The meaning of the symbols of dreams/ seen in a dream.


Lumbago

Pain in mid or lower back... lumbago

Lymphoma

A neoplasia of the lymph tissue, such as Hodgkin’s Disease. Although it is frequently useful to stimulate immunity when a person is undergoing chemotherapy for cancer, since the resultant immunosuppression is a major side effect of the treatment, in lymphatic cancer this the POINT of the therapy...let it be.... lymphoma

Laryngitis

Inflammation of the larynx... laryngitis

Lassa Fever

A serious viral haemorrhagic fever of humans harboured by small rodents such as the multimammate mouse of West and Central Africa.... lassa fever

Leptospirosis

A zoonosis. It is an acute, febrile, septicaemic disease caused by the Leptospira interrogans which has more than 200 serovars. The disease is characterised by a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations including fever, chills, headache, conjunctivitis and muscular pains. The disease may be subclinical in mild cases but jaundice and renal failure are observed in severe cases. Includes Weil’s Disease. Can result in an aseptic meningitis.... leptospirosis

Leucorrhoea

An abnormal mucous discharge from the vagina... leucorrhoea

Leukaemia

Blood cancer... leukaemia

Lotus

Nelumbo species

Description: There are two species of lotus: one has yellow flowers and the other pink flowers. The flowers are large and showy. The leaves, which may float on or rise above the surface of the water, often reach 1.5 meters in radius. The fruit has a distinctive flattened shape and contains up to 20 hard seeds.

Habitat and Distribution: The yellow-flowered lotus is native to North America. The pink-flowered species, which is widespread in the Orient, is planted in many other areas of the world. Lotuses are found in quiet fresh water.

Edible Parts: All parts of the plant are edible raw or cooked. The underwater parts contain large quantities of starch. Dig the fleshy portions from the mud and bake or boil them. Boil the young leaves and eat them as a vegetable. The seeds have a pleasant flavor and are nutritious. Eat them raw, or parch and grind them into flour.... lotus

Lyme Disease

A zoonotic disease caused by the spirochaete Borrelia burgdorferi and other species of the genus. Common in Europe and the USA and transmi tted by Ixodid ticks.... lyme disease

Corpus Luteum

A temporary endocrine gland formed at ovulation from part of the former egg follicle, and the source of progesterone. See PROGESTERONE, ESTROGEN, MENOPAUSE... corpus luteum

Labour

See PREGNANCY AND LABOUR.... labour

Lactation

The secretion of milk by mammals... lactation

Lactobacillus

A genus of gram-positive, acid-resistant bacteria in the Lactobacillaceae family. We know of lactobacillus because of its use in making yogurt and the conventional wisdom of taking it in one form or another after antibiotic therapy, but it is an integral part of the colon and mouth flora, and is the critical acidifying agent in vaginal flora. There is a growing body of rather ignored data showing the value of regular consumption of a lactobacillus-containing food in immunosuppression, slow virus, and candidiasis conditions.... lactobacillus

Lactose

The o?cial name for sugar of milk.... lactose

Lateral

At or on the side, usually from a stem.... lateral

Laxative

Having the action of loosening the bowel... laxative

Lemon

See Limón.... lemon

Lemongrass

See Limoncillo.... lemongrass

Leishmaniasis

A group of infections caused by parasites transmitted to humans by sand?ies.

Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) A systemic infection caused by Leishmania donovani which occurs in tropical and subtropical Africa, Asia, the Mediterranean littoral (and some islands), and in tropical South America. Onset is frequently insidious; incubation period is 2–6 months. Enlargement of spleen and liver may be gross; fever, anaemia, and generalised lymphadenopathy are usually present. Diagnosis is usually made from a bone-marrow specimen, splenic-aspirate, or liver-biopsy specimen; amastigotes (Leishman-Donovan bodies) of L. donovani can be visualised. Several serological tests are of value in diagnosis.

Untreated, the infection is fatal within two years, in approximately 70 per cent of patients. Treatment traditionally involved sodium stibogluconate, but other chemotherapeutic agents (including allupurinol, ketoconazole, and immunotherapy) are now in use, the most recently used being liposomal amphotericin B. Although immunointact persons usually respond satisfactorily, they are likely to relapse if they have HIV infection (see AIDS/HIV).

Cutaneous leishmaniasis This form is caused by infection with L. tropica, L. major,

L. aethiopica, and other species. The disease is widely distributed in the Mediterranean region, Middle East, Asia, Africa, Central and South America, and the former Soviet Union. It is characterised by localised cutaneous ulcers

– usually situated on exposed areas of the body. Diagnosis is by demonstration of the causative organism in a skin biopsy-specimen; the leishmanin skin test is of value. Most patients respond to sodium stibogluconate (see above); local heat therapy is also used. Paromomycin cream has been successfully applied locally.

Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis This form is caused by L. braziliensis and rarely L. mexicana. It is present in Central and South America, particularly the Amazon basin, and characterised by highly destructive, ulcerative, granulomatous lesions of the skin and mucous membranes, especially involving the mucocutaneous junctions of the mouth, nasopharynx, genitalia, and rectum. Infection is usually via a super?cial skin lesion at the site of a sand?y bite. However, spread is by haematogenous routes (usually after several years) to a mucocutaneous location. Diagnosis and treatment are the same as for cutaneous leishmaniasis.... leishmaniasis

Lentigo

A brownish or yellowish spot found on the skin, generally on the hands, arms or face often caused by exposure to sunlight... lentigo

Lesion

A wound... lesion

Leprosy

Also known as Hansen’s disease, this is a chronic bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae affecting the skin, mucous membranes, and nerves. Infection is now almost con?ned to tropical and subtropical countries – mostly in Africa and India. There are two distinct (polarised) clinical forms: tuberculoid and lepromatous. The former usually takes a benign course and frequently burns out, whereas the latter is relentlessly progressive; between these two polar forms lies an intermediate/dimorphous group. Susceptibility may be increased by malnutrition. Nasal secretions (especially in lepromatous disease) are teeming with M. leprae and constitute the main source of infection; however, living in close proximity to an infected individual seems necessary for someone to contract the disease. M. leprae can also be transmitted in breast milk from an infected mother.

Only a small minority of those exposed to M. leprae develop the disease. The incubation period is 3–5 years or longer. The major clinical manifestations involve skin and nerves: the former range from depigmented, often anaesthetic areas, to massive nodules; nerve involvement ranges from localised nerve swelling(s) to extensive areas of anaesthesia. Advanced nerve destruction gives rise to severe deformities: foot-drop, wrist-drop, claw-foot, extensive ulceration of the extremities with loss of ?ngers and toes, and bone changes. Eye involvement can produce blindness. Laryngeal lesions produce hoarseness and more serious sequelae. The diagnosis is essentially a clinical one; however, skin-smears, histological features and the lepromin skin-test help to con?rm the diagnosis and enable the form of disease to be graded.

Although the World Health Organisation had originally hoped to eliminate leprosy worldwide by 2000, that has proved an unrealistic target. The reason is an absence of basic information. Doctors are unable to diagnose the disorder before a patient starts to show symptoms; meanwhile he or she may have already passed on the infection. Doctors do not know exactly how transmission occurs or how it infects humans – nor do they know at what point a carrier of the bacterium may infect others. The incidence of new infections is still more than 650,000 cases a year or about 4.5 cases per 10,000 people in those countries worst affected by the disease.

Treatment Introduction of the sulphone compound, dapsone, revolutionised management of the disease. More recently, rifampicin and clofazimine have been added as ?rst-line drugs for treatment. Second-line drugs include minocycline, o?oxacin and clarithromycin; a number of regimens incorporating several of these compounds (multi-drug regimens – introduced in 1982) are now widely used. A three-drug regime is recommended for multi-bacillary leprosy and a two-drug one for parcibacillary leprosy. Dapsone resistance is a major problem worldwide, but occurs less commonly when multi-drug regimens are used. Older compounds – ethionamide and prothionamide

– are no longer used because they are severely toxic to the liver. Corticosteroids are sometimes required in patients with ‘reversal reaction’. Supportive therapy includes physiotherapy; both plastic and orthopaedic surgery may be necessary in advanced stages of the disease. Improvement in socio-economic conditions, and widespread use of BCG vaccination are of value as preventive strategies. Early diagnosis and prompt institution of chemotherapy should prevent long-term complications.... leprosy

Leukoplakia

A white plaque on mucous membranes caused by overgrowth of the tissues. It is occasionally a pre-cancerous condition.... leukoplakia

Lice

See PEDICULOSIS.... lice

Life Expectancy

The average number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age based on a given set of age-specific death rates, generally the mortality conditions existing in the period mentioned.... life expectancy

Limbic System

A functional, not physical, system in the brain, generally considered to mediate emotions with metabolism.... limbic system

Linctus

A term applied to any thick, syrupy medicine. Most of these are remedies for excessive coughing.... linctus

Linden

See Tilo.... linden

Liniment

A liquid or thin paste applied to the skin to work as a pain reliever... liniment

Lipoma

A TUMOUR mainly composed of FAT. Such tumours arise in almost any part of the body, developing in ?brous tissues – particularly in that beneath the skin. They are benign in nature, and seldom give any trouble beyond that connected with their size and position. If large, they can be excised.... lipoma

Lithiasis

The formation of calculus of any kind... lithiasis

Liver

The liver is the largest gland in the body, serving numerous functions, chie?y involving various aspects of METABOLISM.

Form The liver is divided into four lobes, the greatest part being the right lobe, with a small left lobe, while the quadrate and caudate lobes are two small divisions on the back and undersurface. Around the middle of the undersurface, towards the back, a transverse ?ssure (the porta hepatis) is placed, by which the hepatic artery and portal vein carry blood into the liver, and the right and left hepatic ducts emerge, carrying o? the BILE formed in the liver to the GALL-BLADDER attached under the right lobe, where it is stored.

Position Occupying the right-hand upper part of the abdominal cavity, the liver is separated from the right lung by the DIAPHRAGM and the pleural membrane (see PLEURA). It rests on various abdominal organs, chie?y the right of the two KIDNEYS, the suprarenal gland (see ADRENAL GLANDS), the large INTESTINE, the DUODENUM and the STOMACH.

Vessels The blood supply di?ers from that of the rest of the body, in that the blood collected from the stomach and bowels into the PORTAL VEIN does not pass directly to the heart, but is ?rst distributed to the liver, where it breaks up into capillary vessels. As a result, some harmful substances are ?ltered from the bloodstream and destroyed, while various constituents of the food are stored in the liver for use in the body’s metabolic processes. The liver also receives the large hepatic artery from the coeliac axis. After circulating through capillaries, the blood from both sources is collected into the hepatic veins, which pass directly from the back surface of the liver into the inferior vena cava.

Minute structure The liver is enveloped in a capsule of ?brous tissue – Glisson’s capsule – from which strands run along the vessels and penetrate deep into the organ, binding it together. Subdivisions of the hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile duct lie alongside each other, ?nally forming the interlobular vessels,

which lie between the lobules of which the whole gland is built up. Each is about the size of a pin’s head and forms a complete secreting unit; the liver is built up of hundreds of thousands of such lobules. These contain small vessels, capillaries, or sinusoids, lined with stellate KUPFFER CELLS, which run into the centre of the lobule, where they empty into a small central vein. These lobular veins ultimately empty into the hepatic veins. Between these capillaries lie rows of large liver cells in which metabolic activity occurs. Fine bile capillaries collect the bile from the cells and discharge it into the bile ducts lying along the margins of the lobules. Liver cells are among the largest in the body, each containing one or two large round nuclei. The cells frequently contain droplets of fat or granules of GLYCOGEN – that is, animal starch.

Functions The liver is, in e?ect, a large chemical factory and the heat this produces contributes to the general warming of the body. The liver secretes bile, the chief constituents of which are the bile salts (sodium glycocholate and taurocholate), the bile pigments (BILIRUBIN and biliverdin), CHOLESTEROL, and LECITHIN. These bile salts are collected and formed in the liver and are eventually converted into the bile acids. The bile pigments are the iron-free and globin-free remnant of HAEMOGLOBIN, formed in the Kup?er cells of the liver. (They can also be formed in the spleen, lymph glands, bone marrow and connective tissues.) Bile therefore serves several purposes: it excretes pigment, the breakdown products of old red blood cells; the bile salts increase fat absorption and activate pancreatic lipase, thus aiding the digestion of fat; and bile is also necessary for the absorption of vitamins D and E.

The other important functions of the liver are as follows:

In the EMBRYO it forms red blood cells, while the adult liver stores vitamin B12, necessary for the proper functioning of the bone marrow in the manufacture of red cells.

It manufactures FIBRINOGEN, ALBUMINS and GLOBULIN from the blood.

It stores IRON and copper, necessary for the manufacture of red cells.

It produces HEPARIN, and – with the aid of vitamin K – PROTHROMBIN.

Its Kup?er cells form an important part of the RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM, which breaks down red cells and probably manufactures ANTIBODIES.

Noxious products made in the intestine and absorbed into the blood are detoxicated in the liver.

It stores carbohydrate in the form of glycogen, maintaining a two-way process: glucose

glycogen.

CAROTENE, a plant pigment, is converted to vitamin A, and B vitamins are stored.

It splits up AMINO ACIDS and manufactures UREA and uric acids.

It plays an essential role in the storage and metabolism of FAT.... liver

Living Will

See “advance directive”.... living will

Lochia

The uterine discharge following birth, changing from reddish the first few days, to yellowish or clear after a couple of weeks. Many traditional skills of a midwife or partera center around evaluating the qualities and progress of lochia.... lochia

Lockjaw

A painful spasm of the JAW muscles, making it hard to open the mouth. It is a prominent symptom of TETANUS and was once the popular name for this condition.... lockjaw

Lymphadenitis

Inflammation or swelling of one or more lymph nodes. It may be an acute response or chronic, but signals the drainage into those nodes of microbes, their waste products, or the immuno-complexes produced upstream, whether from infection or allergy. A few infections can target or inhabit lymph nodes such as typhoid and EBV. Some people, with a past history of infection in a specific tissue (such as chronic sore throat as a kid) will have developed a LARGER sized node, hard and permanently palpable. These are hypertrophic or “shotty” nodes, and of no more importance than pumped-up muscles or old scar tissue.... lymphadenitis

Lymph

Pertaining to the lymph system or lymph tissue, the “back alley” of blood circulation. Lymph is the alkaline, clear intercellular fluid that drains from the blood capillaries, where the arterial blood separates into thick, gooey venous blood and lymph. It bathes the cells, drains up into the lymph capillaries, through the lymph nodes for cleaning and checking against antibody templates, up through the body, and back to recombine with the venous blood in the upper chest. Blood in the veins is thick, mainly because part of its fluid is missing, traveling through the tissues as lymph. Lymph nodes in the small intestine absorb most of the dietary fats as well-organized chylomicrons. Lymph nodes and tissue in the spleen, thymus, and tonsils also organize lymphocytes and maintain the software memory of previously encountered antigens and their antibody defense response. Blood feeds the lymph, lymph feeds the cells, lymph cleanses the cells and returns to the blood.... lymph

Lymphadenopathy

Enlargement of the lymph nodes. Swelling of the body lymph glands which is sometimes painful, especially after envenomation. Lymph glands when swollen may be almost anywhere in the body, but are more easilyfelt in the neck, under the arms (axillae) and in the groins.... lymphadenopathy

Lymphangitis

Inflammation of one or more lymph nodes and/or lymph vessels, usually part of an acute infectious condition.... lymphangitis

Lymphoedema

Swelling of a part or organ due to obstruction to the LYMPH vessels draining it.... lymphoedema

Lymphosarcoma

A traditional term for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (see LYMPHOMA).... lymphosarcoma

Lysis

The gradual ending of a fever, and the opposite of CRISIS, which signi?es the sudden ending of a fever. It is also used to describe the process of dissolution of a blood clot, or the destruction of CELLS as a result of damage to or rupture of the PLASMA membrane, thus allowing the cell contents to escape.... lysis

Blind Loop Syndrome

A disorder in which abnormal FAECES occur as a result of a redundant loop in the small INTESTINE. The loop obstructs the normal ?ow of the contents of the bowel, causing stagnation. The syndrome is characterised by light-yellow, smelly, fatty, bulky faeces. The patient suffers from tiredness, malaise and loss of weight. Previous abdominal surgery is sometimes the cause, but the condition can be inherited. Blockage of intestinal contents upsets the bowel’s normal bacterial balance and hinders the normal absorption of nutrients. Treatment is either with antibiotics or, if that fails, surgery.... blind loop syndrome

Cruciate Ligaments

Two strong ligaments in the interior of the knee-joint, which cross one another like the limbs of the letter X. They are so attached as to become taut when the lower limb is straightened, and they prevent over-extension or bending forwards at the knee. The cruciate ligaments are sometimes strained or torn as a result of sporting injuries or vehicular accidents; surgery may be needed to repair the damage, but the knee will be permanently weakened.... cruciate ligaments

Excimer Laser

A type of laser that is used to remove thin sheets of tissue from the surface of the cornea (see EYE), thus changing the curvature of the eye’s corneal surface. The procedure is used to excise diseased tissue or to correct myopia (see REFRACTION), when it is known as photorefractive keratectomy or lasik.... excimer laser

Face Lift

An operation to reduce wrinkles and lift ‘loose’ skin on the face of mature persons with the aim of making them look younger. It can be performed under local anaesthetic as an outpatient or with general anaesthesia as an inpatient. The operation is regarded as cosmetic and is usually done in the private health-care sector in the UK.... face lift

Contact Lenses

Contact lenses are lenses worn in contact with the EYE, behind the eyelids and in front of the cornea. They may be worn for cosmetic, optical or therapeutic reasons. The commonest reason for wear is cosmetic, many short-sighted people preferring to wear contact lenses instead of glasses. Optical reasons for contact-lens wear include cataract surgery (usually unilateral extraction) and the considerable improvement in overall standard of vision experienced by very short-sighted people when wearing contact lenses instead of glasses. Therapeutic lenses are those used in the treatment of eye disease: ‘bandage lenses’ are used in certain corneal diseases; contact lenses can be soaked in a particular drug and then put on the eye so that the drug slowly leaks out on to the eye. Contact lenses may be hard, soft or gas permeable. Hard lenses are more optically accurate (because they are rigid), cheaper and more durable than soft. The main advantage of soft lenses is that they are more comfortable to wear. Gas-permeable lenses are so-called because they are more permeable to oxygen than other lenses, thus allowing more oxygen to reach the cornea.

Disposable lenses are soft lenses designed to be thrown away after a short period of continuous use; their popularity rests on the fact that they need not be cleaned. The instructions on use should be followed carefully because the risk of complications, such as corneal infection, are higher than with other types of contact lenses.

Contraindications to the use of contact lenses include a history of ATOPY, ‘dry eyes’, previous GLAUCOMA surgery and a person’s inability to cope with the management of lenses. The best way to determine whether contact lenses are suitable, however, may be to try them out. Good hygiene is essential for wearers so as to minimise the risk of infection, which may lead to a corneal abscess – a serious complication. Corneal abrasions are fairly common and, if a contact-lens wearer develops a red eye, the lens should be removed and the eye tested with ?uorescein dye to identify any abrasions. Appropriate treatment should be given and the lens not worn again until the abrasion or infection has cleared up.... contact lenses

Kiss Of Life

Emergency mouth-to-mouth resuscitation of an unconscious person (see APPENDIX 1: BASIC FIRST AID).... kiss of life

Labetalol

Labetalol is an alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor blocker (see ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS) used to treat HYPERTENSION. Beta blockers block the beta-adrenoceptors in the heart, peripheral blood vessels and bronchi. Many drugs belonging to this group are now available, and all are equally e?ective – but with di?erences that may make them suitable for a particular patient. Labetalol has the added property of dilating arterioles (small arteries), thus lowering resistance in the small peripheral blood vessels and helping to reduce blood pressure.... labetalol

Labyrinth

A convoluted system of structures forming the inner EAR and involved in hearing and balance.... labyrinth

Labyrinthitis

In?ammation of the LABYRINTH of the EAR. Usually caused by bacterial or viral infection, the former often the result of inadequately treated otitis media (see EAR, DISEASES OF – Diseases of the middle ear), or MEASLES. Symptoms are VERTIGO, nausea, vomiting, nystagmus (see EYE, DISORDERS OF), TINNITUS and loss of hearing. Bacterial infection needs treatment with ANTIBIOTICS; viral infection is usually self-limiting. ANTIHISTAMINE DRUGS will help reduce the vertigo. Rarely, surgery may be required to drain the infection in bacteria-based labyrinthitis.... labyrinthitis

Laceration

A wound to the skin or surface of an organ which results in a cut with irregular edges (cf. an incision produced with a knife, which has smooth, regular edges).... laceration

Lactic Acid

A colourless, syrupy, sour liquid, which is produced by the action of a bacterium upon lactose, the sugar found in milk. The growth of this organism and consequent formation of lactic acid cause the souring of milk, and the same change takes place to a limited extent when food is long retained in the stomach.

Lactic acid (CH3.CHOH.COOH) is produced in the body during muscular activity, the lactic acid being derived from the breakdown of GLYCOGEN. Muscle fatigue is associated with an accumulation of lactic acid in the muscle. Recovery follows when enough oxygen gets to the muscle, part of the lactic acid being oxidised and most of it then being built up once more into glycogen.... lactic acid

Lactulose

An osmotic laxative (see OSMOSIS; LAXATIVES), lactulose is a semisynthetic disaccharide – a type of carbohydrate – which is not absorbed from the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. It reduces the acidity of FAECES.... lactulose

Lactose Intolerance

is due to lack in the INTESTINE of the ENZYME known as LACTASE which is responsible for the digestion of lactose, the sugar in milk. The result is that drinking milk or eating milk-containing products is followed by nausea, a sensation of bloating, or distension, in the gut, abdominal pain and diarrhoea. (Similar disturbances after taking milk may also occur in those who do not lack lactase but have an allergy to milk protein). Treatment is by means of a low-lactose diet avoiding fresh or powdered milk and milk puddings. Many can tolerate fermented milk products, as well as the small amounts of milk used in baking and added to margarine and sausages. However, infamts may have to be fed exclusively on a lactose-free formula as even breast milk may produce symptoms.... lactose intolerance

Laminectomy

An operation in which the arches of one or more vertebrae in the SPINAL COLUMN are removed so as to expose a portion of the SPINAL CORD for removal of a tumour, relief of pressure due to a fracture (see under BONE, DISORDERS OF), or disc protrusion.... laminectomy

Lamotrigine

An antiepileptic drug for the treatment of patients with EPILEPSY, whose condition is characterised by partial seizures.... lamotrigine

Lanolin

Derived from wool fat, it is an ingredient of many ointments and creams but may cause allergic contact DERMATITIS.... lanolin

Lansoprazole

One of the PROTON-PUMP INHIBITORS, it blocks the ‘proton pump’ ENZYME system of the STOMACH’s acid-producing PARIETAL cells. It is used in short-term treatment of PEPTIC ULCER and in combination with antibacterial drugs to eliminate infection with the bacteria HELICOBACTER PYLORI.... lansoprazole

Laparoscopy

Also called peritoneoscopy, this is a technique using an instrument called an ENDOSCOPE for viewing the contents of the ABDOMEN. The instrument is inserted via an incision just below the UMBILICUS and air is then pumped into the peritoneal (abdominal) cavity. Visual inspection may help in the diagnosis of cancer, APPENDICITIS, SALPINGITIS, and abnormalities of the LIVER, GALL-BLADDER, OVARIES or GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. A BIOPSY can be taken of tissue suspected of being abnormal, and operations such as removal of the gall-bladder or appendix may be carried out. (See also MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGERY (MIS).)... laparoscopy

Laparotomy

A general term applied to any operation in which the abdominal cavity is opened (see ABDOMEN). A laparotomy may be exploratory to establish a diagnosis, or carried out as a preliminary to major surgery. Viewing of the peritoneal cavity (see PERITONEUM) through an ENDOSCOPE is called a LAPAROSCOPY or peritoneoscopy.... laparotomy

Larva Migrans

A self-limiting, intensely itching skin eruption caused by nematode (roundworm) larvae, usually of the dog and cat hookworm (see ANCYLOSTOMIASIS). The migrating larvae leave red, raised, irregular tracks in the skin, often on the foot and less frequently elsewhere. The disease is usually acquired by people who take their holidays on tropical beaches. It can be cured by a three-day course of oral ALBENDAZOLE.... larva migrans

Laryngectomy

Operation for removal of the LARYNX.... laryngectomy

Larynx

The organ of voice which also forms one of the higher parts of the AIR PASSAGES. It is placed high up in the front of the neck and there forms a considerable prominence on the surface (Adam’s apple). The vocal cords vibrating in di?erent notes, according to their tenseness and the like, produce the sounds of VOICE AND SPEECH.... larynx

Lasik

Acronym for laser in-situ keratomileusis, which is a variety of surgery of the EYE used to correct severe myopia (short-sightedness – see REFRACTION; EYE, DISORDERS OF). A thin ?ap of the cornea is lifted, the area underneath reshaped using an EXCIMER LASER, and the ?ap is then returned to its place, the altered contour of the cornea improving the patient’s sight.... lasik

Lassitude

See LETHARGY.... lassitude

Laser

Laser stands for Light Ampli?cation by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. The light produced by a laser is of a single wavelength and all the waves are in phase with each other, allowing a very high level of energy to be projected as a parallel beam or focused on to a small spot.

Various gases, liquids and solids will emit light when they are suitably stimulated. A gassed laser is pumped by the ionising e?ect of a high-voltage current. This is the same process as that used in a ?uorescent tube. Each type of laser has a di?erent e?ect on biological tissues and this is related to the wavelength of the light produced. The wavelength determines the degree of energy absorption by di?erent tissues, and because of this, di?erent lasers are needed for di?erent tasks. The argon laser produces light in the visible green wavelength which is selectively absorbed by HAEMOGLOBIN. It heats and coagulates (see COAGULATION) tissues so can be used to seal bleeding blood vessels and to selectively destroy pigmented lesions. The carbon-dioxide laser is the standard laser for cutting tissue: the infra-red beam it produces is strongly absorbed by water and so vaporises cells. Thus, by moving a ?nely focused beam across the tissue, it is possible to make an incision.

The two main uses of laser in surgery are the endoscopic (see ENDOSCOPE) photocoagulation of bleeding vessels, and the incision of tissue. Lasers have important applications in OPHTHALMOLOGY in the treatment of such disorders as detachment of the retina and the diabetic complications of proliferative retinopathy and of the cornea (see EYE, DISORDERS OF). The destruction of abnormal cells – a sign of pre-malignancy – in the CERVIX UTERI is done using lasers. The beams may also be used to remove scar tissue from the FALLOPIAN TUBES resulting from infection, thus unblocking the tubes and improving the chances of CONCEPTION. Lasers also have several important applications in DERMATOLOGY. They are used in the treatment of pigmented lesions such as LENTIGO, in the obliteration of port-wine stains, in the removal of small, benign tumours such as verrucas, and ?nally in the removal of tattoos.

Low-intensity laser beams promote tissue healing and reduce in?ammation, pain and swelling. Their e?ect is achieved by stimulating blood and lymph ?ow and by cutting the production of PROSTAGLANDINS, which provoke in?ammation and pain. The beams are used to treat ligament sprains, muscle tears and in?amed joints and tendons.

The three great advantages of lasers are their potency, their speed of action, and the ability to focus on an extremely small area. For these reasons they are widely used, and have allowed great advances to be made in microsurgery, and particularly in FIBREOPTIC ENDOSCOPY.... laser

Laughing Gas

A popular name for NITROUS OXIDE GAS.... laughing gas

Lavender

See Alhucema.... lavender

Lead Poisoning

Lead and lead compounds are used in a variety of products including petrol additives (in the UK, lead-free petrol is now mandatory), piping (lead water pipes were once a common source of poisoning), weights, professional paints, dyes, ceramics, ammunition, homeopathic remedies, and ethnic cosmetic preparations. Lead compounds are toxic by ingestion, by inhalation and, rarely, by skin exposures. Metallic lead, if ingested, is absorbed if it remains in the gut. The absorption is greater in children, who may ingest lead from the paint on old cots

– although lead-containing paints are no longer used for items that children may be in contact with.

Acute poisonings are rare. Clinical features include metallic taste, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhoea, ANOREXIA, fatigue, muscle weakness and SHOCK. Neurological effects may include headache, drowsiness, CONVULSIONS and COMA. Inhalation results in severe respiratory-tract irritation and systemic symptoms as above.

Chronic poisonings cause gastrointestinal disturbances and constipation. Other effects are ANAEMIA, weakness, pallor, anorexia, insomnia, renal HYPERTENSION and mental fatigue. There may be a bluish ‘lead line’ on the gums, although this is rarely seen. Neuromuscular dysfunction may result in motor weakness and paralysis of the extensor muscles of the wrist and ankles. ENCEPHALOPATHY and nephropathy are severe effects. Chronic low-level exposures in children are linked with reduced intelligence and behavioural and learning disorders.

Treatment Management of patients who have been poisoned is supportive, with removal from source, gastric decontamination if required, and X-RAYS to monitor the passage of metallic lead through the gut if ingested. It is essential to ensure adequate hydration and renal function. Concentrations of lead in the blood should be monitored; where these are found to be toxic, chelation therapy should be started. Several CHELATING AGENTS are now available, such as DMSA (Meso-2,3dimercaptosuccinic acid), sodium calcium edetate (see EDTA) and PENICILLAMINE. (See also POISONS.)... lead poisoning

Lecithin

A very complex fat found in various tissues of the body, but particularly in the brain and nerves, of which it forms a large part. It is also found in large quantities in the yolk of an egg.... lecithin

Learning Disability

Learning disability, previously called mental handicap, is a problem of markedly low intellectual functioning. In general, people with learning disability want to be seen as themselves, to learn new skills, to choose where to live, to have good health care, to have girlfriends or boyfriends, to make decisions about their lives, and to have enough money to live on. They may live at home with their families, or in small residential units with access to work and leisure and to other people in ordinary communities. Some people with learning disabilities, however, also have a MENTAL ILLNESS. Most can be treated as outpatients, but a few need more intensive inpatient treatment, and a very small minority with disturbed behaviour need secure (i.e. locked) settings.

In the United Kingdom, the 1993 Education Act refers to ‘learning diffculties’: generalised (severe or moderate), or speci?c (e.g. DYSLEXIA, dyspraxia [or APRAXIA], language disorder). The 1991 Social Security (Disability Living Allowance) Regulations use the term ‘severely mentally impaired’ if a person suffers from a state of arrested development or incomplete physical development of the brain which results in severe impairment of intelligence and social functioning. This is distinct from the consequences of DEMENTIA. Though ‘mental handicap’ is widely used, ‘learning disability’ is preferred by the Department of Health.

There is a distinction between impairment (a biological de?cit), disability (the functional consequence) and handicap (the social consequence).

People with profound learning disability are usually unable to communicate adequately and may be seriously movement-impaired. They are totally dependent on others for care and mobility. Those with moderate disability may achieve basic functional literacy (recognition of name, common signs) and numeracy (some understanding of money) but most have a life-long dependency for aspects of self-care (some fastenings for clothes, preparation of meals, menstrual hygiene, shaving) and need supervision for outdoor mobility.

Children with moderate learning disability develop at between half and three-quarters of the normal rate, and reach the standard of an average child of 8–11 years. They become independent for self-care and public transport unless they have associated disabilities. Most are capable of supervised or sheltered employment. Living independently and raising a family may be possible.

Occurrence Profound learning disability affects about 1 in 1,000; severe learning disability 3 in 1,000; and moderate learning disability requiring special service, 1 per cent. With improved health care, survival of people with profound or severe learning disability is increasing.

Causation Many children with profound or severe learning disability have a diagnosable biological brain disorder. Forty per cent have a chromosome disorder – see CHROMOSOMES (three quarters of whom have DOWN’S (DOWN) SYNDROME); a further 15 per cent have other genetic causes, brain malformations or recognisable syndromes. About 10 per cent suffered brain damage during pregnancy (e.g. from CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV) infection) or from lack of oxygen during labour or delivery. A similar proportion suffer postnatal brain damage from head injury – accidental or otherwise – near-miss cot death or drowning, cardiac arrest, brain infection (ENCEPHALITIS or MENINGITIS), or in association with severe seizure disorders.

Explanations for moderate learning disability include Fragile X or other chromosome abnormalities in a tenth, neuro?bromatosis (see VON RECKLINGHAUSEN’S DISEASE), fetal alcohol syndrome and other causes of intra-uterine growth retardation. Genetic counselling should be considered for children with learning disability. Prenatal diagnosis is sometimes possible. In many children, especially those with mild or moderate disability, no known cause may be found.

Medical complications EPILEPSY affects 1 in 20 with moderate, 1 in 3 with severe and 2 in 3 with profound learning disability, although only 1 in 50 with Down’s syndrome is affected. One in 5 with severe or profound learning disability has CEREBRAL PALSY.

Psychological and psychiatric needs Over half of those with profound or severe – and many with moderate – learning disability show psychiatric or behavioural problems, especially in early years or adolescence. Symptoms may be atypical and hard to assess. Psychiatric disorders include autistic behaviour (see AUTISM) and SCHIZOPHRENIA. Emotional problems include anxiety, dependence and depression. Behavioural problems include tantrums, hyperactivity, self-injury, passivity, masturbation in public, and resistance to being shaved or helped with menstrual hygiene. There is greater vulnerability to abuse with its behavioural consequences.

Respite and care needs Respite care is arranged with link families for children or sta?ed family homes for adults where possible. Responsibility for care lies with social services departments which can advise also about bene?ts.

Education Special educational needs should be met in the least restrictive environment available to allow access to the national curriculum with appropriate modi?cation and support. For older children with learning disability, and for young children with severe or profound learning disability, this may be in a special day or boarding school. Other children can be provided for in mainstream schools with extra classroom support. The 1993 Education Act lays down stages of assessment and support up to a written statement of special educational needs with annual reviews.

Pupils with learning disability are entitled to remain at school until the age of 19, and most with severe or profound learning disability do so. Usually those with moderate learning disability move to further education after the age of 16.

Advice is available from the Mental Health Foundation, the British Institute of Learning Disabilities, MENCAP (Royal Society for Mentally Handicapped Children and Adults), and ENABLE (Scottish Society for the Mentally Handicapped).... learning disability

Leech

A blood-feeding annelid worm.... leech

Legionnaire’s Disease

Infection by the Gram negative rod, Legionella pneumophila and other species of the Genus. Often presents as an atypical pneumonia. Outbreaks have been reported from various countries.... legionnaire’s disease

Leiomyoma

A benign tumour made up of unstriped or involuntary muscle ?bres.... leiomyoma

Lethargy

Lethargy, or lassitude, means a loss of energy. It is a common presenting complaint both to general practitioners and to hospital consultants. It may have a physical cause or a psychological cause; it may be the result of inadequate rest, environmental noise, boredom, insomnia or recent illness. Certain medicinal drugs can cause lethargy, the most common being beta blockers (see BETA-ADRENOCEPTOR-BLOCKING DRUGS) and DIURETICS, and drugs of abuse may also be a cause (see DEPENDENCE). The common psychosocial problems producing lethargy are DEPRESSION and anxiety.

If the patient with lethargy runs a fever, the di?erential diagnosis is that of a PUO (pyrexia of unknown origin). Many patients with fatigue can establish the onset of the symptom to a febrile illness even though they no longer run a fever. The lethargy that follows some viral infecions, such as HEPATITIS A and glandular fever (see MONONUCLEOSIS) is well recognised; MYALGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS (ME) or chronic fatigue syndrome is another disorder associated with lethargy and tiredness. Organic causes of lethargy include ANAEMIA, malnutrition and hypothyroidism (see THYROID GLAND, DISEASES OF). Some of these patients have a true depressive illness and their presentation and response to treatment is little di?erent from that of sufferers of any other depressive illness, URAEMIA, alcoholism and DIABETES MELLITUS.... lethargy

Leucocyte

A white blood cell.... leucocyte

Leucoderma

Any white area on the skin... leucoderma

Leucocytosis

A condition in which the polymorphonuclear LEUCOCYTES in the blood are increased in number. It occurs in many di?erent circumstances, and forms a valuable means of diagnosis in certain diseases; however, the condition may occur as a normal reaction in certain conditions (e.g. pregnancy, menstruation, and during muscular exercise). It is usually due to the presence of in?ammatory processes (see INFLAMMATION) – the increased number of leucocytes helping to destroy the invading bacteria. Thus, during many acute infective diseases, such as pneumonia, the number is greatly increased. In all suppurative conditions (where PUS is formed) there is also a leucocytosis, and if it seems that an ABSCESS is forming deep in the abdomen, or in some other site where it cannot be readily examined – as, for example, an abscess resulting from APPENDICITIS – the examination of a drop of blood gives a valuable aid in the diagnosis, and may be su?cient, in the absence of other signs, to point out the urgent need of an operation.... leucocytosis

Levamisole

A drug used to treat ASCARIASIS. Its main advantage seems to be in mass treatment, as one dose may prove e?ective. It is also being used in the treatment of a group of diseases of obscure origin, including CROHN’S DISEASE and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS. The drug is available in the UK with certain restrictions.... levamisole

Levodopa

A drug used in the treatment of PARKINSONISM. It is converted to DOPAMINE in the brain, correcting the de?ciency which causes the disorder. Levodopa is often given with carbidopa or benserazide, both dopamine decarboxylase inhibitors, to prevent its conversion to dopamine in the body before it reaches the brain. It may cause nausea, HYPOTENSION or cardiac DYSRHYTHMIA.... levodopa

Libido

The natural desire for sexual intercourse. Lack of desire or diminished libido may occur in any general medical illness as well as in endocrine diseases when there is a lack of production of the sex hormones. The strength or weakness of the sexual drive may be associated with psychiatric diseases; it may also be the result of certain drugs. It must be distinguished from IMPOTENCE, where the desire for intercourse is normal but the performance is defective due to the inability to achieve or maintain an erection.... libido

Lidocaine

A local anaesthetic given by injection, previously called lignocaine. It is also used in the treatment of certain disorders of cardiac rhythm known as ventricular arrhythmias which may be particularly dangerous following a coronary thrombosis (see HEART, DISEASES OF).... lidocaine

Lien

(Vietnamese) Resembling the lotus Lian... lien

Ligation

Tying-o? – for example, of a blood vessel – by completely encircling it with a tight band, usually of catgut or some other suture material.... ligation

Ligature

A cord or thread used to tie around arteries in order to stop the circulation through them, or to prevent escape of blood from their cut ends. Ligatures are generally made of catgut or silk, and are tied with a reef-knot.... ligature

Linear Accelerator

See RADIOTHERAPY.... linear accelerator

Lipid

A descriptive term, rather than chemical one, for fats. Broadly, it means true fats (like triglycerides), lipoids (like phospholipids) and sterols (like cholesterol).... lipid

Liposarcoma

A rare malignant TUMOUR of adipose or fatty tissue. It occurs most frequently in the thighs, buttocks or retro-peritoneum. The four main types are: well di?erentiated; myxoid; round cell; and pleomorphic (variety of forms).... liposarcoma

Liposuction

A surgical procedure, also called suction lipectomy, for extracting unwanted accumulations of subcutaneous FAT with the use of a powerful suction tube passed through the skin at di?erent sites. Widely used in cosmetic surgery to improve the contour of the body, particularly that of women, the technique can have unwanted side-effects.... liposuction

Liquorice

Glycyrrhiza glabra

Papilionaceae

San: Yashtimadhu Hin: Jathimadh Mal: Irattimadhuram Tam:Athimadhuram

Tel: Yashtimadhukam

Ben: Yashtomadhu Pun:Muleti

Importance: Liquorice or Muleti is a perennial herb or undershrub about 1m high. Its dried peeled or unpeeled underground stems and roots constitute the drug which is an important constituent of all cough and catarrh syrups, throat lozenges and pastilles. This has been used in medicine for more than 4000 years. Hippocrates (400 BC) mentioned its use as a remedy for ulcers and quenching of thirst. Dioscorides, the father of Greek medicine described this drug in detail and considered it useful for maintaining shape of arteries and in burning stomach, trouble of liver and kidney, scabies, healing of wounds and as a remedy for eye diseases. It has been used in Arab system of medicine for more than 600 years from where it has been adopted to modern medicine (Gibson, 1978).

The commercial name of the dried rhizome and root of the plant is liquorice which is used as flavouring agent and the taste coorigent in pharmaceutical and confectionery industries and its products are widely reported to be useful in ulcer therapy. Glycyrrhizin, a triterpene glucoside, is the principal constituent of G. glabra which is 50 times sweeter than sugar.

Distribution: Liquorice is native to Mediterranean region, South Europe and Middle East. It is widely distributed in Spain, Italy, Greece, Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, Turkey, parts of USSR and China. However its cultivation is limited to small areas in USSR, UK, and USA. In India, it grows in Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir. Semi arid areas of Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarath states are suitable for the cultivation of Liquorice. However, its commercial cultivation has not yet been possible and the domestic requirement is largely met through imports.

Botany: Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. belongs to the family Papilionaceae. The word Glycyrrhiza is of Greek origin meaning ‘sweet’ and glabra means ‘smooth’ which refers to smooth fruit of the species. This is a tall perennial, self pollinated herb or undershrub about 1m high with long cylindrical burrowing rootstock and horizontal creeping stolons which reach 1.5-1.8m in length. Leaves are alternate, pinnate with 9-17 leaflets. Leaflets are yellowish-green, 2.5-5cm long, ovate and obtuse. Flowers are pale blue arranged in a raceme and 1.25cm long. Calyx is glandular and pubescent. The pods are glabrous, red to brown having 3-4 seeds. Rhizome is soft, flexible and fibrous with light yellow colour and a characteristic sweet taste.

Agrotechnology: This plant thrives well in subtropical areas with very warm summers and cool winters with a rainfall not exceeding 500mm. Semi -arid and arid areas in subtropical zones are not suitable for the cultivation of this crop. It does not tolerate high humidity and waterlogged conditions. Well drained light loam soils which are rich in calcium and magnesium with slightly alkaline pH and free from stones are ideal for this crop. There are a number of varieties of this crop among which Spanish, Russian and Persian liquorice are quite common. Commercial varieties are Typica, Regel and Herd. This is propagated by seed, but usually multiplied vegetatively either through crown cuttings or stolon pieces. In the case of crown cuttings, 10-15cm long crown pieces with 2-3 buds are planted vertically at a distance of 0.6-0.7m in rows 1-1.5m apart. However, most of the liquorice is propagated through stolon pieces of the above size planted horizontally, preferably on ridges during spring at the same distance as above. Rapid clonal propagation is also possible by tissue culture technique. Murashige and Skoog’s medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine and indole-3-acetic acid favoured multiple shoot production without any intervening callus phase. These regenerated plantlets can be transferred to earthen pots in the glass house and after a brief hardening phase, these are transplanted in the field with a high rate (90-95%) of survival. This plant normally does not require much fertilizers but in deficient soils, it is better to apply 10-15 tonnes FYM per hectare before planting. The field should be immediately irrigated after planting in spring and after the crop has sprouted, it requires very little irrigation. Space between the rows should be kept free from weeds. Short term vegetables like carrot or cabbage can be planted between the rows for additional income. In order to produce good rhizome, flowering shoots are clipped. No serious disease except leaf spot caused by Cercospora cavarae has been reported in this crop. Roots are ready for harvesting after 3-4 years. The root is dug when the top has dried during autumn (November- December). A trench 60cm deep is dug along the ridges and the entire root is lifted. Broken parts of the root left in the soil, sprout again and give another crop after 2-3 years. Thus liquorice once planted properly can be harvested for 10-15 years.

Postharvest technology: Harvested roots are cut into pieces of 15-20cm long and 1-2cm in diameter. They are washed and dried upto 6-8% moisture in the sun and shade alternately which reduces the weight by 50%. The average yield of dried roots varies from 1-3 tonnes per hectare depending on the variety, soil and climatic conditions.

Properties and activity: Roots gave a number of compounds the most important bieng a glucoside, glycyrrhizin which gave glycyrrhetinic acid on enzyme hydrolysis. Root also contains flavans, flavones, iso-flavanoes and coumarins including a 4-methyl coumarin, liqcoumarin, glabridin, glabrene, 4’-0-methyl and 3’-methoxyglabridin, formononetin, salicylic acid, 0-acetyl salicylic acid which has been isolated first time from nature, hispaglabridins A and B and 4’0- methylglabridin.On hydrolysis it also gave two molecules of d-glucuronic acid, each linked with 1-2 linkage to 3-hydroxyl of the sapogenin (Elgamal et al, 1969) Glycyrrhizin is antidiuretic, antiinflammatory, expectorant, antiulcerous, antihistamine. Glycyrrhizic acid is antiviral. The roots are emetic, tonic, diuretic, demulcent, mild laxative, aphrodisiac, trichogenous, expectorant, emmenagogue, alexipharmic, alterant and intellect promoting.... liquorice

Lithotomy

The operation of cutting for stone in the bladder. The operation is of great historic interest, because more has probably been written about it in early times than about any other type of surgery – and because, for a long time, it formed almost the only operation in which the surgeon dared to attack diseases of the internal organs.... lithotomy

Lithotripsy

Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) causes disintegration of renal and biliary stones (see CALCULI) without physical contact, and is therefore an attractive procedure for patients and surgeons alike.

