social Care Act 2012; it absorbed the functions of a number of abolished bodies, including the *Health Protection Agency, the national network of public health observatories, and the National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse.

Public Health England website... public health england

Public Health Ethics

the ethics of population (as opposed to individual) health, including issues related to epidemiology, disease prevention, health promotion, *justice, and *equality. Public health ethics is commonly concerned with the tensions between individual *autonomy and *communitarianism and/or *utilitarianism.... public health ethics

Public Health Medicine

the specialty concerned with preventing disease and improving health in populations as distinct from individuals. Formerly known as community medicine or social medicine, it includes *epidemiology, *health promotion, *health service planning, *health protection, and evaluation. See also public health consultant.... public health medicine

Public Health Service

(PHS) the oldest and one of the largest US federal health agencies. Founded in 1798 as a system of hospitals for sailors, the PHS is now the major health service operating division of the *Department of Health and Human Services and administers eleven agencies, including the *Food and Drug Administration, the National Institutes of Health, and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. The agency employs tens of thousands of people with a total annual budget well into the billions.... public health service

Public Health Specialist

a public health practitioner with postgraduate training in public health or with demonstrated competence in key areas of public health practice. These specialists perform the same roles as *public health consultants but do not have medical training.... public health specialist

Ramsay Hunt Syndrome

a form of *herpes zoster affecting the facial nerve, associated with facial paralysis and loss of taste. It also produces pain in the ear and other parts supplied by the nerve. [J. R. Hunt (1872–1937), US neurologist]... ramsay hunt syndrome

Reactive Hypoglycaemia

a condition of postprandial *hypoglycaemia, of varying severity, induced by excessive levels of insulin release from the pancreas. It can be divided into early and late forms, depending on whether the insulin release occurs less than or more than three hours after the meal. The early form is due to the rapid discharge of ingested carbohydrate from the stomach into the small bowel, immediately triggering hyperinsulinaemia. It can occur without obvious cause but is most commonly associated with upper-bowel surgery. The late form is due to a loss of the early-phase insulin response causing excessive postprandial *hyperglycaemia, which then itself triggers an exaggerated insulin response with subsequent hypoglycaemia.... reactive hypoglycaemia

Renovascular Hypertension

disease affecting the arterial supply to the kidneys, leading to ischaemia and resultant stimulation of the renin-*angiotensin-aldosterone axis. In the major vessels, the most common cause is atheromatous plaque disease. Other causes are fibromuscular dysplasia and *Takayasu’s disease.... renovascular hypertension

Richter’s Hernia

a hernia that contains only part of the circumference of the wall of the intestine. There is no intestinal obstruction, but necrosis of the affected section of bowel can develop rapidly. [A. G. Richter (1742–1812), German surgeon]... richter’s hernia

Rokitansky–küster–hauser Syndrome

see Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser syndrome.... rokitansky–küster–hauser syndrome

Salter–harris Classification

(S–H classification) a classification of fractures involving the growth plate of bones (see physis), which is useful for their prognosis and treatment. There are five S–H categories of fracture. [R. Salter and R. I. Harris (20th century), Canadian orthopaedic surgeons]... salter–harris classification

Schönlein–henoch Purpura

see Henoch–Schönlein purpura.... schönlein–henoch purpura

School Health Service

(in Britain) a service concerned with promotion of health and wellbeing in schoolchildren, including the early detection of health and social problems and their subsequent treatment and surveillance.... school health service

Serum Hepatitis

see hepatitis.... serum hepatitis

Sex Hormone

any steroid hormone, produced mainly by the ovaries or testes, that is responsible for controlling sexual development and reproductive function. *Oestrogens and *progesterone are the female sex hormones; *androgens are the male sex hormones.... sex hormone

Sodium Hydroxide

(caustic soda) a powerful alkali in widespread use as a cleaning agent. It attacks the skin, causing severe chemical burns that are best treated by washing the area with large quantities of water. When swallowed it causes burning of the mouth and throat, which should be treated by giving water, milk, or other fluid to dilute the stomach contents and by gastric lavage.... sodium hydroxide