Shock waves generated outside the body can be accurately focused with a re?ector whilst the patient is suspended in water, to facilitate transmission of the waves. These are focused on the calculus. The resultant ?ne fragments are passed spontaneously in the urine with minimal, if any, discomfort. The procedure has been shown to be safe, short and e?ective, and is most acceptable to patients.... lithotripsy

Lobectomy

The operation of cutting out a lobe of the lung in such diseases as abscess of the lung and bronchiectasis and carcinoma (see LUNGS, DISEASES OF).... lobectomy

Lobelia

Lobelia inflata. N.O. Campanulaceae.

Synonym: Indian Tobacco, Pukeweed, Emetic Weed.

Habitat: North America ; cultivated in Salt Lake City.

Features ? A biennial herb, in height from twelve to eighteen inches, the stem is angular and slightly hairy. One to three inches long, the leaves are alternate, sessile, and ovate-lanceolate, with small, whitish glands on the edge. The fruit is in the form of a flat, oval capsule, which contains ovate-oblong seeds about one eighth of an inch long, brown in colour, with a reticulated, pitted surface. The root is fibrous, and the plant bears a small blue, pointed flower. The taste is burning and acrid like tobacco, the odour slight. Part used ? Herb and seeds are used.

Action: Emetic, stimulant, antispasmodic, expectorant, and diaphoretic.

Lobelia inflata has for many years been one of the most widely discussed and hotly debated articles used in medicine. While many herbalists contend that it is the most valuable of all botanic remedies, official medicine in England classifies it as a poison. Herbalists who use Lobelia insist that it is most certainly not a poison, and that it can be administered by them in large doses with perfect safety. They use it chiefly as an emetic, and, as its administration brings about the prompt removal of accumulations of mucus, the action in bronchial complaints is speedy and beneficial. Coffin's comments in this connection are enthusiastic ? "Lobelia is decidedly the most certain and efficient emetic known, and is at the same time safe in its operations. Unlike most emetics from the mineral kingdom, it produces its specific effect without corroding the stomach or producing morbid irritation and inflammation of the mucous membrane of this organ, which are so common in the use of antimony, zinc, and the sulphate of copper. Lobelia may emphatically be said to 'operate in unison with the laws of life'."

In view of the controversy surrounding its use, the history of Lobelia is interesting. North American Indians had apparently long been acquainted

with its properties, but its first introduction to general use was due to the efforts of the famous American, Samuel Thomson. His disciple, Dr. Coffin, brought the herb to this country and used it extensively in his practice for over forty years, apparently with great success "in almost every form of disease, and from the tender infant to the aged," to quote Coffin himself. In both America and Britain herbalists have been tried on charges of causing death by administering Lobelia, but in no instance has a verdict been obtained against them.... lobelia

Lobe

The term applied to the larger divisions of various organs, such as to the four lobes of the LIVER, the three lobes of the right and the two lobes of the left lung, which are separated by ?ssures from one another (see LUNGS), and to the lobes or super?cial areas into which the BRAIN is divided. The term lobar is applied to structures which are connected with lobes of organs, or to diseases which have a tendency to be limited by the boundaries of lobes, such as lobar PNEUMONIA.... lobe

Loin

The name applied to the part of the back between the lower ribs and the pelvis. (For pain in the loins, see BACKACHE; LUMBAGO.)... loin

Loiasis

Loiasis is the disease caused by the ?larial worm Loa loa, a thread-like worm which di?ers from

W. bancrofti in that it is shorter and thicker, and is found in the bloodstream during the day, not at night. It is transmitted by the mango ?y, Chrysops dimidiata, but other ?ies of this genus can also transmit it. It is con?ned to West and Central Africa. The characteristic feature of the disease is the appearance of fugitive swellings which may arise anywhere in the body in the course of the worm’s migration through it: these are known as Calabar swellings. The worm is often found in the eye, hence the old name of the worm in Africa – the eye worm. Diethylcarbamazine is the treatment for this form of FILARIASIS.... loiasis

Loperamide

A drug that reduces the motility of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. It is of limited use as an adjunct to ?uid replacement in diarrhoea in adults, and is sometimes used in chronic non-infective diarrhoea in children.... loperamide

Lorazepam

A benzodiazepine tranquilliser (see BENZODIAZEPINES), shown to be of limited use in the short-term treatment of anxiety or insomnia, in STATUS EPILEPTICUS, or for perioperative use. Its use is not recommended for children. As with other benzodiazepines, the smallest possible dose should be given for the shortest possible time, as DEPENDENCE is a well-recognised danger.... lorazepam

Lordosis

An unnatural curvature of the spine forwards. It occurs chie?y in the lumbar region, where the natural curve is forwards, as the result of muscular weakness, spinal disease, etc. (See SPINAL COLUMN.)... lordosis

Louse

Insects belonging to the orders Anoplura (sucking lice) or Mallophaga (biting/feather lice). Human lice include the Head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis), the body louse (P.h.corporis) and the pubic louse (Pthirus pubis).... louse

Lovage

Love... lovage

Lumbar

A term used to denote structures in, or diseases affecting, the region of the loins (see LOIN) – as, for example, the lumbar vertebrae, lumbar abscess.... lumbar

Lumen

(1) The space enclosed by a tubular structure or hollow organ (e.g. the gastrointestinal tract or urinary bladder).

(2) The SI unit of luminous ?ux (1 lumen [1m] = the amount of light emitted per second in a unit solid angle of 1 steradian by a 1-candela point source).... lumen

Lumpectomy

An operation for suspected breast cancer (see BREASTS, DISEASES OF), in which the tumour is removed from the breast rather than with it (see MASTECTOMY).... lumpectomy

Lumbar Puncture

A procedure for removing CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF) from the spinal canal in the LUMBAR region in order: (1) to diagnose disease of the nervous system; (2) to introduce medicaments – spinal anaesthetics or drugs. A hollow needle is inserted into the lower section of the space around the SPINAL CORD (see diagram) and the cerebrospinal ?uid withdrawn. The procedure should not be done too rapidly or the subject may develop a severe headache. Examination of the cerebrospinal ?uid helps in the diagnosis and investigation of disorders of the brain and spinal cord – for example, MENINGITIS and SUBARACHNOID HAEMORRHAGE. When using the procedure to inject drugs into the CSF, the operator must take care to inject only those agents speci?cally produced for CSF injection. Deaths have occurred because the wrong drug has been injected, and there have been demands for specialised equipment and strict procedures that will prevent such tragedies.... lumbar puncture

Luteinizing Hormone

(LH) This is a sugar-bearing protein manufactured by the anterior pituitary. Like a lot of the pituitary hormones, it surges on and off, since constant secretion would overload and deaden receptors. In women, it builds up after menses, stimulating the release of estrogen from the ovaries. Estrogen in turn stimulates the hypothalamus to increase its stimulation of LH from the pituitary, until, a day or two before ovulation, they produce a guitar-amp feedback, and the cells that produce LH start to surge follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). The egg pops, being replaced by the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone for the next eleven to twelve days. Progesterone inhibits and lowers LH levels, as well as inhibiting levels of estrogen already being produced by the young follicles that will produce next month’s egg. In men, LH is responsible for stimulation of testosterone, although FSH and the testes hormone inhibin are responsible for both the production of sperm and controlling testosterone.... luteinizing hormone

Lymphangiography

A procedure whereby the LYMPHATICS and lymphatic glands can be rendered visible on X-ray ?lms by means of the injection of radio-opaque substances. It has now been replaced largely by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).... lymphangiography

Lymphangioma

An uncommon, non-malignant tumour occurring in the skin or the tongue. It comprises an abnormal collection of lymph vessels and tends to be present from birth. Sometimes it disappears spontaneously, but it may need surgical removal.... lymphangioma

Lymphatic

Pertaining to the lymph system...sometimes more broadly to include immunity.... lymphatic

Lymphogranuloma Venereum

(LGV) A tropical sexually transmitted disease caused by Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes L1, L2 and L3.... lymphogranuloma venereum

Lymphocyte

A variety of white blood cell produced in the LYMPHOID TISSUE and lymphatic glands (see LYMPHATICS; GLAND) of the body. It contains a simple, rounded nucleus surrounded by protoplasm generally described as non-granular. Two varieties of lymphocyte are described, small and large, and together they form over 20 per cent of the white cells of the blood. They play an important part in the production of ANTIBODIES, and in the rejection of transplanted organs such as the heart (see TRANSPLANTATION). This they do in two di?erent ways: what are known as B-lymphocytes produce antibodies, while T-lymphocytes attack and destroy antigens (see ANTIGEN) directly. The latter are known as T-lymphocytes because they are produced by the THYMUS GLAND. Their numbers are increased in TUBERCULOSIS and certain other diseases. Such an increase is known as LYMPHOCYTOSIS.... lymphocyte

Lysozyme

An ENZYME present in tears and egg white, lysozyme catalyses the destruction of some bacteria by damaging their walls.... lysozyme

Phantom Limb

Following the AMPUTATION of a limb, it is usual for the patient to experience sensations as if the limb were still present. This condition is referred to as a phantom limb. In most patients the sensation passes o? in time.... phantom limb

Lipoprotein

A protein found in the blood lymph and plasma which combines with fats such as cholesterol. It is important for transport of fats in the lymph vessels and blood stream.

High density lipoproteins (HDLs) are blood-fats known to delay deposits of cholesterol on blood vessels, while low density lipoproteins (LDLs) have the opposite effect.

See: HYPERLIPIDAEMIA. HYPERCHOLESTEROLAEMIA. CHOLESTEROL. ... lipoprotein

Farmer’s Lung

Allergic alveolitis. An occupational lung disease due to inhaling dust and mouldy grain, hay or other mouldy vegetable produce. Usually affects farm workers and those exposed to its wide range of allergens.

Symptoms: Influenza-like fever, breathlessness, cough.

Prognosis: Chronic lung damage and progressive disability.

Indicated: antifungals, antibiotics.

Alternatives. Teas. Marigold, Ground Ivy, Scarlet Pimpernel, Yarrow. 1 heaped teaspoon to each cup boiling water; infuse 5-15 minutes; 1 cup freely.

Tablets/capsules. Garlic, Echinacea, Goldenseal, Thuja.

Powders. Combine, parts, Echinacea 3; Goldenseal 1; Thuja 1. Dose: 500mg, (two 00 capsules or one- third teaspoon) thrice daily.

Decoction. Irish Moss, to promote expectoration and eliminate debris.

Tinctures. Alternatives. (1) Echinacea 2; Lobelia 1; Liquorice 1. (2) Equal parts: Wild Indigo, Thuja and Pleurisy root. (3) Echinacea 2; Marigold 1; Thuja half; Liquorice half. Dosage: two 5ml teaspoons in water thrice daily. Acute cases: every 2 hours.

Topical. Inhalation of Eucalyptus or Tea Tree oils.

Diet. See: DIET – GENERAL. Yoghurt in place of milk.

Note: Bronchodilators of little value. Those at risk should have an X-ray at regular intervals. ... farmer’s lung

Hearing Loss

Otosclerosis: a common cause of deafness in healthy adults. Gradual progressive hearing loss with troublesome tinnitus. The stapes may be fixed and the cochlea damaged. Bones may become spongy and demineralised. While deafness is a matter for the professional specialist, herbal treatment may prove useful. Examine ear for wax.

Internal. Elderflower and Peppermint tea (catarrhal). Ginkgo tea.

Tablets/capsules. Ginkgo. Improvement reported in moderate loss.

Topical. Garlic oil. Injection of 3-4 drops at night.

Wax in the ear. Mixture: 30 drops oil Eucalyptus, 1 drop Tincture Capsicum (or 3 of Ginger), 1oz (30ml) Olive oil. Inject 4-5 drops, warm.

Black Cohosh Drops. It is claimed that John Christopher (USA) improved many cases of moderate hearing loss with topical use of 5-10 drops Liquid Extract in 1oz oil of Mullein (or Olive oil).

Pulsatilla Drops. Tincture Pulsatilla and glycerol 50/50. 2-3 drops injected at bedtime. Assists auditory nerve function. (Arthur Hyde)

Nerve deafness due to fibroma of the 8th cranial nerve, or after surgery – oral: Mistletoe tea for temporary relief. ... hearing loss

Lichen Planus

An inflammatory skin eruption with small shiny pimples starting from the wrists and spreading towards the trunk. Associated with lesions on mucous surfaces – vulva, penis, mouth. Cause is unknown but sometimes related to tuberculosis or drug poisoning. Usually over front of wrists, trunk and shins.

Symptoms: Severe itching. Thickened skin with shiny red patches which later become brown and scaly. Distinguish from psoriasis. Nails ridged and split.

Alternatives. Relief from itching by use of antihistamines: Garlic, Goldenseal, Ephedra, Lobelia.

Teas. Nettles, Boneset, Chickweed, Heartsease, Yucca.

Decoctions. (1) Combine: equal parts: Burdock, Sarsaparilla, Passion flower. OR (2) Combine: equal parts: Echinacea, Blue Flag root, Sarsaparilla. Half an ounce (14g) to 1 pint (500ml) water gently simmered 20 minutes. Dose: half-1 cup thrice daily.

Cold infusion. One heaped teaspoon Barberry (Berberis Vul) to cup cold water. Steep overnight. Half-1 cup thrice daily.

Powders, Liquid Extracts or Tinctures. Equal parts: Wild Yam, Blue Flag root, Fringe Tree bark. Powders: 500mg. Liquid Extracts: 30-60 drops in water. Tinctures: 1-2 teaspoons in water. Thrice daily before meals.

Mouth ulcers: Rinse mouth with Goldenseal and Myrrh drops, in water.

Topical. Ointment or pulp from any one: Aloe Vera, Comfrey, Chickweed, Houseleek, Marshmallow. Vaginal lesion. Aloe Vera pulp or gel.

Diet. Avoid citrus fruits and milk.

Vitamins. A. B-complex, B12, C. E. F. PABA.

Minerals. Dolomite. Zinc. Cod Liver oil: one dessertspoon daily. ... lichen planus

Lupus Erythematosus

Auto-immune disease – antibody to DNA. Non-tubercula. Two kinds: (1) discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) and (2) systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). DLE occurs mostly in middle-aged women, but SLE in young women. Activity may be followed by period of remission. The condition may evolve into rheumatic disease.

Symptoms (SLE): Loss of appetite, fever. Weight loss, weakness. Thickened scaly red patches on face (butterfly rash). May invade scalp and cause loss of hair. Sunlight worsens. Anaemia. Joint pains. Enlarged spleen. Heart disorders. Kidney weakness, with protein in the urine. Symptoms worse on exposure to sunlight. Low white blood cell count. Many patients may also present with Raynaud’s phenomenon while some women with silicone breast implants may develop lupus.

Treatment. Anti-virals. Alteratives. Anti-inflammatories, anticoagulants. Alternatives. Teas: Lime flowers, Gotu Kola, Ginkgo, Aloe Vera, Boneset.

Decoctions: Burdock. Queen’s Delight. Helonias.

Tablets/capsules. Echinacea. Blue Flag root. Wild Yam. Ginkgo.

Formula. Dandelion 1; Black Haw 1; Wild Yam half; Poke root half. Dose: Liquid Extracts: one 5ml teaspoon. Tinctures: two 5ml teaspoons. Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon). Thrice daily.

Topical. Sunlight barrier creams: Aloe Vera, Comfrey. Horsetail poultice. Garlic ointment. Castor oil packs.

Diet. See: DIET – SKIN DISORDERS.

Supplements. Calcium pantothenate, Vitamin A, Vitamin E, Selenium.

Note: The disorder is frequently misdiagnosed as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis or ME. Lupus antibodies have been linked with premature heart disease in women and transient strokes. ... lupus erythematosus

Lupus Vulgaris

Tubercula skin disease, with small apple-jelly yellow nodules progressing to ulceration. Distribution: face, neck and mucous surfaces of mouth and nose. Non-itching. Skin thickens and discolours. Nose may be eroded and deformed.

Treatment. Because of plastic surgery deformities are now seldom seen, yet herbalism may still have a case in the absence of conventional drugs.

Teas. Elecampane. Gotu Kola.

Red Clover compound.

Arthur Barker. Liquid Extract Echinacea 1oz; Liquid Extract Queen’s Delight half an ounce; Tincture Goldenseal 30 drops. Syr Senna 2oz. Distilled, or pure spring water to 8oz. Dose: 1 dessertspoon after meals.

Topical. Marshmallow and Slippery Elm poultices or ointment. Oil of Mullein. Aloe Vera. Castor oil packs. ... lupus vulgaris

Lymphatic System

Lymph is the same fluid which oozes from a cut when bleeding stops. It surrounds every living cell. Lymph conveys to the blood the final products of digestion of food. It also receives from the blood waste products of metabolism. This is a two-way traffic.

Lymph fluid, loaded with waste, excess protein, etc, is sucked into the lymph tubes to be filtered by the spleen and the lymph nodes. The tubes are filled with countless one-way valves referred to collectively as the lymphatic pump, which propels the flow of lymph forwards. Lymph ultimately is collected in the main thoracic duct rising upwards in front of the spine to enter the bloodstream at the base of the neck.

A number of disorders may arise when the fluid becomes over-burdened by toxaemia, poor drainage and enlarged nodes (glands). Such un-eliminated wastes form cellulite – unwanted tissue formation and swelling. Thus, the soil may be prepared for various chronic illnesses from glandular disorders to arthritis. If the lymph is circulating freely it is almost impossible to become sick.

This system is capable of ingesting foreign particles and building up an immunity against future infection. Some herbal Lymphatics are also antimicrobials, natural alternatives to conventional antibiotics.

Treatment. Clivers is particularly relative to glandular swellings of neck and axillae.

For active inflammation: Echinacea, Goldenseal, Ginseng (Panax).

Alternatives. Teas: Clivers, Red Clover, Agnus Castus herb, Bladderwrack, Violet leaves, Marigold petals.

Decoctions: Blue Flag, Echinacea, Fenugreek seeds, Saw Palmetto.

Tablets/capsules. Agnus Castus, Echinacea, Bladderwrack, Red Clover, Thuja, Poke root, Fenugreek. Formula No 1. Echinacea 2; Clivers 1; Burdock 1; Poke root half. Dose: Liquid Extracts: one 5ml teaspoon. Tinctures: two 5ml teaspoons. Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon). Thrice daily.

Formula No 2. Equal parts: Blue Flag root, Poke root, Senna. Dose: as above.

Topical. Poultices: Slippery Elm, Fenugreek seeds, Marshmallow. Horsechestnut (Aesculus) ointment. ... lymphatic system

Assisted Living

See “residential care services”; “assisted living facility”.... assisted living

Bifocal Lens

A spectacle lens in which the upper part is shaped to assist distant vision and the lower part is for close work such as reading.... bifocal lens

Burkitt’s Lymphoma

Lymphoid tumour associated with Epstein-Barr (EB) virus. Especially common in malaria endemic areas, such as Africa and Papua New Guinea. May be associated with the immunosuppressive effects of the malaria infection.... burkitt’s lymphoma

Cod-liver Oil

Cod-liver oil is derived from the fresh liver of the cod (Gadus callarius). It is a rich source of vitamin D, used in the prevention and treatment of RICKETS, and of vitamin A. Human milk contains more than enough vitamin D for the breast-fed baby, provided the mother has a balanced diet with adequate exposure to sunlight, or is taking vitamin supplements during pregnancy and lactation if considered necessary. All baby foods in the UK contain added vitamins, and therefore supplementation is unnecessary until weaning begins, and the baby starts taking cow’s milk, which contains less vitamin D than human milk. (See APPENDIX 5: VITAMINS.)... cod-liver oil

Crab-louse

Another name for Pediculus pubis, a louse that infests the pubic region. (See PEDICULOSIS.)... crab-louse

Dreams

See SLEEP.... dreams

End-of-life Care

Care of older persons who are dying.... end-of-life care

Frontal Lobe

The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere as far back as the central sulcus. It contains the motor cortex and the parts of the brain concerned with personality, behaviour and learning. (See BRAIN.)... frontal lobe

Germ Layer

Any one of the three discrete varieties of body tissue that develop in the early stages of growth of the EMBRYO. Development of the layers can be followed throughout the embryo’s stages of growth and specialisation into the body’s full range of tissues and organs (see ECTODERM; ENDODERM; MESODERM).... germ layer

Half Life

The time taken for the PLASMA concentration of an administered drug to decline by half as a result of redistribution, METABOLISM and EXCRETION.... half life

Islets Of Langerhans

Groups of specialised cells distributed throughout the PANCREAS, that produce three hormones: INSULIN, GLUCAGON, and SOMATOSTATIN.... islets of langerhans

Labia

Lips. The labia majora and labia minora are the outer and inner lip-like folds of skin surrounding the entrance to the VAGINA.... labia

Labium

Labium is the Latin word for a lip or lip-shaped organ.... labium

Lacrimal Nerve

A branch of the ophthalmic nerve supplying the lacrimal gland and conjunctiva of the EYE.... lacrimal nerve

Lacrimation

Crying, or the secretion of an excess quantity of tears.... lacrimation

Lactase

An ENZYME produced by glands in the small INTESTINE which changes lactose (milk sugar) into glucose and galactose during the process of digestion.... lactase

Lacteal

A lymphatic vessel that transmits CHYLE from the INTESTINE. (See also LYMPH.)... lacteal

Lactifuge

Retarding or causing cessation of the secretion of milk... lactifuge

Lacuna

A small pit or depression.... lacuna

Gracilaria Lichenoides

(Linn.) Hary.

Habitat: Native to South America, particularly its north-western parts. Also cultivated in India.

English: Egyptian Cotton, Sea- Island Cotton.

Ayurvedic: Kaarpaasa.

Siddha/Tamil: Semparutthi.

Folk: Kapaasa.

Action: Root—emmenagogue, oxytocic, abortifacient, parturient, lactagogue. Seed and leaf— antidysenteric. Seed—galacto- gogue, pectoral, febrifuge. Seed oil—used externally for clearing spots and freckles from the skin. Leaf—hypotensive, an- tirheumatic. Flower—used in hypochondriasis and bronchial inflammations.

The seed contains 26.2-27.9% protein; 1.22-2.42 free gossypol.... gracilaria lichenoides

Heart-lung Machine

A device that temporarily takes over the function of the heart and lungs. It is used in certain operations in the chest, giving the surgeon more time for operations such as open-heart surgery, heart transplants and heart-lung transplants. The machine also ensures an operating area largely free of blood, which helps the surgeon to work more quickly. A pump replaces the heart and an oxygenator replaces the lungs. When connected up, the machine in e?ect bypasses normal cardiopulmonary activity. It also contains a heat exchanger to warm or cool the patient’s blood according to the requirements of the operation. The patient is given an anticoagulant (HEPARIN) to counteract clotting which may occur when blood cells get damaged during the machine’s use. Patients are on the machine for a few hours only, because blood supply to vital organs begins to be reduced.... heart-lung machine

Lalia

(Greek) One who is well-spoken Lali, Lallia, Lalya, Lalea, Lalie, Lalee, Laly, Laley... lalia

Lamella

A small disc of glycerin jelly, 3 mm (1/8 inch) in diameter, containing an active drug for application to the eye. It is applied by insertion behind the lower lid.... lamella

Lanceolate

A leaf that is lance-shaped.... lanceolate

Lane

(English) One who takes the narrow path

Laine, Lainey, Laney, Lanie, Layne, Laina, Layna, Lainie, Laen, Laene, Laena, Laeni, Laenie, Lanee, Laynee, Laenee... lane

Lanugo

Soft ?ne hair covering the FETUS. It disappears by the ninth month of gestation and is therefore only seen on premature babies.... lanugo

Laparoscope

An instrument consisting, essentially, of a rigid or ?exible cylinder, an eyepiece and a light source, which is inserted through a small incision into the abdominal cavity (which has already been distended with carbon dioxode gas). The laparoscope allows the contents of the abdominal cavity to be examined without performing a LAPAROTOMY. Some operations may be performed using the laparoscope to guide the manipulation of instruments inserted through another small incision – for example, STERILISATION; CHOLECYSTECTOMY. (See also ENDOSCOPE; MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGERY (MIS).)... laparoscope

Larch

(American) One who is full of life Larche... larch

Larkspur

(English) Resembling the blue flower

Larkspurr, Larkspurre... larkspur

Larva

The pre-adult stage in insects and nematodes occurring between the egg and the sexually mature adult.... larva

Laryngo-tracheo-bronchitis

Also known as croup – see under LARYNX, DISORDERS OF.... laryngo-tracheo-bronchitis

Laryngology

See OTOLARYNGOLOGY.... laryngology

Laryngoscope

Examination of the LARYNX may be performed indirectly with use of a laryngeal mirror, or directly by use of a laryngoscope – a type of endoscope. The direct examination is usually performed under general anaesthetic.... laryngoscope

Larynx, Disorders Of

Obstruction of the larynx is potentially dangerous in adults but can sometimes be life-threatening in infants and children. Stridor – noisy, di?cult breathing – is a symptom of obstruction. There are several causes, including congenital abnormalities of the larynx. Others are in?ammatory conditions such as acute laryngitis (see below), acute EPIGLOTTITIS and laryngo-tracheo-bronchitis (croup – see below); neurological abnormalities; trauma; and inhalation of foreign bodies.

Laryngitis In?ammation of the mucous membrane of the larynx and vocal chords may be acute or chronic. The cause is usually an infection, most commonly viral, although it may be the result of secondary bacterial infection, voice abuse or irritation by gases or chemicals. ACUTE LARYNGITIS may accompany any form of upper-respiratory-tract infection. The main symptom is hoarseness and often pain in the throat. The voice becomes husky or it may be lost. Cough, breathing diffculties and sometimes stridor may occur. Acute airway obstruction is unusual following laryngitis but may occasionally occur in infants (see laryngotracheo-bronchitis, below).

Treatment Vapour inhalations may be soothing and reduce swelling. Usually all that is needed is rest and analgesics such as paracetamol. Rarely, airway intervention – either ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION or TRACHEOSTOMY – may be necessary if severe airway obstruction develops (see APPENDIX 1: BASIC FIRST AID). A?ected patients should rest their voice and avoid smoking.

Chronic laryngitis can result from repeated attacks of acute laryngitis; excessive use of the voice – loud and prolonged, singing or shouting; tumours, which may be benign or malignant; or secondary to diseases such as TUBERCULOSIS and SYPHILIS.

Benign tumours or small nodules, such as singer’s nodules, may be surgically removed by direct laryngoscopy under general anaesthetic; while cancer of the larynx may be treated either by RADIOTHERAPY or by SURGERY, depending on the extent of the disease. Hoarseness may be the only symptom of vocal-chord disturbance or of laryngeal cancer: any case which has lasted for six weeks should be referred for a specialist opinion.

Laryngectomy clubs are being established

A laryngoscopic view of the interior of the larynx.

throughout the country to support patients following laryngectomy. Speech therapists provide speech rehabilitation.... larynx, disorders of

Latanoprost

An analogue of prostaglandin (see PROSTAGLANDINS), used to treat open-angled GLAUCOMA and raised intra-ocular pressure in the EYE. Delivered as an eye drop, the drug is used in patients who cannot tolerate, or who fail to respond to, other treatments.... latanoprost

Latent Period

The time between initiation of infection and the first shedding of the agent.... latent period

Latissimus Dorsi

A large, ?at, triangular muscle in the back.... latissimus dorsi

Lavage

The name applied to the washing-out of the stomach, for example to deal with potentially harmful drug ingestion. (See GASTRIC LAVAGE.)... lavage

Lemon Balm Tea

Lemon balm tea is fragrant to drink and is a very effective tonic to calm nerves and anxiety. Cold lemon balm tea bags help relieve cold sores, or genital sores caused by the herpes simplex virus. Mix lemon balm leaves with valerian to treat anxiety, stress and insomnia. Lemon Balm contains several properties, which control herpes and also regulate the thyroid. Lemon balm when mixed with peppermint can calm an upset stomach, sooth the digestive track and reduce flatulence. Drink lemon balm tea if you suffer from nerve pain. Drinking lemon balm tea also helps strengthen memory and brain functions and also uplifts one’s mood.... lemon balm tea

Leproma

A nodule in the skin occurring in LEPROSY.... leproma

Leptospira

A group, or genus, of spiral micro-organisms, normally found in rodents and other small mammals in which they cause no harm. When transmitted to humans by these animals, either directly or indirectly as through cows, they give rise to various forms of illness (see LEPTOSPIROSIS).... leptospira

Lethal Gene

A gene that produces a GENOTYPE which causes the death of an organism before that organism has reproduced – or which prevents it from reproducing. Lethal genes are usually RECESSIVE, so the organism will die only if both its ‘parents’ carry the gene. Should only one parent have the lethal gene, its consequences will be masked by the dominant ALLELE passed on by the normal parent.... lethal gene

Leucine

One of the essential, or indispensable, AMINO ACIDS. They are so-called because they cannot be synthesised, or manufactured, in the body, and are therefore essential constituents of the diet.... leucine

Leucopenia

A condition in which the number of LEUCOCYTES in the blood is greatly reduced – by, say, ANAEMIA or cancer. It is also a dangerous sign in severe SEPTICAEMIA.... leucopenia

Leucoplakia

See LEUKOPLAKIA.... leucoplakia

Leucotomy

See PSYCHOSURGERY.... leucotomy

Levator

(1) Any muscle that raises the organ or structure into which it is inserted.

(2) A surgical instrument for raising depressed fragments of bone in a fracture, particularly a fracture of the skull.... levator

Lhrh Analogue

A synthetically produced agent with the same properties as LUTEINISING HORMONERELEASING HORMONE (LHRH).... lhrh analogue

Librium

See CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE.... librium

Life Cycle

1 The entire course of a person’s life – from infancy to old age. 2 The genetically prescribed course followed by all living organisms, including humans.... life cycle

Lilac

(Latin) Resembling the bluish-purple flower

Lilack, Lilak, Lylac, Lylack, Lylak, Lilach... lilac

Lily

(English) Resembling the flower; one who is innocent and beautiful Leelee, Lil, Lili, Lilie, Lilla, Lilley, Lilli, Lillie, Lillika, Lillita, Lilly, Lilybel, Lilybell, Lilybella, Lilybelle, Lillah, Lilia, Lilch, Lilika, Lilike... lily

Lily Of The Valley

Mental Powers, Happiness... lily of the valley

Limb Lengthening

An orthopaedic procedure in which the length of a limb, usually a leg, is increased. The bone is surgically divided and slowly stretched in a special frame. The operation is usually done on people with unequal leg lengths as a result of injury or from PARALYSIS in childhood. Exceptionally, it may be done in both legs to help people of short stature.... limb lengthening

Lime

Healing, Love, Protection... lime

Lindane

An insecticide used in SCABIES and lice infestations (see PEDICULOSIS); however, head lice are now often resistant. Used excessively, lindane may be neurotoxic (damage the nervous system).... lindane

Linea Nigra

During pregnancy, the LINEA ALBA becomes pigmented and appears as a dark line down the middle of the belly, and is called the linea nigra.... linea nigra

Lingual

Referring or related to the TONGUE: for example, the lingual nerve supplies sensation to the tongue.... lingual

Liniments

Liniments, or EMBROCATIONS, are oily mixtures intended for external application by rubbing. Their chief use is in the production of pain relief, particularly in rheumatic conditions. They may be highly toxic if taken orally.... liniments

Linkage

A description that in GENETICS means circumstances in which two or more GENES lie near each other on a chromosome (see CHROMOSOMES) and so may well be inherited together.... linkage

Linoleic Acid

An unsaturated fatty acid occurring widely in the glycerides of plants. It is an essential nutrient for mammals, including humans.... linoleic acid

Lint

This was originally made of teased-out linen; now it consists of a loose cotton fabric, one side of which is ?u?y, the other being smooth and applied next to the skin when the surface is broken. Marine lint consists of tow impregnated with tar, and is used where large quantities of some absorbent and deodorising dressing are required. Cotton lint is impregnated with various substances, the most common being boracic lint. Lint containing perchloride of iron (15 per cent) is valuable as a styptic (see STYPTICS).... lint

Lipaemia

The presence of an excessive amount of FAT in the blood.... lipaemia

Lipase

An ENZYME widely distributed in plants, and present also in the liver and gastric and pancreatic juices, which breaks down fats to the constituent fatty acids and glycerol.... lipase

Lipidosis

Any disorder of LIPID metabolism in body cells. Some hereditary disorders cause deposition of lipids within the brain.... lipidosis

Lipodystrophy

A congenital maldistribution of FAT tissue. Subcutaneous fat is totally absent from a portion of the body and hypertrophied in the remainder. Another form of lipodystrophy occurs at the site of INSULIN injections, but is much less frequently seen nowadays; the new, synthetic preparations of insulin are pure and unlikely to cause this reaction, which was not uncommon with the older preparations. Occasionally the converse occurs at the site of insulin injections, where the lipogenic action of insulin stimulates the fat cells to hypertrophy. This can also be dis?guring and usually results from using the same site for injections too frequently.... lipodystrophy

Lipolysis

The enzymatic breaking-down of FAT.... lipolysis

Liquor

See SOLUTION.... liquor

Lips

These form a pair of ‘curtains’ before the mouth, each composed of a layer of skin and of mucous membrane, between which lies a considerable amount of fat and of muscle ?bres.

Fissures coming on in cold weather are often di?cult to get rid of. Peeling and cracking of the vermilion of the lips is common in those exposed for long periods to wind and sunlight. Treatment consists of the application of aqueous cream. If the main cause is excessive exposure to sunlight – in which case the lower lip is mainly affected – a protective cream should be applied.

Herpes in the form of ‘cold sores’ often develops on the lip as a result of a cold or other feverish condition, but quickly passes o? (see HERPES SIMPLEX).

Ulcers may form on the inner surface of the lip, usually in consequence of bad teeth or of DYSPEPSIA.

Small cysts sometimes form on the inner surface of the lip, and are seen as little bluish swellings ?lled with mucus; they are of no importance.

Hare-lip is a deformity sometimes present at birth (see PALATE, MALFORMATIONS OF).

Cancer of the lip sometimes occurs – almost always in men, and usually on the lower lip. (See also MOUTH, DISEASES OF.)... lips

Litholapaxy

Litholapaxy is the term applied to the operation in which a stone in the URINARY BLADDER is crushed by an instrument introduced along the URETHRA, and the fragments washed out through a catheter (see CATHETERS).... litholapaxy

Litre

A unit measurement of volume. One litre (l) is equivalent to the volume occupied by one kilogram of pure water at 4 °C and 760 mm Hg pressure. For day-to-day measurement, 1 litre is taken as being equal to 1,000 cubic centimetres (cm3).... litre

Liver Fluke

Fasciola hepatica is a parasite infesting sheep and occasionally invading the bile ducts and liver of humans (see FASCIOLIASIS).... liver fluke

Liver Spots

A misnomer applied to the brown MACULES often seen on the backs of the hands of those chronically exposed to sunlight (see LENTIGO). They have no connection with any liver disorder.... liver spots

Liverwort

Protection ... liverwort

Lobotomy

Lobotomy is the cutting of a lobe of the BRAIN. (See also PSYCHOSURGERY.)... lobotomy

Lobule

The term applied to a division of an organ smaller than a lobe: for example, the lobules of the lung are of the size of millet seeds (see LUNGS); those of the LIVER, slightly larger. Lobules form the smallest subdivisions or units of an organ, each lobule being similar to the others, of which there may be perhaps several hundred thousand in the organ.... lobule

Locked-in Syndrome

This describes a condition in which a patient is awake and retains the power of sense perception, but is unable to communicate except by limited eye movements because the motor nervous system is paralysed. Several diseases can cause this syndrome, which results from interruption of some of the nerve tracts between the mid brain and the pons (see BRAIN). Sometimes the syndrome is caused by severe damage to muscles or the nerves enervating them. Locked-in syndrome may sometimes be confused with a PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE (PVS).... locked-in syndrome

Locomotor Ataxia

The uncoordinated movements and unsteady lurching gait that occurs in the tertiary stage of untreated SYPHILIS.... locomotor ataxia

Locum Tenens

A doctor who stands in for another.... locum tenens

Logorrhoea

Logorrhoea is the technical term for garrulousness (‘chatterbox’) – a feature which may be exaggerated in certain states of mental instability.... logorrhoea

Lotions

Fluid preparations intended for bringing into contact with, or for washing, the external surface of the body. Lotions are generally of a watery or alcoholic composition, and many of them are known as ‘liquors’. Those external applications which are of an oily nature, and intended to be rubbed into the surface, are known as liniments.... lotions

Lucid Interval

A temporary restoration of consciousness after a person has been rendered unconscious from a blow to the head. The victim subsequently relapses into COMA. This is a sign of raised INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE from arterial bleeding and indicates that surgery may be required to control the intracranial haemorrhage. (See also GLASGOW COMA SCALE.)... lucid interval

Luxation

Another word for dislocation (see DISLOCATIONS).... luxation

Lupus

This is the Latin word for wolf, and a term applied to certain chronic skin diseases which can destroy skin, underlying cartilage and even bone to cause serious deformity if uncontrolled.

Lupus vulgaris is a form of TUBERCULOSIS of the skin. It typically begins in childhood and may spread slowly for decades if untreated. The face and neck are the usual sites. In untreated disease, large, well-demarcated areas may be affected with redness, scaling and thickening. If the affected skin is blanched by pressure, yellow-brown foci may be observed – the so-called apple-jelly nodules. The disease causes extensive scarring as it spreads and may destroy cartilage in its path – for example, on the nose or ear – causing gross deformity. The disease was common in the UK up to 50 years ago, but is now rare. It is treated with a combination of tuberculostatic drugs.

Lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease which can affect skin or internal organs.

Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) In this disease, only the skin is affected. Sharply de?ned red, scaly and eventually atrophic patches appear on the face, especially on the nose and cheeks. ALOPECIA with scarring is seen if the scalp is affected. The condition is aggravated by sunlight. Topical CORTICOSTEROIDS are helpful.... lupus

Luteinizing-hormone Releasing Hormone

(LH-RH) The same substance as Follicle-Stimulating-Hormone Releasing Hormone (FSH-RH), both of which are actually Gonadotrophin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH or GRH). Confused? Imagine being an endocrinologist 20 years ago. These (This) are (is) a peptide secreted into the little portal system that drains from the hypothalamus to the pituitary. If it is surged hourly and not too strongly, the pituitary secretes LH and the ovaries secrete estrogen. If it is surged hourly and strongly, the estrogens rise drastically, the pituitary secretes FSH, you pop an egg, start the corpus luteum and begin progesterone secretion. The surge is now slowed to every four or five hours, not too strongly, and the pituitary secretes LH every four or five hours...and the ovaries make progesterone. The same hypothalamic hormone triggers different pituitary responses based on AMPLITUDE and FREQUENCY.... luteinizing-hormone releasing hormone

Lymph Nodes

The central drainage and metabolic organs strung along the lymph vessels. The mesenchymal structure is native, being present at birth. The functional cells have all migrated there, some recently from the marrow, spleen, thymus or blood, others have resided since a few months after birth. Much of the antibody memory is stored in these nodes, and having only venous blood supply, lymph nodes are constantly shunting metabolized substances back into the blood, so the final lymph drainage from the thoracic duct into the left subclavian vein (or the right subclavian) contains fluid already screened and cleansed by many nodes.... lymph nodes

Lymphadenectomy

Surgical removal of the LYMPH NODES. The procedure is usually carried out when cancer has in?ltrated the nodes in the lymphatic drainage zone of an organ or tissue invaded by a malignant growth. RADIOTHERAPY or CHEMOTHERAPY may be given if laboratory tests show that the type or extent of spread of the cancer cells merits this.... lymphadenectomy

Lymphangiectasis

Lymphangiectasis means an abnormal dilatation of the lymph vessels, as in FILARIASIS.... lymphangiectasis

Lymphatics

Vessels which convey the LYMPH. (For an account of their arrangement, see GLAND.)... lymphatics

Lymphocytosis

An increase in the number of lymphocytes in the blood (see LYMPHOCYTE) – for example, in response to viral infection or in chronic lymphocytic LEUKAEMIA.... lymphocytosis

Lymphoid Tissue

Tissue involved in the formation of LYMPH, lymphocytes (see LYMPHOCYTE), and ANTIBODIES. It consists of the LYMPH NODES, THYMUS GLAND, TONSILS and SPLEEN.... lymphoid tissue

Lysine

An essential amino acid (see AMINO ACIDS; INDISPENSABLE AMINO ACIDS), lysine was ?rst isolated in 1889 from casein, the principal protein of milk. Like other essential amino acids, it ensures optimum growth in infants and balanced nitrogen metabolism in adults.... lysine

Mid-life Crisis

A colloquial description of the feelings of anxiety and distress experienced by some individuals in early middle age. They realise that by 45 years of age they are no longer young, and men in particular try to turn the clock back by changing jobs, dressing trendily, taking up energetic or unusual sports or engaging in extramarital liaisons. Sometimes those in mid-life crises develop mild or even serious DEPRESSION. The feelings of anxiety and insecurity usually disappear with time but some people may bene?t from counselling.... mid-life crisis

Parietal Lobe

A major section of each cerebral hemisphere (see BRAIN). The two lobes lie under the parietal bones and contain the sensory cortex.... parietal lobe

Quality Of Life

The product of the interplay between social, health, economic and environmental conditions which affect human and social development. It is a broad-ranging concept, incorporating a person’s physical health, psychological state, level of independence, social relationships, personal beliefs and relationship to salient features in the environment. As people age, their quality of life is largely determined by their ability to access needed resources and maintain autonomy and independence.... quality of life

Restless Legs Syndrome

A condition in which the patient experiences unpleasant sensations, and occasionally involuntary movements, in the legs when at rest, especially at night. No pathological changes have been identi?ed. It is sometimes indicative of iron-de?ciency ANAEMIA, but in many cases the cause remains a mystery and the variety of cures o?ered are a testimony to this. Some anti-epileptic drugs are said to help (see EPILEPSY).... restless legs syndrome

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (sle)

See separate dictionary entry.... systemic lupus erythematosus (sle)

T-lymphocyte

See LYMPHOCYTE.... t-lymphocyte

Temporal Lobe

Part of the cerebral cortex in each hemisphere of the BRAIN. Areas of the temporal lobe are involved in the understanding of sound and spoken language.... temporal lobe

Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

More accurately called complex partial seizures, this is a type of EPILEPSY in which the abnormal cerebral activity originates in the temporal lobe of the BRAIN. It is characterised by hallucinations of smell and sometimes of taste, hearing, or sight. There may be disturbances of memory, including déjà vu phenomena. AUTOMATISM may occur, but consciousness is seldom lost.... temporal lobe epilepsy

Waiting List

A term widely used in the NHS to show the number of people waiting for hospital admission, usually for non-acute surgery. The size of the waiting list has come to be perceived over the past 20 years– especially by politicians – as a measure of the Service’s e?ectiveness. To the individual patient, however, what matters is the ‘waiting time’ – how long they have to wait before admission. This ?gure – along with the time a patient has to wait for an outpatient appointment to see a consultant – is increasingly being recognised as one important measurement of how well a hospital is serving its local communities.... waiting list

Sex-linked Inheritance

The way in which a characteristic or an illness determined by the SEX CHROMOSOMES in an individual’s cells is passed on to the succeeding generation. Men have one X and one Y sex chromosome and women have two X chromosomes. Disorders that result from an abnormal number of sex chromosomes include KLINEFELTER’S SYNDROME, which affects only men, and TURNER’S SYNDROME, which affects mainly women. Recessive GENES on the X chromosome cause most other sex-linked characteristics; in women these may well be masked because one of their two X chromosomes carries a normal (dominant) gene. In men, who have just one X chromosome, no such masking occurs – so more men than women are affected by X-linked characteristics or diseases. (See also HEREDITY.)... sex-linked inheritance

Urena Lobata

Linn. Mast.

Family: Malvaceae.

Habitat: Throughout warmer parts of India, frequent in West Bengal.

Ayurvedic: Naagabalaa (Grewia hirsuta and Sida veronicaefolia are also equated with Naagabalaa). Used as Balaa in Kerala.

Siddha/Tamil: Ottatti.

Action: Root—diuretic, emollient, antispasmodic (roots and stem used in severe windy colic), antirheumatic. Flowers—used as a pectoral and expectorant in dry and inveterate coughs. An infusion is used as a gargle for aphthae amd sore throat.

The aerial parts gave magniferin and quercetin. Alkanes, stigmasterol and beta-sitosterol are reported from the whole plant. The seeds contain protein, pentosan and mucilage.... urena lobata

Burkitt’s Lymphoma

A cancer of lymph tissues that is characterized by tumours within the jaw and/or abdomen. It is confined almost exclusively to children living in low-lying, moist, tropical regions of Africa and New Guinea. Anticancer drugs or radiotherapy give complete or partial cure in about 80 per cent of cases. (See also lymphoma.)... burkitt’s lymphoma

Café Au Lait Spots

Patches of coffeecoloured skin that may occur anywhere on the body.

Café au lait spots are usually oval in shape and may measure several centimetres across.

Generally, a few spots are not significant; larger numbers may be a sign of neurofibromatosis.... café au lait spots

Laetrile

Amygdalin. From apricot or peach kernels. Dramatic claims of cures of malignancy reported in 1950. In spite of extensive anecdotal efficacy, performance has not lived up to early promise. Powdered kernels are usually taken with additional vitamins and pancreatic enzymes. Purpose of the enzymes is to break down the muco-protein capsule which enables the cyanide in the remedy to penetrate the wall of the cancer cell and destroy its contents. Dr Ernest Krebs claimed the body’s own immune response broke down the cyanide content to produce a substance with an ability to destroy cancer cells. Apple pips are also said to be a good source of this property. ... laetrile

High Density Lipoprotein

One of a group of proteins that transport lipids in the blood. High levels of high density lipoprotein can help protect against atherosclerosis. (See also fats and oils; low density lipoprotein.)... high density lipoprotein

Iron Lung

A large machine formerly used to maintain breathing, especially in people paralysed by poliomyelitis. The iron lung has been replaced by more efficient means of maintaining breathing (see ventilation).... iron lung

Lambliasis

Another name for giardiasis.... lambliasis

Lamivudine

A reverse transcriptase inhibitor drug used in the treatment of HIV infection.

Often, when the treatment is started, 3 drugs are used: 2 reverse transcriptase inhibitors and a third drug from another class, such as a protease inhibitor.

Lamivudine may also be used to treat longstanding hepatitis B infections.

Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea are the most common side effects.... lamivudine

Lancet

A small, pointed, double-edged knife used to open and drain lesions, such as boils and abscesses.... lancet

Laryngoscopy

Examination of the larynx using a mirror held against the back of the palate (indirect laryngoscopy), or a rigid or flexible viewing tube called a laryngoscope (direct laryngoscopy).... laryngoscopy

Laryngotracheobronchitis

Inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi, caused by a viral or a bacterial infection.

The disorder is usually mild, but can be life-threatening.

It is a common cause of croup in young children.... laryngotracheobronchitis

Laudanum

A solution of opium, formerly used as a sedative and painkiller and in the treatment of diarrhoea.... laudanum

Listeria

Listeriosis. A form of food poisoning by the bacterium listeria monocytogenes which from the soil enters the human food chain on unwashed vegetables, infected milk through udder infection or faecal matter or the carcasses of slaughtered animals. A common route is unpasteurised milk in soft cheeses. The organism can survive a long time in extreme conditions of heat or cold – even microwave cooking.

At risk: pregnant females, babies, the elderly and immuno-suppressed groups. Notifiable disease.

There may be few gastrointestinal signs but it may lead to endocarditis and CNS disturbance: encephalitis and meningitis. When faced with a previously healthy person with acute diarrhoea and vomiting, food poisoning should be suspected.

Treatment. Dosage: thrice daily (chronic conditions); 2-hourly (acute conditions).

Formula. Equal parts: Wild Yam, Goldenseal, Valerian. Dose: Liquid Extracts: 30-60 drops in water. Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon). Tinctures: two 5ml teaspoons. Tablets: one tablet of each taken together.

Diet. Slippery Elm gruel. No tea, alcohol or caffeine drinks. Lemon balm tea freely. Listeria is inhibited by unsaturated fatty acids.

Prevention. 2 Garlic tablets/capsules at night.

Treatment by or in liaison with a general medical practitioner. ... listeria

Liver – Abscess

May follow inflammation of the liver from a number of causes, the most common being a manifestation of amoebic dysentery. Through blood infection it may appear on the surface of the liver or other organs.

Symptoms: pain under the right lower rib which may be referred to the right shoulder or under shoulder blades.

Treatment. Official treatment is aspiration or opening-up the abscess followed by drainage. Whether or not this is necessary, alternative anti-bacterials such as Myrrh, Goldenseal, Echinacea and Blue Flag may be used with good effect.

Alternatives. Teas: Milk Thistle. Grape leaves. 1 heaped teaspoon to each cup of water, thrice daily. Decoctions: Echinacea, Blue Flag, Goldenseal, Parsley root. One heaped teaspoon to each cup water gently simmered 20 minutes. Half a cup thrice daily.

Tablets/capsules: Blue Flag, Echinacea. Goldenseal. Wild Yam. Devil’s Claw.

Tinctures. Formula. Fringe Tree 3; Meadowsweet 2; Goldenseal 1. One to two 5ml teaspoons, thrice daily.

Practitioner. Ipecacuanha contains emetine which is specific for liver abscess; at the same time it is effective as an anti-amoebic-dysentery agent. Where dysentery is treated with Ipecacuanha liver abscess is rare. Tincture Ipecacuanha BP (1973). Dose: 0.25-1ml.

Diet. Fat-free. Dandelion coffee. Vitamins B6, C and K. Lecithin.

Treatment by or in liaison with a general medical practitioner. ... liver – abscess

Lazy Eye

An ambiguous name for the visual defect that commonly results from squint (see amblyopia).... lazy eye

Lens

The internal optical component of the eye responsible for focusing; also called the crystalline lens. It is situated behind the iris and is suspended on delicate fibres from the ciliary body. The lens is elastic, transparent, and slightly less convex on the front surface than on the back. Changing its curvature alters

the focus so that near or distant objects can be seen sharply (see accommodation). Opacification of the lens is called cataract. (See also lens dislocation.)... lens

Lens Implant

A plastic prosthesis used to replace the removed opaque lens in cataract surgery.... lens implant

Leptin

A protein that has a role in the regulation of fat storage by the body.... leptin

Levonorgestrel

A progestogen drug used in some oral contraceptives.... levonorgestrel

Lichenification

Thickening and hardening of the skin caused by repeated scratching, often to relieve the intense itching of disorders such as atopic eczema or lichen simplex.... lichenification

Liothyronine

A thyroid hormone used as replacement therapy in hypothyroidism. Liothyronine acts more quickly than levothyroxine and is cleared from the body more rapidly.... liothyronine

Lacrimal Apparatus

The system that produces and drains tears. The lacrimal apparatus of the eye includes the main and accessory lacrimal glands and the nasolacrimal drainage duct. The main gland lies just within the upper and outer

margin of the eye orbit and drains on to the conjunctiva. It secretes tears during crying and when the eye is irritated. The accessory gland lies within the conjunctiva, and maintains the normal tear film, secreting it directly onto the conjunctiva. Tears drain through the lacrimal puncta, tiny openings towards the inner ends of the upper and lower eyelids. The puncta are connected by narrow tubes to the lacrimal sac, which lies within the lacrimal bone on the side of the nose. Leading from the sac is the nasolacrimal duct, which opens inside the nose.... lacrimal apparatus

Lithium

A drug used in the long-term treatment of mania and manic-depressive illness. High levels of lithium in the blood may cause vomiting, diarrhoea, blurred vision, tremor, drowsiness, rash, and, in rare cases, kidney damage.... lithium

Lithotomy Position

Position in which a patient lies on his or her back with the hips and knees bent and the legs wide apart.

Once used for lithotomy, the position is still used for pelvic examinations and some types of pelvic surgery.... lithotomy position

Lofepramine

A tricyclic antidepressant drug that is used in the long-term treatment of depression.... lofepramine

Losartan

An angiotensin II antagonist drug used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure).

Side effects are usually mild; they include dizziness and fatigue.... losartan

Lotion

A liquid drug preparation applied to the skin. Some examples of drugs prepared as a lotion include calamine and betamethasone, which are used to treat skin inflammation.... lotion

Low Density Lipoprotein

One of a group of proteins that are combined with lipids in the plasma. Low density lipoproteins (LDLs) are involved in the transport of

cholesterol in the bloodstream. An excess of LDLs (see hyperlipidaemias) is associated with atherosclerosis. (See also high density lipoprotein.)... low density lipoprotein

Ludwig’s Angina

A rare bacterial infection of the floor of the mouth.

The condition spreads to the throat, causing life-threatening swelling.

It requires immediate treatment with antibiotic drugs.... ludwig’s angina

Lung

One of the 2 main organs of the respiratory system. The lungs supply the body with the oxygen needed for aerobic metabolism and eliminate the waste product carbon dioxide. Air is delivered to the lungs via the trachea (windpipe); this branches into 2 main bronchi (air passages), with 1 bronchus supplying each lung. The main bronchi divide again into smaller bronchi and then into bronchioles, which lead to air passages that open out into grape-like air sacs called alveoli (see alveolus, pulmonary). Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse into or out of the blood through the thin walls of the alveoli. Each lung is enclosed in a double membrane called the pleura; thetwo layers of the pleura secrete a lubricating fluid that enables the lungs to move freely as they expand and contract during breathing. (See also respiration.) lung cancer The most common form of cancer in the. Tobacco-smoking is the main cause. Passive smoking (the inhalation of tobacco smoke by nonsmokers) and environmental pollution (for example, with radioactive minerals or asbestos) are also risk factors.

The first and most common symptom is a cough. Other symptoms include coughing up blood, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Lung cancer can spread to other parts of the body, especially the liver, brain, and bones. In most cases, the cancer is revealed in a chest X-ray. To confirm the diagnosis, tissue must be examined microscopically for the presence of cancerous cells (see cytology). If lung cancer is diagnosed at an early stage, pneumonectomy (removal of the lung) or lobectomy (removal of part of the lung) may be possible. Anticancer drugs and radiotherapy may also be used. lung, collapse of See atelectasis; pneumothorax.... lung

Lymph Node

A small organ lying along the course of a lymphatic vessel (see lymphatic system); commonly but incorrectly called a lymph gland. Lymph nodes vary considerably in size, from microscopic to about 2.5 cm (1 in) in diameter.

A lymph node consists of a thin, fibrous outer capsule and an inner mass of lymphoid tissue. Penetrating the capsule are several small lymphatic vessels (whichcarry lymph into the node). Each node contains sinuses (spaces), in which the lymph is filtered. The flow of the lymph slows as it moves through narrow channels in the sinuses; this reduction in flow allows macrophages (white blood cells that engulf and destroy foreign and dead material) time to filter microorganisms from the lymph. Germinal centres in the lymph node release white blood cells called lymphocytes, which also help to fight infection. A single, larger vessel carries lymph out of the node.... lymph node

Slit-lamp

An illuminated type of microscope that is used to examine the internal structures of the front

part of the eye and of the retina at the back. (See also eye, examination of.)... slit-lamp

Stein-leventhal Syndrome

See ovary, polycystic.... stein-leventhal syndrome

Lith

(litho-) combining form denoting a calculus (stone). Example: lithogenesis (formation of).... lith

Lithuria

n. see hyperuricuria.... lithuria

Acacia Leucophloea

Willd.

Synonym: A. alba Willd.

Family: Mimosaceae.

Habitat: Native to West Indies; now occurring throughout India.

English: Cassie Flower, Cassie Absolute, Sweet Acacia.

Ayurvedic: Arimeda, Vitkhadira.

Unani: Vilaayati Kikar, Gandbabuul, Guyaa Babuul, Durgandh Khair.

Siddha/Tamil: Kastuurivel, Vedday- ala.

Action: Bark—astringent, demulcent, anthelmintic, antidysenteric, anti-inflammatory (used in stomatitis, ulcers, swollen gums, dental caries, bronchitis, skin diseases).

Ripe pods contain tannins and several polyphenolic compounds. Essential oil from pods—direct muscle relaxant, cardiac depressant and sedative.

Various plant parts are used in insanity, epilepsy, delirium and convulsions.

Family: Mimosaceae.

Habitat: Dry regions of the country, especially in Punjab, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh.

English: White Babul.

Ayurvedic: Arimeda, Arimedaka, Arimanja, Irimeda, Vitakhadir, Godhaa-skandha, Raamaka.

Unani: Kath Safed, Vilaayati Babuul, Guyaa Babuul.

Siddha/Tamil: Valval, Velvayalam.

Folk: Safed Babuul, Safed Kikar, Renvaa.

Action: Bark—bitter, demulcent and cooling; used in biliousness and bronchitis. Seeds—haemaggluti- nating activity has been reported. Leaves—antisyphilitic and antibacterial. Gum—demulcent.

EtOH (50%) extract of aerial parts— hypotensive and central nervous system depressant.

The rootbark contains leucophleol, leucophleoxol and leucoxol.... acacia leucophloea

Aconitum Laciniatum

(Bruhl) Stapf.

Family: Ranunculaceae.

Habitat: The sub-alpine and alpine Himalayas of Sikkim between altitudes of 3,330 m and 4,200 m.

Ayurvedic: Vatsanaabha (related sp.).

Folk: Kaalo Bikhmo.

Action: Poisonous. (Found mixed with the roots of A.ferox and A. spicatum of commerce.)... aconitum laciniatum

Aconitum Luridum

Hook. f. and Thoms.

Family: Ranunculaceae.

Habitat: The Himalayas from eastern Nepal to Chumbi at altitudes of 3,600 to 4,200 m.

Ayurvedic: Vatsanaabha (related sp.).

Action: As potent as Aconitum ferox.... aconitum luridum

Activities Of Daily Living (adl)

A concept of functioning – activities of daily living are basic activities that are necessary to independent living, including eating, bathing and toileting. This concept has several assessment tools to determine an individual’s ability to perform the activity with or without assistance. See related “instrumental activities of daily living (IADL)”.... activities of daily living (adl)

Acute Life-threatening Event (alte)

See ALTE.... acute life-threatening event (alte)

Adapted Living Facility / Housing

Housing that has been specially built for, or changed to a certain standard to accommodate people with disabilities.... adapted living facility / housing

Adiantum Lunulatum

Burm.

Synonym: A. philippense Linn.

Family: Adiantaceae.

Habitat: Throughout the greater part of India, up to an altitude of 1,200 m.

English: Walking Maidenhair Fern. Black Maidenhair (A. venustum G. Don is also known as Hansaraaja.)

Ayurvedic: Hansapadi, Hansapaadi, Raktapaadi, Kitamaataa, Tri- paadikaa, Hansaraaja; a substitute for Taamrachuda-paadikaa.

Siddha/Tamil: Seruppadai.

Folk: Raajhans, Mubaaraka.

Action: Febrifugal, antidysenteric, soothing agent in erysipelas. The rhizome is also prescribed for strangury, atrophy, emaciation or cachexy, muscular pain; emetic in large doses.

Along with other therapeutic applications, The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India indicates the use of the dried whole plant in psychosis-related fear. (It is one of the ingredients of the classical drug Maanasamitra Vataka, prescribed for mental disorders.)

The chemical constituents are chlorophyll-degradation products and higher carotenoids.

Dosage: Whole plant-1-3 g (API Vol. III.)... adiantum lunulatum

Amoebic Liver Abscess (ala)

Abscess of the liver caused by Entamoeba histolytica and often containing socalled “anchovy sauce” fluid.... amoebic liver abscess (ala)

Artificial Limbs And Other Parts

See PROSTHESIS.... artificial limbs and other parts

Artificial Ventilation Of The Lungs

When we breathe in, the outward movement of the chest increases the volume of the lungs and the pressure in them falls below that of the outside world. Therefore, air is drawn in automatically. When we breathe out, some air exits because of the normal elastic recoil of the lungs, but we also force air out by using the muscles of the chest and the DIAPHRAGM. Replicating this arti?cially involves using a device to produce intermittent positive or negative pressure ventilation as described below.... artificial ventilation of the lungs

Aerva Lanata

(L.) Juss. ex Schult.

Family: Amaranthaceae.

Habitat: The warmer parts of India, ascending to 1,000 m.

Ayurvedic: Paashaanabheda. Gorakshaganjaa, Aadaanpaaki, Shatkabhedi.

Siddha/Tamil: Sirupeelai.

Folk: Paashaanabheda (southern India), Gorakhagaanjaa.

Action: Anticalculus (used in lithiasis), diuretic, demulcent, anthelmintic, antidiarrhoeal, anticholerin, bechic; leaf used in hepatitis, root in strangury. A decoction of the plant is used in catarrh of bladder. The flowers and roots are used for headache.

Key application: As diuretic and lithontriptic. (The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia.)

The plant contains palmitic acid, beta-sitosterol and alpha-amyrin.

Aerva scandens Wall., synonym A. sanguinolenta Blume, is also known as Paashaanabheda in the south.

Species used as Paashaanabheda: Bergenia ligulata (north), Aerva lanata (south), Coleus amboinicus (east) and Bryophyllum pinnatum (west).

Dosage: 50-100 ml decoction. (CCRAS.)... aerva lanata

Alangium Lamarckii

Thw.

Synonym: A. salviifolium (Linn. f.) Wang.

Family: Alangiaceae.

Habitat: The drier parts of India, in plains and foothills of southern India.

Ayurvedic: Ankola, Ankota, Taamraphala, Guptasneha, Dirgha- keelaka.

Siddha/Tamil: Azinjil.

Action: Rootbark—astringent, spasmolytic, hypotensive, also diaphoretic and antipyretic. Leaves— hypoglycaemic. Fruits—acidic, astringent, laxative and refrigerant. Used in haemorrhages, strangury and consumption. The bark is used as a substitute for Cephaelis ipecacuanha. It is a rich source of alkaloids structurally related to ipecac alkaloids (emetin).

The bark contains the alkaloid alan- gine which shows a selective action of the parasympathetic mechanism, the action being more marked on gastrointestinal tract. The root extract shows hypotensive action. Flowers contain deoxytubulosine, a potent antiplatelet aggregation component, which has a strong binding with DNA.

The plant extract possesses antineo- plastic properties.

Dosage: Rootbark—1-2 g powder. (CCRAS.)... alangium lamarckii

Albizia Lebbeck

(Linn.) Willd.

Family: Mimosaceae.

Habitat: All over India, from the plains up to 900 m in the Himalayas; also in the Andamans.

English: Siris tree, East Indian walnut.

Ayurvedic: Shirisha, Bhandi, Bhandila, Shitapushpa, Mridu- pushpa, Kapitana (bark—dusty black).

Unani: Siras.

Siddha/Tamil: Vaagei.

Action: Antiseptic, antibacterial, antiallergic, antidermatosis, antidysenteric. Bark—used in bronchitis; bark and seeds in piles; root in hemicrania; flowers in cough, bronchitis, tropical pulmonary eosinophilia, and asthma. Pod— antiprotozoal.

Along with other therapeutic applications, The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India indicates the use of stembark in rhinitis, sinusitis and migraine.

Analysis of the plant revealed the presence of flavonoids, triterpenoids and triterpenoid saponins; oleano- lic acid, albigenic acid, albigenin and acacic acid. The bark contains 7-11% condensed tannin; also d-catechin and d-leucocyanidin.

Aqueous extract of the bark decreased histamine-induced broncho- spasm in guinea pigs.

Alcoholic extract of stembark contains cardenolide glycosides of digitox- in nature. It showed antidermatophyt- ic activity. Anthraquinone glycosides and its aglycone exhibited antibacterial activity.

A saponin from seeds exhibited spermicidal activity in animals. EtOH (50%) extract of pods was found to be spermicidal against rat and human spermatozoa at 2% concentration.

The therapeutic properties of Albizia julibrissin Durazz, Pink Siris, found in the outer Himalayas from the Indus eastwards to Sikkim, are the same as those of A. lebbeck.

Dosage: Stembark—3-6 g powder.

20-50 g for decoction. (API

Vol. III.)... albizia lebbeck

Assisted Living Facility / Assisted Care Living Facility

Establishment which provides accommodation and care for older or disabled persons who cannot live independently but do not need nursing care. Residents are also provided with domestic assistance (meals, laundry, personal care).... assisted living facility / assisted care living facility

Average Length Of Stay (alos)

A measure of how many days a patient, on average, spends in the hospital. Hence, this measure, when applied to individuals or specific groups of patients, may be an indicator of the severity of illness and resource use. It is often used as a comparison to assess efficiency of resource usage between hospitals.... average length of stay (alos)

B-lymphocyte (or B-cell)

A type of white blood cell that circulates through the body and is able to detect the presence of the foreign agents. Once exposed to an antigen on the agent, these cells differentiate into plasma cells to produce antibody.... b-lymphocyte (or b-cell)

Balm, Lemon

Love, Success, Healing... balm, lemon

Beta Lactams

Antibiotics with a beta-lactam ring in their molecular structure, including the penicillins and the cephalosporins. Act on penicillin binding proteins in the mucopeptides of the bacterial cell wall. Can be destroyed bybacterial beta-lactamases.... beta lactams

Anogeissus Latifolia

Wall. ex Bedd.

Family: Combretaceae.

Habitat: Central and southern India.

English: Axle-wood, Button tree, Ghatti tree.

Ayurvedic: Dhava, Dhurand- hara, Shakataahya. Indravrksha (A. acuminata Wall. ex Bedd. is a related sp. of Dhava).

Unani: Dhaawaa.

Siddha/Tamil: Vellaynaga.

Folk: Ghatti (Gum).

Action: Astringent, cooling, used in diarrhoea, dysentery, ulcers, piles, urinary disorders and dysuria. Gum—used as a tonic after delivery.

The leaves, bark and heartwood yield quinic and shikmik acids; leaves contain gallotannin (90-95% of the tannins). The young leaves and shoots contain 50% tannins (dry basis). The bark contains 12-18% tannins. Heart- wood contains gallic acid, ellagic acid, its derivatives, quercetin and myricetin.

The gum is mainly the calcium salt of a complex, high molecular weight polysaccharic acid (ghattic acid). The gum is a substitute for Gum arabic.... anogeissus latifolia

Apium Leptophyllum

(Pers.) F. Muell. ex Benth.

Family: Umbelliferae.

Habitat: Native to America; cultivated in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka.

Ayurvedic: Ajmodaa, Dipyaka.

Unani: Ajmod, Karafs-e-Hindi.

Siddha: Omam.

Action: See Apium graveolens.

The essential oil contains Meethers of thymol, carvacrol and thymoquinol; used as a carminative. The oil shows strong antifungal activity against Candida albicans, and moderate activity against Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria.

Dosage: Dried fruit—3-6 g powder. (API Vol. II.)... apium leptophyllum

Arctium Lappa

Linn.

Family: Compositae; Asteraceae.

Habitat: Native to northern Europe; now found in western Himalayas, Kashmir and Simla.

English: Common or Great Burdock.

Folk: Phaggarmuul (Kashmir).

Action: Hypoglycaemic (plant extract caused reduction of blood sugar with an increase in carbohydrate tolerance). Roots—inhibitory of tumour growth, cardiac stimulant, diuretic, spasmolytic. Leaves and seeds—anticutaneous (used in psoriasis, seborrhoic eczema).

Key application: As dermatolog- ical agent. (The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia.)

Important constituents of Burdock roots are fatty acids, organic acids, phenolic acids, lignans, sesquiterpenes, tannin, inulin and mucilage.

Extracts of the fruit are reported to have hypoglycaemic activity in rats. Arctigenin (lignan) is a weak inhibitor of experimental tumour growth. The antimicrobial properties are due to polyacetylenes (of the root). The root exhibits antibiotic activity against Staphylococcus, and is used for fungal and bacterial infections. A flavonoid, arctiin, shows smooth muscle relaxant properties.... arctium lappa

Aristolochia Longa

Linn.

Family: Aristolochiaceae. English: European Birthwort. Unani: Zaraawand Taweel.

Action: Oxytocic, abortifacient, emmenagogue.

Aristolochic acid and its Me es- ter—strongly abortifacient, showed damage to liver and kidney. Roots— anti-oestrogenic. A cytotoxic lignan, savinin, has been isolated from the roots.

Aristolochic acid also has an effect against adenosarcoma and HeLa cells in culture; however, it is suspected to be carcinogenic.

Aristolochia extracts show a pronounced enhancement of phagocytosis by leucocytes, granulocytes and peritoneal macrophages, due to the presence of aristolochic acids.

Tardolyt-coated tablets, which contain 0.3 mg of aristolochic acid, increase phagocytosis in healthy men.

Aristolochic acid also exhibits reduction of some of the toxic effects of prednisolone, chloramphenicol and tetracycline in experiments in vitro, and a reduction in the rate of recurrent herpes lesions in vivo.... aristolochia longa

Bird Fancier’s Lung

Also known as pigeon breeder’s lung, this is a form of extrinsic allergic ALVEOLITIS resulting from sensitisation to birds. In bird fanciers, skin tests sometimes show sensitisation to birds’ droppings, eggs, protein and serum, even through there has been no evidence of any illness.... bird fancier’s lung

Blackberry Leaves

Picked, dried in the sun and infused with boiling water, blackberry leaves are the essence of most berry-flavored teas. Studies suggest that the leaves contain a healthy dose of flavonoids, which are known for their antioxidant activity.... blackberry leaves

Blood-letting

See VENESECTION.... blood-letting

Budgerigar-fancier’s Lung

Budgerigar-fancier’s lung is a form of extrinsic allergic ALVEOLITIS, resulting from sensitisation to budgerigars, or parakeets as they are known in North America. Skin tests have revealed sensitisation to the birds’ droppings and/or serum. As it is estimated that budgerigars are kept in 5– 6 million homes in Britain, current ?gures suggest that anything up to 900 per 100,000 of the population are exposed to the risk of developing this condition.... budgerigar-fancier’s lung

Armoracia Lapathifolia

Gilib.

Synonym: A. rusticana Gaertn et al.

Family: Cruciferae; Brassicaceae.

Habitat: Native to Europe; grown in gardens in northern India and in hill stations of southern India.

English: Horseradish.

Action: Circulatory stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic, antibiotic. Used for both urinary and respiratory tract infections. Root—liver, spleen and pancreatic stimulant; an alternative to Cayenne pepper; urinary antiseptic; diuretic; used in the treatment of gout, increases excretion of uric acid; also for proteinura and vaginal discharges. An infusion is used for hepatitis.

Key application: In catarrhs of the respiratory tract and as a supportive therapy for infections of the urinary tract; externally for catarrhs of the respiratory tract and hyperaemic treatment of minor muscle aches. (German Commission E.) It is contraindicated in stomach and intestinal ulcers and kidney disorders; not to be administered to children under 4 years.

The root contains glucosinolates, mainly sinigrin, which releases allyl isothiocyanate on contact with the enzyme myrosin during crushing. The oil exhibits broad-spectrum antibiotic activity due to allyl isothiocyanates and allied compounds; used internally as stimulant, sudorific and diuretic. Antibiotic activity is stronger against Gram-positive bacteria than against Gram-negative bacteria. The oil also exhibits cytotoxic activity.

The root produces an inhibitory effect on the growth of Gram-negative bacteria of the typhoid-paratyphoid- entertitis group.

Kaempferol, a component of Horseradish, inhibits thyroid peroxidase, which is involved in the biosynthe sis of thyroid hormone. (Sharon M. Herr.)... armoracia lapathifolia

Artichoke Leaf Tea

Artichoke leaf tea is one of oldest natural remedies valued by Egyptians. Nowadays, it is largely used to treat ailments like constipation, indigestion or liver disorders, but not only. Artichoke leaf tea description Artichoke is a perennial thistle plant originating from the Mediterranean areas of Southern Europe and North Africa. It has arching leaves which are deeply lobed. Artichoke usually blossoms from the end of spring up to the middle of summer. It is said to be one of the world’s oldest vegetables. People normally intake the fleshy portion of the artichoke leaves, its green base and its core. Artichoke leaf tea is the beverage resulting from brewing the leaves of the abovementioned plant. It is a caffeine-free substitute for those who want to avoid consuming coffee. Artichoke Leaf Tea brewing To prepare Artichoke leaf tea, consumers need a teapot, a strainer and a heatproof cup or mug:
  • Heat water in a teapot to about 208 degrees F (or bring the water to a boil)
  • Remove from heat for a minute or two
  • Pour water into your cup or mug
  • Immerse the tea bag (in case of loose-leaf tea, use a tea strainer)
  • Let it steep for four to five minutes (If you steep the tea longer, the flavor will be stronger, but the tea might taste bitter)
  • Remove the tea from the mug and serve it
  • Add milk and/or sugar to taste
Artichoke Leaf Tea benefits Studies have shown that Artichoke leaf tea is successfully used to:
  • lower bad cholesterol levels
  • lower the risks of cardiovascular diseases
  • promote good digestion by helping relieve constipation, heartburn, diarrhea and bloating
  • support the functions of the liver fighting against cirrhosis and other ailments of the liver
  • help lower blood sugar levels
  • help lower the risks for diabetes
  • help in the treatment of problems affecting the kidney
  • strengthen the immune system
  • eliminate toxins
  • clean the skin
Artichoke Leaf Tea side effects Artichoke leaf tea is not recommended for patients with gallstones. Pregnant and nursing women, as well as small children, should not intake it until further research is conducted. Artichoke leaf tea is a beverage with no caffeine content, used to help in treating a large array of diseases. Except its healthy properties, it can be a good alternative for an afternoon or evening tea.... artichoke leaf tea

Change Of Life

See CLIMACTERIC; MENOPAUSE.... change of life

Chapped Lips

See LIPS.... chapped lips

Cimex Lectularius

See BED BUG.... cimex lectularius

Cirrhosis, Laennecs

The most common type of cirrhosis, caused by chronic alcoholism and a lousy diet (or malabsorption).... cirrhosis, laennecs

Confidence Limit

The minimum and maximum value of a confidence interval.... confidence limit

Cost-of-living Adjustment (cola)

Increase to a monthly long-term disability benefit, usually after the first year of payments. May be a flat percentage (e.g. 3%) or tied to changes in inflation.... cost-of-living adjustment (cola)

Artocarpus Lacucha

Buch.-Ham.

Synonym: A. lakoocha Roxb.

Family: Moraceae.

Habitat: Cultivated in Uttar Pradesh, Bengal, Khasi Hills and western Ghats.

English: Monkey Jack.

Ayurvedic: Lakuch, Kshudra Panas, Granthiphala, Pitanaasha.

Siddha/Tamil: Ilangu, Irapala, Ottipilu (Tamil).

Folk: Badhar.

Action: Bark—when applied externally, draws out purulent matter; heals boils, cracked skin and pimples. Seeds—purgative, haemagglutinating. Stems— vermifuge.

The stembark contains oxyresvera- trol, used for tapeworm.

A lectin, artocarpin, isolated from seeds, precipitates several galactoman- nans. It agglutinates rat lymphocytes and mouse ascites cells.

Dosage: Fruit—5-10 ml juice. (CCRAS.)... artocarpus lacucha

Ashwagandha Tea Increases Libido

Ashwagandha tea has a long medicinal history, being used for its healing properties byAyurveda practitioners, native Americans and Africans. At present, it is used to improve memory, but not only. What is Ashwagandha? Ashwagandha is a stout shrub that belongs to the nightshade family, but it does not possess poisonous properties.  It grows in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bangladesh. Literally translated, Ashwagandha means horse smell. It has been also known as “India’s ginseng” or “winter cherry.” In Ayurveda, practitioners use Ashwagandha for its medicinal properties which enhance longevity and health in general. Native Americans and Africans have been using Ashwagandha to heal inflammation, fevers and infection. The plant has anti-microbial and anti-bacterial properties. Ashwagandha can be taken as tea, as tincture, in capsule form, or as an extract. Ashwagandha tea is the resulting beverage from brewing the abovementioned plant. Ashwagandha tea brewing To prepare Ashwagandha tea:
  • Place about 1 teaspoon of dried ashwagandha leaves in boiling water.
  • Let the mix steep for about 15 minutes and cool.
  • Strain and then drink.
Ashwagandha tea benefits Studies revealed that Ashwagandha tea is successfully used to:
  • calm the nerves and treat severe stress and nervous exhaustion
  • help in the treatment of hypertension
  • clear the mind, as well as to improve memory and cognitive abilities
  • help in fighting arthritis
  • help in restoring sexual vitality, especially in males
It also has anti-carcinogenic and anti-cancer properties. Ashwagandha tea is recommended for expectant mothers. It is said to purify the mother’s blood and strengthen her immune system. Because it acts as a uterine sedative, Ashwagandha tea is used during childbirth, bytraditional Ayurvedic medicine. Ashwagandha tea side effects Ashwagandha tea is not recommended to pregnant women. To avoid any possible side effects, consumers should not intake the tea in high doses or for long periods of time. Ashwagandha tea is a good choice when looking for an increased libido, or an adjuvant against cancer, due to its antioxidant content. It can be also used to enhance the immune system and thus, to release stress.... ashwagandha tea increases libido

Asteracantha Longifolia

Nees.

Synonym: Hygrophila spinosa T. Anders

Family: Acanthaceae.

Habitat: Common in moist places, paddy fields, throughout India and Sri Lanka.

Ayurvedic: Kokilaaksha, Kokilaak- shi, Ikshura, Ikshuraka, Kaakekshu, Kshurak, Bhikshu.

Unani: Taalmakhaanaa. (Wrongly equated with Euryaleferox Salisb. (Fox Nut) in National Formulary of Unani Medicine, Part I, first edn., 1981.)

Siddha/Tamil: Neermulli, Nerugobbi.

Action: Diuretic, used for catarrh of the urinary organs, also for dropsy when accompanied by hepatic obstruction.

The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia ofIn- dia recommends the seed in lithiasis; the whole plant and root for gout.

Aqueous extract of herb ash—diuretic in albino rats. EtOH (50%)— spasmolytic and hypotensive. The herb exhibits antihepatotoxic activity in dogs. Essential oil from whole plant—antibacterial.

The plant gave lupeol, stigmasterol and hydrocarbons; seed gave sterols; flowers, apigenin glucuronide.

Aqueous extract decreased fasting glucose and improved glucose tolerance in rats. (Sharon M. Herr.)

Dosage: Whole plant—3-6 g, powder; dried seed—3-6 g powder; dried root—3-6 g for decoction. (API Vol. II.) Herb ash—1-3 g (CCRAS.)... asteracantha longifolia

Crusta Lactea

See CRADLE CAP.... crusta lactea

Cutaneous Larva Migrans

A cutaneous eruption resulting from exposure of the skin the infective filariform larva of non-human hookworms, Ancylostoma braziliense, A. caninum and some Strongyloides spp (especially S. procyormis of the raccoon and S. myopotami of the nutria).... cutaneous larva migrans

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

A spectrum of skin disease caused by protozoan Leishmania spp, with a lifecycle and vectors identical to that of Leishmania donovani (see visceral leishmaniasis). The spectrum of disease ranges from a single, dry cutaneous lesion (L. tropica) through to destructive mucocutaneous lesions (L. braziliensis braziliensis).... cutaneous leishmaniasis

Bassia Longifolia

Koen.

Synonym: Madhuca longifolia (Linn.) Macbride.

Family: Sapotaceae.

Habitat: South India; common in the monsoon forests of Western Ghats.

English: Mowra Butter tree, South Indian Mahua.

Siddha/Tamil: Illupei, Elupa, Naatu, Iluppei, Iruppei.

Action: Flowers—laxative, bechic (used in coughs, colds and bronchitis), stimulant and nervine tonic. Seed oil—galactogenic, anticephalalgic, laxative in cases of habitual constipation and piles; used externally in rheumatism and skin affections. Bark, seed oil and gum—antirheumatic.

The herb contains 17% tannins and is used for bleeding and spongy gums, tonsillitis, ulcers, rheumatism and diabetes mellitus. Roots are applied to ulcers.

Seed kernel gave protobassic acid (a sapogenol) and two major saponins— Mi-saponins A and B. Mi-saponins (bisdesmosides of protobassic acid) exhibit anti-inflammatory activity in rheumatism.

The carollas are a rich source of sugars and contain an appreciable amount of vitamins and calcium (total sugars 72.9%, calcium 140 mg/100 g). Sugars are identified as sucrose, maltose, glucose, fructose, arabinose and rham- nose. Flowers are largely used in the preparation of distilled liquors. They constitute the most important raw material for fermentative production of alcohol.... bassia longifolia

Begonia Laciniata

Roxb. var. nepalensis A. DC.

Family: Begoniaceae.

Habitat: Tropical and sub-tropical regions, especially in America. Found in Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Manipur, ascending to an altitude to 2,100 m.

English: Beefsteak Geraniums, Elephant's Ear.

Folk: Hooirjo (West Bengal), Teisu (Nagaland).

Action: A decoction of the root is given for liver diseases and fever. The extract from succulent stalks is used for venereal diseases in folk medicine. Fresh shoots are chewed for tooth troubles. Aqueous extracts of the leaves and flowers of Begonia sp. are active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Hooirjo and Teisu are also equated with B. palmata D. Don var. gamblei Hara, found in northeastern regions of India.... begonia laciniata

Bergenia Ligulata

(Wall.) Engl.

Synonym: B. ciliata Sternb. Saxífraga ligulata Wall.

Family: Saxifragaceae.

Habitat: Temperate Himalaya from Kashmir to Bhutan, between altitudes of 900 and 3,000 m.

Ayurvedic: Paashaanabheda, Ashmaribhedikaa, Ashmaribhit, Ashmghna, Shilaabhit, Shilaabheda. (These synonyms are also equated with Aerva lanata Juss.)

Siddha/Tamil: Padanbethi.

Action: Leaf and root—antiscorbutic, astringent, spasmolytic, antidiarrhoeal. Used in dysuria, spleen enlargement, pulmonary affections as a cough remedy, menorrhagia, urinary tract infections. Alcoholic extract of roots— antilithic. Acetone extract of root- bark—cardiotoxic, CNS depressant and anti-inflammatory; in mild doses diuretic but antidiuretic in higher doses. Anti-inflammatory activity decreases with increasing dosage.

Due to its depressant action on the central nervous system, the drug is used against vertigo, dizziness and headache in moderate or low dosage.

Key application: In lithiasis, dysuria, polyuria. (The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India; Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia.)

The rhizome contains an active principle bergenin (0.6%), gallic acid, glucose (5.6%), tannins (14.2-016.3%), mucilage and wax; a C-glycoside and beta-sitosterol.

Bergenin prevented stress-induced erosions in rats and lowered gastric outputs.

(Paashaanabheda indicates that the plant grows between rocks appearing to break them; it does not necessarily mean that it possesses lithotriptic property.)

Dosage: Rhizome—20-30 g for decoction. (API Vol. I)... bergenia ligulata

Diphyllobothrium Latum

The broad or fish tapeworm of humans and other fish-eating mammals. Als o called Dibothriocephalus latum. Infection acquired by eating fish containing the infective plerocercoid (sparganum) larva. May be associated in humans with a megaloblastic (macrocytic) anaemia due to competition for Vitamin B12.... diphyllobothrium latum

Disability-adjusted Life Expectancy

A modification of conventional life expectancy to account for time lived with disability. It is the number of healthy years of life that can be expected on average in a given population. It is generally calculated at birth, but estimates can also be prepared at other ages. It adjusts the expectation of years of life for the loss on account of disability, using explicit weights for different health states.... disability-adjusted life expectancy

Disability-adjusted Life Years (dalys)

The number of healthy years of life lost due to premature death and disability.... disability-adjusted life years (dalys)

Discoid Lupus Erythematosus (dle)

See under LUPUS.... discoid lupus erythematosus (dle)

Ecbolium Linneanum

Kurz.

Synonym: E. viride (Forsk.) Alston. Justica ecbolium Linn.

Family: Acanthaceae.

Habitat: Northeastern Peninsular India.

English: Blue Fox Tail Nail Dye.

Siddha/Tamil: Nilambari.

Action: Plant—used in gout and dysuria; decoction of leaves for stricture. Roots—given in jaundice, menorrhagia and rheumatism.... ecbolium linneanum

Benefits Of Lapsang Souchong Tea

Lapsang Souchong tea is a type of black tea originating from China. Out of all the types of black tea, this one is special thanks to its history, rich taste and health benefits. Find out more about the Lapsang Souchong tea in this article. About the Lapsang Souchong tea Lapsang Souchong tea is a type of black tea originating from China, from the Wuyi region of the Fujian province. It is the first type of black tea in history, having been discovered around the beginning of the 19th century. Later, people started to move the tea bushes even outside of China, for example to India or Sri Lanka. The flavor of this tea is smoky, rich and fruity. It goes well with salty and spicy dishes, as well as with cheese. Lapsang Souchong tea - a smoked tea It is said that the lapsang souchong tea was discovered by accident. During the Dao Guang era of the Qing Dynasty, an army unit passed through Xingcu village and decided to set camp at a tea factory filled with unprocessed tea leaves. The workers could only return at the company after the soldiers left. Discovering that they didn’t have enough time to let the leaves dry, the workers decided to speed up the process. What they did was to place the tea leaves into bamboo baskets and dry them over fires made from local pines. This is how the lapsang souchong tea was discovered. Because of this, it is also called “smoked tea”. Seeing as they are smoke-dried over fires made from pine wood, the lapsang souchong tea has a strong, smoky flavor. How to make lapsang souchong tea To make lapsang souchong tea, you need one teaspoon of leaves for a 6 ounce cup. Leave it to steep for 3-4 minutes before you remove the leaves. You can later use the leaves to resteep, but the flavor might differ after each steeping. The lapsang souchong tea is usually drunk without milk or sugar. People either love its taste, or completely hate it, so there’s no need to change it. Benefits of lapsang souchong tea The lapsang souchong tea, just like all other types of black teas, has many health benefits that should encourage you to drink more of it. First of all, drinking lapsang souchong tea can reduce your chances of getting cancer. It also helps reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, as it lowers the cholesterol in your blood and helps the blood flow better in your veins. The lapsang souchong tea helps strengthen your immunity, protecting you from viruses that lead to colds, the flu or other diseases. It also helps you fight against various types of inflammations. During diets, it is recommended to drink black tea; this includes the lapsang souchong tea, as well. It helps burn fats faster and, therefore, helps you lose weight. Side effects of lapsang souchong tea The side effects of the lapsang souchong tea are those found at other types of black tea, as well. They are related to the caffeine found in the tea’s composition, and drinking too much tea. If you know caffeine isn’t good for you, be careful when drinking lapsang souchong tea. It may cause you to experience the following symptoms: insomnia, anxiety, headache, dizziness, irritability, blurred vision and skin rashes. You also have to be careful if you’re pregnant or breastfeeding. In the case of pregnancy, the caffeine in the lapsang souchong tea (and caffeine in general) can cause miscarriages and birth defects. If you’re breastfeeding, lapsang souchong tea can affect the baby, who might get insomnia, heart palpitations and tremors. Also, if you’re suffering from ulcer, don’t drink too much lapsang souchong tea. The caffeine in its composition may increase the production of stomach acid and, therefore, aggravate the ulcer symptoms. It is recommended that you not drink more than six cups of tea per day. Otherwise, it might end up becoming harmful rather than helpful. The side effects that you might get are headaches, dizziness, insomnia, irregular heartbeats, vomiting, diarrhea and loss of appetite. If you encounter any of these symptoms, reduce the amount of tea you drink. This applies to all types of tea, including the lapsang souchong tea. If you want a special kind of black tea, try the lapsang souchong tea. The smoky, fruity flavor will definitely charm you. And don’t forget, it’s also good for your health!... benefits of lapsang souchong tea

Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (elisa)

This is a sensitive method for measuring the quantity of a substance. An antibody to the substance is prepared along with an ENZYME which binds to the antibody and which can be accurately measured using colour changes that occur as a result of the chemical reaction.... enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa)

Expectation Of Life

The average number of years an individual of a given age is expected to live if current mortality rates continue to apply. See “life expectancy”.... expectation of life

Farmer’s Lung

A form of external allergic ALVEOLITIS caused by the inhalation of dust from mouldy hay or straw.... farmer’s lung

Gastric Lavage

A method of gastric decontamination used in the treatment of poisoning. It is not used routinely. Lavage involves the passage of a lubricated tube via the mouth and OESOPHAGUS into the stomach. Patients are positioned on their side with the head lower than the feet. A small quantity of ?uid (300 ml) is passed into the stomach and the contents then drained out (by gravity) by lowering the end of the tube. This is repeated until the solution is clear of particulate matter. The procedure should be done only by an experienced health professional.... gastric lavage

Blepharis Linariaefolia

Pers.

Synonym: B. sindica T. Anders.

Family: Acanthaceae.

Habitat: Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat.

Ayurvedic: Ushtrakaandi, Utangan (var.).

Folk: Utangana (Sindh). Asad.

Action: Seeds, boiled in milk, are taken as an invigorating tonic.