Special Health Authority

a type of NHS trust that provides services across the NHS in England, rather than in a single defined geographical area. There are four special health authorities, which exist as arms-length bodies of the Department of Health and Social Care, independent of government: *NHS Blood and Transplant, *NHS Business Services Authority, *NHS Resolution and *NHS Counter Fraud Authority.... special health authority

Special Hospitals

(secure hospitals) hospitals for the care of mentally ill patients who are also dangerous and must therefore be kept securely. The level of security can be low, medium, or high. Most (but not all) patients are there compulsorily under a hospital order made by a court according to the *Mental Health Act 1983.... special hospitals

Spigelian Hernia

a hernia through the spigelian fascia, a sheath of fibrous tissue that runs along the outside edge of the *rectus abdominis muscle.... spigelian hernia

Spitz–holter Valve

a one-way valve used to drain cerebrospinal fluid in order to control *hydrocephalus. The device is inserted into the ventricles of the brain and passes via a subcutaneous tunnel to drain into either the right atrium or the peritoneum.... spitz–holter valve

Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension

see intracranial hypotension headache.... spontaneous intracranial hypotension

Strategic Health Authority

(SHA) formerly a statutory organization in England that was responsible for strategic leadership, building capacity, organizational development, and performance management in the local National Health Service. SHAs were abolished by the Health and Social Care Act 2012; their responsibilities passed to *NHS England, *clinical commissioning groups, and *Public Health England.... strategic health authority

Subaponeurotic Haemorrhage

bleeding under the *aponeurosis of the scalp resulting from trauma to blood vessels crossing the space from the skull to the overlying scalp. It results from delivery by forceps or vacuum extraction. It is very uncommon but can be fatal. See also cephalhaematoma; chignon.... subaponeurotic haemorrhage

Supine Hypotension

see aortocaval compression.... supine hypotension

Symphysis–fundal Height

(SFH) see fundal height.... symphysis–fundal height

Thyroid Hormone

an iodine-containing substance, synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland, that is essential for normal metabolic processes and mental and physical development. There are two thyroid hormones, *triiodothyronine and *thyroxine, which are formed from *thyroglobulin. Lack of these hormones gives rise to *cretinism in infants and *myxoedema in adults. Excessive production of thyroid hormones gives rise to *thyrotoxicosis.... thyroid hormone

Thyroid-stimulating Hormone

(TSH, thyrotrophin) a hormone, synthesized and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland under the control of *thyrotrophin-releasing hormone, that stimulates activity of the thyroid gland. Raised levels of TSH are found in primary *hypothyroidism. Normal or low TSH levels in the presence of a low serum thyroxine are found in secondary hypothyroidism and the *euthyroid sick syndrome.... thyroid-stimulating hormone

Thyrotrophin-releasing Hormone

(TRH) a hormone from the hypothalamus (in the brain) that acts on the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate the release of *thyroid-stimulating hormone. A preparation of TRH (protirelin) may be given by intravenous injection to test thyroid gland function and to estimate reserves of thyroid-stimulating hormone in the pituitary.... thyrotrophin-releasing hormone

Visceral Hyperalgesia

increased sensitivity to visceral stimulation after injury or inflammation of an internal organ, which can result in chronic pain syndromes.... visceral hyperalgesia

Syndrome Of Inappropriate Secretion Of Antidiuretic Hormone

(SIADH) a condition of inappropriately high plasma levels of ADH (see vasopressin) with associated water retention, dilutional *hyponatraemia, and the production of highly concentrated urine. Renal, adrenal, thyroid, and hepatic function are normal, as is the volume of circulating blood (euvolaemia). It is caused by a variety of pathological conditions, usually intrathoracic and intracerebral, and also by a number of drugs, including antidepressants, chemotherapy agents, and some of the older antidiabetic agents. The treatment involves fluid restriction, treatment (or removal) of the underlying cause (or drug), and, in severe cases, administration of *demeclocycline to reduce the effects of ADH on the kidney. Very rarely, hypertonic saline is given.... syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone

Voluntary Hospital

in the USA, a hospital that is owned or operated by a religious organization or community association to provide health-care facilities on a non-profit basis. In recent decades the role of voluntary hospitals has changed from one of caring primarily for *charity patients to one of serving all members of a community. At the same time, the practice of charging higher fees to patients able to afford them in order to compensate for the expense of caring for charity patients has generally been eliminated.... voluntary hospital