Blepharis molluginifolia Pers., used for urinary discharges, is also equated with Utangana.... blepharis linariaefolia

Blue Flag Tea For A Healthy Liver

Blue Flag tea has a long history in treating liver ailments: Native American tribes used to consume it for its hepatic properties. Blue Flag Tea description Blue flag is a perennial herb also known as the liver lily and the fleur-de-lis, native to North America. It has smooth spear-shaped leaves topped with a light bluish-purple flower. Blue flag plants grow in bunches and bloom during late June and early July. Blue Flag tea is the resulting beverage from brewing the abovementioned plant. Blue Flag Tea brewing To prepare Blue Flag tea, place 1 teaspoon of the dried roots in a cup of boiling water. Let it steep for 10 minutes. The tea can be consumed three times a day. Blue Flag Tea benefits Blue Flag has been successfully used to:
  • stimulate the liver and thus, it is helpful in the treatment of jaundice and hepatitis
  • fight impurities of the blood
  • fight against skin problems like acne and psoriasis
  • detoxify the body by increasing the production of bile, as well as frequency of urination
  • help treat indigestion
  • treat rheumatism
  • help in weight loss
Blue Flag tea can be an effective laxative, diuretic and as an emetic. It is also effective in reducing inflammation of the skin, decreasing the symptoms of skin infections. It is also good in treating burns, bruises and wounds. Blue Flag Tea side effects Until further studies are conducted, pregnant and nursing women should avoid intaking this type of tea. Blue Flag tea has proven its efficiency in dealing with severe liver-related diseases. Also, applied topically, it can treat skin problems, but not only.... blue flag tea for a healthy liver

Boldo Tea Is Benefic For The Liver

Boldo tea has a long medicinal history, according to recent archeological discoveries. It is a healthy choice for the liver, urinary tract and infections. Boldo Tea description Boldo is a tree found in the central region of Chile and near the Mediterranean. It is an evergreen shrub whose leaves are colored brown when dried and whose fruits are small green spheres. Apparently, boldo use dates back at least 10,000 years. Nowadays, people use this plant to aid digestion, cleanse the liver and increase bile production for gallbladder’s health. Boldo tea is the resulting beverage from brewing the abovementioned plant. Boldo Tea brewing To prepare Boldo tea:
  • Pour boiling water over 1 teaspoon of dried boldo leaves.
  • Let the mix infuse for about 10 to 15 minutes.
  • Drink it slowly.
Boldo tea can be drunk three times a day for short periods of time. Boldo Tea benefits Studies have shown that Boldo tea is efficient in:
  • treating urinary tract and bladder infections
  • helping in liver cleansing
  • helping alleviate heartburn
  • relieving discomfort in the gallbladder
  • helping treat mild stomach cramps
  • treating worm infections
  • helping in the treatment of cystitis
  • treating gonorrhea
Boldo Tea side effects Patients with severe liver or kidney disease or obstruction of the bile ducts are advised to avoid the use of Boldo tea. Pregnant and nursing women should not consume Boldo tea. Boldo tea is a medicinal beverage which proved its efficiency in dealing with liver cleansing and urinary tract infections. It is recommended to patients suffering from stomach cramps, but not only.... boldo tea is benefic for the liver

General Liability Insurance

Insurance which covers the risk of loss for most accidents and injuries to third parties (the insured and its employees are not covered) which arise from the actions or negligence of the insured, and for which the insured may have legal liability, except those injuries directly related to the provision of professional health care services (the latter risks are covered by professional liability insurance).... general liability insurance

Gnaphalium Luteo-album

Linn.

Family: Asteraceae.

Habitat: Throughout India, ascending up to 3,350 m in the Himalayas.

English: Jersey Cudweed, Cotton Weed, Cat's Foot, Everlasting Flower.

Folk: Bal-raksha.

Action: Leaves—astringent, haemostatic, vulnerary. The tomentum is applied as counter- irritant in gout, also used as tinder.... gnaphalium luteo-album

Gray Or Grey Literature

Research reports that are not found in traditional peer-reviewed publications, such as government agency monographs, symposium proceedings and unpublished reports.... gray or grey literature

Halibut-liver Oil

The oil expressed from fresh, or suitably preserved, halibut liver. It is a particularly rich source of vitamin A (30,000 international units per gram), and also contains vitamin D (2,300– 2,500 units per gram). It is available in capsules as a means of providing the two vitamins. (See APPENDIX 5: VITAMINS.)... halibut-liver oil

Buchanania Lanzan

Spreng.

Synonym: B. latifolia Roxb.

Family: Anacardiaceae.

Habitat: Drier parts of India.

English: Almondette tree, Cheron- jee, Buchanan's Mango.

Ayurvedic: Priyaala, Piyaala, Kharskandha, Bahulvalkala, Taa- paseshtha, Sannakadru Dhanush- pat, Chaar.

Unani/Tamil ? Saaraapparuppu.

Siddha: Mudaima, Morala (Tamil).

Action: Kernel—laxative, febrifuge. An ointment made out of the kernels is used to cure itch of the skin and to remove blemishes from the face. Oil from kernels— substitute for almond oil. Applied to glandular swellings of the neck. The oil is a promising source of palmitic and oleic acids.

Kernel lipids (65.6%), comprised mainly of neutral lipids (90.4%), consist mostly of triacylglycerol (82.2%), free fatty acids (7.8%) and small amount of diacylglycerols, monoacylglycerols and sterols.

The kernels are used in Indian medicine as a brain tonic. The leaves are valued as a cardiotonic.

The leaves contain 2.64% tannins (0.35% gallo-tannins). The presence of triterpenoids, saponins, flavonoids and reducing sugars are also reported. Powdered or crushed leaves are applied to wounds.

The bark contains 13.40% tannins. The presence of alkaloids, saponins and reducing sugars is also reported.

Gum (stem exudate) is antidiar- rhoeal. Used internally in rheumatism.

Dosage: Stem bark—5-10 g (API Vol. IV.)... buchanania lanzan

Bupleurum Tea: A Cure For The Liver

Bupleurum tea is largely known for its healing propertiesand its action against the growth and spreading of cancer cells. Bupleurum Tea description Bupleurum is a plant from the Apiaceae family, originating from Asia. The roots of Bupleurum are used in various healing mixtures throughout China and East Asia. Scientists have shown that this plant possesses anti-inflammatory constituents and may inhibit the growth of liver cancer cells. Both Japan and China medicinal industries use it in order to treat cancer and hepatitis. Bupleurum tea is the resulting beverage from brewing the abovementioned plant. Bupleurum Tea brewing Bupleurum tea can be prepared by combining dried and chopped bupleurum roots with hot water. After steeping the mixture for about 10 minutes, drink it slowly. Bupleurum herb can also be consumed as extracts and capsules. Buplerum Tea benefits Bupleurum tea has been successfully used to:
  • treat liver problems like hepatitis, cirrhosis and cancer
  • treat infections with fever
  • relieve chest congestion
  • treat indigestion
  • treat hemorrhoids
  • treat uterine and anal prolapse
  • treat diarrhea
  • help in overall efforts to treat HIV
Bupleurum Tea side effects Bupleurum tea is not recommended to pregnant and breastfeeding women. Bupleurum tea is a healthy beverage used efficiently to treat liver-related diseases. It has been also proven that this type of tea can fight free radicals, responsible for cancer cells growth, due to its content of antioxidants.... bupleurum tea: a cure for the liver

Calamus Tea Is Good For Laryngitis

Calamus tea is a good remedy against a large array of ailments such as laryngitis, but not only. It has a good taste when drank and it can fight the desire for tobacco. Calamus Tea description Calamus is a perennial semi-aquatic plant that grows in wetlands. It is found in Europe, Russia, East and South Asia, and the United States and Canada. Its leaves and rhizomes have a strong scent, due to which Calamus is appreciated in the perfume industry. Calamus tea is the resulting beverage from brewing the abovementioned plant. Calamus Tea brewing To prepare Calamus tea:
  • pour a cup of boiling water on 2 teaspoonfuls of the calamus root
  • leave it to steep for about 10 to 15 minutes
Calamus tea is recommended to be drunk an hour before eating. Calamus Tea benefits Calamus tea has been successfully used to:
  • treat chest congestion
  • treat digestive problems (flatulence and bloating)
  • relieve stomach spasms
  • enhance the appetite
  • treat laryngitis
  • fight the desire for tobacco
  • fight fever
Calamus Tea side effects Calamus tea is not recommended to pregnant or nursing women. Calamus tea is a medicinal beverage efficient in dealing with stomach spasms, digestive problems and chest congestion.... calamus tea is good for laryngitis

Health Literacy

The cognitive skills and motivation of an individual to gain access to, and use information to promote and maintain good health.... health literacy

Health-related Quality-of-life (hrql) Measure

Individual outcome measure that extends beyond traditional measures of mortality and morbidity to include such dimensions as physiology, function, social activity, cognition, emotion, sleep and rest, energy and vitality, health perception and general life satisfaction (some of these are also known as health status, functional status or quality-of-life measures).... health-related quality-of-life (hrql) measure

Healthy Life Expectancy

See “disability-adjusted life expectancy”.... healthy life expectancy

Heart-lung Transplant

An operation in which a patient’s diseased lungs and heart are removed and replaced with donor organs from someone who has been certi?ed as ‘brain dead’ (see BRAIN-STEM DEATH). As well as the technical diffculties of such an operation, rejection by the recipient’s tissues of donated heart and lungs has proved hard to overcome. Since the early 1990s, however, immunosuppressant drug therapy (see CICLOSPORIN; TRANSPLANTATION) has facilitated the regular use of this type of surgery. Even so, patients receiving transplanted hearts and lungs face substantial risks such as lung infection and airway obstruction as well as the long-term problems of transplant rejection.... heart-lung transplant

Canna Lily

Canna indica

Description: The canna lily is a coarse perennial herb, 90 centimeters to 3 meters tall. The plant grows from a large, thick, underground rootstock that is edible. Its large leaves resemble those of the banana plant but are not so large. The flowers of wild canna lily are usually small, relatively inconspicuous, and brightly colored reds, oranges, or yellows.

Habitat and Distribution: As a wild plant, the canna lily is found in all tropical areas, especially in moist places along streams, springs, ditches, and the margins of woods. It may also be found in wet temperate, mountainous regions. It is easy to recognize because it is commonly cultivated in flower gardens in the United States.

Edible Parts: The large and much branched rootstocks are full of edible starch. The younger parts may be finely chopped and then boiled or pulverized into a meal. Mix in the young shoots of palm cabbage for flavoring.... canna lily

Cascara Sagrada Tea - A Powerful Laxative

Cascara Sagrada Tea has been known since ancient times as a great stimulant and laxative agent. In fact, the ones to discover its medical benefits were the American. The first proofs of this fact date from the 17th century, when American practitioners used Cascara Sagrada bark to treat many bacterial ailments of the digestive system. Cascara is a small shrub that grows mainly in the North America, in states like Idaho, California or Montana. Cascara never grows taller than 50 centimeters and has pale yellow greenish leaves and deep green leaves. Also known as rhamnus purshiana, Cascara has purple fruits or black berries that hide usually three hard seeds. Cascara Sagrada is harvested in the fall and can only be used dried (one year apart from the harvesting time) in order to release its curative benefits. Many people in Northern America specialize in Cascara Sagrada harvesting and herb processing (the plant needs to be properly dried and according to a list of specifications). Cascara Sagrada Tea Properties Cascara Sagrada Tea is known for its strong, stimulant and laxative properties. The main substances of this tea are very efficient in cases of nervous system failures and intestinal tract ailments. Cascara Sagrada Tea has a very bitter and therefore unpleasant taste. That’s why most people prefer to take it as capsules or extracts. Cascara Sagrada Tea Benefits Aside from its use as a constipation treatment, Cascara Sagrada Tea can also cure a variety of diseases involving the digestive tract, such as intestinal parasites or bacterial infections. However, make sure that you take this tea responsibly and don’t forget that this is a medical treatment wich only should be taking while you’re sick. Don’t try to replace your morning coffee with Cascara Sagrada Tea or you’ll face a series of complications! How to make Cascara Sagrada Tea Infusion When preparing Cascara Sagrada Tea, you have to make sure that you only use ingredients from a trusted provider. Nowadays, there are many illegal substances on the market sold as tea. Also, the herb you bought may be exactly what the label says it is, but not properly dried, in which case you’ll suffer from unwanted complications as well. Once you have the right ingredients, use a teaspoon of dried herbs for every cup of tea you want to make, add boiling water and wait 20 minutes for the wonderful benefits to be released. Strain the decoction and drink it hot or cold. You may also add honey or even sugar if the taste feels a bit unpleasant. Cascara Sagrada Tea Side Effects When taken in small amounts, Cascara Sagrada Tea is a safe treatment. However, high dosages may lead to various problems, such as urine discoloration, blood in stools, pain and vomiting. Make sure the dosage you’re using is the appropriate one or ask your doctor before making any moves: it’s better to be safe than sorry! Cascara Sagrada Contraindications Cascara Sagrada Tea is not recommended for pregnant or breastfeeding women, patients suffering from appendicitis or ulcerative colitis. Also, if you are on blood thinners or anticoagulants, avoid taking a treatment based on Cascara Sagrada Tea. To gather more information, talk to an herbalist or to your doctor! If he gives you the green light and you happen to be in a teashop, add Cascara Sagrada Tea to your shopping cart and enjoy its wonderful benefits responsibly!... cascara sagrada tea - a powerful laxative

Citrus Limon

(Linn.) Burm.f.

Family: Rutaceae.

Habitat: Cultivated all over India.

English: Lemon.

Ayurvedic: Jambira, Jambh, Jambhir, Jaamphal, Nimbu, Nimbuka, Naaranga, Limpaka, Dantashatha, Airaavata, Neebu (bigger var.).

Unani: Utraj.

Siddha/Tamil: Periya elumuchhai.

Action: Fruit—antiscorbutic, carminative, stomachic, antihistaminic, antibacterial. Used during coughs, colds, influenza and onset of fever (juice of roasted lemon), hiccoughs, biliousness. Fruit juice—used externally for ringworm (mixed with salt), erysipelas, also in the treatment of leprosy and white spots. Leaves and stems—antibacterial.

All parts of the plants of citrus sp. contain coumarins and psoralins. The fruits contain flavonoids and li- monoids. The flavonoids comprise three main groups—flavanones, fla- vones and 3-hydroxyflavylium (antho- cyanins); flavanones being predominantly followed by flavones and antho- cyanins. Bitter flavonoids do not occur in lemon and lime.

Lemon juice is a richer source of antiscorbutic vitamin (contains 4050 mg/100 g of vitamin C) than lime, and a fair source of carotene and vitamin B1. Volatile oil (about 2.5% of the peel) consists of about 75% limonene, alpha-and beta-pinenes, alpha-ter- pinene and citral. The fruit juice also contains coumarins and bioflavonoids.

The acid content of the fruit, once digested, provides an alkaline effect within the body and is found useful in conditions where acidity is a contributory factor (as in case of rheumatic conditions). The bioflavonoids strengthen the inner lining of blood vessels, especially veins and capillaries, and help counter varicose veins, arteriosclerosis, circulatory disorders and infections of liver, stomach and intestines.

Major flavonoid glycosides, isolated from citrus peels and juices, include hesperidin (with properties of vitamin P). Rutin and other flavanones, isolated from citrus fruits, form the principal components of vitamin P. Flavanone glycosides contained in lemon and lime juices are eriocitrin 47 and 94; hesperidin 84 and 196 mg/l, respectively.

The composition of cold pressed lime oil is quite similar to lemon oil, but citral content of lime oil is higher.

Monoterpene alcohols and their esters, aldehydes—geraniol, geranial and neral, contribute to the characteristic aroma of lemon and lime.

Dosage: Fruit—6-12 g (Juice—5- 10 ml). (API Vol. IV.)... citrus limon

Cleavers Tea - Best Tonic For The Lymphatic System Available In Nature

Cleavers tea has been used for centuries, even in ancient Greece. It is considered probably the best tonic for the lymphatic system available. Discover all of its benefits and learn how to make the most of this type of tea. Description of Cleavers tea Cleavers is an annual green plant that grows mostly in Britain, North America and Eurasia regions. The green to white flowers look like small balls and they are very sticky, similar to the leaves. Scientifically named gallium aparine, cleavers is also called bedstraw, barweed, catchweed, grip grass. The entire cleavers plant is used in herbal medicine and is harvested just before it blooms in early summer. The active constituents of cleavers tea are chlorophyll, citric acide, rubichloric acid, galiosin and tannins. To benefit the most from these constituents, you can consume cleavers, usually found in the form of tea, extracts, capsule, or fresh for many cooking recipes. The roasted seeds are used as a coffee substitute and the young leaves can be eaten like spinach. Cleavers tea has a slightly bitter taste and no odor. Cleavers tea brew For a tasty Cleavers tea, take 2 to 3 teaspoons of the dried above-ground parts of the plant and infuse them in a 250 mg cup of hot water for 10 or 15 minutes. You may add sugar or honey to improve its taste and drink up to three times per day. Cleavers tea  Benefits Cleavers tea is a strong detoxifying for the lymphatic system. It is diuretic, thus treating most of urinary tract infections. It cleans the blood, the liver and kidneys. The tea can be used together with Uva Ursi or Echinacea for best results. Applied topically, Cleavers tea helps in the treatment of many skin conditions like acne, eczema, psoriasis, dandruff, itchy scalp, sunburns or even wounds. Cleavers tea can be used as a facial tonner because it helps clear the complexion. Cleavers tea Side effects Cleavers tea has no known side effects. Though it is widely safe, children, pregnant or nursing women should drink it with precaution. Cleavers tea can surely be included in a healthy lifestyle. As long as you don’t exaggerate with it, you can enjoy the benefits of this tea and even use the plant to prepare many tasty recipes and salads.... cleavers tea - best tonic for the lymphatic system available in nature

Coix Lacryma-jobi

Linn.

Synonym: C. lachryma Linn.

Family: Gramineae; Poaceae.

Habitat: Warm and damp areas up to about 2,000 m, both wild and cultivated as an annual grass.

English: Job's Tears.

Ayurvedic: Gavedhukaa.

Siddha/Tamil: Kaatu Kunthumani.

Folk: Garaheduaa, Gargari.

Action: Fruits—a decoction is used for catarrhal affections of the air passage and inflammation of the urinary tract. Seed— diuretic. Root—used in menstrual disorders. Leaves—used as a drink for inducing fertility in women.

The seeds contain trans-ferulyl stig- mastanol and trans-ferulyl campes- tanol, which form part of an ovulation- inducing drug. Seed extract—immu- no-enhancer, used for the prevention of cancer and infections. Seeds exhibit anti-tumour and anticomplimenta- ry activities. Seeds contain coixeno- lides, a mixed ester of palmitoleic and vaccenic acids, which is an anticancer agent.

The bigger var. of the grass is equated with Coix gigantea Koenig ex Roxb., also known as Gavedhukaa and Gar- gari.... coix lacryma-jobi

Colchicum Luteum

Baker.

Family: Liliaceae.

Habitat: The temperate Himalayas from Kashmir to Chamba. Major supplies of the drug are received from Kashmir.

English: Hermodactyls, Colchicum, Meadow Saffron, Golden Collyrium (Indian substitute). (C. luteum is a good substitute for C. autumnale L. which is official in the B.P.)

Ayurvedic: Hiranyatuttha.

Unani: Suranjaan Talkh.

Action: Non-steroidal antiinflammatory, anti-gout (relieves inflammation and pain of acute gout but does not increase expulsion of uric acid, is used with an alkaline diuretic), emetic, cathartic. Anti-chemotactic, antiphlogistic, inhibitor of mitosis. Highly toxic. Used for external application to lessen inflammation and pain.

Key application: In acute gout attack. (German Commission E.)

The fresh corms and aerial parts of a sample from Jammu yielded 0.94% and 070% of total alkaloids, the major being colchicine 0.40% and 0.20% respectively. Colchicine analogs— decteyl thiocolchicine (DTC), decetyl- methylcolchicine (DMC) and tri- methylcolchicinic acid (TMCA) were effective in the treatment of gout; DTC may elicit agranulocytosis.

Colchicine binds to tubulin, the protein subunit of microtubules. Its most important biological effect is the inhibition of processes that depend upon microtubule function by blocking polymerization. In preventing micro- tubule formation, colchicine has been shown to inhibit catecholamine secretion from adrenal medulla, iodine secretion from thyroid gland and pro- lactin secretion from pituitary tumour cells. It inhibits stimulated insulin secretion from isolated perfused pancreas and islets in vitro.

The use of Colchicum for long periods is not recommended owing to its toxicity in larger doses (even 7 mg of colchicine has caused death) and its depressant action upon central nervous system.

Prolonged use of Colchicum autum- nale may cause agranulocytosis, aplas- tic anaemia and peripheral nerve inflammation. (Sharon M. Herr.)... colchicum luteum

Henle, Loop Of

That part of the nephron (see KIDNEYS) between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules. It extends into the renal medulla as a hairpin-shaped loop. The ascending link of the loop actively transports sodium from the lumen of the tube to the interstitium, and this, combined with the ‘counter-current’ ?ow of ?uid through the two limbs of the loop, plays a part in concentrating the urine.... henle, loop of

Human Leucocyte Antigen (hla)

See HLA SYSTEM.... human leucocyte antigen (hla)

Crinum Latifolium

Linn.

Family: Amaryllidaceae.

Habitat: Wild as well as cultivated as an ornamental.

English: Wide-leaved Crinum.

Ayurvedic: Sudarshana, Sukhadar- shana, Chakraangi, Somvalli, Madhuparnikaa.

Siddha/Tamil: Vishamoongil.

Action: Bulb—rubefacient, an- tirheumatic. Also used for piles and tubercular fistula.

The alkaloids, crinafoline and crina- folidine, have been isolated from the plant. These along with crinafoline methochloride exhibited significant tumour-inhibiting activity in vivo. The plant extract in also used in allergic condition. This activity is attributed to the presence of glucan A and phos- phatidyllycorine.

A related species, C. zeylanicum, is known as Milk-and-Wine Lily.

Dosage: Leaf, root—5-10 g paste. (CCRAS.)... crinum latifolium

Dalbergia Lanceolaria

Linn.f.

Synonym: D.frondosa Roxb.

Family: Papilionaceae; Fabaceae.

Habitat: The sub-Himalayan tract, ascending up to 750 m, and throughout India.

Siddha/Tamil: Erigai, Navelangu.

Folk: Gorakh, Takoli, Bithuaa.

Action: A decoction of bark— used in dyspepsia. Oil—applied to rheumatic affections, and cutaneous diseases. Leaf—in leprosy and allied obstinate skin diseases.

Baptigenin from leaves and flowers possesses properties to treat arthritic affections and inflammations. An isoflavone glycoside of biochanin (lanceolarin) has been obtained from the root bark. Ether, EtOH and aqueous extract of leaves exhibited an- tiarthritic activity in rats.

The heartwood of Dalbergia sp. contains quinones. Bark and pods contain tannins.

Root bark gave isoflavone glycosides and lanceolarin.

Dosage: Whole plant—50-100 ml decoction. (CCRAS.)... dalbergia lanceolaria

Hypecoum Leptocarpum

Hook. f. & Thoms.

Family: Papaveraceae.

Habitat: Mediterranean region and temperate Asia. (Allied species: H. pendulum Linn. and H. procumbens Linn., found in Peshavar, Multan, Waziristan and Baluchistan). Occurs in Sikkim.

Folk: Zirgulaki, Waziri.

Action: Used in stomachache. Juice of the plant has the same effect as opium. Leaves diaphoretic. Plant— narcotic.

The whole plant contains protopine (0.19) as the major alkaloid.... hypecoum leptocarpum

Independent Living

Living at home without the need for continuous help and with a degree of self determination or control over one’s activities.... independent living

Independent Living Facility

A rental unit in which services are not included as part of the rent, although services may be available on site and may be purchased by residents for an additional fee.... independent living facility

Instrumental Activities Of Daily Living (iadl)

Activities with aspects of cognitive and social functioning, including shopping, cooking, doing housework, managing money and using the telephone. See also “activities of daily living (ADLs)”.... instrumental activities of daily living (iadl)

L’amour

(French) One who loves and is loved

Lamour, Lamoure, L’Amoure, Lamore, Lamoura... l’amour

Curcuma Longa

Linn.

Synonym: C. domestica Valeton.

Family: Zingiberaceae.

Habitat: Cultivated all over India, particularly in West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra.

English: Turmeric.

Ayurvedic: Haridraa, Priyaka, Haridruma, Kshanda, Gauri, Kaanchani, Krimighna, Varavarni- ni, Yoshitapriyaa, Hattavilaasini, Naktaahvaa, Sharvari.

Unani: Zard Chob.

Action: Anti-inflammatory, cholagogue, hepatoprotective, blood-purifier, antioxidant, detoxi- fier and regenerator of liver tissue, antiasthmatic, anti-tumour, anticu- taneous, antiprotozoal, stomachic, carminative. Reduces high plasma cholesterol. Antiplatelet activity offers protection to heart and vessels. Also protects against DNA damage in lymphocytes.

Key application: In dyspeptic conditions. (German Commission E, ESCOP, WHO.) As antiinflammatory, stomachic. (Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia.)

The rhizomes gave curcuminoids, the mixture known as curcumin, consisting of atleast four phenolic diaryl- heptanoids, including curcumin and monodesmethoxycurcumin; volatile oil (3-5%), containing about 60% of turmerones which are sesquiterpene ketones, and bitter principles, sugars, starch, resin.

Curcumin related phenolics possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, gastroprotective and hepatoprotective activities. The antioxidant activity of curcumin is comparable to standard antioxidants—vitamin C and E, BHA and BHT.

The volatile oil, also curcumin, exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in a variety of experimental models (the effects were comparable to those of cortisone and phenylbutazone). Used orally, curcumin prevents the release of inflammatory mediators. It depletes nerve endings of substance P, the neu- rotransmitter of pain receptors.

Curcumin's cholesterol-lowering actions include interfering with intestinal cholesterol uptake, increasing the conversion of cholesterol into bile acids and increasing the excretion of bile acids via its choleretic effects.

Curcuminoids prevent the increases in liver enzymes, SGOT and SGPT; this validates the use of turmeric as a he- patoprotective drug in liver disorders. Curlone, obtained from the dried rhizome, is used against hepatitis.

Turmeric and curcumin increase the mucin content of the stomach and exert gastroprotective effects against stress, alcohol, drug-induced ulcer formation. (Curcumin at doses of 100 mg/kg weight exhibited ulcerogenic activity in rats.)

The ethanolic extract of the rhizome exhibited blood sugar lowering activity in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

Piperine (a constituent of black and long pepper) enhances absorption and bioavailability of curcumin.

Dosage: Cured rhizome—1-3 g powder. (API Vol. I.)... curcuma longa

Dalbergia Latifolia

Roxb.

Synonym: D. emerginata Roxb.

Family: Papilionaceae; Fabaceae.

Habitat: Bengal, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Western Peninsula.

English: East Indian Rosewood, Bombay Blackwood.

Ayurvedic: Shimshapaa (related sp.)

Unani: Sheesham.

Siddha/Tamil: Itti, Eravadi, Karun- doroiral.

Folk: Sisu.

Action: Stimulant, appetiser, anthelmintic, spasmogenic. Used in dyspepsia, diarrhoea; also in obesity, cutaneous affections and leprosy.

The bark contains hentriacontane, latifolin, beta-sitosterol and tannins. EtOH (50%) extract of the bark exhibits spasmogenic, and anthelmintic activity against Ascaridia galli.... dalbergia latifolia

Diente De León

Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale).

Plant Part Used: Leaf, root.

Dominican Medicinal Uses: Leaf: fresh juice, orally, for liver conditions.

Safety: Leaves are widely consumed and generally considered safe; root and leaf: relatively nontoxic.

Contraindications: Root: digestive, biliary or gallbladder conditions, stomach inflammation, irritable bowel, digestive weakness, bowel obstruction (due to laxative, stomach acid stimulating& cholagogue effects);

Drug Interactions: Lithium (potential exacerbation of toxicity).

Laboratory & Preclinical Data: In vivo: analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, bile flow stimulant (root extracts); diuretic, hypoglycemic (leaf water extract).

In vitro: anti-inflammatory in CNS, anti-tumor, cytotoxic, antidiabetic, nitric oxide production, insulin secretion (root or plant extract); antioxidant (flowers),

Nutritional: potassium.

* See entry for Diente de León in “Part 3: Dominican Medicinal Plant Profiles” of this book for more information, including references.... diente de león

Laadan

(Hebrew) A distinguished woman; fair-skinned Laden... laadan

Laasya

(Indian) A graceful dancer Laasyah, Lasya, Lasyah... laasya

Labana

(Hebrew) Feminine form of Labon; white; fair-skinned Labanah, Labanna, Labania, Labanea, Labaniya, Labannah, Labaniah, Labaneah, Labaniyah... labana

Labe

(American) One who moves slowly Labie, Labi, Laby, Labey, Labee, Labea... labe

Labhaoise

(Irish) A mighty battlemaiden; crowned with laurel Laoise, Laoiseach, Laobhaoise... labhaoise

Curry Leaf

Murraya Koenigii

Rutaceae

San: Kalasakh, Kaidaryah

Hin: Mithinim, Katnim

Ben: Barsunga

Mal: Kariveppu, Karuveppu

Tam: Kariveppilai, Karuveppu

Kan: Kari Baeva

Tel: Karivepaku

Ass: Narasingha, Bishahari

Importance: Curry leaf, a plant of homestead gardens has gained importance as a commercial crop and is cultivated for its culinary and medicinal value. The plant is highly esteemed for its leaves which promote appetite and digestion and destroy pathogenic organisms. It is reported to be useful in emaciation, skin diseases, hemopathy, worm troubles, neurosis and poisons. They are useful in vitiated conditions of kapha and pitta, hyperdipna, colic, flatulence, diarrhoea, dysentery, vomiting, inflammations and foul ulcers. “Kaidaryah” drug is prepared using this plant which improves voice, stimulates digestion and destroys concocted poisons in the system. The important preparations using the drug are Kalasadi kasayam, Pamantaka tailam, Jatyadi tailam, Jatyadi ghrtam, etc (Sivarajan et al,1994).

Distribution: Curry leaf is seen in the foot of the Himalaya and Bashahi eastwards to Sikkim and Peninsular India, upto 1700m. It is also found in Sri Lanka, Burma, Indo-China, South China and Hainan. Commercial cultivation in India is limited to Tamil Nadu and Karnataka states.

Botany: The genus Murraya of the family Rutaceae includes the following species:

M. Koenigii (Linn.) Spreng. syn. Bergera koenigii Linn.

M. Exotica Linn. syn. M. paniculata (Linn.) Jack.

Murraya koenigii is a small aromatic tree with dark grey bark and closely crowded spreading dark green foliage. Leaves are imparipinnate and alternate. Leaflets are alternate, obliquely ovate or somewhat rhomboid, gland dotted and strongly aromatic. Flowers are white, arranged in much branched terminal corymbose cymes and fragrant. Fruits are subglobose or ellipsoid berries, purplish black when ripe and 2-seeded (Warrier et al, 1995).

Agrotechnology: Curry leaf tree does not choose a specific climate and can come up even in dry climate too. In places where minimum temperature goes below 13 C, the growth of the shoot will be slightly affected. It comes up well in light textured red soils. DWD-1 and DWD-2 are two improved varieties released from UAS, Dharwad. Curry leaf is propagated by seed. Main field is to be ploughed repeatedly. A spacing of 90-120cm is followed on either side. Pits of size 30cm3 are dug out one month before planting and filled with top soil mixed with well decomposed FYM at the time of planting. Healthy seedlings are planted in the centre of the pits. Then long furrows are formed connecting all the pits to facilitate easy irrigation. The seedlings are irrigated once in 5-7 days upto 3 years and once in 15 days afterwards. The field should be kept free from weeds. Plants may be trained and pruned to maintain a bush of 1m in height. For better growth and yield, each plant is fertilised with 20kg of FYM besides 150:25:50g of N, P2O5, K2O/ year. Attack of aphids in the vegetative stage can be controlled by spraying of dimethoate at 2ml/l of water. Leaves from such sprayed plants should be harvested only after 10 days. Spraying carbendazim at 1g/l can take care of leaf spot diseases. The crop comes to first harvest at the end of first year. The yield of leaves account to 400kg/ha at the end of first year, 2000 to 2200kg/ha in the second and third year harvested at an interval of four months and 2500kg/ha in the fourth year harvested at three months interval. From fifth year onwards it is harvested at 2.5-3 months interval giving an yield of 3500-5000kg/ha (Kumar et al, 1997).

Properties and activity: All parts of the plant, especially the leaves are rich in carbazole alkaloids. These include members with (i) C13 - skeleton -murrayanin, mukoeic acid, mukonine and mukonidine; (ii) C18 - skeleton including gerinimbine, koenimbine, murrayacine, koenigine and koenigicine (koenidine); and (iii) C23- skeleton containing mahanimbine, mahanimbicine, iso- mahanimbicine, mahanine, mahanimbinine, murrayayazoline, murrayazolinine, murrayazolidine, cyclomahanimbine and bicyclomahanimbicine. Other carbazole bases include mukoline, mukolidine (C13 group, from roots), mukonicine (C18 from leaves), the biogenetically significant mukonal (C13, stem-bark), mahanimboline (C23, root-bark), iso- murrayazoline (C23, stem-bark). The leaves gave a coumarin glucoside, scopolin also. Essential oil from leaves contained -caryophylline, -gurjunene, -elemene, - phellandrene, -thujene as major constituents.

The roots, bark and leaves are bitter, acrid, astringent, cooling, aromatic, demulcent, depurative, anthelmintic, febrifuge, stomachic, appetising, carminative, antiinflammatory and antiseptic. Aerial part is spasmolytic and antiprotozoal. Root is antiprotozoal, CVS active and has effect on nictitating membrane. Leaf is hypoglycaemic (Hussain et al,1992).... curry leaf

Labiba

(Arabic) Having great wisdom; one who is intelligent

Labibah, Labeeba, Labeebah, Labyba, Labybah, Labieba, Labiebah, Labeiba, Labeibah, Labeaba, Labeabah... labiba

Lability

Chemical instability.... lability

Labonita

(Spanish) The beautiful one Labonitah, Laboneeta, Labonyta, Labonieta, Laboneita, Laboneata... labonita

Lacey

(French) Woman from Normandy; as delicate as lace

Lace, Lacee, Lacene, Laci, Laciann, Lacie, Lacina, Lacy, Lacyann, Laicee, Laicey, Laisey, Laycie, Layci, Laycee, Lacea, Laycea, Laicea... lacey

Digitalis Lanata

Ehrh.

Habitat: Native to Europe. Now cultivated mainly in Kashmir (Yarikhah), also occurs wild.

English: Grecian Foxglove.

Ayurvedic: Hritpatri, Tilapushpi (non-classical). (Yellow var.)

Action: See D. purpurea.

Earlier, the herb was used to treat ulcers, boils, abscesses, headaches and paralysis. William Withering, an 18th century English country doctor, explored the plant's hidden properties. His work led to the production of digoxin, a life-saving medicine.

Safety of the herb cannot be established due to variable amounts of cardiac glycosides. The powder is toxic at 520 mg.... digitalis lanata

Dolichos Lablab

Linn. var. typicus Prain.

Synonym: Lablab purpureus Linn.

Family: Papilionaceae; Fabaceae.

Habitat: Cultivated throughout India.

English: Indian Butter Bean, Lablab Bean, Horsebean.

Ayurvedic: Nishpaav, Sem.

Unani: Lab Laab, Semphali.

Siddha/Tamil: Avarin.

Action: Seeds—febrifuge, stomachic, antispasmodic, antifungal.

Key application: As expectorant. (The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia.)

Lablab pods contain protein 4.5, carbohydrates 10.0, calcium 0.05%; vitamin C (7.33 to 10.26 mg/100g in cooked samples; 0.77-1.12 mg/100 g in uncooked samples) increases on cooking. Enzyme liberation of essential amino acids from protein is slower than from casein and wheat.

Callus tissue of Dolichos lablab Linn. (Horsebean) showed presence of beta- sitosterol, stigmasterol, lanosterol and cholesterol. The isolated flavonoids show antifungal activity (the maximum amount of flavonoids was found in the flowers). The plant contains the alkaloid, trigonelline, which exhibits hypoglycaemic activity. The maximum alkaloid was found in the seeds (0.14 mg/g dry weight). In tissue cultures raised from seedlings, the maximum amount was present in the tissue at the age of 6 weeks (0.068 mg/g dry weight).... dolichos lablab

Ehretia Laevis

Roxb. var. aspera (Willd.) C.B. Clarke.

Synonym: E. aspera Willd. E. obtusifolia Hochst. ex DC.

Family: Ehretiaceae.

Habitat: Throughout India, also grown along roadsides.

Ayurvedic: Charmi-vrksha.

Siddha/Tamil: Addula.

Folk: Chamror (Punjab). Kuptaa, Datarangi (Maharashtra.)

Action: Root—used in venereal diseases. A decoction of bark is used internally and as gargle in throat infections.

The plant contains tannins, saponins and allantoin, and monomethyl ethers of cyclitols. Leaves yielded a pyrrolizidine alkaloid, creatinine. arsenic effectively. It can be used in purification of silver-containing waste water, also for the treatment of low- level liquid radioactive wastes and mercurial waste water. The plant has a strong capacity for removing phenol. Biomass of non-living dried water Hyacinth roots showed high absorption of copper from aqueous solutions.

The plant exhibits antifungal activity against Candida albicans.... ehretia laevis

Enicostemma Littorale

auct. non-Bl.

Synonym: E. hyssopifolium (Willd) I. C. Verdoorn. E. axillare (Lam.) Raynal. Exacum hyssopifolium Willd. Adenema hyssopifolium G. Don.

Family: Gentianaceae.

Habitat: Throughout India, from Punjab and Gangetic Plain to Kanyakumari up to 500 m.

English: Indian Gentian.

Ayurvedic: Naagjhvaa, Maamajjaka, Naahi, Tikshnapatra.

Unani: Naai, Naahi.

Siddha/Tamil: Vellargu.

Folk: Chhotaa Chirayataa.

Action: Bitter tonic, carminative, blood purifier, antirheumatic, anti-inflammatory, antipsychotic, anthelmintic, cardiostimulant.

The plant is used as a substitute for Swertia chirayita, and is reported to be effective against malaria. The plant contains ophelic acid which is also present in chiretta as a hydrolytic product of chiratin. The root extract showed antimalarial activity both in vitro and in vivo.

Whole plant gave alkaloids—gen- tianine, erythrocentaurin, enicoflavine and gentiocrucine; flavonoids—api- genin, genkwanin iso-vitaxin, swer- tisin, saponarin and 5-O-glucoside derivatives of sylwertisin and isoswer- tisin; glucosides—swertiamarin, a tri- terpene betulin. Swertisiode exhibited hypotensive activity.

The plant extracts inhibited carrage- enan-induced oedema and its anti- inflammatory activity was found comparable to that of hydrocortisone.

Enicostema verticellatum Blume, the smallar var. ofKiryaata, is also equated with Vellargu (Siddha/Tamil).

Dosage: Whole plant—3-5 g powder; 50-100 ml decoction. (CCRAS.)... enicostemma littorale

Lachelle

(American) A sweet woman Lachell, Lachel, Lachele, Lachela, Lachella... lachelle

Lachesis

(Greek) In mythology, one of the three Fates

Lachesiss, Lachesisse, Lachesys, Lacheses... lachesis

Lachlan

(Gaelic) From the land of the lochs Lochlan, Lachlana, Lochlana, Lachina, Lachyna, Locke, Loche, Lacklan, Locklan... lachlan

Lachrymitis

(also Lacrimitis) Inflamed lacrimal or tear ducts.... lachrymitis

Lacole

(American) A sly woman Lakole, Lucole, Lukole... lacole

Drink Tea For Weight Loss

If you’ve decided to go on a diet in order to lose weight, you have to be careful with what you drink and eat. Sodas and some juices are a definite no, and while you can drink water all the time, it might get a bit dull. If you want to try something different, and especially pleasant to the taste, tea’s the best choice. Find out more about the perfect teas for weight loss. Benefits of tea for weight loss If you drink your tea simple, without sugar, then you’ll enjoy a hot beverage with 0 calories. This at least prevents you from gaining weight. However, based on the effect one type of tea may have on the digestive system, drinking tea can even help you lose weight. From green tea to oolong tea, each has its own health benefits which help you when you’re on a diet. Types of tea for weight loss First of all, green tea is perfect when you’re on a diet. Among its active constituents, green tea has catechin polyphenols, which is quite useful when you want to lose weight. Thanks to this, drinking green tea will increase thermogenesis (the amount of calories which are burned) and fat oxidation. You can drink 4-5 cups of tea a day. Oolong tea is also helpful if you’re on a diet. It even has a stronger effect than green tea, by speeding up the body’s metabolism and promoting fat burning. If you include it in your diet, don’t drink more than two cups a day. Peppermint tea is included on the list of teas you can drink while on a diet. Besides the fact that it promotes a good digestion, it helps you burn calories as it speeds up the digestive process. Other teas that help you lose weight include star anise tea, rose petal tea, as well as various types of herbal teas. Tea Steeping Time Steeping time varies from one type of tea to another. If you use teabags, follow the instructions written on the box. If you use dried leaves to make your tea for weight loss, then here are a few steeping instructions. If you’re drinking green tea, it’s best that you let it steep for about 3 minutes. Steeping time for oolong tea can vary from one minute to 5, based on how strong you want the tea’s flavor to be. And as for peppermint tea, you should let it steep for about 4-5 minutes. Tips to sweeten your diet tea If you want to sweeten your tea even when on a diet, you mustn’t use sugar or milk, even if you like those the best. While they won’t add weight, they also won’t help you lose it. The best solution, in this case, is for you to use honey. Other things you can use to sweeten it are fruit juices (especially lemon juice) and stevia leaves. Based on your preferences and the taste of the tea you choose, you can even combine them. Caffeine in tea and weight loss The caffeine found in various types of tea also helps you lose weight. Caffeine acts as a stimulant; therefore it gives you more energy. The more energetic you feel, the more you’re bound to exercise in order to burn more fats. Also, as it acts as a stimulant, it can help reduce your appetite. Caffeine might not be the only stimulant you’ll find in teas. Other stimulants include ginseng, taurine, and guarnine. Side effects related to weight loss tea People who know coffee doesn’t do them good should be careful with teas that contain caffeine. It can cause unpleasant side effects, such as insomnia, anxiety, headache, dizziness, irritability, blurred vision and skin rashes. When you combine your diet tea with a different alimentation and exercising, the side effects might become more unpleasant. Also, make sure you check the amount of tea that’s recommended for drinking. You can have 4-5 cups of green tea per day, while in the case of oolong tea, it is advised that you drink two cups. The amount varies from one tea to another. Now, drinking tea for weight loss sounds like a tempting idea. Considering how helpful tea can be when you’re trying to lose weight, make sure you pick one when you go on a diet.... drink tea for weight loss

Euphoria Longan

Steud.

Family: Sapindaceae.

Habitat: South India, Assam and Bengal.

Ayurvedic: Aakshiki (non-classical).

Siddha/Tamil: Puvatti, Shempuvan.

Folk: Aashaphala (Bengal), Naag- lichi (Assam).

Action: The aril of the fruit is used in prescriptions of Chinese traditional medicine for treating insomnia, neurosis, palpitation, amnesia and anaemia.

It has been found to ameliorate the impaired learning process in mice.

An aqueous extract of the fruit pulp showed stimulating effect on superoxide dimutase activity in red blood cells of mice., indicating its possible use in delaying the aging process.

The seeds contain antimutagens, amino-hydroxy-hexynoic acid, hypo- glycin A (which causes hypoglycaemia) and amino-hydroxy-heptynoic acid.... euphoria longan

Lacreta

(Spanish) Form of Lucretia, meaning “a bringer of light; a successful woman” Lacrete, Lacrita, Lacrite, Lacryta, Lacryte... lacreta

Lacrimal

See EYE – Lacrimal apparatus.... lacrimal

Lacrimal Bones

The smallest bones of the face, one forming part of the bony structure of each orbit containing an EYE.... lacrimal bones

Feronia Limonia

(Linn.) Swingle.

Synonym: F. elephantum Corr.

Family: Rutaceae.

Habitat: Indigenous to South India; cultivated throughout the plains of India up to 500 m in the western Himalaya.

English: Wood Apple.

Ayurvedic: Kapittha, Dadhittha, Dadhiphala, Surabhichhada, Dantshatha, Kapipriya.

Unani: Kuvet.

Siddha/Tamil: Vilamaram, Vilangai, Narivila.

Folk: Kaith.

Action: Fruit—antiscorbutic, carminative, stimulates the digestive system bark. Pulp is included in a paste to tone the breast. Leaves— astringent; used for indigestion, flatulence, diarrhoea, dysentery and haemorrhoids.

Unripe fruit—prescribed in sprue, malabsorption syndrome. (The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India.)

The leaves and stem bark contain the coumarins, luvangetin, xanthotoxin and limonin and the steroids, sitosterol and sitosterol-O-beta-D-glucoside.

Antifungal compounds, psoralene from stem bark; xanthotoxin and os- thenol from root bark and 2,6-dimeth- oxybenzo-quinone from the fruit shell are reported. Roots contain xanthotoxin and bergapten, used for the treatment of leucoderma, characterized by vitiligo.

Dosage: Dried pulp of mature fruit—1-3 g powder. (API Vol. II.)... feronia limonia

Ficus Lacor

Buch.-Ham.

Synonym: F. infectoria auct. non- Willd.

F. viren Aiton.

Family: Moraceae.

Habitat: Plains and lower hills of India.

English: White Fig.

Ayurvedic: Plaksha, Karpari, Pitana, Parkati.

Siddha/Tamil: Kurugu, Itthi, Kallalnaram.

Action: Bark—decoction is used for washing ulcers, as a gargle in salivation; also used for menstrual disorders and leucorrhoea. Leaf— estrogenic. Plant— used in erysipelas, ulcer, epistaxis.

Fresh ripe fruit or powder of dried fruits is used to treat diabetes.

The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia ofIn- dia indicates the use of the fruit and stem bark in syncope, delirium and illusive and unstable state of mind. The stem bark of the plant yield acetates of long-chain alcohols, methyl- ricinolate, beta-sitosterol, lanosterol, caffeic acid, bergenin and sugars. The triterpenoids, lupeol and alpha- and beta-amyrin, are also present in the leaves. Flavonoids including sorbifolin and scutellarein derivatives, have been isolated from the leaves.

Dosage: Stem bark—50 g powder for decoction (API Vol. II); dried fruit—5-10 g. (API Vol. IV.) Leaf, root—10-20 g paste. (CCRAS.)... ficus lacor

Gardenia Latifolia

.

Family: Rubiaceae.

Habitat: Throughout the greater part of India, mostly in dry forests.

English: Boxwood Gardenia.

Ayurvedic: Parpataki.

Siddha/Tamil: Kumbay, Perungam- bil.

Folk: Paaparaa, Ban-pindaalu.

Action: Bark—used in skin diseases.

The stem bark contains hederage- nin, D-mannitol, sitosterol and siaresi- nolic, episiaresinolic, oleanolic and spinosic acid.... gardenia latifolia

Glinus Lotoides

Linn.

Synonym: Mollugo lotoides (L.) O. Kuntze. M hirta Thumb.

Family: Molluginaceae; Aizoaceae.

Habitat: Throughout the plains and lower ghats of India in river beds.

Siddha/Tamil: Siru seruppadai. Folk: Gandhi-buuti.

Action: Plant—antidiarrhoeal, antibilious, diuretic. Decoction is given in piles.

The plant gave pentacyclic triterpe- noid sapogenins; a mixture ofbeta-and gamma-sitosterol, oleanolic acid, mol- lugogenol and its constituents. Aerial parts gave vitexin and vicenin.... glinus lotoides

Lada

(Slavic) In mythology, goddess of love, harmony, and fertility Ladah, Ladda, Laddah... lada

Ladawn

(American) As beautiful as the sunrise

Ladawn, LaDaun, Ladaun, LeDawn, Ledawn, LeDaun, Ledaun... ladawn

Ladislava

(Slavic) Feminine form of Vladislav; a glorious ruler Ladislavah, Ladislavia, Ladislavea, Ladyslava, Ladyslavia, Ladyslavea... ladislava

Glory Lily

Gloriosa superba

Liliaceae

San: Langali, Visalya, Agnishika,Shakrapushpi, Garbhaghatini

Hin: Kalihari

Mal: Menthonni

Tam: Akkinichilam

Pan: Kariari

Guj: Dudhiya vachnag

Kan: Nangulika Mar: Nagakaria

Ben: Bishalanguli Ori: Dangogahana

Tel: Adavinabhi

Importance: Glory lily is a glabrous herbaceous climber which yields different types of troplone alkaloids of medicinal importance. The major alkaloids are colchicine , 3-demethyl colchicine and colchicoside. There is another alkaloid gloriosine which promises to be even more effective than colchicine in plant breeding for inducing polyploidy. The genus has importance in the ornamental horticulture due to its bright flowers and wiry climbing stem.

The roots and rhizomes are used in traditional system of medicine. Its abortifacient and antipyretic properties have been mentioned in ancient classics “Charaka”. The name Garbhaghatini is due to this abortifacient activity. They are useful in the treatment of inflammations, ulcers, scrofula, hemorrhoids, pruritus, dyspepsia, helminthiasis, flatulence, intermittent fevers and debility. The root is given internally as an effective antidote against cobra poison. A paste of the root is also used as an anodyne; applications in bites of poisonous insects, snake bites, scorpion sting, parasitic skin diseases and leprosy (Nadkarni,1954; Chaudhuri and Thakur; 1994).

Distribution: The plant is distributed throughout tropical India upto an altitude of 2500m and in Andaman islands. It is also cultivated in tropical and South Africa, Madagaskar, Indonesia and Malasia. It is reported to be cultivated in some parts of Europe. In India it was cultivated in RRL, Jammu in 1960s. Recently it was taken up by Indian Council of Agricultural Research(ICAR). Cultivation of the plant is mostly confined to the Southern states of India besides its collection from wild sources.

Botany: Gloriosa superba Linn. belongs to Liliaceae family. It is a glabrous climbing herb with tuberous root stock grows over hedges and small trees. Stem is 6m long which grows to a height of 1.2-1.5m before the stem branches. Leaves are simple, alternate or whorled, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, 17x4.5cm, tip elongating into a spirally coiled tendril, base cordate and margin entire. Flowers are large in terminal racemes; perianth segments 6, linear, flexuosus and deflexed, basal half bright yellow, upper half red; stamens 6; ovary glabrous, 3-celled. Fruits are capsules, linear-oblong, upto 6.8cm long, 3 equal lobes, one or two lobes shorter in malformed fruits; green dried to pale and then black colour, dehisced into three sections. Seeds are oval in shape, testa spongy, embryo cylindric, 30-150 seeds per capsule, pale orange attached to the sutures. Tubers are cylindric, large, simple, ‘V’ shaped with the two limps equal or unequal in lenth pointed towards end brownish externally and yellowish internally. (Narain, 1977)

Agrotechnology: This is a rainy season plant and sprouts well in warm, humid and tropical conditions. It should be grown in sun as the plants in shade become weedy and thin and move towards light. G. superba is a shallow rooted plant and grows well in a variety of soils either clay or sand through out India. It grows well in a light porous soil with good drainage. For vigorous growth, greater blooms and strong tuber, a mixture of soil, sand and compost manure is recommended. The propagation is mainly by tubers, by division of rhizomes. Seeds remain dormant for 6-9 months and due to hard seed coat, about 20-30 days are required for germination and seeds may take 3-4 years before it matures to flower. Treatment of seeds by gibberellin(1-3 ppm) resulted in higher yield of colchicine in the plant and higher production of tubers. In tissue culture, young sprouts are cultured on Murashige and Skoog’s medium (Msb) supplemented with kinetin (1-4 mg/l). Direct regeneration of the explants are obtained.

The seeds and rhizomes are sown usually in the last week of June to mid July. The rhizomes are planted by splitting carefully into two from their ‘V’ shaped joints (two buds being at the extreme end of each rhizome) in lines 20cm apart at a distance of 20cm (while seeds are sown in lines at a distance of 4-6cm apart). They are watered regularly when the plants are growing. After green shoots appear 2-3 showers are weekly. The irradiation of the plant at 42% natural sunlight intensity increased the production of tuber and colchicine. They usually takes 6-10 weeks to flower after sprouting and then set on fruits. The fruits ripen at the end of October and after that aerial shoot eventually dies, leaving the fleshy tubers underground. The tubers are dug out with great care. An individual plant produces 50g tubers on an average. The average yield is approximately 4000-5000kg of rhizomes and 1000 kg of seed per hectare. The content of colchicine is usually 0.358% and 1.013% in tubers and seeds, respectively.

Post harvest technology: Lixivation of the material is done with 70% ethyl alcohol. Concentrated under vacuum to one third of its volume and extracted with chloroform for colchicine and related substances-concentration of the aqueous phase to syrup which is extracted 6-8 times with a mixture of CHCl3 - alcohol (4:1) to yield colchicoside.

Properties and activity: The flowers, leaves and tubers contain colchicine, superbin, N-formyl deacetyl colchicine, demethyl colochicine and lumicolchicine. Tubers also contain gloriosine. Leaves in addition, contain chelidonic acid, 2-hydroxy 6-methoxy benzoic acid and -sitosterol glucoside. Colchicine, demethyl colchicine and colchicoside have been reported from seeds. Rhizome is oxytocic, anticancerous, antimalarial, stomachic, purgative, cholagogue, anthelmintic, alterative, febrifuge and antileprotic. Leaf is antiasthmatic and antiinflammatory. Root shows antigonorrhoeic and antibiotic activity. This plant has poisonous effect to enviroment and livestock. The toxic properties are due to presence of alkaloids chiefly colchicine (Clewer et al, 1915).... glory lily

Ladonna

(American) Form of Donna, meaning “ruler of the world” Ladona, Ladonnah, Ladonah, Ledonna, Ledona... ladonna

Ladrenda

(American) One who is guarded Ladrendah, Ladrynda, Ladryndah, Ladrinda, Ladrindah... ladrenda

Lady

(English) One who kneads bread; the head of the house

Lady, Ladee, Ladi, Ladie, Laidy, Laydy, Laydi, Laydie, Laidi, Laidie, Laydee, Laidee, Ladea, Laydea, Laidea... lady

Ladys Mantle

Love ... ladys mantle

Ladys Slipper

Protection ... ladys slipper

Lael

(Hebrew) One who belongs to God Laele, Laelle... lael

Laelia

(Latin) Feminine form of Laelius; resembling the orchid Laeliah, Laeliya, Laelea, Laeleah, Laeliyah, Laelya, Laelyah... laelia

Gouania Leptostachya

DC.

Synonym: G. tiliaefolia Lam.

Family: Rhamnaceae.

Habitat: Sub-Himalayan region from Kangra eastwards and in parts of Assam, Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh.

Folk: Batvaasi (Nepal), Batvaasi (Bengal), Bitkil-chaand (Bihar).

Action: Leaves—used in poultices for sores. Bark—used for washing hair for destroying vermin.

The bark and root contain saponin. The leaves of a related species, Goua- nia microcarpa DC., found in Peninsular India from Konkan southwards, gave a triterpenic acid, along with tetratriacontanoic acid.... gouania leptostachya

Humulus Lupulus

Linn.

Family: Cannabinaceae.

Habitat: Native to Europe and Asia. Conditions for its successful cultivation are reported to exist in Kashmir and parts of Himachal Pradesh.

English: Hops.

Unani: Hashish-ut-Dinaar.

Action: Flowers—sedative, hypnotic, nervine tonic, diuretic, spasmolytic on smooth muscle, analgesic, astringent. Used for nervous diseases, intestinal cramps, menopause, insomnia, neuralgia and nervous diarrhoea. Also as a tonic in stomach and liver affections. As a blood cleanser, the root is used like sarsaparilla.

Key application: In mood disturbances, such as restlessness and anxiety, sleep disturbances. (German Commission E. ESCOP.)

The British Herbal Compendium and The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia reported herb's action as sedative, soporific, spasmolytic and aromatic bitter, and indicated its use for excitability, restlessness, disorders of sleep and lack of appetite.

Hop cones consist of the whole dried female inflorescences of Humu- lus lupulus.

Hop contains bitter principles— lupulin containing humulon, lupulon and valerianic acid; volatile oil (0.31.0%) including humulene; flavonoids including xanthohumole; polypheno- lic tannins, asparagin, oestrogenic substances.

Bitter principles stimulate the digestive system. Valerianic acid is sedative. The resin components, lupulon and humulon are antiseptic against Grampositive bacteria. Asparagin is diuretic. Research suggested that the anti- spasmodic effect is stronger than the sedative, and hops also possess antihis- taminic and anti-oxytocic properties. (Cases of amenorrhoea and dysmen- orrhoea are treated with hops.)

Hop extracts exert different effects on CNS in mice. They show hypother- mic, hypnotic, sedative, muscle relaxing and spontaneous locomotor activities, besides potentiating pentobarbital anaesthesia in mice.

Humulone inhibited induced inflammation in mice.

The dried strobila containing humu- lone and lupulone showed antidiabetic activity in experimental rats.

Hop mash or extract is used in the preparation of toothpaste for inhibiting Gram-positive bacteria and in hair preparations for preventing dandruff formation. It is also used in skin- lightening creams.... humulus lupulus

Lafonde

(American) One who is affectionate... lafonde

Lage

(Swedish) Woman from the ocean... lage

Lagerstroemia Indica

Linn.

Family: Lythraceae.

Habitat: Native to China; grown as an ornamental.

English: Common Crape Myrtle.

Siddha/Tamil: Pavalak-kurinji, Sinappu.

Folk: Saavani, Faraash.

Action: Seed—narcotic. Bark— stimulant, febrifuge. Leaves and flowers—purgative. Root— astringent. Used as a gargle.... lagerstroemia indica

Laguna

(American) From the beach Lagoona, Lagunah, Lagoonah, Lagouna, Lagounah... laguna

Lahela

(Hawaiian) As innocent as a lamb Lahelah, Lahella, Lahellah... lahela

Lahja

(Finnish) Gift from God... lahja

Laila

(Arabic) A beauty of the night; born at nightfall

Laela, Laliah, Lailie, Laily, Lailie, Laili, Lailaa, Leila, Leela, Leelah, Leilah, Lela, Lelah, Lelia, Leyla, Loelia... laila

Hydnocarpus Laurifolia

(Dennst.) Sleumer.

Synonym: H. wightiana Blume.

Family: Flacourtiaceae.

Habitat: Western Ghats.

English: Soorty Oil tree.

Ayurvedic: Tuvaraka, Katu- Kapittha, Kushtavairi, Garudaphala, Chaalmograa.

Unani: Chaalmograa, Tukhm-e- Biranj Mograa.

Siddha/Tamil: Maravattai, Niradi- muttu.

Action: Seed oil—antileprotic, anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic.

The seed oil gave chemical constituents similar to Hydnocarpus kuzii, and contain the flavonolignan, hyd- nowightin, hydnocarpin and neohyd- nocarpin.

Hydnocarpin showed good anti- inflammatory and anti-neoplastic activity in mice, in vivo. Cytotoxicity against the growth of murine and human tissue cultured cells was also observed.

The stem bark and leaves contain triterpenes, acelylbetulinic, betulinic, ursolic and acetylursolic acids.

Dosage: Seed—3-5 g powder; oil— 5-10 drops. (CCRAS.)... hydnocarpus laurifolia

Kalanchoe Laciniata

(Linn.) DC.

Synonym: K. schweinfurthii Penzig. Cotyledon laciniata Roxb.

Family: Crassulaceae.

Habitat: Maharashtra, Deccan and Bengal.

Ayurvedic: Parnabija (var.), Vatapatri.

Unani: Zakhm-e-Hayaat.

Siddha/Tamil: Malakalli.

Folk: Hemasaagar.

Action: Plant—used in fever, dyspepsia, skin allergy, asthma, bronchitis. Leaves—astringent, antiseptic, astringent. Applied to insect bites. Lotions are used for smallpox. Leaf juice is given in diarrhoea, dysentery, lithiasis.... kalanchoe laciniata

Lacteals

Specialized lymph formations found in the small intestine mucosa. Together with enzymatic activities in the submucosa, they collect digested fats into stable transport bubbles called chylomicrons, and draw them up into the lymph system. There they are gradually leeched into the blood as the lymph passes upwards through the body, the remainder discharged into the venous blood with the lymph...12-24 hours later. Time-Released fat capsules. Fats lower the blood charge and make it sticky, which can interfere with vascular capabilities; the sideways bypassing of the blood in this manner spreads the fats out over long periods. The rest of the digested constituents can happily flow up to the liver through the portal system, unsludged, and the liver itself therefore has little lipid stress to face. If fats are poorly digested in the upper intestinal tract, the floating bubbles are larger, broken down too slowly to be well absorbed into the lymph system, and the portal blood...and liver...get sludged. Ever wonder why a bunch of lousy pizza can give you hemorrhoids the next day? Sludgy portal blood and backed-up venous drainage from the legs is why.... lacteals

Lactuca Runcinata

DC.

Synonym: L. heyneana DC.

Family: Compositae; Asteraceae.

Habitat: Many parts of India, as a common weed.

Folk: Undir-chaa-kaan (Maharashtra).

Action: Diuretic, slightly aperient. Used as a diuretic in calculous affections, also for chronic obstruction of liver and bowels.

A smaller var., found in western Ut- tar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Saurashtra and the Deccan Penninsula, is equated with L. remotiflora DC.... lactuca runcinata

Laima

(Latvian) One who is fortunate; in mythology, goddess of luck Layma, Laema... laima

Lainil

(American) A softhearted woman Lainill, Lainyl, Lainyll, Laenil, Laenill, Laenyl, Laenyll, Laynil, Laynill, Laynyl, Laynyll... lainil

Laire

(Scottish) Resembling a mare Lair, Laira, Lairia, Lairea, Layr, Layre, Laer, Laere... laire

Lais

(Greek) A legendary courtesan Laise, Lays, Layse, Laisa, Laes, Laese... lais

Laish

(Hebrew) Resembling a lioness Laisha, Lashia, Lashea, Laysh, Laishe, Layshe, Laysha, Laesh, Laeshe, Laesha... laish

Lajean

(French) A soothing woman Lajeane, LaJean, LaJeane, Lajeanne, L’Jean... lajean

Lajila

(Indian) One who is modest; shy Lajyla, Lajeela, Lajeala... lajila

Lajita

(Indian) A truthful woman Lajyta, Lajeeta, Lajeata... lajita

Laka

(Polynesian) In mythology, the patron goddess of dancers Lakah... laka

Lake

(American) From the still waters Laken, Laiken, Layken, Layk, Layke, Laik, Laike, Laeken, Laek, Laeke... lake

Lactuca Sativa

Linn.

Synonym: L. scariola Linn. var. sativa C.B. Clarke.

Family: Compositae; Asteraceae.

Habitat: Native to Southern and West Asia. Cultivated throughout India as a cold weather crop.

English: Garden Lettuce.

Unani: Kaahuu Bustaani, Salaad Pattaa, Salaad Baaghi.

Siddha/Tamil: Salattu.

Action: Plant—used in painful ulcers and burns.

The leaves contain calcium, phosphorus, iron, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, carotine, iodine, fluorine. A. dietary allowance of 10 g of lettuce is adequate to meet the vitamin K requirement of the body.

Aqueous extract of roots gave a gua- iene-type sesquiterpene glycoside, lac- toside C, along with known glycosides, lactoside A and macro-cliniside A.... lactuca sativa

Lactuca Serriola

Linn.

Synonym: L. scariola Linn.

Family: Compositae; Asteraceae.

Habitat: The Western Himalayas, between 1,800 and 3,300 m. Found wild.

English: Wild Lettuce, Prickly Lettuce.

Ayurvedic: Salaad, Vanya-Kaahuu.

Unani: Kaahuu Saharai, Kaahuu Barri.

Siddha/Tamil: Salattu.

Action: Plant—mild sedative, diuretic, diaphoretic, expectorant, antiseptic. Seed—demulcent. The seeds are used in the form of powder for coughs and as a decoction for insomnia.

Seeds contain protein, amino acids; Mg Al and K as major elements besides Na, Ca, Si, Ti, Mn, Fe and Cu.

Arachidic, caproic, linoleic, ole- ic, palmitic, stearic acids and sitos- terol (from the root); ascorbic acid, beta-carotene, 8-deoxylactucin, lac- ticin, jacquilenin, lactupicrin, ubiqui-... lactuca serriola

Lactuca Virosa

Linn.

Family: Compositae; Asteraceae.

Habitat: Native to Europe. Imported into India.

English: Bitter Lettuce, Wild Lettuce.

Unani: Kaahuu Sahrai (var.), Kaahuu Barri (var.).

Action: Mild sedative, hypnotic, (once used as a substitute for opium), anodyne, expectorant.

Key application: As sedative. (The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia.)

Used in insomnia, nervous excitability, anxiety, restlessness, hyperactivity in children, nymphomania, smoker's cough, irritable cough and bronchitis.

Aerial parts contain sesquiterpene glycosides.

The leaves and dried juice contain lacticin, lactucopicrin (sesquiterpene lactones); flavonoids (mainly based on quercetin); coumarins (cichoriin and aesculin); N-methyl-beta-phenethy- lamine; triterpenes include taraxas- terol and beta-amyrin. The sesquiterpene lactones have a sedative effect.

The Wild Lettuce also contains hyos- cyamine, while the dried sap is devoid of it. Morphine content has been found in low concentrations, too low to have pharmacological effect. (Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 2007.)

The oil of seeds is used for arteriosclerosis.

Synonym: L. vulgaris Ser. L. leucanth Rusby. Cucurbita siceraria Mol.

Family: Cucurbitaceae.

Habitat: Throughout India.

English: Bitter Bottle-Gourd.

Ayurvedic: Katu-tumbi, Tumbini, Ikshavaaku. Tiktaalaavu, Pindapha- laa.

Unani: Kaddu-e-talkh (bitter var.).

Siddha/Tamil: Suraikai.

Action: Pulp—purgative, emetic. Leaf—used in jaundice.

Cucurbita lagenaria Linn. is equated with Lauki or Sweet Bottle-Guard, used all over India as a vegetable.

Cucurbita siceraria Mol. is equated with Titalauki or the Bitter Bottle- Gourd. Bitter fruits yield 0.013% of a solid foam containing cucurbitacin B,D,G and H, mainly cucurbitacin B. These bitter principles are present in the fruit as aglycones. Leaves contain cucurbitacin B, and roots cucurbitacins B, D and traces of E. The fruit juice contains beta-glycosidase (elaterase).

Plants which yield non-bitter fruits contain no bitter principles or elat- erase; their roots are not bitter.... lactuca virosa

Lakeisha

(American / African) A lively and healthy woman / the favorite Lakeesha, Lakecia, Lakesha, Lakeshia, Laketia, Lakeysha, Lakicia, Lakiesha, Lakisha, Lakitia, Laquisha, Lekeesha, Lekeisha, Lekisha, Laquiesha, Lakeasha, Lekeasha... lakeisha

Lakela

(Hawaiian) A girly woman Lakelah, Lakella, Lakellah... lakela

Lakia

(Arabic) One who is treasured Lakiah, Lakeea, Lakeah, Lakeya, Lakea, Lakiyah, Lakiya, Lakeyah... lakia

Laksha

(Indian) As beautiful as a white rose Lakshah, Lakshia, Lakshiya, Lakshea, Lakshya... laksha

Lakshmi

(Hindi) A good omen; in Hinduism, the goddess of wealth, light, and beauty

Lakshmie, Lakshmy, Laxmi, Laxmie, Laxmy, Lakshmey, Laxmey, Lakshmee, Laxmee, Lakshmea, Laxmea... lakshmi

Lakya

(Indian) Born on a Thursday... lakya

Lala

(Slavic) Resembling a tulip Lalah, Lalla, Lallah, Laleh... lala

Lalage

(Greek) One who often prattles Lallie, Lally, Lalli, Lalley, Lallea, Lalleah... lalage

Lalaine

(American) A hardworking woman Lalain, Lalaina, Lalayn, Lalayne, Lalayna, Lalaen, Lalaene, Lalaena... lalaine

Ladies' Mantle

Alchemilla vulgaris. N.O. Rosaceae.

Synonym: Lion's Foot.

Habitat: Hedgerows and waysides.

Features ? Whole plant covered with silky hairs. Leaves rounded, about two inches across, nine blunt, serrate lobes, on long stalks. Greenish flowers, without petals, bloom in small clusters from forked stem. Astringent, saliva-drying taste.

Part used ? Herb.

Action: Astringent, nervine, antispasmodic.

In excessive menstruation and flooding, as well as spasmodic nervous complaints. Decoction of 1 ounce to 1 1/2 pints water simmered to 1 pint is used as an injection in the menstrual disorders. The 1 ounce to 1 pint infusion may be taken internally in teacupful doses as required.... ladies' mantle

Ladies' Slipper

Cypripedium pubescens. N.O. Orchidaceae.

Synonym: American Valerian, Mocassin flower, Nerveroot, Noah's Ark.

Habitat: United States of America.

Features ? Flower supposed to resemble a lady's shoe in form. Rhizome about quarter- inch diameter, many cupshaped scars on top surface; wavy, thickly-matted roots underneath. Fracture short and white.

Part used ? Rhizome.

Action: Antispasmodic, tonic, nervine.

Combined with other tonics in the relief of neuralgia, and to allay pain

generally. Of use in hysteria and other nervous disorders. Dose, 1 drachm of the powdered rhizome. Like other medicines of a similar nature, it is of little use unless the cause of the nervous excitement is traced and removed.

The remarks of Rafinesque, then Professor of Medical Botany in the University of Transylvania, are interesting in view of the "orthodox" attitude towards remedies of the herbalists ? "I am enabled to introduce, for the first time, this beautiful genus into our materia medica ; all the species are equally remedial. They have long been known to the Indians, who called them moccasin flower, and were used by the empyrics of New England, particularly Samuel Thomson. Their properties, however, have been tested and confirmed by Dr. Hales, of Troy; Dr. Tully, of Albany, etc.

. . . They produce beneficial effects in all nervous diseases and hysterical affections by allaying pain, quieting the nerves and promoting sleep. They are preferable to opium in many cases, having no baneful or narcotic effect."

Professor Rafinesque, however, goes even further than would Thomson and his successors when he announces that "all the species are equally remedial."... ladies' slipper

Lady`s Mantle Tea

Lady’s Mantle Tea is a popular tea known especially for its astringent properties. Lady’s Mantle, also known as alchemilla vulgaris, is a perennial herb that grows in North America, Europe and Asia. It has pleated leaves that look like the cloak ladies used to wear during the medieval era. The constituents of lady’s mantle herb are tannins and various flavonoids such as quercetin. How to Make Lady’s Mantle Tea To make Lady’s Mantle Tea you have to infuse 3-4 grams of dried lady’s mantle stems, leaves and flowers, in about 5 ounces of boiling water. Reduce the heat and let the mix stand for 10 minutes. After that, strain and pour the tea into your cup. Lady’s Mantle Tea Benefits
  • Relieves menstrual cramps and discomfort during menopause.
  • When applied on skin, it can heal wounds, cuts, burns or other skin conditions.
  • Helps relieving nausea.
  • Effective in treating diarrhea and gastroenteritis.
  • May heal bleeding gums.
Lady’s Mantle Side Effects
  • Do not drink Lady’s Mantle Tea if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
  • Stop drinking Lady’s Mantle tea if you experience weakness or fatigue.
  • It may interact with the effects of some medications, so always consult your doctor before drinking any herbal tea, including Lady’s Mantle Tea.
Lady’s Mantle Tea is a wonderful tea with many benefits for your body and general well-being. Just try not to drink too much of this tea in order to not experience any of its side effects.... lady`s mantle tea

Lagerstroemia Flos-reginae

Retz.

Synonym: L. speciosa (L.) Pers. L. reginae Roxb.

Family: Lythraceae.

Habitat: Tropical Himalaya, and Assam, Western and Eastern Ghats, up to 1,000 m.

English: Pride of India, Queen's Flowers, Queen Crape Myrtle.

Siddha/Tamil: Kadalai, Pumaruttu.

Folk: Jaarul. Kramuk and Arjun are confusing synonyms.

Action: Seed—narcotic. Root— astringent, stimulant, febrifuge. Fruit—used for aphthae of the mouth. Leaves—purgative, diuretic, deobstruent. Bark—an infusion is given in diarrhoea and abdominal pain.

A decoction of the leaves, also of dried fruits, is used like tea for diabetes mellitus in Philippines. Mature leaves and fruits, in fresh condition, exhibit hypoglycaemic activity experimentally The potency decreases on storing the material.

The leaf extract, when administered as powder and as tannin-free extract, showed hypoglycaemic activity in mice. Amino acids constitute the insulin-like principle. The plant contains triterpenoids, colocolic acid and maslinic acid. Colocolic acid is known to possess hypoglycaemic activity.

Leaves contain lageracetal and sitos- terol. Ellagitannins have been isolated from fruits and leaves.... lagerstroemia flos-reginae

Lalasa

(Indian) Resembling a dove; one who is peaceful and promotes love Lalasah, Lalassa, Lallassa, Lallasa... lalasa

Laleema

(Spanish) A devoted woman Laleemah, Laleima, Laleimah, Laliema, Laliemah, Lalyma, Lalymah, Laleama, Laleamah... laleema

Lalika

(Indian) A lovely young woman Lalica, Lalicka, Lalyka, Lalycka, Lalyca, Lalikah... lalika

Lalita

(Indian) A playful and charming woman

Lalitah, Laleeta, Laleetah, Lalyta, Lalytah, Laleita, Laleitah, Lalieta, Lalietah, Laleata, Laleatah... lalita

Lagerstroemia Parviflora

Roxb.

Family: Lythraceae.

Habitat: Almost throughout India, up to an altitude of 900 m, in the

Ayurvedic: Siddhaka, Siddha, Syandana (provisional synonym).

Folk: Dhauraa, Bakli. Chungi (Hyderabad). Lendia (trade).

Action: Astringent, fungitoxic.

The bark and leaves contain tannin 7-10 and 16% respectively. The plant contains a pentacyclic triterpene, lag- florin. Aqueous extract of fresh and ethanolic extract of dried and powdered leaves exhibit fungitoxic activity against several fungal pathogens of rice.... lagerstroemia parviflora

Laggera Alata

Sch.- Bip. ex Oliver.

Family: Asteraceae, Compositae.

Habitat: Throughout India, ascending up to 2,100 m in the hills. (Native to tropical Africa and Madagascar.)

Folk: Amadok (Garhwal).

Action: Disinfectant.

The plant is one of the major ingredients of an ointment used in the treatment of skin tumours in Chinese medicine. In Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Gabon and Tanganyika, different parts of the plant are used for the treatment of intercostal pain, rheumatic pain and fever. The leaf and root decoctions are used to treat pneumonia.

The plant from Nigeria was found rich in phenolic ethers (45%), followed by monoterpenes (22%) and sesquiterpenes (12%). The major component of the oil was dimethyl thy- moquinone (44%). It showed activity against Gram-positive microorganisms. Dried powder of the plant contained artemisetin (artemetin).... laggera alata

Lallemantia Royleana

Roxb.

Family: Labiatae.

Habitat: Plain and hills of Kumaon and Punjab, extending westwards to Afghanistan. Imported into India from Persia.

Unani: Baalango, Tukhm-e- Baalango.

Folk: Tuut-malangaa.

Action: Seed—cooling, diuretic, sedative; given internally as a soothing agent during urinary troubles, also for cough. A poultice of seeds is applied to abscesses, boils and inflammations. (Seeds are not to be used as a substitute for Plantago sp.)

Seeds contain linoleic, oleic, palmitic and stearic acids; beta-sitosterol. Gum contains L-arabinose, D-galac- tose, L-rhamnose, pentosans, protein, uronic anhydride. Amino acids are also found in the plant.... lallemantia royleana

Lamaara

(Slavic) A girl from the mountains Lamaarah, Lamara, Lamarah, Laamarra, Lamarra... lamaara

Lamarian

(American) One who is conflicted Lamariane, Lamarean, Lamareane... lamarian

Lamblia

See GIARDIASIS.... lamblia

Lamia

(Greek) In mythology, a female vampire

Lamiah, Lamiya, Lamiyah, Lamea, Lameah... lamia

Lamika

(American) One who is calm and peaceful

Lamikah, Lamyka, Lamykah, Lameeka, Lameekah, Lameika, Lameikah, Lamieka, Lamiekah, Lameaka, Lameakah... lamika

Laminum Amplexicaule

Linn.

Family: Labiatae; Lamiaceae.

Habitat: The temperate Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon, Sikkim and Assam.

Folk: Titpaati (Garhwal), Jipachi (Tibbet).

Action: Plant—stimulant, laxative, diaphoretic, cephalic, antirheum- atic.... laminum amplexicaule

Lamis

(Arabic) A soft-skinned woman Lamiss, Lamisse, Lamys, Lamyss, Lamysse, Lamees, Lameese... lamis

Lamprachaenium Microcephalum

Benth.

Family: Compositae; Asteraceae.

Habitat: Deccan, Konkan and Karnataka.

Unani: Brahmdandi. (Tricholepis angustifolia DC. of the same family has also been equated with Brahmdandi in National Formulary of Unani Medicine.)

Folk: Brahmdandi (Maharashtra), Ajadandi.

Action: Antiseptic, bitter tonic.... lamprachaenium microcephalum

Lamya

(Arabic) Having lovely dark lips Lamyah, Lamyia, Lama... lamya

Lana

(German / Greek) Form of Alana, meaning “beautiful and fair woman; dear child” / form of Helen, meaning “the shining light”

Lanae, Lanette, Lanna, Lanny, Lannice, Lanice... lana

Lanai

(Hawaiian) A veranda; from the island Lenai... lanai

Lanassa

(Russian) A lighthearted woman; cheerful

Lanasa, Lanassia, Lanasia, Lanassiya, Lanasiya... lanassa

Lamium Album

Linn.

Family: Labiatae; Lamiaceae.

Habitat: West Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon.

English: White Dead Nettle, Archangel.

Action: Haemostatic (particularly on the uterus), astringent, diuretic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, expectorant. Used for menorrhagia, leucorrhoea, cystitis, prostatitis, bleeding piles, diarrhoea, irritable bowel and respiratory catarrh.

Key application: Internally, for catarrh of the upper respiratory passages; externally, for mild, superficial inflammation of the skin. (German Commission E.) Flowers have been recommended for teas and other galenical preparations for internal applications, rinses, baths and moist compresses. As astringent. (The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia.)

The herb contains iridoid monoterpenes; triterpene saponins; caffeic acid derivatives; flavonoids based on kaem- pferol; tannins (mainly catechins). The plant also gave a carbocyclic iridoid, caryoptoside; besides lambalbide, al- bosides A and B (iridoid monoter- penes).... lamium album

Land

(American) Of the earth Lande, Landy, Landey, Landee, Landea, Landi, Landie... land

Landa

(Spanish) Refers to the Virgin Mary... landa

Landen

(English) From the grassy meadow Landin, Landyn... landen

Landon

(English) From the long hill Landan, Lanton, Lantan... landon

Landra

(Latin) A wise counselor Landrada, Landria, Landrea, Landradah... landra

Landry

(English) Of the rough terrain Landrey, Landri, Landrie, Landree, Landrea, Landreah... landry

Lanelle

(American) One who takes the narrow path Lanell, Lanele, Lanella, Lanela, Lanel ... lanelle

Lang

(Scandinavian) Woman of great height... lang

Langley

(English) From the long meadow Langly, Langli, Langlie, Langlee, Langleigh, Langlea... langley

Lani

(Hawaiian) From the sky; one who is heavenly Lanikai... lani

Lanka

(Hindi) From the island fortress Lankah, Lankia, Lankiah, Lankea, Lankeah... lanka

Lannea Coromandelica

(Houtt.) Merrill.

Synonym: L. grandis (Dennst.) Engl.; Odina wodier Roxb.

Family: Anacardiaceae.

Habitat: Throughout India, ascending to 1,500 m in the Himalayas.

Ayurvedic: Jingini, Jhingan, Gudamanjari.

Siddha/Tamil: Kalasan, Anaikkarai, Odiyan.

Action: Bark—stimulant and astringent; used in gout; decoction for aphthae of the mouth and for toothache. Leaves— boiled and applied to sprains, bruises, local swellings, elephantiasis. Gum— given in asthma; as a cordial to women during lactation.

The roots contain cluytyl ferulate; heartwood gave lanosterol; bark, dl- epi-catechin and (+)-leucocyanidin; flowers and leaves, ellagic acid, querce- tin and quercetin-3-arabinoside. Flowers also contain iso-quercetin and morin. Leaves in addition contain beta-sitosterol, leucocyanidin and leu- codelphinidin.... lannea coromandelica

Lansing

(English) Filled with hope Lanseng, Lansyng... lansing

Lantana

(English) Resembling the flower with orange or purple blossoms Lantanah, Lantanna, Lantania, Lantanea, Lantaniya, Lantanya... lantana

Lanza

(Italian) One who is noble and willing

Lanzah, Lanzia, Lanziah, Lanzea, Lanzeah... lanza

Laodamia

(Greek) In mythology, daughter of Bellerophon

Laodamiah, Laodamea, Laodameah ... laodamia

Laoidheach

(Gaelic) From the meadowland... laoidheach

Lansium Domesticum

Correa.

Family: Meliaceae.

Habitat: Cultivated in Nilgiris and a few other places in South India.

En ? glishLangsat Fruit, Dockoa.

Folk: Duku.

Action: Bark—astringent, an- tidysenteric. Resin—antidiarrhoeal, prescribed in intestinal spasm. Seed—febrifuge, vermifuge.

The peel of the fruit contains a tri- terpenoid acid (lansic acid). Seeds are bitter; contain traces of an alkaloid and resin.

The crude extract of fruit peel, containing lansic acid, lansioside A, B and C or their derivatives, is used as an ingredient of shampoos and hair tonics.... lansium domesticum

Lantana Camara

Linn. var. aculeata Moldenke.

Synonym: L. aculeata L.

Family: Verbenaceae.

Habitat: Native to tropical America; naturalized and occurs throughout India. Also grown as hedge plant.

English: Lantana, Wild Sage, Surinam Tea Plant.

Ayurvedic: Chaturaangi, Vanachch- hedi.

Siddha/Tamil: Unnichedi.

Folk: Ghaaneri (Maharashtra).

Action: Plant—antirheumatic, antimalarial; used in tetanus and ataxy of abdominal viscera. Pounded leaves are applied to cuts, ulcers and swellings; a decoction of leaves and fruits is used as a lotion for wounds.

The plant is considered poisonous. The leaves contain toxic principles, lantadenes A and B, which cause acute photosensitization, jaundice, kidney and liver lesions. A steroid, lanca- marone, is cardioactive and fish poison.

The bark of stems and roots contain a quinine-like alkaloid, lantanine. The extract of the shoot showed antibacterial activity against E. coli and Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus. Flowers contain anthocyanin.... lantana camara

Lapis

(Egyptian) Resembling the dark-blue gemstone

Lapiss, Lapisse, Lapys, Lapyss, Lapysse... lapis

Laportea Crenulata

Gaudich.

Family: Urticaceae.

Habitat: Tropical Himalayas from Nepal eastwards, Bihar, Chota Nagpur, Bengal, Assam, Anaimalai Hills and Western Ghats in Kerala.

English: Devil Nettle, Fever Nettle.

Siddha/Tamil: Perunkanchori.

Folk: Utigun, Chorpaat (Bengal). (Uttangan is equated with Blepharis edulis Pers.)

Action: Root—juice used in chronic fevers. Roots and leaves are applied to swellings and abscesses.... laportea crenulata

Laquanna

(American) An outspoken woman

Laquana, Laquann, Laquane, Laquan... laquanna

Laqueta

(American) A quiet and well- behaved child Laquetta, Laquita, Laquitta... laqueta

Laquinta

(American) The fifth-born child... laquinta

Lara

(Latin) One who is protected; a cheerful woman

Larra, Laralaine, Laramae, Larina, Larinda, Larita, Larya... lara

Laramie

(French) Shedding tears of love Larami, Laramy, Laramey, Laramee, Laramea... laramie

Larby

(American) Form of Darby, meaning “of the deer park” Larbey, Larbi, Larbie, Larbee, Larbea... larby

Lareina

(Spanish) The queen; one born to royalty

Laraene, Larayne, Lareine, Larena, Larrayna, Larreina, Laranya, Laraena, Larayna... lareina

Larenta

(Latin) In mythology, an earth goddess

Larentia, Larentea, Larynta... larenta

Larhonda

(American) A flashy woman Larhondah, Larhondia, Larhondiah, Larhondea, Larhondeah, Laranda... larhonda

Larissa

(Latin) A lighthearted woman Lari, Larisa, Laryssa, Lerissa, Lorissa, Lyssa, Larisse, Laryssa, Larysse, Laurissa... larissa

Lark

(English) Resembling the songbird Larke... lark

Larkin

(American) A pretty young woman Larkyn, Larkine, Larkyne, Larken, Larkene, Larkun, Larkune... larkin

Larrie

(American) A tomboyish woman Larri, Larry, Larrey, Larree, Larrea... larrie

Larix Griffithiana

Carr.

Synonym: L. griffithii Hook. f. & Thoms.

Family: Pinaceae.

Habitat: The Himalayas from eastern Nepal to Bhutan at altitudes of 2,400-3,600 m.

English: Himalayan Larch, Sikkim Larch.

Folk: Boargasella, Binyi (Nepal).

Action: Balsam—antiseptic, hypermic.

Key application: Larix decidua Miller—in rheumatic and neuralgic discomforts, catarrhal diseases of the respiratory tract, furuncle (in the form of ointments, gels, emulsions and oils). (German Commission E.)

American Larch is equated with Larix laricina Koch., synonym L. americana Michx. It is known as Tamarac.

European Larch is equated with Lar- ix decidua Miller., synonym L. europea DC., Pinus larix L., Abies larix. It is known as Pine Larch.

The bark of American Larch contains 2-15% tannins. The bark of Larix dedidua is also astringent, balsamic and diuretic. It contains lig- nans; lariciresinol, liovil and secoiso- lariciresinol; 60-80% resins; essential oil, containing alpha- and beta-pinene, limonene, phellandrene, borneol as major constituents.... larix griffithiana

Larsen

(Scandinavian) Daughter of Lars Larson, Larssen, Larsson... larsen

Larue

(American) Form of Rue, meaning “from the medicinal herb” LaRue, Laroo, Larou... larue

Larva Currens

A rash rather like that of cutaneous larva migrans resulting from penetration of the filariform larva of Strongyloides stercoralis in the skin around the anus and buttocks, as part of autoinfection.... larva currens

Larval Habitat

The type of aquatic environment in which mosquito larvae are typically found.... larval habitat

Larval Survey

The process of searching for mosquito larvae in a defined area. Larvae are collected and taken to the laboratory for identification and enumeration.... larval survey

Larvivorous Fish

Fish species which feed preferentially on mosquito larvae. They may contribute significantly to the reduction of vector densities.... larvivorous fish

Laryngeal Reflex

A ‘protective’ cough occurring as a result of irritation of the LARYNX – for example, a small particle of food may be accidentally ‘inhaled’ into the larynx, which reacts with an expulsive cough to prevent the food from entering the lungs.... laryngeal reflex

Lasha

(Spanish) One who is forlorn Lashah, Lashe... lasha

Lashanda

(American) A brassy woman Lashonda, Lashounda, Lashunda... lashanda

Lashawna

(American) Filled with happiness Lashauna, Laseana, Lashona, Lashawn, Lasean, Lashone, Lashaun... lashawna

Lassar’s Paste

O?cially known as Zinc and Salicylic Acid Paste, BP, this preparation is an old remedy for eczema (see DERMATITIS).... lassar’s paste

Lassie

(Scottish) A young girl; one who is pure

Lassi, Lassey, Lassy, Lassee, Lass, Lassea... lassie

Lata

(Indian) Of the lovely vine Latah... lata

Latanya

(American) Daughter of the fairy queen

Latanyah, Latonya, Latania, Latanja, Latonia, Latanea... latanya

Latasha

(American) Form of Natasha, meaning “born on Christmas Day” Latashah, Latascha, Latashia, Latasia, Latashea, Latashiya... latasha

Lateasa

(Spanish) A flirtatious woman Lateasa, Lateaza... lateasa

Latent Stage

Resting or inactive stage found in some viral infections such as the herpes viruses.... latent stage

Lathenia

(American) A talkative woman Latheniah, Lathena, Lathenah, Lathenea, Latheneah... lathenia

Laticaudidae

Family name for sea snake kraits.... laticaudidae

Lasia Spinosa

(L.) Thw.

Synonym: Lasia aculeata Linn.

Family: Araceae.

Habitat: Tropical Sikkim Himalayas, Assam, Bengal and Southwards to Sri Lanka.

Siddha: Kantakachoramu, Mulasari (Telugu.)

Folk: Kantakachu (Bengal), Kaantaasaru. Lakshmanaa and Indiver-kand are doubtful synonyms.

Action: Plant—used for colic and intestinal diseases. Leaves—used for stomachache. Rootstock and fruits—for affections of the throat.... lasia spinosa

Lasiosiphon Eriocephalus

Decne.

Family: Thymelaceaceae.

Habitat: Deccan and Western Ghats, from Konkan southwards to Kerala at altitudes of 1,200-2,500 m.

Siddha: Nachinaar (Tamil).

Folk: Raamethaa (Maharashtra).

Action: Barkandleaves—poisonous. Plant—vesicant. Leaves are applied to swellings and contusions.

The stem bark and seeds contain a xanthone glycoside, lasioside and a biscoumarin, lasiocephatin.... lasiosiphon eriocephalus

Lathyrus Sativus

Linn.

Family: Papilionaceae; Fabaceae.

Habitat: Cultivated chiefly in Madhya Pradesh, Eastern Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat.

English: Chickling Vetch, Grass Pea.

Folk: Khesaari, Latari, Kalaaya.

Action: Seeds—toxic. Prolonged consumption results in paralysis of legs, both in animals and human beings, known as lathyrism. The toxic substance responsible for lathyrism had been identified as selenium. Peritoneal injection of beta-N-oxalylaminoalanine (isolated from the seeds) produced acute neurolathyrism at LD50 doses (748.8 mg/kg) in mice and (694.9 mg/kg) in chicken; liver and kidney cells showed denaturation, vacuolar and fatty degeneration. (It is a neuropoison, which mainly affects central nervous system.)