Von Hippel–lindau Disease

an inherited syndrome in which *haemangioblastomas, particularly in the cerebellum, are associated with renal and pancreatic cysts, *angiomas in the retina (causing blindness), cancer of the kidney cells, and red birthmarks. [E. von Hippel (1867–1939), German ophthalmologist; A. Lindau (1892–1958), Swedish pathologist]... von hippel–lindau disease

Werdnig–hoffmann Disease

a hereditary disorder – a severe form of *spinal muscular atrophy – in which the cells of the spinal cord begin to die between birth and the age of six months, causing a symmetrical muscle weakness. Affected infants become floppy and progressively weaker; respiratory and facial muscles become affected. Children usually die by the age of 20 months from respiratory failure and there is no treatment. *Genetic counselling is required for parents of an affected child as each of their subsequent children has a one in four chance of being affected. [G. Werdnig (1844–1919), Austrian neurologist; J. Hoffmann (1857–1919), German neurologist]... werdnig–hoffmann disease

Wertheim’s Hysterectomy

a radical operation performed for cervical cancer, in which the uterus, upper vagina, broad ligaments, and parametrium are removed in conjunction with regional lymph nodes. [E. Wertheim (1864–1920), Austrian gynaecologist]... wertheim’s hysterectomy

Wet-and-dry Bulb Hygrometer

see hygrometer.... wet-and-dry bulb hygrometer

Spruce, Hemlock

Tsuga canadensis

FAMILY: Pinaceae

SYNONYMS: Pinus canadensis, Abies canadensis, spruce, eastern hemlock, common hemlock, hemlock (oil), spruce (oil), fir needle (oil).

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A large evergreen tree up to 50 metres tall, with slender horizontal branches, finely toothed leaves and smallish brown cones, which yields a natural exudation from its bark.

DISTRIBUTION: Native to the west coast of the USA. The oil is produced in Vermont, New York, New Hampshire, Virginia and Wisconsin.

OTHER SPECIES: Numerous cultivars of this species exist; often the oil is produced from a mixture of different types. Similar oils, also called simply ‘spruce oil’ are produced from the black spruce (Picea nigra or mariana), the Norway spruce (P. abies) and the white or Canadian spruce (P. glauca). The essential oil from the western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), contains quite different constituents. It is also closely related to the Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga taxifolia), which is also used to produce an essential oil and a balsam.

HERBAL/FOLK TRADITION: The bark of the hemlock spruce (which contains tannins and resin as well as volatile oil) is current in the British Herbal Pharmacopoeia indicated for diarrhoea, cystitis, mucous colitis, leucorrhoea, uterine prolapse, pharyngitis, stomatitis and gingivitis. An extract of the bark is also used in the tanning industry.

ACTIONS: Antimicrobial, antiseptic, antitussive, astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, nervine, rubefacient, tonic.

EXTRACTION: Essential oil by steam distillation from the needles and twigs.

CHARACTERISTICS: A colourless or pale yellow liquid with a pleasing, fresh-balsamic, sweet-fruity odour. It blends well with pine, oakmoss, cedarwood, galbanum, benzoin, lavender, lavandin and rosemary.

PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS: Mainly pinenes, limonene, bornyl acetate, tricyclene, phellandrene, myrcene, thujone, dipentene and cadinene, among others. Constituents vary according to source and exact botanical species (sometimes mixed).

SAFETY DATA: Non-toxic, non-irritant, non-sensitizing.

AROMATHERAPY/HOME: USE

Circulation muscles and joints: Muscular aches and pains, poor circulation, rheumatism.

Respiratory system: Asthma, bronchitis, coughs, respiratory weakness.

Immune system: Colds, ’flu, infections.

Nervous system: Anxiety, stress-related conditions – ‘opening and elevating through grounding ... excellent for yoga and meditation.’.

OTHER USES: Used in veterinary liniments. Extensively used for room spray perfumes, household detergents, soaps, bath preparations and toiletries, especially in the USA.... spruce, hemlock

Heartwood

the central portion of a tree trunk.... heartwood

Hypocholesterolaemia

lowering the cholesterol content of the blood.... hypocholesterolaemia



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