Related species include, Lathyrus aphaca Linn., L. sphaericus Retz. and L. tingitanus Linn., known as Kalaaya or Khesaari.... lathyrus sativus

Latifah

(Arabic) One who is gentle and kind Latifa, Lateefa, Lateefah, Lateifa, Lateiffa, Latiffa, Latyfa, Latiefa, Lateifah, Latiefah, Lateafa, Lateafah, Latyfah... latifah

Latika

(Indian) An elegant and majestic lady Latikah, Laticka, Latica, Lateeka, Latieka, Lateaka, Latyka, Lateika... latika

Latisehsha

(American) A happy woman... latisehsha

Latona

(Latin) In mythology, the Roman equivalent of Leto, the mother of Artemis and Apollo

Latonah, Latonia, Latonea, Lantoniah, Latoneah... latona

Latosha

(American) Filled with happiness Latoshia, Latoshah, Latoshiah, Latoshea, Latosheah... latosha

Latoya

(Spanish) One who is victorious Letoya, Latoia, Latoria, Latorya, Latoyah, Latoyla, Latoiya... latoya

Latrelle

(American) One who laughs a lot Latrell, Latrel, Latrele, Latrella, Latrela... latrelle

Latrice

(English) Born into the nobility Latrecia, Latreece, Latreese, Latreshia, Latricia, Leetriss, Letrice, Leatrice, Letreece... latrice

Latrisha

(American) One who is high maintenance

Latrishah, Latrysha, Latryshah, Latriesha, Latrieshah, Latreisha, Latreishah, Latreesha, Latreeshah, Latreasha, Latreashah... latrisha

Latrodectus

A genus of spiders which includes such venomous species as the black widow spider of the USA,the red back spider of Australia and the button spider of South Africa.... latrodectus

Lauda

(Latin) One who is praised... lauda

Laudine

(English) Lady of the fountain; in Arthurian legend, the wife of Yvain Laudene, Laudyne, Laudina, Laudena, Laudyna, Laudeen, Laudean, Laudeena, Laudeana... laudine

Laudonia

(Italian) Praises the house Laudonea, Laudoniya, Laudomia, Laudomea, Laudomiya... laudonia

Laufeia

(Norse) From the wooded island Laufia, Laufea, Laufeiya, Laufeya... laufeia

Launaea Mucronata

(Forsk.) Muschler.

Synonym: L. chondrilloides Hook. f.

Family: Compositae; Asteraceae.

Habitat: Western India, Punjab and Sind.

Folk: Dudh-phad (Rajasthan).

Action: Plant—galactagogue. A decoction is administered in constipation.... launaea mucronata

Launaea Pinnatifida

Cass.

Synonym: L. sarmentosa (Willd.) Alston.

Family: Compositae; Asteraceae.

Habitat: Sandy coasts of India.

Ayurvedic: Gojihvaa, Golomikaa. (Gaozabaan, used in Unani medicine, is equated with Bor- aginaceae sp.)

Folk: Vana-gobhi; Paathri (Maharashtra).

Action: Plant—galactagogue, soporific, diuretic, aperient.... launaea pinnatifida

Laundry Services

The provision of assistance with laundry tasks for someone in his or her own home, either through a central facility or by a home help in the home.... laundry services

Laura

(Latin) Crowned with laurel; from the laurel tree

Lauraine, Lauralee, Laralyn, Laranca, Larea, Lari, Lauralee, Laurana, Laure, Laurel, Laurella, Laurence, Laurentia, Laurentine, Laurestine, Lauretha, Lauretta, Laurette, Lauri, Lauriane, Laurianne, Laurice, Lauricia, Laurie, Laurina, Laurinda, Laurine, Laurita, Laurnea, Lavra, Lawra, Lollie, Lolly, Laural, Lauralle, Laurell, Laurelle, Lauriel, Lauralyn, Lauene, Lauica, Laurencia, Lawrencia, Lonyn, Loura, Larunda, Lawena, Laria... laura

Lauren

(French) Form of Laura, meaning “crowned with laurel; from the laurel tree” Laren, Larentia, Larentina, Larenzina, Larren, Laryn, Larryn, Larrynn, Larsina, Larsine, Laurenne, Laurin, Lauryn, Laurynn, Laurena, Laurene, Laureen, Lareen... lauren

Laurent

(French) A graceful woman Laurente, Lorent, Lorente... laurent

Laurus Nobilis

Linn.

Family: Lauraceae.

Habitat: Native to the Mediterranean region; cultivated throughout India.

English: Laurel, Sweet Bay.

Unani: Habb-ul-Ghaar, Daphni.

Action: Leaves—mild sedative, gastric tonic, cholagogue, diaphoretic, antiseptic, antifungal. Used as a gargle against sore throat. Oil—used externally for rheumatism and in hair dressings for dandruff. Berry— emmenagogue, antileucorrhoeic, antidiarrhoeal.

Fresh leaves from Lahore (Pakistan) gave an essential oil (0.3-0.36%) with, 1,8-cineole 42.2, eugenol 16.4, sabinene 6.5, alpha terpineol 1.6, alpha-pinene 3.4, methyl eugenol 2.4 and terpinolene 1.9%. Major components of Greek and Russian oils were 1,8-cineole followed by alpha-terpinyl acetate.

The fruit from Kumaon region gave an essential oil (5%), including among others, 1,8-cineol (28.4), methyl cinna- mate (20.1), alpha phellandrene (10.1) and alpha-pinene (9.3%).

The leaves contain sesquiterpene lactones and isoquinoline alkaloids. Ethanolic extract of leaves produces a significant decrease in blood glucose level of diabetic rabbits. It contains amylase inhibitors which can supress sugar metabolism and can be used as an antiobesity agent for pet animals.

The leaf extract has been used as an antidandruff solution.... laurus nobilis

Lavada

(American) One who is creative; muscially talented Lavadah, Lavadia, Lavadea, Lavadiya... lavada

Lavado Vaginal

Vaginal wash; see ducha.... lavado vaginal

Lavandula Angustifolia

Mill.

Synonym: L. officinalis Chaix. L. spica Linn.

Family: Labiatae; Lamiaceae.

Habitat: Native to Mediterranean region; cultivated in Jammu and Kashmir.

English: Lavender.

Action: Herb—mildly sedative, antiflatulent and cholagogue. Essential oil—antiseptic, antibacterial, antispasmodic.

Key application: Internally, for mood disturbances, such as restlessness or insomnia; functional abdominal complaints (nervous stomach irritation and discomfort); for the treatment of functional circulatory disorders in balneother- apy. (German Commission E.) The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India indicates the use of Lavandula sp. for depressive states associated with digestive dysfunction.

Major constituents of the essential oil are linalool and linalyl acetate. Others include borneol, camphor, lavan- dulyl, caryophyllene, limonene, beta- ocimene, terpene-4-ol-and alpha-ter- pineol.

Aerial parts of the plant contains ursolic acid lactone, betulin, betulin- ic acid and 3 beta-formyl ursolic acid. The essential oil from flowering shoots showed neuro-depressive or anxiolytic activity in albino rats.... lavandula angustifolia

Lavandula Bipinnata

Kuntze.

Synonym: L. burmanni Benth.

Family: Labiatae; Lamiaceae.

Habitat: Bihar, Chota Nagpur, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Decan and Konkan southwards to Kerala.

Ayurvedic: Shankhapushpi (Gujarat).

Action: Used as a substitute for Convolvulus pluricaulas Choisy.... lavandula bipinnata

Lavanya

(Indian) One who is filled with grace

Lavania, Lavani, Lavanie, Lavany, Lavaney, Lavanee, Lavanea, Lavaneah, Lavaniya... lavanya

Lave

(Latin) One who is washed clean... lave

Laveda

(Latin) One who is innocent; cleansed

Lavedah, Lavella, Lavelle, Laveta, Lavetta, Lavette... laveda

Laverne

(Latin) Born in the spring; in mythology, Laverna was the goddess of thieves

Laverine, Lavern, Laverna, Laverrne, Leverne, Loverna, Lavyrne, Lavyrna, Lavernia, La Verne, La Vergne, Lativerna, Levema... laverne

Lavinia

(Latin) In mythology, the daughter of Latinus and wife of Aeneas Lavena, Lavenia, Lavina, Lavinie, Levenia, Levinia, Livinia, Louvenia, Louvinia, Lovina, Lovinia, Luvena, Luvenia, Luvina, Luvinia... lavinia

Lavita

(American) A charming woman Lavitah, Laveeta, Laveetah, Laveata, Laveatah, Lavieta, Lavietah, Laveita, Laveitah, Lavyta, Lavytah... lavita

Lavandula Stoechas

Linn.

Family: Papilionaceae; Fabaceae.

Habitat: Mediterranean region and Asia Minor. Dried plant and flowers are imported into Mumbai from Persian Gulf.

English: Arabian or French Lavender.

Unani: Ustukhuddus, Alfaajan.

Folk: Dhaaru.

Action: Flowers—antidepressive, sedative, anticonvulsant, carminative, antispasmodic, antibacterial, antiseptic. Used in depression, nervous headache, sluggish circulation, physical and mental exhaustion, insomnia, epilepsy, neuralgia and rheumatic affections.

Oil—rubefacient, antimicrobial. Used for nervous palpitations, giddiness, spasm and colic. Relieves sprains, neuralgia and rheumatism; rubbed for stimulating paralysed limbs. Applied to sores, burns, scalds and varicose veins.

Plant—used for the treatment of epilepsy and chronic sinusitis in Unani medicine.

Aerial parts of the plant contain oleanolic, ursolic and vergatic acid, beta-sitosterol, alpha-amyrin and its acetate, lupeol, erythrodiol, luteolin, acacetin and vitexin.

The leaves contain polyphenols, api- genin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside, luteolin andits7-O-beta-D-glucoside, and7-O- beta-D-glucuronide, rosmarinic acid, and 6-O-caffeoyl glucose.

For depression, tincture of lavender flower (1: 5 in 50% alcohol), 60 drops per day, has been used for 4 weeks in Western herbal. (Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 2007.)... lavandula stoechas

Lavender Tea

Lavender tea is made out of the dried purple, pink and white colored flowers that grow on lavender shrubs. Used as a scented herb for many centuries, lavender’s medicinal uses have been appreciated and documented for centuries. A cup of lavender tea can soothe your mind and body, inducing sleep. If you are feeling down and depressed, a cup of lavender tea can help uplift your spirit. Lavender tea helps sooth and treat flatulence, colic, bowel infections and an upset stomach. Lavender tea can be used as a wash on the chest to help reduce cough, bronchitis, asthma, cold and other respiratory issues. For both children and adults, lavender is used to reduce body temperature during fever. Lavender also has healing properties; use a wash of lavender tea to help heal wounds, cuts, ulcers and sores.... lavender tea

Lavonne

(French) Form of Yvonne, meaning “a young archer” Lavonda, Lavonna, Lahvonne, Levonne, Levonda, Lavonn... lavonne

Lawanda

(American) Form of Wanda, meaning “a wanderer” Lawandah, Lawannda, Lawahnda, Lawonda, Lawonnda, Lawohnda, Lawande, Lawandis... lawanda

Lawsonia Inermis

Linn.

Family: Lythraceae.

Habitat: Native to Arabia and Persia; now cultivated mainly in Haryana and Gujarat; to a small extent in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.

English: Henna.

Ayurvedic: Madayanti, Madayan- tikaa, Mendika, Ranjaka.

Unani: Hinaa, Mehndi.

Siddha/Tamil: Marudum.

Action: Leaves—astringent, antihaemorrhagic, antispasmodic, oxytocic, antifertility, antifungal, antibacterial. Used externally to treat skin infections (tinea); also as a hair conditioner.

The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia ofIn- dia indicated the use of the leaves in dysuria, jaundice, bleeding disorders, ulcers, prurigo and other obstinate skin diseases. The leaf is also recommended in giddiness and vertigo.

The leaves contain naphthoqui- nones, in particular lawsone; couma- rins (laxanthone, I, II and III); flavono- ids, luteolin and its 7-O-glucoside, acacetin-7-O-glucoside; beta-sitoste- rol-3-O-glucoside; all parts contain tannins.

Chloroform and ethanol extracts of leaves exhibit promising antibacterial activity against Shigella and Vibrio cholerae. Leaf extract shows antifun- gal activity against several pathogenic bacteria and fungi.

Henna paint is used as a medicament for treatment of hands and feet for mycosis. The antimycotic activity is due to lawsone, a naphthoquinone.

The ethanol-water (1 : 1) extract of the stem bark shows hepatoprotective activity CCl4-induced liver toxicity. Stembarkand root, probably due to the presence of isoplumbagin and lawsar- itol, exhibit anti-inflammatory activity experimentally.

Evidence shows Henna leaf might be able to decrease the formation of sickled cells in individuals with sickle cell anaemia. (Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 2007.)

Dosage: Leaves—5-10 ml juice. (API, Vol. IV.)... lawsonia inermis

Layla

(Arabic) form of Laila, meaning “a beauty of the night; born at nightfall” Laylah, Laylie, Layli... layla

Leaf

(American) Woman of the forest Leaf,, Leafie, Leafy, Leafey, Leafee, Leafea... leaf

Leaf-crown

The cuticular extension to fine pointed processes in the nematodes which have no lip; extension from the rim of the mouth called “external leaf-crown”, from the rim of the buccal capsule called “internal leaf-crown” as in Strongyloidea.... leaf-crown

Leaflet

A small leaf that is part of a compound leaf.... leaflet

Leah

(Hebrew) One who is weary; in the Bible, Jacob’s first wife Leia, Leigha, Lia, Liah, Leeya... leah

Leala

(French) One who is faithful; loyal Leola, Lealia, Lealie, Leal, Liealia... leala

Leandra

(Greek) Feminine form of Leander; resembling a lioness

Leandre, Leandria, Leanza, Leanda, Leiandra, Leodora, Leoine, Leoline, Leonelle... leandra

Leanna

(Gaelic) Form of Helen, meaning “the shining light”

Leana, Leann, Leanne, Lee-Ann, Leeann, Leeanne, Leianne, Leyanne, Leigh-Anne, Leighanna, Leeahnne, Leane, Leianna, Leighanne, Leighna, Leena, Leauna... leanna

Laxatives

Drugs or other substances used to treat CONSTIPATION. Also called aperients or purgatives, laxatives are classi?ed according to their mode of action. The four main groups are bulk, stimulant, faecal softeners and osmotics. In addition, bowel-cleansing solutions are used before surgery, ENDOSCOPY, or radiological examination of the COLON, to ensure that the bowel is clear of solid matter. However, these are not procedures for treating constipation.

People should be aware that normal bowel habits vary greatly, from twice a day to once every two or even three days. Any change from normal frequency to irregular or infrequent defaecation may signal constipation. Furthermore, before laxatives are prescribed, it is essential to ensure that the constipation is not the result of an underlying condition producing ‘secondary’ constipation. Individuals should not use laxatives too often or indiscriminately; persistent constipation is a reason to seek medical advice.

Bulk laxatives include bran and most high-?bre foods, such as fruit, vegetables and wholemeal foods. These leave a large indigestible residue that holds water in the gut and produces a large soft stool. Isphaghula husk, methyl cellulose and stercula are helpful when bran is ine?ective. Inorganic salts such as magnesium sulphate (Epsom Salts) have a similar e?ect.

Stimulant laxatives – for example, bisacodyl, senna and docusate sodium – stimulate PERISTALSIS, although the action may be accompanied by colicky pains.

Faecal softeners (emollients) There are two groups: surface active agents such as dioctyl sodium and sulphosuccinate which retain water in the stools and are often combined with a stimulant purgative; and liquid para?n which is chemically inert and is said to act by lubrication.

Osmotic laxatives These substances act by holding ?uid in the bowel by OSMOSIS, or by altering the manner in which water is distributed in the FAECES. Magnesium salts are used to produce rapid bowel evacuation, although one of them, magnesium hydroxide, should be used only occasionally. Phosphate or sodium citrate enemas (see ENEMA) can be used for constipation, while the former is used to ensure bowel evacuation before abdominal radiological procedures, endoscopy and surgery.... laxatives

Lechosa

Papaya (Carica papaya).

Plant Part Used: Fruit (ripe and unripe), papain enzymes.

Dominican Medicinal Uses: Fruit: eaten for digestive ailments, flatulence, stomachache, intestinal pain, heartburn, heart disease, hypertension, menopausal hot flashes, urinary tract infection, skin infection.

Safety: Ripe fruit is widely consumed and generally considered safe; topical application of the unripe fruit did not show toxicity in rabbits; other plant preparations have shown mixed results in animal toxicity studies.

Contraindications: Pregnancy and lactation (unripe fruit and papain); children under 12 years (due to lack of clinical data); history of hypersensitivity to fruit.

Drug Interactions: Warfarin (w/papain may cause excessive bleeding).

Clinical Data: Human clinical trials: guinea worm infection (leaves), immunomodulation (papain enzymes), burn wound-healing (fruit).

Laboratory & Preclinical Data: In vivo: abortifacient (unripe fruit constituents), anthelmintic (latex), antifertility—inhibits sperm motility (seed extract), antihypertensive (unripe fruit ethanolic extract); anti-ulcer (unripe fruit latex); diuretic (root); reversible azoospermia (seed extract).

In vitro: antiamoebic (seed extract), antihypertensive (unripe fruit ethanolic extract), antimicrobial, antioxidant (unripe fruit and seed), anti-salmonella (leaf and root extracts), immunomodulatory, immunostimulatory (seed extract), uterine stimulatory (fruit latex extract).

* See entry for Lechosa in “Part 3: Dominican Medicinal Plant Profiles” of this book for more information, including references.... lechosa

Lechsinska

(Polish) A beautiful maiden of the forest... lechsinska

Lecia

(English) Form of Alice, meaning “woman of the nobility; truthful; having high moral character” Licia, Lecea, Licea, Lisha, Lysha, Lesha... lecia

Ledell

(Greek) One who is queenly Ledelle, Ledele, Ledella, Ledela, Ledel... ledell

Leea Macrophylla

Roxb.

Family: Vitaceae.

Habitat: Throughout hotter parts of India.

Ayurvedic: Hastikanda, Hasti-karna Palaasha; Kekidandaa.

Folk: Hatkan, Dholsamudra, Haath, Kaan.

Action: Astringent, anodyne, styptic, antiseptic. Root tubers— astringent, mucilaginous; applied to wounds and sores; used for ringworm and guineaworm.... leea macrophylla

Leadwort

Plumbago spp.

Plumbaginaceae

The genus Plumbago belonging to the family Plumbaginaceae is a popular and medicinally very important group of medicinal plants. Three species, namely P. rosea, P. zeylanica and P. auriculata have been identified. Among these P. rosea and P. zeylanica are important ones.

Plumbago, in general is an esteemed remedy for leucoderma and other skin diseases. The synonyms of fire like agnih, vahnih, etc. are attributed to this drug to indicate the very burning action of the root, causing blisters on the skin (daranah). The drug is used only after adequate curing and purification. Root is the officinal part and it enters into the composition of preparations like Citrakasavam, Dasamularista, Gulgulutiktaka kasaya, Yogarajachurna, etc.

1. P. rosea Linn. syn. P. indica Linn.

Eng: Rosy-flowered Leadwort; San: Citrakah, Dhahanah;

Hin: Lalcitra, Raktacitra;

Ben: Lalchita;

Mal: Kotuveli, Chettikkoduveli, Chuvannakotuveli;

Tam: Chenkotuveli, Cittiramulam;

Kan: Kempacitramula;

Tel: Yerracitramulam

Rosy-flowered leadwort or Fire plant is a native of Coromandel Coast. It is found throughout India, in moist situations as well as cultivated. The roots are useful in dyspepsia, colic, inflammations, cough, bronchitis, helmenthiasis, haemorrhoids, elephantiasis, chronic and intermittent fever, leprosy, leucoderma, ringworm, scabies, hepatosplenomegaly, amenorrhoea, odontalgia, vitiated conditions of vata, kapha and anaemia. It is a pretty subscandent perennial shrub with semi -woody striate stems and flexible branches. Leaves are simple, alternate oblong, short cuneate at the base passing into a very short amplexicaul, exauriculate, and reddish petiole. Flowers are bright red, arranged in long terminal spikes. The calyx ribs are covered with stipitate, bifarious and subsessile gland. Corolla tube is slender and four times as long as the calyx. The stout roots are cylindrical, irregularly bent, light yellowish brown with smooth surface having short transverse shallow fissures at the regions of the bents. A light yellowish juice excudes from the cut surface. A healthy plant may produce 18-20 stout roots (Warrier et al, 1995).

The chemical constituents include plumbagin and sitosterol glucoside. Clinical trials have demonstrated that plumbagin oil from P. indica is useful in common wart (Satyavati et al, 1987). The roots are acrid, astringent, thermogenic, anthelmintic, constipating, expectorant, antiinflammmatory, abortifacient, alterant, anti-periodic, carminative, digestive, sudorific, narcotic, gastric, nervous stimulant and rejuvenating. Root is a powerful sialogogue and vesicant.

2. P. zeylanica Linn.

Eng:White flowered Leadwort; San:Chitraka;

Hin, Ben:Chitarak, Chitra; Mal:Vellakotuveli

Tam: Sittragam, Chittiramoolam;

Kan: Vahini; Mar: Chitraka;

Tel: Chitramulam

White flowered Leadwort or Chitarak is found wild in peninsular India and mostly in West Bengal. Root is used externally in leprosy and other skin diseases or obstinate character, aphthae, abscesses, influenza, piles and anasarca. Juice is used externally in scabies and ulcers. One of the important preparations of Chitrak is “Yograjguggal”, prescribed for arthritis, rheumatism, etc. The other well known preparations are “Chitrak Adivati” and “ Chitraka Haritaki”. In Unani system it is an ingredient of “Aqaruva-i- Kabir”, “Hab Ashkhar”, “Ma’jun Baladur”, “Ma’jun Raig Mahi”, etc. It is a branched undershrub. Roots are long and tuberous. Stem is striate. Leaves are simple, alternate, short petioled, ovate or ovate-oblong, acute with entire or wavy margin, 7x3.8cm and glabrous. Flowers are white, arranged in terminal spikes. Calyx is tubular, glandular-hairy. Corolla tube is slender; limb rotate and 5 lobbed. Stamens are 5 on a disc. Style is slender with 5 stigmatic branches. Fruit is membranous capsule enclosed within the persistent calyx.

The roots of P. zeylanica have been exhaustively studied and naphthaquinones have been isolated, namely, plumbagin, 3-chlroplumbagin, droserone (Sidhu et al, 1971; Padhye et al, 1973), 3,3’-biplumbagin(Chitranone), zeylanone and iso-zeylanone and a coumarin, elliptinone (Sankaram et al, 1976, 1979). It also contains 1,2(3)-tetrahydro-3,3’-biplumbagin and plumbazeylanone. The leaf is antirheumatic. Root is appetiser, sudorific, relieves pain, vasicant, diuretic, caustic, antidiarrhoeal and expellent of phlegmatic tumours. Root is uterine stimulant. Root and fruits have antiimplantation activity. Plumbagin induces antiimplantation, has abortifacient and antiovulatory activity and causes selective testicular lesions in dogs. It is also a mitotic inhibitor. In lower concentration it behaves like a spindle, poison but in higher concentration it exhibits radiomimetic, nucleotoxic and cyclotoxic effects. It also has antibacterial, antifungal and anticoagulant activities and shows antagonism to amphetamine hyperactivity in mice.

3. P. auriculata Lam. syn. P. capensis

Eng: Blue flowered Leadwort;

Mal: Neelakotuveli

The blue flowered Leadwort is often grown in gardens throughout India (Moos, 1976; Chunekar, 1982; Sharma, 1983). It is a native of Cape Province in South Africa. It is a constituent of many Ayurvedic drugs (KAU, 1991). The plant is a subshrub growing to a height of 1-1.5m. Leaves are elliptic to obovate, 3-4 x 1.5-2cm. Inflorescence is a raceme of length 3-4cm. Corolla is blue to violet. Stamens are 5 in number. Flowers and fruits may be upto 12 in number (Matthew, 1995).

Agrotechnology: The plant is grown in tropical to subtropical ecosystems. Warm humid tropical climate is most suited. They come up well in almost all types of deep and well drained soils. It is propagated vegetatively by stem cuttings. Three stem cuttings of size 15cm long are planted in polybags of size 14x10cm. IAA and IBA treatments will improve rooting of cuttings. The land is to be ploughed well. About 4 tonnes of FYM are to be applied, mixed thoroughly and seed bed of size 50cm breadth, 1.5cm height and convenient length are to be prepared. On these beds pits are taken at a distance of 25cm and the rooted plants are transplanted from the polybags. Regular irrigation and weeding are to be carried out. In the second year with the onset of monsoon, seedbeds are again refreshed after adding about 4 tonnes of FYM. At the end of second year tubers are collected. Care should be taken to wear gloves, else the chemical plumbagin present in the roots will cause burning sensation. The collected tubers are washed, tied into bundles and marketed. Plumbago yields about 7-10t tubers/ha with good management (Prasad et al, 1997).... leadwort

Leatrice

(American) Form of Beatrix, meaning “one who blesses others” Leatrix, Leatriz, Leatriss, Leatrisse, Leatrize, Leatricia, Leatrisa, Leate, Leata, Leat, Leitris, Letrys, Lettrys... leatrice

Leba

(Hebrew) One who is dearly loved Lebah, Lebba, Lebbah... leba

Leber’s Disease

A hereditary disease in which blindness comes on at about the age of 20.... leber’s disease

Lebonah

(Hebrew) Refers to frankincense Lebona, Lebonna, Lebonia, Lebonea, Leboniya, Levona, Levonia, Levonah, Levonea, Levonna... lebonah

Leche

Milk; usually cow’s milk; sometimes used as a substitute for water in the preparation of herbal remedies; can also be coconut milk (leche de coco); cow’s milk reported for use in treating kidney ailments and anemia and for preparing decoctions of calabaza or auyama seeds.... leche

Leek

Love, Protection, Exorcism... leek

Leela

(Indian) An accomplished actress... leela

Left To Right Shunt

A term used when a hole in the septum (internal wall) of the HEART allows blood to ?ow from the systemic circulation properly con?ned to the left side of the heart to the pulmonary circulation, con?ned to the right. The shunt is usually detected by hearing a murmur, and the diagnosis con?rmed by ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY (see also SEPTAL DEFECT).... left to right shunt

Leea Aequata

Linn.

Synonym: L. hirta Roxb. ex Hornem.

Family: Vitaceae.

Habitat: Northern Eastern India, West Peninsula and the Andamans.

Ayurvedic: Kaakajanghaa, Nadikaantaa, Sulomaasha, Paaraa- vatapaadi.

Folk: Surapadi (Telugu).

Action: Stem and root—astringent, anthelmintic. Used for indigestion, jaundice, chronic fever and malaria. Essential oil—inhibits the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Schroeter) Lehmann & Neumann; also inhibits the growth of Micro- coccus pyogenes var. aureus and Pasteurella pestis. Root, tuber and stem—mucilaginous, astringent. Leaves and twigs—antiseptic; used for poulticing wounds.... leea aequata

Leea Crispa

Linn.

Family: Vitaceae.

Habitat: North-Eastern India and in Western parts of Deccan Peninsula.

Folk: Banachelt (Maharashtra), Banachalit (Bengal), Nalugu, Nellu (Kerala).

Action: Leaves—applied to wounds. Root tubers—used for guineaworm. Plant—a host of the Indian lac insect.

Action: Root—antidiarrhoeal, antidysenteric, antispasmodic, cooling, sudorific. A decoction allays thirst. Leaves—juice of young leaves, digestive. Ointment prepared from roasted leaves relieves vertigo.

The leaves contain amorphous froth forming acid.... leea crispa

Leeches

Animals provided with suckers surrounding the mouth, and living a semi-parasitic life, their food being mainly derived from the blood of other animals. They abstract blood by means of the sucker, which has several large, sharp teeth. Land leeches live in tropical forests and can attach themselves to a person’s ankles and lower legs. Aquatic leeches are found in warm water and may attach themselves to swimmers. Their bites are painless, their saliva reducing the clotting properties of blood with hirudin; the result is that the wound continues to bleed after the leech has detached itself or been gently removed (lighted match, alcohol, salt and vinegar are e?ective removal agents). The medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis, was formerly employed for the abstraction of small quantities of blood in in?ammatory and other conditions. Nowadays it is occasionally used to drain haematomas and to manage healing in certain types of plastic surgery.... leeches

Legal Guardianship

Power, conferred by legal authority, to control an indivdual’s affairs in relation to medical or other care.... legal guardianship

Legarre

(Spanish) Refers to the Virgin Mary Legare, Legarra, Legara, Lera, Leira... legarre

Legend

(American) One who is memorable Legende, Legund, Legunde... legend

Legia

(Spanish) A bright woman Legiah, Legea, Legeah, Legiya, Legiyah, Legya, Legyah... legia

Lehava

(Hebrew) A fiery woman; the little flame

Lehavah, Lehavia, Lehavea, Lehavit, Lehaviya... lehava

Leiko

(Hawaiian) Resembling a small flower Leeko, Lyko, Liko, Lieko... leiko

Leilani

(Hawaiian) Child of heaven; adorned with heavenly flowers Leia, Lalani, Leilanie, Leilanee, Leilaney, Leilany, Lalanie, Lalaney, Lalanee, Lalany, Leilanea, Lalanea... leilani

Leishman-donovan Bodies

(LD Bodies) Amastigote stages of protozoa of the genus Leishmania. These stages in a skin biopsy, bone marrow or spleen aspirate are diagnostic of Leishmaniasis.... leishman-donovan bodies

Leitha

(Greek) One who is forgetful; in mythology, Lethe was the river of forgetful- ness

Leith, Leithe, Lethe, Letha, Lethia, Lethea... leitha

Lejoi

(French) Filled with happiness Lejoy, Lejoye... lejoi

Lemon Verbena

Purification, Love... lemon verbena

Lemuela

(Hebrew) Feminine form of Lemuel; devoted to God Lemuelah, Lemuella, Lemuellah, Lemuel, Lemuele, Lemuelle... lemuela

Lena

(German) Form of Helen, meaning “the shining light”

Lina, Leena, Leyna, Leina, Lyna, Lenci, Lencie, Lency, Lencey, Lencee, Lenka, Lencea... lena

Lenesha

(American) One who smiles a lot Lenesha, Leneesha, Leneeshah, Leniesha, Lenieshah, Leneisha, Leneishah, Leneasha, Leneashah, Lenysha, Lenyshah... lenesha

Lemon Thyme Tea

Lemon Thyme Tea is popular for treating infections, congestion problems, calming and relaxing the senses.  Lemon thyme (thymus citriodorus) can be recognized by its lace-shaped, light green colored leaves and lemon scent. Due to its aromatic leaves, lemon thyme is used as a flavoring agent for many dishes, especially those involving fish, chicken and vegetables. The constituents of lemon thyme tea include geraniol, esters, nerol, citronellol, citral and thymol. The essential oil that is extracted from the leaves contains a higher level of these constituents than the actual leaves. How To Make Lemon Thyme Tea You can brew Lemon Thyme Tea by placing small dried leaves in a kettle of boiled water. Let the mix steep for about 5-7 minutes. Then, using a strainer to catch the leaves, pour the tea into your cup. Lemon Thyme Tea Benefits
  • Helps fight asthma in children.
  • Prevents infections caused by viruses, fungi or bacteria.
  • Provides relaxation.
  • It can be gargled and used as a deodorizing mouthwash.
  • Facilitates good digestion.
  • Boosts your immune system.
Lemon Thyme Side Effects Like in the case of Lemon Verbena Tea , there are a few side effects that you sould keep in mind when drinking Lemon Thyme Tea:
  • If you suffer from allergies, avoid drinking Lemon Thyme Tea.
  • Do not drink Lemon Thyme Tea if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
  • Avoid over-consumption
Lemon Thyme Tea is a wonderful tea with a tasty lemon flavor. Make sure you read the side effects listed above and stay away from them!... lemon thyme tea

Lemon Verbena Tea

Lemon Verbena Tea has been known for many years as being an incredible natural remedy for many disorders, especially the ones in the nervous and digestive systems. Lemon verbena (aloysia tryphilla) is native to South America, mainly in Argentina, Brazil and Peru. The herb can grow up to 1-3 meters and it can be recognized by its lancet shaped green leaves and tiny white or lavender-colored flowers. The constituents of lemon verbena are found in its specific oil which contains methyl heptenone, borneol, geraniol and dipentene. How To Make Lemon Verbena Tea To really experience its health benefits, you can make Lemon VerbenaTea by infusing 2 teaspoons of dried lemon verbena herbs into one cup of boiling water. Let the mix boil for a few minutes and then let it steep for about 5 minutes. Lemon verbena has a strong lemony scent and taste. Add some honey to really enhance its taste! Lemon Verbena Tea Benefits
  • Lemon VerbenaTea strengthens the nervous system.
  • Alleviates colon and stomach spasms.
  • Helps reduce fever.
  • Acts as a cough remedy.
  • Helps with digestion.
  • Calms menstrual cramps.
Lemon Verbena Tea Side Effects
  • Make sure you do not suffer from any allergies, since Lemon Verbena Tea can cause skin irritation in some people.
  • Pregnant and breastfeeding women must avoid drinking Lemon Verbena Tea and other herbal teas.
  • Drinking large amounts of Lemon Verbena Tea may irritate the kidneys. Avoid drinking this tea if you suffer from kidney stones or any other kidney problems.
Lemon Verbena Tea is a healthy tea with many health benefits. Make sure you keep in mind its side effects and avoid over-consumption!... lemon verbena tea

Length Of Stay (los)

The number of days between a patient’s admission and discharge. This abbreviation is often misused when the intent is to refer to average length of stay (ALOS).... length of stay (los)

Lenis

(Latin) One who has soft and silky skin Lene, Leneta, Lenice, Lenita, Lennice, Lenos, Lenys, Lenisse, Lenysse, Lenyce, Lenet... lenis

Lenmana

(Native American) Talented with the flute

Lenmanna, Linmana, Linmanna, Lynmana, Lynmanna... lenmana

Lennon

(English) Daughter of love Lennan, Lennin, Lenon, Lenan, Lenin... lennon

Lemongrass Tea - A Healthy Herbal Tea

Lemongrass tea is one of the most popular teas from South Asia. The lemongrass plant grows in India and tropical Asia being commonly used in teas, soups and curries. This plant has been used in medicinal purposes since ancient times due to its wonderful health benefits. How To Make Lemongrass Tea Lemongrass tea has a mild lemon taste with a hint of ginger and a tropical flower scent. You can easily brew your own herbal lemongrass tea by following some few easy steps: First of all you will need a pair of gloves to protect your hands from the leaves of the lemongrass plant because they can cut your skin when you pull them from the parent plant. To cut easier, use a sharp knife. Peel the outer layers of the lemongrass leaves (the dark green leaves surrounding the stalk inside) because they will give the tea a bitter taste if they are used. Then cut the remaining lemongrass plant into slices, about 3 inches long. For each cup you will need 1 tablespoon of lemongrass. Put the slices into the teapot, pour in the hot water and let it steep for about 5 minutes. Then strain the tea into your cup and sweeten it with honey or sugar. Optionally, you can add milk. Lemongrass Tea Benefits If you suffer from insomnia, a cup of lemongrass tea before bed provides you relaxation and a restful sleep. Lemongrass tea is a good aid in digestion, so drinking a cup of tea after a meal removes that full feeling and also, helps remove unhealthy food additives, chemicals and excess fats. Since it acts like a natural diuretic, lemongrass tea helps keep the kidneys and bladder working properly. Also, its powerful antioxidants keep the liver and pancreas healthy. A university study revealed that lemongrass tea may have a cholesterol-lowering effect in people. Another benefit is that lemongrass tea reduces the symptoms of anxiety and nervousness and it has been used in Brazil for centuries to treat nervous disorders. You can also use this tea on a wet rag to heal wounds or other skin problems, since lemongrass tea is known for its anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties. Lemongrass Tea Side Effects Despite the fact that it has a lot of health benefits, lemongrass tea also has a few side effects. Make sure you will not drink lemongrass tea if you experience allergy symptoms after consuming lemongrass. It is not indicated for pregnant or breastfeeding women to drink lemongrass tea since it may have different effects on their child. In conclusion, lemongrass tea has a lot of benefits, from its calming effects to skin healing properties. Served hot or iced, this tea makes a wonderful drink during meals or before bed to have calm all night sleep.... lemongrass tea - a healthy herbal tea

Lenore

(Greek) Form of Eleanor, meaning “the shining light”

Lenor, Lenora, Lenorah, Lenorr, Lenorra, Lenorre, Leonora, Leonore, Lanora, Leanor, Leanora, Leanore, Leora, Leorah, Leeora, Liora, Leeor, Lior, Liorit, Leonor, Linore, Linor, Linora, Lenoa... lenore

Lens Culinaris

Medic.

Family: Vitaceae.

Habitat: Forests of tropical and subtropical India, from Himalayas as far west as Kumaon, and southwards to the Peninsula.

Ayurvedic: Chhatri, Karkatajihvaa, Kukurjihvaa.

Siddha/Tamil: Nalava, Nyekki, Ottanali.

Folk: Karkani (Maharashtra).

Synonym: L. esculenta Moench.

Family: Papilionaceae; Fabaceae.

Habitat: Native to South West Asia; cultivated as a pulse crop mainly in North India, Madhya Pradesh and some parts of Maharashtra.

English: Lentil.

Ayurvedic: Masura, Masurikaa, Mangalyaa, Mangalyak, Adaasa.

Unani: Masoor.

Siddha: Misurpurpu.

Action: Seeds—mostly used as a pulse. Contain as much as 30% proteins (similar to those of peas and beans). Soup is used in gastric troubles and constipation. Paste or poultice is applied to foul and indolent ulcers.

Dosage: Dried seed—10-20 g. (API, Vol. III.) oil, extracted from the seeds, is similar to olive oil. The seeds possess feeble antimalarial activity. The seed extract showed 100% toxicity against Alternaria alternata and marked toxicity against Aspergillus niger.

Dosage: Root—5-10 g powder. (API, Vol. IV.)... lens culinaris

Lens Of The Eye

See EYE.... lens of the eye

Lenusy

(Russian) As delicate as a flower Lenusey, Lenusi, Lenusie, Lenusee, Lenusea... lenusy

Leoda

(German) Daughter of the people Leota, Leodah, Leotah, Luete, Lueta... leoda

Leona

(Latin) Feminine form of Leon; having the strength of a lion Leeona, Leeowna, Leoine, Leola, Leone, Leonelle, Leonia, Leonie, Leontine, Leontina, Leontyne, Leontyna, Leowna, Leoma, Leonda, Leondra, Leondrea, Leonline, Leonela, Leoni, Leonine, Leonita, Leonlina, Leontin, Liona, Lione, Lyonene, Lyonet, Lyonette, Lyoneta, Lyonetta, Leonee, Leonea... leona

Leonarda

(French) Feminine form of Leonard; having the strength of a lion Lenarda, Leonda, Lennarda, Leonarde, Lenna, Leondra, Leodora, Leoarrie... leonarda

Leonsio

(Spanish) One who is fierce Leonsa, Leonsia, Leonsea, Leonsi, Leonsie, Leonsy, Leonsey, Leonsee... leonsio

Leopolda

(German) Feminine form of Leopold; a bold ruler of the people Leopoldia, Leopoldea, Leopoldina, Leopoldyna, Leopoldeena, Leopoldeana, Leopoldena, Leopoldine, Leopoldyne, Leopoldeen... leopolda

Leonurus Cardiaca

Linn.

Leonotis nepetaefolia (L.) R. Br.

Family: Labiatae; Lamiaceae.

Habitat: Throughout the warmer parts of India.

Ayurvedic: Granthiparni, Kaaka- puchha.

Folk: Gathivan, Deepamaal (Maharashtra).

Action: Leaves—spasmolytic. Ash of flower head—applied to burns and scalds, in ringworm and other skin diseases.

The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia ofIn- dia recommends the root in cough, bronchitis and dyspnoea.

The root contains n-octacosanol, n-octacosanoic acid, quercetin, 4,6,7- trimethoxy-5-methylchromene-2-one, campesterol and beta-sitosterol-beta- D-glucopyranoside.

The plant contains 4,6,7-trimethoxy- 5-methyl-chromene-2-one.

The leaves contain neptaefolin, nep- taefuran, neptaefuranol, neptaefolinol, leonitin, neptaefolinin and (-)-55, 6- octadecadienoic acid.

The seed oil contains oleic, linoleic, palmitic and stearic acids. The fatty

Family: Labiatae; Lamiaceae.

Habitat: Native to Europe; also distributed in Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon.

English: Common Motherwort, Lion's Tail.

Unani: Baranjaasif. (Also equated with Artemesia vulgaris Linn; and Achillea millifolium Linn.)

Action: Stomachic, laxative, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, em- menagogue (used in absent or painful menstruation, premenstrual tension, menopausal flushes). Hypnotic, sedative. Used as a cardiac tonic. (Studies in China have shown that Motherwort extracts show antiplatelet aggregation actions and decrease the levels of blood lipids.)

Key application: In nervous cardiac disorders and as adjuvant for thyroid hyperfunction. (German Commission E.) As antispasmodic. (The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia.) The British Herbal Compendium indicated its use for patients who have neuropathic cardiac disorders and cardiac complaints of nervous origin.

The plant contains diterpene bitter principles, iridoid monoterpenes, flavonoids including rutin and querci- trin, leonurin, betaine, caffeic acid derivatives, tannins and traces of a volatile oil.

The herb is a slow acting adjuvant in functional and neurogenic heart diseases. Its sedative and spasmolytic properties combine well with Valeriana officinalis or other cardioactive substances.

The herb contains several components with sedative effects—alpha- pinene, benzaldehyde, caryophyllene, limonene and oleanolic acid. (Sharon M. Herr.)

Habitat: Western Europe. Seeds are imported into India from Persia.

English: Pepper-Grass.

Unani: Bazr-ul-khumkhum, Todari (white var.).

Action: Seeds—blood purifier; prescribed in bronchitis.

The fatty acid of the oil are: oleic 12.9, linoleic 47.87, linolenic 5.43, erucic 31.97, stearic 0.54 and palmitic 1.22%.

The seed mucilage on hydrolysis gave galactose, arabinose, rhamnose and galacturonic acid.

Flowering tops and seeds contain a bitter principle, lepidin.

The plant yield a sulphur-containing volatile oil.... leonurus cardiaca

Leotie

(Native American) Resembling a wildflower

Leoti, Leotee, Leoty, Leotey, Leotea... leotie

Lepidagathis Trinervis

Nees.

Family: Acanthaceae.

Habitat: North-west Himalayas and Sikkim and from Bihar to central, western and southern India.

Folk: Safed Raasnaa (Bihar). Hiran-chaaro, Paniru (Gujarat).

Action: Plant—bitter tonic. Used for rheumatic affections. (Raasnaa is equated with Pluchea lanceolata.)

Related species of Lepidagathis: L. cristata Willd., and L. hamiltoniana Wall. ex Nees. These are used as a bitter tonic in fevers and are applied to itchy affections of the skin. The leaves of L. incurva D. Don, synonymL. hyali- na Nees are chewed to relieve cough.... lepidagathis trinervis

Lepidium Iberis

Linn. var. alba.

Family: Curciferace; Brassicaceae.... lepidium iberis

Lequoia

(Native American) Form of Sequoia, meaning “of the giant redwood tree”

Lequoya, Lequoiya, Lekoya, Lekoia... lequoia

Lerola

(Latin) Resembling a blackbird Lerolla, Lerolah, Lerolia, Lerolea... lerola

Lesbian

A female homosexual (see HOMOSEXUALITY); lesbians form about 2 per cent of the female population in the UK. Some engage in active sexual behaviour with another woman, with MASTURBATION, mutual stimulation of the CLITORIS and oral sex being the usual techniques for achieving ORGASM.... lesbian

Lesham

(Hebrew) Our precious child Leshama, Leshamah, Leshamia, Leshamea, Leshamiya, Leshmya... lesham

Lepidium Latifolium

Linn.

Family: Curciferace; Brassicaceae.

Habitat: North-West Himalayas.

Folk: Gonyuch (Ladakh).

Action: Plant—depurative, antilith- ic, diuretic, stomachic, antiscorbutic. An infusion is given for liver and kidney diseases. Also used as a resolvent in skin affections.

The leaves show dose-dependent increase of diuretic activity; also increase in potassium excretion in urine.

The leaves contain cholesterol, stig- masterol and beta-sitosterol.... lepidium latifolium

Lepidium Sativum

Linn.

Family: Curciferace, Brassicaceae.

Habitat: Native to West Asia; cultivated throughout India as a salad plant.

English: Garden Cress, Water Cress.

Ayurvedic: Chandrashuura, Chan- drikaa, Vaas-pushpaa, Pashume- hankaarikaa, Nandini, Suvaasaraa, Aashaalim.

Unani: Habb-ul-rashaad, Tukh-e- Taratezak, Haalim, Sipandaan.

Siddha/Tamil: Alivirai.

Action: Used in asthma, bronchial affections and bleeding piles. Seeds—lactagogue, diuretic, and emmenagogue. Used for treating skin disorders, fever, amoebic dysentery and asthma. Leaf— stimulant, antiscorbutic, diuretic. Roots—used in secondary syphilis and in tenesmus.

The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India recommends the use of dried seeds, in powder form, in gout.

The seeds are a good source of iron, but its bioavailability is poor (5.4% of total iron). They are used for rapid healing ofbone fractures. The ethano- lic extract of seeds significantly increased collagen synthesis and its deposition at bone fracture portion in the treated rats. The tensile strength of the broken tibiae also increased.

The seeds contain an alkaloid (0.19%), glucotropaeolin, sinapin (cho- line ester of sinapic acid), sinapic acid, mucilaginous matter (5%) and uric acid (0.108 g/kg). The seed oil exhibits pronounced oestrogenic activity.

The seed mucilage allays the irritation of the mucous membrane of intestines in dysentery and diarrhoea. It consists of a mixture of cellulose (18.3%) and uronic acid-containing polysaccharides; acid hydrolysis yield L-arabinose, D-galactose, L-rhamnose, D-glacturonic acid and D-glucose.

The plant contains pantothenic acid, pyridoxin and rutin. Ethanolic extract of the plant showed antiviral activity against rinderpest virus.

Dosage: Seed—3-6 g powder. (API, Vol. I.)... lepidium sativum

Leptadenia Reticulata

W. & A.

Family: Asclepiadaceae.

Habitat: Sub-Himalayan tracts of Punjab and Uttar Pradesh and Deccan Peninsula up to an altitude of 900 m.

Ayurvedic: Jivanti; Jivaniya, Jiva- pushpa, Hemavati, Jivana. Shaaka- shreshtha, Payaswini, Maangalya, Madhusravaa. (Guduuchi, Medaa, Kaakoli and Vrkshaadani are also known as Jivanti.) (Haimavati is equated with Orris Root and Hemapushpa with Sarca asoca flower.)

Siddha/Tamil: Keerippaalai.

Folk: Dodishaak (Gujarat).

Action: Plant—stimulant and restorative. Improves eyesight. Found useful in the treatment of habitual abortion. Leaves and roots used in skin diseases.

The herb contains «-triacontane, cetyl alcohol, beta-sitosterol, beta- amyrin acetate, lupanol 3-O-digluco- side and lepitidin glycoside.

Stigmasterol and lipoid fraction of the plant exhibited estrogen mimetic effects.

Alcoholic extract of roots and leaves show antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Intravenous administration of aqueous extract of stems has a pronounced and hypotensive action in anaesthetized dogs.

Dosage: Root—3-6 g powder. (CCRAS.)... leptadenia reticulata

Leptadenia Spartium

Wight.

Synonym: L. pyrotechnica (Forsk.) Decne.

Family: Asclepiadaeae.

Habitat: Punjab, Western Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and northern parts of Mumbai along the sea coast.

Folk: Kheemp (Rajasthan), Kheep (Gujarat). Prasaarani is a doubtful synonym.

Action: Antiseptic. Plant used for the treatment of burns and wounds.

The plant contains a triterpenoid, leptadenol; also 2.32 g/100 g tannin.... leptadenia spartium

Leslie

(Gaelic) From the holly garden; of the gray fortress

Leslea, Leslee, Lesleigh, Lesley, Lesli, Lesly, Lezlee, Lezley, Lezlie, Lezleigh, Lezli, Lioslaith, Lezlea... leslie

Leta

(Latin) One who is glad; joyful; loved by all

Leeta, Lita, Lida, Leeda, Leita, Leida, Leyta, Lyta, Leyda, Lyda, Loida, Loyda, Leda, Luda, Ledaea, Ledah... leta

Letichel

(American) Filled with happiness Letichell, Letichele, Letichelle, Letichela, Letichella, Letishel, Letishell, Letishele, Letishelle, Letishela, Letishella... letichel

Letitia

(Latin) One who brings joy to others Laetitia, Laetizia, Latashia, Latia, Latisha, Letice, Leticia, Leticja, Letisha, Letizia, Letta, Lettice, Lettie, Lettitia, Letty, Letycja, Lateisha, Latesha, Laticia, Latitia... letitia

Leto

(Greek) In mythology, mother of Apollo and Artemis... leto

Letsey

(American) Form of Letitia, meaning “one who brings joy to others” Letsy, Letsee, Letsea, Letsi, Letsie... letsey

Lettuce

Chastity, Protection, Love, Divination, Sleep... lettuce

Leucas Lavandulaefolia

Rees.

Synonym: L. linifolia Spreng.

Family: Labiatae; Lamiaceae. Ayurvedic: Dronpushpi (related species).

Folk: Tumbaa, Guumaa.

Action: Leaves—a decoction is used as a sedative in nervous disorders; also as a stomachic and vermifuge. Crushed leaves are applied externally for dermatosis, a poultice to sores and wounds.

Roots, stems and leaves are cyano- genetic.... leucas lavandulaefolia

Leucas Martinicensis

R. Br.

Family: Labiatae; Lamiaceae.

Habitat: Bihar and South India.

Folk: Guumaa (var.). Sugandhak is a doubtful synonym.

Action: Plant—an infusion is given for colds and gastrointestinal troubles.... leucas martinicensis

Leucippe

(Greek) In mythology, a nymph Lucippe, Leucipe, Lucipe... leucippe

Leuco

Or leuko- – a pre?x meaning white.... leuco

Lettsomia Elliptica

Wight.

Synonym: Argyreia elliptica (Wight) Choisy.

Family: Convolvulaceae.

Habitat: Chota Nagpur, Orissa, Deccan, Karnataka, Anaimalai Hills and Western Ghats from Konkan southwards to Kerala.

English: Silverweed.

Siddha/Tamil: Unnayangodi.

Folk: Khedari, Bond vel (Maharashtra).

Action: Leaves—a paste is applied externally in cough and quinsy.... lettsomia elliptica

Leucaena Glauca

Benth.

Synonym: L. leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit.

Family: Mimosaceae.

Habitat: The plains of India.

English: White Popinac, Lead tree.

Siddha/Tamil: Tagarai.

Folk: Vilaayati Baval Lasobaval (Gujarat).

Action: The bark and leaves contain 16.3 and 3% tannin respectively. Leaves also contain quercitrin (0.08%). The toxicity of the plant is due to an alkaloid leucenine or leucenol. Beta-and alpha-amino- propionic acid is reported to be identical with mimosine (from Mimosa pudica).

Seeds, in addition to a fatty oil (8.8%), also contain mucilage composed of mannans, glactans and xy- lans. Stachyose is also reported to be present in the seeds. (Heat treatment of leaves and seeds after moistening lowers the alkaloid content.)... leucaena glauca

Leucas Aspera

Spreng.

Family: Labiatae; Laminceae.

Habitat: Throughout India in cultivated fields, wastelands, roadsides.

English: White Dead Nettle.

Ayurvedic: Dronpushpi, Phalepush- paa, Kutambaka.

Siddha/Tamil: Thumbai.

Folk: Guumaa, Halkusa (smaller var.), Tumbaa.

Action: Carminative, antihis- taminic, antipyretic, febrifuge, antiseptic. Used in jaundice, anorexia, dyspepsia, fever, helminthic manifestation, respiratory and skin diseases.

Flowers—given with honey for coughs and colds to children. Leaves— juice is used as an external application for psoriasis, chronic skin eruptions and painful swellings.

An alcoholic extract of leaves shows antibacterial activity.

The plant gave oleanolic acid, urso- lic acid and beta-sitosterol. The root contains a triterpenoid, leucolactone, and the sterols, sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol.... leucas aspera

Leucas Cephalotes

(Roth.) Spreng.

Family: Labiatae; Lamiaceae.

Habitat: Throughout the greater part of India, as a weed, ascending up to 1,800 m in the Himalayas.

Ayurvedic: Dronpushpi, Katumbaa. Siddha/Tamil: Tumbai. Folk: Guumaa, Dhurpi saaga, Halkusa (bigger var.), Tumbaa.

Action: Plant—stimulant, diaphoretic, antiseptic (fresh juice is used in scabies), insecticidal. Flowers— a syrup is used as a domestic remedy for coughs and colds. Dry leaves along with tobacco (1: 3) are smoked to treat bleeding as well as itching piles.

The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia ofIn- dia indicated the use of the dried whole plant in jaundice, inflammations, cough, bronchial asthma and intermittent fever.

The plant contains beta-sitosterol glycoside and traces of an alkaloid.

Dosage: Whole plant—5-10 ml juice; 1-3 g powder. (API, Vol. II.)... leucas cephalotes

Leucothea

(Greek) In mythology, a sea nymph

Leucothia, Leucothiah, Leucotheah... leucothea

Leuko

See LEUCO-.... leuko

Leukocytes

White blood cells, of whatever race or creed.... leukocytes

Leukocytosis

Having abnormally high numbers of white blood cells, usually the result of a non-viral infection.... leukocytosis

Leukopenia

Having abnormally low numbers of white blood cells.... leukopenia

Leukotrienes

A group of naturally occurring, slow-reacting substances (SRSS) which have powerful smooth-muscle stimulating properties, particularly on bronchial smooth muscle. Leukotrienes are a metabolic derivative of PROSTAGLANDINS. Leukotriene receptor antagonists, such as montelukast and za?rlukast, are drugs useful in asthma.... leukotrienes

Leucocytes

The scienti?c name for white blood cells. Leucocytes contain no HAEMOGLOBIN so are colourless, and have a well-formed NUCLEUS. Healthy people have around 8,000 leucocytes per cubic millimetre of blood. There are three main classes of white cells: granulocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes.

Granulocytes Also known as polymorphonuclear leucocytes (‘polys’), these normally constitute 70 per cent of the white blood cells. They are divided into three groups according to the staining reactions of these granules: neutrophils, which stain with neutral dyes and constitute 65–70 per cent of all the white blood cells; eosinophils, which stain with acid dyes (e.g. eosin) and constitute 3–4 per cent of the total white blood cells; and basophils, which stain with basic dyes (e.g. methylene blue) and constitute about 0·5 per cent of the total white blood cells.

Lymphocytes constitute 25–30 per cent of the white blood cells. They have a clear, non-granular cytoplasm and a relatively large nucleus which is only slightly indented. They are divided into two groups: small lymphocytes, which are slightly larger than erythrocytes (about 8 micrometres in diameter); and large lymphocytes, which are about 12 micrometres in diameter.

Monocytes Motile phagocytic cells that circulate in the blood and migrate into the tissues, where they develop into various forms of MACROPHAGE such as tissue macrophages and KUPFFER CELLS.

Site of origin The granulocytes are formed in the red BONE MARROW. The lymphocytes are formed predominantly in LYMPHOID TISSUE. There is some controversy as to the site of origin of monocytes: some say they arise from lymphocytes, whilst others contend that they are derived from histiocytes – i.e. the RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM.

Function The leucocytes constitute one of the most important of the defence mechanisms against infection. This applies particularly to the neutrophil leucocytes (see LEUCOCYTOSIS). (See also ABSCESS; BLOOD – Composition; INFLAMMATION; PHAGOCYTOSIS; WOUNDS.)... leucocytes

Levallorphan Tartrate

An antidote to MORPHINE. It is usually given intravenously.... levallorphan tartrate

Levana

(Latin) One who is raised up; in mythology, goddess and protector of new- borns

Livana, Livaun, Levanah, Levanna, Levania, Levanea, Livanna, Livania, Livanea... levana

Levane

(Irish) Of the great elm Levayne, Levaine, Levayn, Levain, Levaen, Levaene... levane

Level Of Health

The quantified expression of health status.... level of health

Levia

(Hebrew) One who joins forces with others

Leviah, Leviya, Leviyah, Levya, Levyah, Levea, Leveah... levia

Levina

(Latin) Resembling a lightning bolt Levyna, Levena, Leveena, Leviena, Leveina, Leveana... levina

Levitt

(American) One who is straightforward Levit, Levitte, Levytt, Levyt, Levytte... levitt

Levity

(American) A lighthearted woman Leviti, Levitie, Levitee, Levitea, Levitey... levity

Levora

(American) A homebody Levorah, Levorra, Levorrah, Levoria, Levoriah, Levorea, Levoreah, Levorya, Levoryah... levora

Levorphanol

A synthetic derivative of MORPHINE. It is an e?ective analgesic but, like morphine, is a drug of addiction.... levorphanol

Lewa

(African) A very beautiful woman Lewah... lewa

Lewana

(Hebrew) Of the white moon Lewanah, Lewanna, Lewannah... lewana

Lexie

(Greek) Form of Alexandra, meaning “helper and defender of mankind” Lexa, Lexandra, Lexann, Lexi, Lexia, Lexina, Lexine, Lexus, Lexya, Lexea, Lex, Lexis, Lexiss, Lexy, Lexy, Lexee... lexie

Leya

(Spanish) One who upholds the law Leyah... leya

Lezena

(American) One who smiles often Lezenah, Lezina, Lezinah, Lezyna, Lezynah, Lezene, Lyzena... lezena

Lhasa

(Indian) From the sacred city Lhasah, Lasa, Lassa, Laasa... lhasa

Lhrh

Abbreviation for LUTEINISING HORMONERELEASING HORMONE (LHRH), which is released by the PITUITARY GLAND.... lhrh

Liadan

(Irish) An older woman; the gray lady

Leadan, Lyadan... liadan

Liana

(French / English) Of the jungle vine; bound / form of Eliana, meaning “the Lord answers our prayers” Liann, Lianna, Lianne, Liahna, Liahne, Liane, Liani, Lianie, Lianee, Liany, Lianey, Lyanne, Lyane, Lyana, Lyanna, Lianea... liana

Libby

(English) Form of Elizabeth, meaning “my God is bountiful” Libba, Libbee, Libbey, Libbie, Libet, Liby, Lilibet, Lilibeth, Lilibet, Lillibet, Lilybet, Lilybeth, Lilybell, Lib, Libbea, Libea... libby

Liberty

(English) An independent woman; having freedom

Libertey, Libertee, Libertea, Liberti, Libertie, Libertas, Libera, Liber, Libyr... liberty

Libitina

(Latin) In mythology, goddess of death

Lybitina, Lybytyna, Libitena, Libityna, Libiteena, Libiteana, Libitiena, Libiteina... libitina

Libni

(Hebrew) A distinguished woman; fair-skinned

Libnie, Libney, Libny, Libnee, Libnea... libni

Libra

(Latin) One who is balanced; the seventh sign of the zodiac Leebra, Leibra, Liebra, Leabra, Leighbra, Lybra... libra

Librada

(Spanish) One who is free Libradah, Lybrada, Lybradah... librada

Licence/licensure

A permission granted to an individual or organization by a competent authority, usually public, to engage lawfully in a practice, occupation or activity. Licensure is the process by which the licence is granted. It is usually granted on the basis of examination and/or proof of education rather than on measures of performance. A licence is usually permanent, but may be conditional on annual payment of a fee, proof of continuing education, or proof of competence. See also “accreditation”.... licence/licensure

Lichen

Lichen, or licheni?cation, is a term used to describe a thickening of chronically in?amed skin to give a tree-bark-like appearance.

Lichen simplex (neurodermatitis) is a form of eczema (see DERMATITIS) perpetuated by constant rubbing of the affected skin. Typically, well-de?ned plaques occur on one or both sides of the nape of the neck, on the ulnar forearm near the elbow, or on the sides of the calves. It is often associated with emotional stress.

Lichen planus is a less common in?ammation of the skin characterised by small, shiny, ?at-topped violaceous papules which may coalesce to form large plaques. Itching can be intense. Typically seen on the ?exor aspects of the wrists, the lower back and on the legs below the knees, it may also affect the mucous membranes of the mouth and lips. The cause is unknown. While in some patients the disorder appears to be nervous or emotional in origin, it can be caused by certain drugs such as CHLOROQUINE. Severe cases may require oral CORTICOSTEROIDS to control the eruption.... lichen

Licia

(Latin / English) Woman from Lycia / form of Alicia, meaning “woman of the nobility; truthful; having high moral character” Liciah, Leecea, Leecia, Leesha, Lesia, Lisia, Lycia... licia

Licorice

Love, Lust, Fidelity... licorice

Lidwina

(Scandinavian) A friend to all Lidwyna, Lidweena, Lidwiena, Lidweina, Lidweana... lidwina

Lieselette

(American) Form of Liesl, meaning “my God is bountiful” Lieselet, Lieselete, Lieselett, Lieseleta, Lieseletta... lieselette

Liesl

(German) Form of Elizabeth, meaning “my God is bountiful” Liezl, Liesa, Liese, Liesel, Liezel, Liesei, Liesheth, Liesi, Liesie... liesl

Lieu

(Vietnamese) Of the willow tree... lieu

Life Course

See “life cycle”.... life course

Life Everlasting

Longevity, Health, Healing... life everlasting

Licorice Tea

Licorice tea has been known for many years due to its medicinal benefits. Licorice herb (glycyrrhiza glabra) grows in Greece, Italy, Spain, Syria, Iraq and Southern China. The root is the one that contains an abundance of valuable properties. The root contains a substance that is as sweet as sugar cane, named glycyrrhizin. How To Make Licorice Tea To brew licorice tea, first of all, cut the licorice root into small pieces. You can buy a whole licorice root from a “natural foods” shop. Then put 1 teaspoon of licorice into 1 cup of boiled water and let it steep for about 5-10 minutes. To really flavor the tea you can add peppermint or cinnamon. Licorice Tea Benefits
  • Speeds the healing of stomach ulcers.
  • Alleviates liver inflammations.
  • Combats diarrhea.
  • Helps treating headaches.
  • Overcomes excessive thirst.
  • Treats sore throat.
Licorice Tea Side Effects If you drink licorice tea excessively, you can be predisposed to some disorders:
  • Hypertension.
  • High blood pressure.
  • Headaches.
  • Low potassium levels in the blood.
  • It may interact with the effects of some medications.
  • It should not be consumed by pregnant or breastfeeding women.
All in al, licorice tea is a healthy option and it can be drank 3 times a day! Just make sure you won`t experience any of its side effects!... licorice tea

Life Insurance

Insurance providing for payment of a stipulated sum to a designated beneficiary upon death of the insured.... life insurance

Life Satisfaction

See “well-being”.... life satisfaction

Life Span

The longest period over which the life of any plant or animal organism or species may extend, according to the available biological knowledge concerning it.... life span

Life-sustaining Treatment

Drugs, medical devices, or procedures that can keep alive a person who would otherwise die within a foreseeable, though usually uncertain, time. Examples include cardiopulmonary resuscitation, mechanical ventilation, renal dialysis, nutritional support (i.e. tube or intravenous feeding) and provision of antibiotics to fight life-threatening infections.... life-sustaining treatment

Lifestyle

The set of habits and customs that is influenced, modified, encouraged or constrained by the lifelong process of socialization. These habits and customs include the use of substances, such as alcohol, tobacco, tea or coffee; dietary habits; and exercise. They have important implications for health and are often the subject of epidemiological investigation.... lifestyle

Lifestyle Medicines

Drugs used for non-health problems or for disorders that are in the grey area between a genuine health need and a desire to change a ‘lifestyle failing’ by the use of medication. Examples are: SILDENAFIL CITRATE, which is prescribed for men unable to achieve penile erection (erectile dysfunction); and ORLISTAT, a drug used to combat OBESITY.... lifestyle medicines

Lifetime Home

Housing built to be adaptable to people’s changing needs, thus avoiding the need for expensive and disruptive adaptations.... lifetime home

Ligaments

Strong bands of ?brous tissue which serve to bind together the bones entering into a joint. In some cases they are cord-like; in others, ?attened bands – whilst most joints are surrounded by a ?brous capsule or capsular ligament. (See JOINTS.)... ligaments

Light

(American) A lighthearted woman Lite, Lyte... light

Light Reflex

Pupillary constriction in the EYE in response to light. The direct light re?ex involves pupillary constriction in the eye into which a light is shone; the consensual light re?ex is the pupillary constriction that occurs in the other eye. The a?erent or inward pathway of the re?ex is via the optic nerve, and the e?erent or outward pathway is via the occulomotor nerve.... light reflex

Light Traps

A mechanical trap which use a combination of light and/or carbon dioxide to attract and trap adult mosquitoes, e.g. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Light Trap.... light traps

Ligia

(Greek) One who is musically talented Ligiah, Ligya, Ligiya, Lygia, Ligea, Lygea, Lygya, Lygiya... ligia

Ligularia Tussilaginea

(Burm. f) Makino.

Synonym: L. kaempferi Sieb & Zucc. Senecio kaempferi DC.

Family: Compositae; Asteraceae.

Habitat: Native to Japan; grows in Indian gardens.

Action: Used for obstinate skin diseases.

The rhizomes contain inulin and beta-dimethylacrylic acid.... ligularia tussilaginea

Liguria

(Greek) One who loves music Liguriah, Lyguria, Lyguriah, Ligurea, Ligureah, Lygurea, Lygureah... liguria

Likert Scale

An ordinal scale of responses to a question or statement ordered in a hierarchical sequence, such as from “strongly agree” through “no opinion” to “strongly disagree”.... likert scale

Lila

(Arabic / Greek) Born at night / resembling a lily Lilah, Lyla, Lylah... lila

Lileah

(Latin) Resembling a lily Lilea, Lyleah, Lylea, Lilya, Lilyah, Lylya, Lylyah... lileah

Lilette

(Latin) Resembling a budding lily Lilett, Lilete, Lilet, Lileta, Liletta, Lylette, Lylett, Lylete, Lylet, Lyletta, Lyleta... lilette

Liliash

(Spanish) Resembling a lily Liliashe, Lilyash, Lilyashe... liliash

Liliha

(Hawaiian) One who holds rank as chief... liliha

Lilith

(Babylonian) Woman of the night Lilyth, Lillith, Lillyth, Lylith, Lyllith, Lylyth, Lyllyth, Lilithe, Lylithe, Lilythe... lilith

Lilium Candidum

Linn.

Habitat: Native to Southern Europe and South-West Asia; grown in Indian gardens.

English: Madona Lily, Annunciation Lily, White Lily.

Action: Bulb—astringent, demulcent. Used for gynaecological disorders. A decoction of the bulbs in water or milk is given for dropsy; a poultice is applied to tumours, ulcers and skin inflammations. Fresh flowering plant is used in homoeopathy as an antispasmodic; the pollen is used against epilepsy

A total extract stimulates phagocytosis in mice. The bulbs contain alkaloids (pyrroline derivatives), jat- ropham, ethyljatropham and citracon- ic acid imides.

Mucous, tannin, sterine and gluco- side impart anti-inflammatory, analgesic, diuretic and expectorant properties to the bulb.

Bulbs of Lilium species contain soluble polysaccharides (glucomannans), starch, gamma-methylene glutamic acid and tuliposide.... lilium candidum

Lilium Giganteum

Wall.

Family: Liliaceae.

Habitat: Temperate Himalayas from Kumaon and Garhwal to Sikkim, Khasi and Aka hills and Manipur at altitudes of 1,200-3,000 m.

Folk: Gaayotraa (Jaunsar).

Action: Leaves—used as an external cooling applications to alleviate pains of wounds and bruises.... lilium giganteum

Lilium Polyphyllum

D. Don.

Family: Liliaceae.

Habitat: Uttaranchal, Himachal Pradesh.

Ayurvedic: Kaakoli, Madhuraa, Kshira, Vayhasthaa, Karnikaa, Vaayasoli.

Action: Tuberous root—used as a tonic in emaciation and as a source of energy, after dry roasting.

Dosage: Tuberous root—3-6 g. (API, Vol. III.)... lilium polyphyllum

Lilium Tigrinum

Ker-Gawl.

Family: Liliaceae.

Habitat: Native to China and Japan; cultivated in Indian gardens.

English: Tiger Lily, Crumple Lily.

Action: Bulbs—used as a cardiac tonic. Flowers—used for ovarian neuralgia, also recommended in myoptic astigmia.

The bulbs of Lilium martagon Linn., Turk's Cap Lily, also possesses cardio- tonic properties and are used in the treatment of dysmenorrhoea; externally for ulcers.

Folk: Findora. Badai (Lushai).

Action: Dried bulb scales— demulcent; used like salep in pectoral complaints.... lilium tigrinum

Lilium Wallichianum

Schutt. f.

Family: Liliaceae.

Habitat: Western Himalayas, Nepal, Lushai hills, Manipur and hills of South India at altitudes of 3002,400 m.... lilium wallichianum

Lillian

(Latin) Resembling the lily

Lilian, Liliana, Liliane, Lilianne, Lilias, Lilas, Lillas, Lillias, Lilianna, Lilliana, Lilliane, Lilliann, Lillianna, Lillianne, Lillyan, Lillyanne, Lilyan, Lilyann, Lillis, Lilis... lillian

Lilo

(Hawaiian) One who is generous Lylo, Leelo, Lealo, Leylo, Lielo, Leilo... lilo

Liluye

(Native American) Resembling the soaring hawk... liluye

Limber

(African) One who is joyful Lymber, Lember... limber

Limbic/hypothalamus

Broadly the accumulative process of emotional and metabolic evaluation, as carried on by the various parts of the brain that are part of the ad hoc “evaluations” committee (the limbic system) and those changes in metabolism that, based on the evaluations, are acted out in the whole body by the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus, the main part of the system with tools, acts through a blood translator, the pituitary gland.... limbic/hypothalamus

Limbs, Artificial

See PROSTHESIS.... limbs, artificial

Lime-juice

A yellow liquid obtained by squeezing lime-fruit, Citrus limetta. In common with lemon-juice, it is a rich source of vitamin C (16·8–62·5 mg per 100 ml) and contains a large quantity of citric acid. It is used as a refreshing drink and as a preventive of, and remedy for, SCURVY. Lime-juice which has been boiled, or preserved for a prolonged period, loses its anti-scorbutic properties.... lime-juice

Limnanthemum Cristatum

(Roxb.) Griseb.

Synonym: Menyanthes hydrophyl- lum Lour.

Nymphoides hydrophyllum Kuntze.

Family: Menyanthaceae.

Habitat: Throughout India, in fresh water ponds and tanks. (Considered by some authors a synonym of Nymphoides Hill.)

Folk: Ghainchu, Tagarmuula; Panchuli, Chandmalla (Bengal); Kumudini (Maharashtra).

Action: Plant—used in fevers and jaundice. Seeds—anthelmintic. Stalks and leaves—applied to ulcers and insect bites. A decoction is used as a wash for parasitic skin affections. The plant is used as a substitute for Swertia Chirata.

The rhizomes and roots of Nymphoides macrospermum Vasudevan (Family: Menyanthaceae) are sold in the market as Granthik Tagar. These are used as a substitute for Valeriana hard- wickii Wall. in neurological disorders and colic.... limnanthemum cristatum

Limnanthemum Indicum

(L.) Griseb.

Synonym: Menyanthes indica Linn. Nymphoides indicum (L.) O. Kuntze.

Family: Menyanthaceae.

Habitat: Throughout India, in tanks and back waters.

Folk: Barachuli, Chinnambal (Kerala).

Action: Plant—bitter, febrifuge, antiscorbutic. Used as a substitute for Swertia Chirata in fever and jaundice.... limnanthemum indicum

Limnanthemum Nymphaeoides

Hoffm. & Link.

Synonym: Nymphoides peltata (Gmel.) O. Kuntze.

Family: Menyanthaceae.

Habitat: Kashmir.

English: Fringed Water-Lily.

Folk: Kuru, Khairposh (Punjab).

Action: Leaf—used in periodic headache.... limnanthemum nymphaeoides

Limnophila Aromatica

(Lam.) Druce.

Synonym: L. gratissima Blume.

Family: Scrophulariaceae.

Habitat: South Bihar, Orissa, Assam, Western parts of South India, up to 600 m, also in back waters.

Folk: Aamragandha Karpuur (non-classical); Karpuur (Bengal); Ambuli (Maharashtra); Manganari (Kerala). Kuttra.

Action: Plant—galactagogue, aperient, antiseptic. Juice given in fever and to nursing mothers when milk is sour. Oil—antiseptic.

The plant gave an essential oil (0.1%), containing d-limolene and d-perillal- dehyde as principal constituents. The essential oil showed significant antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus oryzae.

The plant, made into a liniment with coconut oil, is used in elephantiasis.

L. conferia Benth., known as Munga- nari in Kerala, contains flavonoids showing anti-inflammatory activity, quercetin showed significant activity only at a dose of 150 mg/kg, while wogonin, nevadensin and quercetin- pentamethyl ether at 75 mg/kg. The essential oil from the plant exhibited antifungal activity against ringworm fungi.... limnophila aromatica

Limón

Lemon (Citrus spp.; typically Citrus limon).

Plant Part Used: Fruit, leaf, root.

Dominican Medicinal Uses: Fruit: juice or tea, orally for common cold, flu, kidney stones, musculoskeletal injury, diarrhea; juice, topically, for burns, bruises and dermatological conditions. Root: multi-herb decoction or tincture, orally, menstrual disorders.

Safety: Fruit is widely consumed and generally considered safe; little data available on safety of root and leaves.

Laboratory & Preclinical Data: Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, diuretic, nutritive.

* See entry for Limón in “Part 3: Dominican Medicinal Plant Profiles” of this book for more information, including references.... limón

Limor

(Hebrew) Refers to myrrh Limora, Limoria, Limorea, Leemor, Leemora, Leemoria, Leemorea... limor

Lina

(Arabic) Of the palm tree Leena, Leina, Leyna, Lena, Lyna, Leana... lina

Linda

(Spanish) One who is soft and beautiful

Lindalee, Lindee, Lindey, Lindi, Lindie, Lindira, Lindka, Lindy, Lynda, Lynde, Lyndy, Lyndi, Lyndall, Lyndee, Lynnda, Lynndie, Lueinda, Lindea, Lyndea... linda

Lindenbergia Indica

(Linn.) Kuntze.

Synonym: L. urticaefolia Lehm.

Family: Scrophulariaceae.

Habitat: Throughout India, ascending to 2,100 m in the Himalayas.

Folk: Haldi Basanto (Bengal), Dhol (Maharashtra), Patthar-chatti (Gujarat), Bheet-chatti.

Action: Plant—juice is given in chronic bronchitis; also applied to skin eruptions.... lindenbergia indica

Limnophila Indica

(Lam.) Bruce.

Synonym: L. gratioloides R. Br. L. racemosa Benth.

Family: Scrophulariaceae.

Habitat: Throughout India in damp places, swamps and rice fields.

Folk: Kuttra; Karpuur (Bengal), Ambuli (Maharashtra); Manganari (Kerala).

Action: Plant—carminative, antiseptic. Leaves—an infusion is given in dyspepsia and dysentery. A liniment prepared from the plant is used in elephantiasis.

Related species: L. rugosa (Roth) Merrill, synonym L. roxburghii G. Don, known as Kaalaa Karpuur (throughout India), is used as diuretic, stomachic, digestive tonic. Also used as a hair perfume.... limnophila indica

Limoncillo

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus).

Plant Part Used: Leaf, stalk.

Dominican Medicinal Uses: Leaf/stalk: infusion, orally, for asthma, common cold, flu-symptoms, stomach ailments, indigestion, gastro-intestinal pain, diarrhea (in children), menopausal hot flashes, arthritis, internal bruising and musculoskeletal injury.

Safety: This plant is nontoxic according to clinical studies; the essential oil potential may cause allergic reaction to skin or lung irritation if inhaled.

Contraindications: Pregnancy.

Laboratory & Preclinical Data: In vivo: anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, lowered heart rate (leaf infusion, essential oil); antinociceptive (essential oil); chemopreventive, inhibition of hepatocarcinogenesis (leaf extract); hypocholesterolemic (leaves).

In vitro: antibacterial, antifungal, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitumor, polyphenol oxidase inhibition (essential oil or constituents); enzyme inhibition, vasorelaxant (leaf/stalk extract).

* See entry for Limoncillo in “Part 3: Dominican Medicinal Plant Profiles” of this book for more information, including references.... limoncillo

Limonia Crenulata

Roxb.

Synonym: Hesperethusa crenulata (Roxb.) M. Roem.

Family: Rutaceae.

Habitat: Throughout India, from Punjab and Kumaon eastwards; in Assam, Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka and South India.

Ayurvedic: Bilvaparni.

Siddha/Tamil: Nayvila.

Folk: Ran-limbu, Naringi (Mum- bai), Tondsha (Maharashtra), Beli, Bainthaa.

Action: Dried fruit—stomachic; used in pestilent fevers, also as an antidote to poisons. Root— purgative, sudorific.

The plant showed anti-inflammatory activity which was attributed to 8- hydroxy-6-methoxy-2-methyl-anthra- quinone-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside in animal studies.

The leaves contain an essential oil; major constituents are geraniol, alpha- and beta-pinene, 1,8-cineole, elemol acetate, linool, alpha-terpinolene, camphor, eudesmol, p-cymene, cam- phane, azulene, borneol acetate, alpha- terpenol, alpha-curcumene, alpha thu- jone, limolene, myrcene and beta- ocimene.

Leaves also contain anthraquinones and dalbargin galactopyranoside.... limonia crenulata

Limpieza

Cleaning, cleansing or clearing; this term has two uses: to describe (1.) the internal cleansing action of remedies inside the body; or (2.) an external spiritual/energetic cleansing ritual:

1. Herbal preparations taken internally are sometimes said to “cleanse the body [internally]” (limpiar el sistema), particularly the digestive tract, kidneys, liver and/or reproductive system; in this sense, it can be used to describe laxative or diuretic herbs, remedies that cleanse the blood or preparations that clear obstruction in the reproductive system.

2. a cleansing ritual is performed using herbs and/or other items to ritually clear or dispel unwanted energy around a person’s body or in a physical space (i.e. a room, house, office or car); this ritual often includes the use of incense, prayer and bundles of herbs that are swept or shaken over the body or in ones living space. Often, water-based preparations of herbs, fragrant aguas and/or perfume oils are used for washing ones living area, especially the floor; then a similar mixture of herbs is prepared as a bath for washing the physical body as part of this spiritual/energetic cleansing ritual.... limpieza

Lindiwe

(African) The daughter we have waited for... lindiwe

Lindley

(English) From the pastureland Lindly, Lindlee, Lindleigh, Lindli, Lindlie, Leland, Lindlea... lindley

Lindsay

(English) From the island of linden trees; from Lincoln’s wetland Lind, Lindsea, Lindsee, Lindseigh, Lindsey, Lindsy, Linsay, Linsey, Linsie, Linzi, Linzee, Linzy, Lyndsay, Lyndsey, Lyndsie, Lynnsey, Lynnzey, Lynsey, Lynzey, Lynzi, Lynzy, Lynzee, Lynzie, Lindse... lindsay

Linea Alba

The line of ?brous tissue stretching down the mid line of the belly from the lower end of the sternum to the pubic bone (see PUBIS). The linea alba gives attachment to the muscles of the wall of the stomach.... linea alba

Ling

(Chinese) As sweet as the tinkling of a bell Lyng... ling

Linden Tea

Linden Tea has been used in medicine as a natural remedy for various health problems. Linden plant grows mainly in Europe and North America, linden tree having large deep roots and smooth reddish twigs. Linden tea is known for its diuretic, diaphoretic, antispasmodic and sedative properties. The constituents of linden are mucilages, tannins, volatile oils and antioxidants flavonoids. How To Make Linden Tea To brew Linden Tea, you have to infuse a handful of linden flowers and leaves into 250 ml of water. Let the tea steep for about 5-10 minutes and then, using a strainer, pour it into your cup. Be careful! Linden Tea should not be consumed for long periods since over-consumption may lead to heart damage. Also, if you are taking drugs or different supplements, drink Linden Tea 2 hours before taking them so that it cannot interfere with their action. Linden Tea Benefits
  • The most common use of Linden Tea is to treat anxiety since the herb has a relaxing effect on the body.
  • Helps clear up any problems with the digestive system, combating also diarrhea.
  • Alleviates fever, colds and cough.
  • Relieves sore throat.
  • Lessens the effects of excessive flatulence.
  • Helps you to sweat out the toxins from your body.
  • Is a strong helper in fighting different infections.
Linden Tea Side Effects Linden Tea doesn’t have many side effects. But there a few thing that you should keep in mind when drinking linden tea:
  • First of all, avoid over-consumption. Drinking too much linden tea can be harmful rather than helpful.
  • Pregnant and breastfeeding women should not drink linden tea.
  • Frequent use of linden tea has been linked with heart problems, so if you are experiencing heart diseases make sure you always consult your doctor before taking any herbal teas or supplements.
In conclusion, Linden Tea is a healthy tea with a lot of benefits for your body. In order not to experience its (very few) side effects, avoid drinking too much linden tea!... linden tea

Lindera Nessiana

Benth.

Family: Lauraceae.

Habitat: Temperate Himalayas from Nepal eastwards at 1,800-2,400 m, and in Assam.

Folk: Gandha-daaru (Bengal), Siltimur (Nepal).

Action: Carminative.

The plant is reported to yield sassafras, which is substituted for the true sassafras from Cinnamomum glan- duliferum Meissn.

The seeds yield a fatty oil (60.7%). It gave methyl esters : methyl laurate 75.2, methyl caprate 13.3, methyl oleate 5.4, methyl myristate 2.4, and methyl- palmitate 0.5%.... lindera nessiana

Linn

(Scottish) Resembling the cascade of a waterfall Linne... linn

Linnea

(Scandinavian) Resembling a small mountain flower; of the lime tree Lenae, Linea, Linna, Linnae, Linnaea, Lynae, Lynea, Lynnae, Lynnea... linnea

Linthontriptic

An agent that effects the dissolution of a calculus... linthontriptic

Lion’s Mane

A colloquial term for Cyanea - used in many countries other than Australia.... lion’s mane

Lionfish

See Scorpaenidae.... lionfish

Liothyronine Acid

A preparation based on the thyroid (see THYROID GLAND) hormone triiodothyronine, which is prescribed to replace the lack of natural thyroid hormone (hypothyroidism). The drug is also used to treat goitre and cancer of the

thyroid gland. (See THYROID GLAND, DISEASES OF.)... liothyronine acid

Lipasis Rostrata

Rehd.

Family: Orchidaceae.

Ayurvedic: Jivaka-Rshabhaka (bulbs of Microstylis wallichi Lindl. and M. musifera, also of other orchids, are sold as Jivaka-Rshabhaka).

Action: Used in age-sustaining and invigorating tonics.... lipasis rostrata

Lipid-regulating Drugs

These drugs reduce the amount of low-density LIPOPROTEINS, which transport CHOLESTEROL and triglycerides (see TRIGLYCERIDE) in the blood, or raise the concentration of high-density lipoproteins. The aim is to reduce the progression of ATHEROSCLEROSIS and therefore help prevent coronary heart disease (see HEART, DISEASES OF). These drugs should be combined with reducing other risk factors for raised lipid concentrations, such as a high-fat diet, smoking and obesity. Lipid-regulating drugs include STATINS, ?brates, anion-exchange resins, and NICOTINIC ACID, which may be used singly or in combination under careful medical supervision (see HYPERLIPIDAEMIA).... lipid-regulating drugs

Linum Usitatissimum

Linn.

Habitat: Cultivated mainly in Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar and Rajasthan.

English: Linseed, Flax.

Ayurvedic: Atasi, Umaa, Masrnaa, Nilapushpi, Kshumaa.

Unani: Kattan.

Siddha/Tamil: (Seed).

Action: Seed—demulcent, emollient, laxative, antilipidemic, antitussive, pectoral (used in bronchitis and cough). Flowers—used as nervine and cardiac tonic. Oil— used in burns, skin injuries and sores.

Key application: Internally, for chronic constipation, for colons damaged by abuse of laxatives, irritable bowel syndrome, diverticular disease, symptomatic short-term treatment of gastritis and enteritis. Externally, for painful skin inflammations. (German Commission E, ESCOP, The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia.)

The plant contains chlorogenic acid and its isomer. Also present are palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic acids, along with amino acids, and sugars. Linseed also contains mucilage (3-10%) in epidermis; fatty oil (30-40%); cyanogenic glycosides (0.05-00.1%) mainly linus- tatin, neolinustatin and linamarin; lig- nans; phenylpropane derivatives including linusitamarin. (Cyanogenic glycosides are not found toxic in therapeutic doses as these are broken down only to a limited extent in the body.)

The seeds are an excellent source of dietary alpha-linolenic acid for modifying plasma and tissue lipids. Flaxseed preparations reduced atherogenic risk in hyperlipemic patients. (Cited in Expanded Commission E Monographs.)

Human studies have indicated Flax- seed's use in atherosclerosis, hyperc- holesterolemia, lupus nephritis, chronic renal diseases and in cancer prevention (active principle: lignan precursor secoisolariciresinol diglycoside). (Sharon M. Herr. Also Am J Clin Nutr, 1999, 69, 395-402.)

The PP glucose response to a 50 g carbohydrate load given as Flaxseed bread was found to be 27% lower when compared with regular white bread.

Taking Flaxseed oil daily for 3 months did not improve symptoms of pain and stiffness in rheumatoid arthritis and no effect was observed on RA, such as C-reactive protein and ESR. (Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 2007.)

The water-binding capacity and rhe- ological properties of linseed mucilage resembled those of guar gum.

Dosage: Ripe seed—3-6 g powder. (API, Vol. I.) Flower-bud—3-6 g; oil—5-10 ml. (CCRAS.)... linum usitatissimum

Lipoid Factor

An agent involved in the clotting mechanism of the blood. It helps in the activation of THROMBOPLASTIN in the blood PLASMA (see COAGULATION).... lipoid factor

Lipoproteins

Compounds containing lipids and proteins (see LIPID; PROTEIN). Most lipids in blood PLASMA are present in this form and are characterised according to their densities: very low (VLDL), intermediate (IDL), low (LD), high (HDL) and very high (VHDL). Concentrations of lipoproteins are key factors in assessing the risk of cardiovascular disease (see HEART, DISEASES OF).... lipoproteins

Liposomes

These are essentially tiny oil droplets consisting of layers of fatty material, known as phospholipid, separated by aqueous compartments. Drugs can be incorporated into the liposomes, which are then injected into the bloodstream or into the muscles, or given by mouth. Using this method of giving drugs, it is possible to protect them from being broken down in the body before they reach the part of the body where their curative e?ect is required: for example, in the liver or in a tumour.... liposomes

Lipotropic Factors

Various compounds and processes that enable the liver to metabolize fats properly or prevent the formation of cholesterolic stones in the gall bladder by supporting the continued emulsification of gall bladder bile. EXAMPLES: Lecithin, choline, Aristolochia... lipotropic factors

Liquidamber

Protection ... liquidamber

Liriene

(French) One who enjoys reading aloud

Lirienne, Liriena, Lirienna, Lirien, Lirienn... liriene

Lippia Geminata

H. B. & K.

Synonym: L. alba (Mill.) N.E.Br. L. javanica (Burm.f.) Spreng.

Family: Verbenaceae.

Habitat: Bihar and Orissa to Assam; Madhya Pradesh, Nilgiris and Anaimalais up to 900 m in wet places and river banks.

Folk: Basula (Madhya Pradesh), Naagaa-aiari (Orissa).

Action: Leaves—stomachic and nervine. Essential oil—fungitoxic.

The essential oil from leaves contains citral, neral and geranial. Diterpenes, d- and l-limonene, l-piperitone, geranial. Diterpenes, d-and l-limonene, l- piperitone, lippone, a saturated ketone, d-alpha-pinene, dl-dihydrocarvone, citral and camphor have been identified in different samples.... lippia geminata

Lippia Nodiflora

Rich.

Synonym: Phyla nodiflora (Linn.) Greene.

Family: Verbenaceae.

Habitat: Throughout India, in wet places and river banks.

English: Wild sage.

Ayurvedic: Jalapippali, Shaaradi, Shakulaadani, Jalakarnaa, Matsya- gandhaa. Laangali (now equated with Gloriosa superba).

Unani: Bukkum Booti.

Siddha/Tamil: Paduthalai.

Action: Plant—cooling, febrifuge, diuretic. Poultice used as maturant for boils. Leaves—an infusion is given to women after delivery.

An alcoholic extract of the leaves shows antibacterial activity against E. coli. The leaf juice enters into hair oils for alopecia areata.

Aerial parts are reported to contain flavonoids, flavone aglycones and flavone sulphates.

Dosage: Whole plant—10-20 ml juice. (CCRAS.)... lippia nodiflora

Liquidambar Formosana

Hance.

Family: Altingiaceae; Hamameli- daceae.

Habitat: Native to China; now reported to have been introduced into Lalbagh gardens, Bangalore.

English: Fragrant Maple.

Ayurvedic: Silhak (var.).

Unani: Silaaras (var.).

Action: See Liquidambar orientalis.

Balsam (Chinese Storax) contains cinnamic acid (16%). Cinnamyl alcohol, borneol, a resin alcohol and volatile constituents (1.8-8%). The leaves on steam-distillation yield 005% of a volatile oil consisting principally of terpenes (88%).... liquidambar formosana

Liquidambar Orientalis

Mill.

Family: Altingiaceae; Hamameli- daceae.

Habitat: Native to Asia Minor.

English: Storax, Oriental Sweet Gum.

Ayurvedic: Turushka, Silhaka, Kapitaila.

Unani: Ambar Saayil, Silaaras.

Siddha/Tamil: Neri-arishippal.

Action: Balsam—anti-inflammatory, stimulating expectorant, antipara- sitic, antiseptic, antimicrobial. Used externally in scabies, ringworm and other skin diseases. Used for coughs and bronchitis as an inhalation.

Storax contained cinnamic acid up to 30%—cinnamin acid esters, cin- namyl cinnamate (styracin), phenyl- propyl cinnamate; triterpene acids; vanillin; styrene; aromatic alcohols. Pentacyclic triterpene aldehydes—liq- uidambronal and ambronal—have been isolated from nonvolatile part of resin along with bornyl trans-cinna- mate.

Dosage: Gum—1-3 g. (CCRAS.)... liquidambar orientalis

Liriodendron Tulipifera

Linn.

Family: Magnoliaceae.

Habitat: Native to North America; introduced into hill stations in India.

English: Tulip tree.

Action: Bark—antipyretic, diaphoretic; used in rheumatism, dyspepsia and as antimalarial.

The root contains an alkaloid tulip- iferin, traces of a glycoside, essential oil and tannin.... liriodendron tulipifera

Liriope

(Greek) In mythology, a nymph and the mother of Narcissus Leiriope, Leirioessa... liriope

Lirit

(Hebrew) One who is musically talented Lirita, Liritia, Liritea, Leerit... lirit

Lisa

(English) Form of Elizabeth, meaning “my God is bountiful” Leesa, Liesa, Lisebet, Lise, Liseta, Lisette, Liszka, Lisebeth, Lisabet, Lisabeth, Lisabette, Lisbet, Lisbeth, Lisavet, Lissa, Lissette, Lyssa, Lysa, Lesa, Liesbet, Liisa, Lis, Leysa, Leisa, Leasa... lisa

Lishan

(African) One who is awarded a medal

Lishana, Lishanna, Lyshan, Lyshana, Lyshanna... lishan

Lissie

(American) Resembling a flower Lissi, Lissy, Lissey, Lissee, Lissea... lissie

Listeriosis

A rare disease, although the causal organism, Listeria monocytogenes, is widely distributed in soil, silage, water, and various animals, with consequent risk of food contamination – for example, from unpasteurised soft cheese. Neonates are mainly affected – often as a result of a mild or inapparent infection in the pregnant mother. The disease presents in two main forms: MENINGOENCEPHALITIS, or SEPTICAEMIA with enlarged LYMPH glands. Elderly adults occasionally develop the ?rst form, while younger adults are more likely to develop a mild or even inapparent form. The disease is treated with ANTIBIOTICS such as ampicillin (see PENICILLIN) or CHLORAMPHENICOL.... listeriosis

Litchi Chinensis

(Gaertn.) Sonn.

Synonym: Nephelium litchi Cambess.

Family: Sapindaceae.

Habitat: Native to China; now cultivated mainly in Northern Bihar, particularly in Muzaffarpur and Darbhanga districts, and Saharanpur, Dehra Dun, Muzaffar- nagar, Gorakhpur, Deoria, Gonda, Basti, Faizabad, Rampur, Bareil- ly, Bahraich, Kheri and Pilibhit districts of Uttar Pradesh.

English: Litchi, Lychee.

Action: Fruit—refrigerant during summer. Leaf—used in bites of animals.

Litchi aril contains: total sugars (as invert sugar) 12.1-14.8; reducing sugar 9-13.7; non-reducing sugar 1.0-3.4; acidity (as citric acid) 0.22-0.36%; and ascorbic acid 34.5-45.4 mg/100 g.

The plant contains levulinic, malic, citric, lactic, malonic, fumaric, suc- cinic, phosphoric and glutaric acids.

The Bark contains friedelin and stig- masterol.

Litchi seeds are prescribed in Malaya for neurological disorders and orchi- tis. In seed lipids, fatty acids cyclo- propanoic 42.0; oleic 27.0, palmitic 12.0 and linoleic 11.0%, have been determined.... litchi chinensis

Literature Review

A summary and interpretation of research findings reported in the literature. It may include unstructured qualitative reviews by single authors as well as various systematic and quantitative procedures, such as meta-analysis.... literature review

Lithium Carbonate

A drug widely used in the PROPHYLAXIS treatment of certain forms of MENTAL ILLNESS. The drug should be given only on specialist advice. The major indication for its use is acute MANIA; it induces improvement or remission in over 70 per cent of such patients. In addition, it is e?ective in the treatment of manic-depressive patients (see MANIC DEPRESSION), preventing both the manic and the depressive episodes. There is also evidence that it lessens aggression in prisoners who behave antisocially and in patients with learning diffculties who mutilate themselves and have temper tantrums.

Because of its possible toxic effects – including kidney damage – lithium must only be administered under medical supervision and with monitoring of the blood levels, as the gap between therapeutic and toxic concentrations is narrow. Due to the risk of its damaging the unborn child, it should not be prescribed, unless absolutely necessary, during pregnancy – particularly not in the ?rst three months. Mothers should not take it while breast feeding, as it is excreted in the milk in high concentrations. The drug should not be taken with DIURETICS.... lithium carbonate

Lithospermum Officinanle

Linn.

Family: Boraginaceae.

Habitat: Kashmir and Kumaon, at altitudes of 1,500-2,700 m.

Folk: Lubis firmun.

Action: Leaves—sedative. Seeds— diuretic, lithotriptic. A decoction of roots and twigs is given in the form of syrup in eruptive diseases, such as smallpox and measles.

The aerial parts contain pyrrolizi- dine alkaloids.

Saline extracts of the aerial parts and roots, administered to experimental animals by injection, inhibit oestrus and the functioning of ovaries and testes; the activity of the thyroid gland is also reduced. The active principle is formed from phenolic precursors like caffeic, chlorogenic, rosmarinic acid as well as luteolin-7 beta-glucuronide by an oxidation step. Other constituents are lithospermic acid and shikonin.

Shikonin and acetyl-shikonin, the pigments of the root, exhibit anti- inflammatory activity comparable to phenylbutazone.

An infusion of leaves is used in Spain as sedative.... lithospermum officinanle

Litigation

See MEDICAL LITIGATION.... litigation

Litmus

Litmus, which is prepared from several lichens, is a vegetable dye-substance, which on contact with alkaline ?uids becomes blue, and on contact with acid ?uids, red. Slips of paper, impregnated with litmus, form a valuable test for the acidity of the secretions and discharges.... litmus

Litsea Stocksii

Hook. f.

Family: Lauraceae.

Habitat: The hills of western Deccan Peninsula.

Folk: Pisi, Posha (Maharashtra).

Action: Leaves—an infusion is given in irritation of bladder and urethra.

The seeds yield a fat consisting mostly of lauric acid with a small amount of oleic acid.

The leaves are mucilaginous.... litsea stocksii

Litsea Glutinosa

(Lour.) C. B. Robinson.

Synonym: L. sebifera Pers. L. chinensis Lam.

Family: Lauraceae.

Habitat: Punjab, Khasi Hills, Bengal, Assam and South India.

English: Common Tallow Lowrel.

Ayurvedic: Medaasaka.

Unani: Maidaa-lakdi, MaghaaseHindi.

Siddha/Tamil: Mushaippeyetti, Elumpurukki, Uralli.

Action: Leaf—antispasmodic and emollient. Bark—demulcent, emollient, astringent, antidiarrhoeal, anodyne. Root—decoction is used as an emmenagogue. Oil from berries—used in rheumatism. Essential oil—antibacterial, antifungal.

The bark is mucilaginous. The plant contains a polysaccharide. Leaves and stem contain aporphine al- kaloids—boldine, laurotetanine, acti- nodaphnine and their derivatives. The trunk bark gave sebiferine and litsefer- ine.

Boldine produced dose-dependent inhibition of induced microsomal peroxidation in experimental studies.

Dosage: Bark—3-5 g powder. (CCRAS.)... litsea glutinosa

Litsea Monopetala

(Roxb.) Pers.

Synonym: L. polyantha Juss.

Family: Lauraceae.

Habitat: Assam and Eastern Himalayas, also Tamil Nadu.

Ayurvedic: Maidaa-lakdi (var.).

Siddha/Tamil: Maidalagadil, Picin- pattai.

Action: Bark—stimulant, astringent, spasmolytic, stomachic, antidiarrhoeal. Root—applied externally for pains, bruises and contusions.

The bark contains beta-sitosterol and an aporphine alkaloid, actino- daphnine.... litsea monopetala

Little’s Disease

A form of CEREBRAL PALSY.... little’s disease

Llantén

Plantain (Plantago major or P. lanceolata).

Plant Part Used: Leaf.

Dominican Medicinal Uses: Leaf: fresh juice or tea, orally, for liver disorders, vaginal infections, high cholesterol, stomach ache, menopausal symptoms, abortion; juice, externally, wound-healing; as a salve or poultice, externally, for headache, migraine and nausea.

Safety: Results of toxicity studies and published literature.

Clinical Data: Human clinical trials: bronchitis treatment (plant extract).

Laboratory & Preclinical Data: In vivo: antibacterial (leaf compound), antidiarrheal (leaf extract), chemopreventive (constituents), antinociceptive (seed and leaf extract), antitumor (leaf).

In vitro: antiviral, immuno-enhancing, laxative and gastroprotective (extracts and compounds).

* See entry for Llantén in “Part 3: Dominican Medicinal Plant Profiles” of this book for more information, including references.... llantén

Lobelia Chinensis

Lour.

Synonym: L. radicans Thunb.

Family: Campanulaceae, Lobeli- aceae.

Habitat: Nepal, Chota Nagpur and Khasi hills at altitudes of 9001,500 m.

Action: Plant—used in China for fevers and asthma. Root—considered depurative and antirheumatic in Indo-China. The plant is one of the constituent of a tincture formulation used for the treatment of scars.

The rhizomes of the plant are reported to contain the polyfructosan, lobelinin.... lobelia chinensis

Livonah

(Hebrew) A vibrant woman; full of life

Livona, Lyvonah, Lyvona, Levona, Levonah... livonah

Liya

(Hebrew) The Lord’s daughter Liyah, Leeya, Leeyah, Leaya, Leayah... liya

Liza

(English) Form of Elizabeth, meaning “my God is bountiful” Lyza, Leeza, Litsea, Litzea, Liz, Lizzie, Lizabeth, Lizandra, Lizann, Lizbet, Lizbeth, Lizeth, Lizette, Lizina, Lizzy, Lyzbeth, Lyzbet, Lyzabeth, Lyzz, Lizz, Lyz, Leyza, Liiza, Leza... liza

Llamrei

(English) In Arthurian legend, Arthur’s steed... llamrei

Llesenia

(Spanish) Form of Yesenia, meaning “resembling a flower” Lleseniah, Llesinia, Llesenya, Llecenia, Llasenya, Llesnia, Llessenia, Llessena, Llessenya, Llissenia, Llesenea, Lleseneah, Llesinea... llesenia

Lleucu

(Welsh) The treasured light Lleyke... lleucu

Loanna

(American) A gracious and loving woman

Loana, Loann, Loane, Loanne... loanna

Liver Disease In The Tropics

ACUTE LIVER DISEASE The hepatitis viruses (A– F) are of paramount importance. Hepatitis E (HEV) often produces acute hepatic failure in pregnant women; extensive epidemics – transmitted by contaminated drinking-water supplies – have been documented. HBV, especially in association with HDV, also causes acute liver failure in infected patients in several tropical countries: however, the major importance of HBV is that the infection leads to chronic liver disease (see below). Other hepatotoxic viruses include the EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS, CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV), the ?avivirus causing YELLOW FEVER, Marburg/Ebola viruses, etc. Acute liver disease also occurs in the presence of several acute bacterial infections, including Salmonella typhi, brucellosis, leptospirosis, syphilis, etc. The complex type of jaundice associated with acute systemic bacterial infection – especially pneumococcal PNEUMONIA and pyomiositis – assumes a major importance in many tropical countries, especially those in Africa and in Papua New Guinea. Of protozoan infections, plasmodium falciparum malaria, LEISHMANIASIS, and TOXOPLASMOSIS should be considered. Ascaris lumbricoides (the roundworm) can produce obstruction to the biliary system. CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE Long-term disease is dominated by sequelae of HBV and HCV infections (often acquired during the neonatal period), both of which can cause chronic active hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (‘hepatoma’) – one of the world’s most common malignancies. Chronic liver disease is also caused by SCHISTOSOMIASIS (usually Schistosoma mansoni and S. japonicum), and acute and chronic alcohol ingestion. Furthermore, many local herbal remedies and also orthodox chemotherapeutic compounds (e.g. those used in tuberculosis and leprosy) can result in chronic liver disease. HAEMOSIDEROSIS is a major problem in southern Africa. Hepatocytes contain excessive iron – derived primarily from an excessive intake, often present in locally brewed beer; however, a genetic predisposition seems likely. Indian childhood cirrhosis – associated with an excess of copper – is a major problem in India and surrounding countries. Epidemiological evidence shows that much of the copper is derived from copper vessels used to store milk after weaning. Veno-occlusive disease was ?rst described in Jamaica and is caused by pyrrolyzidine alkaloids (present in bush-tea). Several HIV-associated ‘opportunistic’ infections can give rise to hepatic disease (see AIDS/HIV).

A localised (focal) form of liver disease in all tropical/subtropical countries results from invasive Entamoeba histolytica infection (amoebic liver ‘abscess’); serology and imaging techniques assist in diagnosis. Hydatidosis also causes localised liver disease; one or more cysts usually involve the right lobe of the liver. Serological tests and imaging techniques are of value in diagnosis. Whilst surgery formerly constituted the sole method of management, prolonged courses of albendazole and/or praziquantel have now been shown to be e?ective; however, surgical intervention is still required in some cases.

Hepato-biliary disease is also a problem in many tropical/subtropical countries. In southeast Asia, Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis viverini infections cause chronic biliary-tract infection, complicated by adenocarcinoma of the biliary system. Praziquantel is e?ective chemotherapy before advanced disease ensues. Fasciola hepatica (the liver ?uke) is a further hepato-biliary helminthic infection; treatment is with bithionol or triclabendazole, praziquantel being relatively ine?ective.... liver disease in the tropics

Lobelia Inflata

Linn.

Family: Campanulaceae; Lobeli-

Habitat: Native to eastern United States; imported into India.

English: Indian Tabacco, Pukeweed.

Ayurvedic: Devanala (var.).

Action: Antiasthmatic, antispasmodic, broncho-dilator, expectorant, mild sedative and relaxant. Used as a tabacco deterrent (as a major ingredient in many antismoking mixtures).

Key application: In the treatment of asthma, bronchitis. (German Commission E.) As respiratory stimulant. (The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia.)

Lobelia contains piperidine alkaloids, mainly lobeline, with lobelanine, lobelanidine, norlobelanine, isolobi- nine. Lobeline stimulates respiration in animals by stimulating respiratory centre and at high doses stimulates the vomiting centre.

Lobeline has similar but less potent pharmacological properties to nicotine but 1/20-1/5 as potent.

Lobeline (0.5%) has also been used as an active ingredient in skin-lightening preparations.

Clinical research could not demonstrate lobeline efficacy greater than placebo in smoking cessation. It was disallowed as an ingredient in antismoking products in the US in 1993. (Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 2007.)

The leaves contain beta-amyrin pal- mitate which possesses sedative and antidepressant properties comparable to the antidepressant drug mianserin. Methanolic extract of leaves exhibited antidepressant activity.

The leaf powder is toxic at 0.6-1.0 , (Francis Brinker.)... lobelia inflata

Local Anaesthesia

Loss of sensation produced in a part of the body to stop pain while a person is examined, investigated or treated (see also ANAESTHESIA). The anaesthesia is e?ected by giving drugs in a local area temporarily to stop the action of pain-carrying nerve ?bres. To anaesthetise a large area, a nerve block is done. Various drugs are used, depending on the depth and length of local anaesthesia required.... local anaesthesia

Liver, Diseases Of

The LIVER may be extensively diseased without any obviously serious symptoms, unless the circulation through it is impeded, the out?ow of BILE checked, or neighbouring organs implicated. JAUNDICE is a symptom of several liver disorders, and is discussed under its separate heading. ASCITES, which may be caused by interference with the circulation through the portal vein of the liver, as well as by other reasons, is also considered separately. The presence of gallstones is a complication of some diseases connected with the liver, and is treated under GALLBLADDER, DISEASES OF. For hydatid cyst of the liver, see TAENIASIS. Liver diseases in a tropical environment are dealt with later in this section.

In?ammation of the liver, or HEPATITIS, may occur as part of a generalised infection or may be a localised condition. Infectious hepatitis, which is the result of infection with a virus, is one of the most common forms. Many di?erent viruses can cause hepatitis, including that responsible for glandular fever (see MONONUCLEOSIS). Certain spirochaetes may also be the cause, particularly that responsible for LEPTOSPIROSIS, as can many drugs. Hepatitis may also occur if there is obstruction of the BILE DUCT, as by a gall-stone.

Cirrhosis of the liver A disorder caused by chronic damage to liver cells. The liver develops areas of ?brosis or scarring; in response, the remaining normal liver cells increase and form regeneration nodules. Those islands of normality, however, suffer from inadequate blood supply, thus adversely affecting liver function. Alcohol is the most common cause of cirrhosis in the United Kingdom and the USA, and the incidence of the disorder among women in the UK has recently risen sharply as a consequence of greater consumption of alcohol by young women in the latter decades of the 20th century. In Africa and many parts of Asia, infection with hepatitis B virus is a common cause. Certain drugs – for example, PARACETAMOL – may damage the liver if taken in excess. Unusual causes of cirrhosis include defects of the bile ducts, HAEMOCHROMATOSIS (raised iron absorption from the gut), CYSTIC FIBROSIS, cardiac cirrhosis (the result of heart failure causing circulatory congestion in the liver), and WILSON’S DISEASE (raised copper absorption).

Symptoms Some people with cirrhosis have no signs or symptoms and the disease may be diagnosed at a routine medical examination. Others may develop jaundice, OEDEMA (including ascites – ?uid in the abdomen), fever, confusion, HAEMATEMESIS (vomiting blood), loss of appetite and lethargy. On examination, cirrhotic patients often have an enlarged liver and/ or SPLEEN, and HYPERTENSION. Liver function tests, cholangiography (X-ray examination of the bile ducts) and biopsy of liver tissue will help to reach a diagnosis.

Treatment Nothing can be done to repair a cirrhosed organ, but the cause, if known, must be removed and further advance of the process thus prevented. In the case of the liver, a high-protein, high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet is given, supplemented by liver extract and vitamins B and K. The consumption of alcohol should be banned. In patients with liver failure and a poor prognosis, liver TRANSPLANTATION is worthwhile but only after careful consideration.

Abscess of the liver When an ABSCESS develops in the liver, it is usually a result of amoebic DYSENTERY, appearing sometimes late in the disease – even after the diarrhoea is cured (see below). It may also follow upon in?ammation of the liver due to other causes. In the case of an amoebic abscess, treatment consists of oral metronidazole.

Acute hepatic necrosis is a destructive and often fatal disease of the liver which is very rare. It may be due to chemical poisons, such as carbontetrachloride, chloroform, phosphorus and industrial solvents derived from benzene. It may also be the cause of death in cases of poisoning with fungi. Very occasionally, it may be a complication of acute infectious hepatitis.

Cancer of the liver is not uncommon, although it is rare for the disease to begin in the liver – the involvement of this organ being usually secondary to disease situated somewhere in the stomach or bowels. Cancer originating in the liver is more common in Asia and Africa. It usually arises in a ?brotic (or cirrhotic) liver and in carriers of the hepatitis B virus. There is great emaciation, which increases as the disease progresses. The liver is much enlarged, and its margin and surface are rough, being studded with hard cancer masses of varying size, which can often be felt through the abdominal wall. Pain may be present. Jaundice and oedema often appear.... liver, diseases of

Lobelia Leschenaultina

(Persl) Skottsb.

Synonym: L. excelsa Lesch.

Family: Campanulaceae; Lobeli- aceae.

Habitat: Hills of South India at altitudes above 1,800 m.

Ayurvedic: Nala (var.).

Folk: Devanala (var.) (Maharashtra.)

Action: Leaves—filtered solution is used in the control of aphids, tingids and mites on vegetable and other crops. Plant—poisonous to man and livestock. The leaves are cured and smoked as tabacco.... lobelia leschenaultina

Lodema

(English) One who provides guidance

Lodemah, Lodima, Lodimah, Lodyma, Lodymah, Lodeema, Lodeemah... lodema

Lofexidine

An opioid antagonist drug used to modify the symptoms of addicted patients undergoing opioid-withdrawal treatment.... lofexidine

Lofn

(Norse) In mythology, one of the principal goddesses... lofn

Logan

(Gaelic) From the hollow Logann, Logane, Loganne... logan

Logestilla

(French) Daughter of a legend Logistilla, Logestila, Logistila, Logestylla, Logistylla, Logestile, Logestille, Logistile, Logistille... logestilla

Lobelia Nicotianaefolia

Heyne.

Family: Campanulaceae; Lobeli- aceae.

Habitat: Deccan, Konkan and Western Ghats, at altitudes of 9002,100 m.

English: Wild Tobacco.

Ayurvedic: Devanala, Nala (var.).

Siddha/Tamil: Kattuppugaiyilai, Upperichedi.

Action: Used as a substitute for Lobelia inflata.

An analysis of Lobelia nicotianae- folia, grown in Maharashtra, shows that the plant contains appreciable quantities of nor-lobelanine and small amounts of lobinine and minor bases.

Lobelia cardinalis Linn., Cardinal Flower, is cultivated in Indian gardens. It contains lobinaline as main alkaloid. Lobinaline depresses blood pressure but has no influence on respiration. L. erinus Linn. and L. succulenta Blume, synonym L. affinis Wall. also contain alkaloids with lobinaline 0.445%.

Lobelia cordigera Cav., synonym L. fulgens Willd., an ornamental Lobelia sp., grown in Indian gardens, contains inulin.

Lobelia pyramidalis Wall. (Himalayas from Kumaon eastwards to Sikkim and Assam at altitudes of900-2,700 m) contains 0.29-0.38% alkaloids as lobeline, and may be used as a substitute for Lobelia inflata.... lobelia nicotianaefolia

Lobelia Tea

Lobelia tea is known for many years as being very effective for respiratory and viral disorders. Lobelia, also known as Indian Tobacco, is a flowering plant that can grow up to two feet tall. Its leaves have a yellow or light green color, violet spiky flowers and oval-shaped fruits. The constituents of lobelia are alkaloids, resins, lipids and gums, constituents that help relax the muscles and reduce a person’s craving for nicotine. How To Make Lobelia Tea Lobelia tea can be made by infusing ½ teaspoon of dried lobelia leaves in boiling water. Let the mix steep for about 10-15 minutes and when the time is up, pout the tea into your cup using a strainer to catch the leaves. Tea drinkers suggest that you should combine lobelia tea with another herbal tea to really enhance the flavor. But this depends on what you prefer. Lobelia Tea Benefits
  • Lobelia Tea has been used for many years to beak the smoking habit and it is often used in many smoking cessation programs.
  • Provides relaxation, easing tension and panic.
  • Treats asthma and bronchitis. It is said that Native Americans used to smoke lobelia to treat these conditions.
  • Clears toxins from your body, lobelia tea being able to induce vomiting.
  • Have anti-spasmodic, diuretic and sedative properties.
Lobelia Tea Side Effects
  • People who experience certain health conditions such as heart, liver or kidney disease, high blood pressure, seizure disorders, paralysis, shortness of breath should not drink Lobelia Tea.
  • Pregnant and breastfeeding women should not drink Lobelia Tea.
  • Lobelia Tea may interfere with the effects of certain medications, such as psychiatric medications or nicotine substitutes, so do not drink lobelia tea before consulting your doctor!
Lobelia Tea is a healty herbal tea, having a lot of benefits for your body. Try not to drink more than 3-4 cups per day of Lobelia Tea and make sure you won’t experience any of the side effects listed above!... lobelia tea

Lodoicea Maldivica

(Poir.) Pers.

Family: Arecaceae; Palmae.

Habitat: A dioecious palm, cultivated in gardens as an ornamental.

English: Double Coconut Palm, Sea Coconut Palm.

Ayurvedic: Samudra-naarikela, Dariyaayee Naariyal.

Unani: Naarjeel-e-Daryaayee, Naarjeel-e-Bahari.

Siddha/Tamil: Kadalthengai, Aklaari.

Action: The water of the green fruit and its soft kernel—antacid and antibilious.

A decoction of the fibrous husk is reported to bring down urinary sugar level in diabetic patients (the effect is temporary).

The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia ofln- dia recommends dried endosperm in gastroenteritis.

Dosage: Dried endosperm—5-10 g powder. (API, Vol.IV.)... lodoicea maldivica

Loicy

(American) A delightful woman Loicey, Loicee, Loicea, Loici, Loicie, Loyce, Loice, Loyci, Loycie, Loycee, Loycea, Loycy, Loycey... loicy

Loire

(French) From the river in France Loir... loire

Lois

(Greek) A superior woman Loes... lois

Lojean

(American) A bravehearted woman Lojeane, Lojeanne... lojean

Lokelani

(Hawaiian) Resembling a small red rose

Lokelanie, Lokelany, Lokelaney, Lokelanee, Lokelanea... lokelani

Loki

(Norse) In mythology, a trickster god Lokie, Lokee, Lokey, Loky, Lokea, Lokeah, Lokia, Lokiah... loki

Lola

(Spanish) Form of Dolores, meaning “woman of sorrow”

Lolah, Lolla, Loela, Lolita, Lolitta, Loleta, Loletta, Lo, Loe... lola

Loleen

(American) Filled with joy Loleena, Lolene, Lolena, Loliene, Loliena, Loleine, Loleina, Loleana, Loleane, Lolyne, Lolyna... loleen

Lomahongva

(Native American) Of the pretty clouds... lomahongva

Lolium Temulentum

Linn.

Family: Gramineae; Poaceae.

Habitat: The Western Himalayas, Punjab and Upper Gangetic Plain.

English: Darnel, Taumelloolch.

Ayurvedic: Mochani.

Folk: Mostaki, Visha-ghaasa (Bihar).

Action: Sedative.

The overground parts of the grass gave alkaloids—loline and perloline. The caryopses of the plant contain volatile alkaloids—N-acetylloline, N- formylloline and N-acetylnorloline.

Loline dihydrochloride did not show CNS toxicity.... lolium temulentum

Lomasi

(Native American) Resembling a beautiful flower

Lomasie, Lomasee, Lomasy, Lomasey, Lomasea... lomasi

Lomita

(Spanish) A good woman Lomitah, Lomeeta, Lomeetah, Lomieta, Lomietah, Lomeita, Lomeitah, Lomeata, Lomeatah, Lomyta, Lomytah... lomita

Londa

(American) One who is shy Londah, Londe, Londeh, Londy, Londey, Londee, Londea, Londi, Londie... londa

London

(English) From the captial of 0 England... london

Long-sight

Also known as hypermetropia: see under EYE, DISORDERS OF – Errors of refraction.... long-sight

Long-term Care (ltc) / Long-term Aged Care

A range of health care, personal care and social services provided to individuals who, due to frailty or level of physical or intellectual disability, are no longer able to live independently. Services may be for varying periods of time and may be provided in a person’s home, in the community or in residential facilities (e.g. nursing homes or assisted living facilities). These people have relatively stable medical conditions and are unlikely to greatly improve their level of functioning through medical intervention.... long-term care (ltc) / long-term aged care

Long-term Care Facility

See “high dependency care facility”.... long-term care facility

Long-term Care Insurance

Insurance policies which pay for long-term care services (such as nursing home and home care) that are generally not covered by other health insurance.... long-term care insurance

Long-term Supportive Psychotherapy

is needed for patients with personality disorders or recurrent psychotic states, where the aim of treatment is to prevent deterioration and help the patient to achieve an optimal adaptation, making the most of his or her psychological assets. Such patients may ?nd more profound and unstructured forms of therapy distressing.

Behavioural therapy and cognitive therapy, often carried out by psychologists, attempt to clarify with the patient speci?c features of behaviour or mental outlook respectively, and to identify step-by-step methods that the patient can use for controlling the disorder. Behaviour therapy is commonly used for AGORAPHOBIA and other phobias, and cognitive therapy has been used for depression and anxiety. (See MENTAL ILLNESS.)... long-term supportive psychotherapy

Longevity

The duration of life.... longevity

Loni

(English) Form of Leona, meaning “having the strength of a lion” Lona, Lonee, Lonie, Lonna, Lonni, Lonnie, Lonee, Lony, Loney, Lonea, Lonnea, Lonnee, Lonny, Lonney... loni

Looestrife

Peace, Protection ... looestrife

Loop Diuretics

Drugs used in pulmonary oedema (excess ?uid in the lungs) caused by failure of the left VENTRICLE of the HEART. DIURETICS cause an increase in excretion of URINE, thus reducing the amount of ?uid in the body. Intravenous administration of loop diuretics relieves patients’ breathlessness. They work by inhibiting resorption of ?uid in the renal tubule loops of the KIDNEYS. Frusemide and bumetanide are commonly used loop diuretic drugs that act quickly and last for six hours so that they can be given twice in 24 hours without disturbing the patient’s sleep.... loop diuretics

Lora

(Latin) Form of Laura, meaning “crowned with laurel; from the laurel tree” Lorabelle, Lorah, Loranna, Loreanna, Loree, Lorenna, Lorey, Lori, Loribelle, Lorinda, Lorita, Lorra, Lorrae, Lorree, Lorrie, Lory, Lowra, Lorna, Loria, Lorian, Loriane, Loriana, Loriann, Lorianne, Lorianna, Lorie, Lorilla, Loriel, Lorilynn, Lorrella, Loralle, Lorel, Lorelle, Lowrelle, Lorand, Lorant, Loris, Lowri, Lowrie... lora

Loranden

(American) A genius Lorandena, Lorandyn, Lorandyna, Luranden, Lurandena, Lurandyna, Lurandyne... loranden

Long Pepper

Piper longum

Piperaceae: San: Pippali;

Hin, Ben, Pun: Piplamul; Kan, Mal:Thippali ;

Tam: Thippili; Mar: Pimpli;

Tel: Pipppaloo; Ass: Piplu.

Introduction: Long pepper is a slender aromatic climber whose spike is widely used in ayurvedic and unani systems of medicine particularly for diseases of respiratory tract. Pipalarishta, Pippalyasava, Panchakola, Pippalayadilauha, and Lavana bhaskar churan are common ayurvedic preparations made out of the dry spikes of female types. Ittrifal fauladi, Angaruya-i-kabir and Majun khadar are well known unani preparations of long pepper. Its roots also have several medicinal uses. The root is useful in bronchitis, stomach ache, diseases of spleen and tumours. Fruit is useful in vata and kapha, asthma, bronchitis, abdominal complaints, fever, leucoderma, urinary discharges, tumours, piles, insomnia and tuberculosis. Root and fruit are used in gout and lumbago. The infusion of root is prescribed after parturition to induce the expulsion of placenta. The root and fruit decoction are used in acute and chronic bronchitis and cough. It contains the alkaloid piperine which has diverse pharmacological activities, including nerve depressant and antagonistic effect on electro- shock and chemo -shock seizures as well as muscular incoordination.

Distribution: The plant is a native of Indo-Malaya region. It was very early introduced to Europe and was highly regarded as a flavour ingredient by the Romans. The Greek name “Peperi”, the Latin “Piper” and the English “Pepper” were derived from the Sanskrit name “Pippali”. It grows wild in the tropical rain forests of India, Nepal, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri lanka, Rhio, Timor and the Philippines. In India, it is seen in Assam, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Kerala, Karnataka.and Tamil Nadu. It is also cultivated in Bengal, Chirapunchi area of Assam, Akola-Amravati region of Maharashtra, Anamalai hills of Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Uduppi and Mangalore regions of Karnataka. Bulk of Indian long pepper comes from its wild growth in Assam, Shillong and West Bengal, supplemented by imports from Sri Lanka and Indonesia (Viswanathan,1995)

Botany: Piper longum Linn. is a member of Piperaceae family. The plant is a glabrous perennial under-shrub with erect or sub-scandent nodose stem and slender branches, the latter are often creeping or trailing and rooting below or rarely scandent reaching a few metres height. Leaves are simple, alternate, stipulate, and petiolate or nearly sessile; lower ones broadly ovate, cordate; upper ones oblong, oval, all entire, smooth, thin with reticulate venation; veins raised beneath. It flowers nearly throughout the year. Inflorescence is spike with unisexual small achlamydeous densely packed flowers and form very close clusters of small greyish green or darker grey berries. Female spikes with short thick stalk varying from 1.5 to2.5 cm in length and 0.5 to 0.7 cm in thickness.

A number of geographical races are available in different agroclimatic regions of India; the most popular being Assam, West Bengal and Nepal races. Piper officinarum DC; syn. Chavica officinarum Miquel, Piper pepuloides and Piper chaba Hunter are the other related species of importance.

Agrotechnology: Long pepper is a tropical plant adapted to high rainfall areas with high humidity. An elevation of 100-1000 m is ideal. It needs partial shade to the tune of 20-30% for best growth. The natural habitat of the plant is on the borders of streams. It is successfully cultivated in well drained forest soils rich in organic matter. Laterite soils with high organic matter content and moisture holding capacity are also suitable for cultivation.

Long pepper is propagated by suckers or rooted vine cuttings.15-20 cm long 3-5 nodded rooted vine cuttings establishes very well in polybags. The best time for raising nursery is March-April. Normal irrigation is given on alternate days. The rooted cuttings will be ready for transplanting in 2 months time. With the onset of monsoon in June the field is ploughed well and brought to good tilth. 15-20 cm raised beds of convenient length and breadth are taken. On these beds, pits are dug at 60 x 60 cm spacing and well decomposed organic manure at 100 g/pit is applied and mixed with the soil. Rooted vine cuttings from polybags are transplanted to these pits. Gap filling can be done after one month of planting.The crop needs heavy manuring at the rate of 20 t FYM/ha every year. Application of heavy dose organic matter and mulching increase water retention in the soil and control weeds. Small doses of chemical fertilisers can also be used. The crop needs irrigation once a week. Sprinkler irrigation is ideal. With irrigation the crop continues to produce spikes and off-season produce will be available. However, it is reported that unirrigated crop after the onset of monsoon grows vigorously and shows much hardiness than the irrigated crop.

Crop losses can be heavy due to pests and diseases. Mealy bugs and root grubs, attack the plant particularly during summer. Infested plants show yellowing and stunted growth. Application of systemic insecticides like nuvacron or dimecron will control the pests. Adults and nymphs of Helopeltis theivora severely feeds on the foliage which can be controlled by 0.25% neem kernel suspension. Rotting of leaves and vines during monsoon season is caused by Colletotrichum glorosporiodes and necrotic lesions and blights on the leaves during summer is caused by Colletotrichum and Cercospora spp. These diseases can be controlled by spraying of 1% Bordeaux mixture repeatedly. A virus like disease characterised by yellowing and crinkling of leaves, stunted growth and production of spikes of smaller size and inferior quality was also recently reported.

The vines start flowering six months after planting and flowers are produced almost throughout the year. The spikes mature in 2 months time. The optimum stage of harvest is when the spikes are blackish green. The pungency is highest at this stage. Spikes are hand picked when they become mature and then dried. The yield of dry spike is 400 kg /ha during first year, increases to 1000kg during third year and thereafter it decreases. Therefore, after 3 years the whole plant is harvested. The stem is cut close to the ground and roots are dug up. Average yield is 500 kg dry roots/ha (Viswanathan,1995).

Piper longum can also be cultivated as an intercrop in plantations of coconut, subabul and eucalyptus.

Post harvest technology: The harvested spikes are dried in sun for 4-5 days until they are perfectly dry. The green to dry spike ratio is 10:1.5 by weight. The dried spikes have to be stored in moisture proof containers. Stem and roots are cleaned, cut into pieces of 2.5-5 cm length, dried in shade and marketed as piplamool. There are three grades of piplamool, based on the thickness. The commercial drug consists 0.5-2.5 cm long ,0.5-2.5 mm thick, cylindrical pieces dirty light brown in colour and peculiar odour with a pungent bitter taste, producing numbness to the tongue.

Properties and activity: The spike of long pepper contains 4-5% piperine, piplartin, piperolactam, N-isobutyl deca trans-2-trans-4-dienamide and piporadione alkaloides, besides 0.7 % essential oil. Roots gave the alkaloids piperine, piperlongumine (piplartine) and piperlonguminine; sesamine, methyl 3, 4, 5-trimethoxy cinnamate. Stem gave triacoutane 22, 23 - dihydrostigmasterol. Fruit essential oil contains piperidine, caryophyllene and sesquiterpene alcohol (Atal et al, 1975).

The root is plungent, hot, stomachic, laxative, anthelmintic and carminative. The fruit is sweetish, pungent, hot, stomachic, aphrodisiac, alterative, laxative, antidysenteric, emmenagogue, abortifacient, diuretic and tonic. The essential oil is antimicrobial and anthelmintic.

N-isobutyl-deca-trans-2-trans-4-dienamide is antitubercular.

Piperine is hypotensive, antipyretic, analeptic, and nerve stimulant (Warrier et al, 1995).... long pepper

Lonicera Japonica

Thunb.

Family: Caprifoliaceae.

Habitat: Assam (Lushai hills); cultivated in gardens.

English: Japanese Honeysuckle.

Action: The plant is used in China as an antipyretic, stomachic and in dysentery, also as an antidote to consumption of poisonous mushroom. Dried flowers are considered diuretic.

The plant contains tannin and a sa- ponin; lutolin and i-inositol have been isolated from the flowers. The berries are rich in carotenoids of which cryp- toxanthin is the major component. Lonicera angustifolia Wall. ex DC. (the Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim at altitudes of 1,800-3,600 m), known as Geaang, Chulu and Mithik in Punjab; and L. glaucea Hook. f. Thoms. (the Himalayas from Kashmir to Ku- maon at altitudes of 3,600-4,800 m), known as Sheaa and Shevaa in Punjab and Kumaon, possess antispasmodic properties.

Lonicera periclymenum Linn., Woodbine Honeysuckle, cultivated in hill stations of India, possesses an- tispasmodic, diuretic and sudorific properties. Flowers are used in the form of syrup in diseases of the respiratory tract. The leaves contain an amorphous glycoside and salicylic acid. Sec- oiridoid and secoxyloganin have been isolated from the plant.

Lonicera quinquelocularis Hardw. is equated with Himalayan Honeysuckle, found in the Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhutan, up to an altitude of 4,000 m.

Honeysuckle, also known as Duch Honeysuckle, Goat's Leaf, is equated with Lonicera caprifolium Linn.... lonicera japonica

Loranthus Falcatus

Linn. f.

Synonym: Dendrophthoe falcate (Linn. f.) Etting.

Family: Loranthaceae.

Habitat: Throughout India, as a parasite.

Ayurvedic: Bandaaka, Sanharshaa, Vrikshaadani, Vrikshaaruha, Vriksha-bhakshaa. (A large bushy parasite, which causes much damage to the host tree.)

Folk: Baandaa.

Action: Tender shoots—contain 10% tannins. Bark—astringent and narcotic.... loranthus falcatus

Loranthus Pentandrus

Linn.

Synonym: Dendrophthoe pentandra (Linn.) Miq.

Family: Loranthaceae.

Habitat: Sylhet. (A parasite found on trees.)

Ayurvedic: Bandaaka (var.).

Folk: Baandaa.

Action: Leaves—used as poultice for sores and ulcers. The twigs contain quercitrin and a wax, which gives melissyl alcohol. The twig ash (8.95%) contains manganese (0.26%).... loranthus pentandrus

Lordyn

(American) An enchanting woman Lordynn, Lordynne, Lordin, Lordinn, Lordinne, Lordyne, Lordine... lordyn

Lore

(Basque / English) Resembling a flower / form of Lora, meaning “crowned with laurel; from the laurel tree” Lorea... lore

Lorelei

(German) From the rocky cliff; in mythology, a siren who lured sailors to their deaths

Laurelei, Laurelie, Loralee, Loralei, Loralie, Loralyn, Lorilee, Lorilyn, Lura, Lurette, Lurleen, Lurlene, Lurline, Lurlyne, Lorali, Loreli, Laureli... lorelei

Loren

(English) Form of Laura, meaning “crowned with laurel; from the laurel tree” Lorin, Lorren, Lorrin, Lorryn, Loryn, Lorena, Loreen, Loreene, Lorene, Lorenia, Lorenna, Lorine, Larena, Lorrina, Lourana... loren

Loretta

(Italian) Form of Laura, meaning “crowned with laurel; from the laurel tree” Laretta, Larretta, Lauretta, Laurette, Leretta, Loreta, Lorette, Lorretta, Lowretta, Larette, Larrette... loretta

Lorraine

(French) From the kingdom of Lothair

Laraine, Larayne, Laurraine, Leraine, Lerayne, Lorain, Loraina, Loraine, Lorayne, Lorraina, Lorrayne, Laraene, Larayne, Lareine, Larina, Larine, Larraine, Lorenza, Lourine... lorraine

Lottie

(French) Form of Charlotte, meaning “a small, strong woman” Lotti, Lotty, Lotte, Lottey, Lottee, Lotta, Loti, Lotie, Lotye, Letya, Letje, Lottea, Lotea... lottie

Louise

(German) Feminine form of Louis; a famous warrior

Loise, Louella, Louisa, Louisetta, Louisette, Louisina, Louisiana, Louisiane, Louisine, Louiza, Lovisa, Lowise, Loyise, Lu, Ludovica, Ludovika, Ludwiga, Luella, Luisa, Luise, Lujza, Lujzika, Luiza, Loyce, Ludkhannah, Luijzika, Likla, Ludka, Lilka, Luell, Luelle, Luigina, Loring, Lodoiska... louise

Lourdes

(French) From the place of healing and miracles

Lurdes, Lourdecita, Lourdetta, Lourdette, Louredes, Loordes, Lorda... lourdes

Louvain

(English) From the city in Belgium Leuven, Loovain... louvain

Loss Of Blood

As a result of trauma. This is perhaps the simplest example of all, when, as a result of an accident involving a large artery, there is severe haemorrhage.

Menstruation. The regular monthly loss of blood which women sustain as a result of menstruation always puts a strain on the blood-forming organs. If this loss is excessive, then over a period of time it may lead to quite severe anaemia.

Childbirth. A considerable amount of blood is always lost at childbirth; if this is severe, or if the woman was anaemic during pregnancy, a severe degree of anaemia may develop.

Bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract. The best example here is anaemia due to ‘bleeding piles’ (see HAEMORRHOIDS). Such bleeding, even though slight, is a common cause of anaemia in both men and women if maintained over a long period of time. The haemorrhage may be more acute and occur from a DUODENAL ULCER or gastric ulcer (see STOMACH, DISEASES OF), when it is known as haematemesis.

Certain blood diseases, such as PURPURA and HAEMOPHILIA, which are characterised by bleeding.... loss of blood

Lotus Tea

Lotus tea is a Vietnamese green tea and has been often associated with purity and serenity in Hindu and Buddhist literature. The lotus plant is a pink aquatic flower with a unique circular seed pod that is collected during late summer after the seeds have matured. The constituents of the lotus plant are lotusine, demethyl coclaurine, neferin and nuciferine. How To Make Lotus Tea Lotus is very effective in the tea form, since this way is digested much faster than pills or other supplements. To make lotus tea, you only need to infuse 2 teaspoons of dried lotus flower and leaves in 500 ml of boiled water. Let it steep for about 5 minutes, then, using a strainer to catch the lotus flowers, pour the tea into your cup and enjoy! Lotus Tea Benefits Lotus tea has been recognized worldwide for its diuretic, astringent and cooling properties. Other health benefits attributed to lotus tea are:
  • It is very effective in treating intestinal problems such as diarrhea and abdominal cramps.
  • Controls bleeding due to the quercetin and other flavonoids in the lotus plant.
  • Lotus leaf tea has a general calming effect, providing relaxation.
  • Helps fighting gastric ulcers and combating hemorrhoids.
  • Lotus tea alleviates restlessness and insomnia.
Lotus Tea Side Effects Lotus tea doesn’t have any particular side effects, but since it is a green tea there may be some things that you should keep in mind. If you are pregnant or breastfeeding, avoid drinking lotus tea or any other type of green tea. Do not drink this tea if you suffer from anemia, diabetes or liver disease. Also, if you are taking medication, green tea including lotus tea, can inhibit their effect. In this case, if you really want to drink lotus tea, consume it 2 hours after taking your medications. In the end, avoid over consumption. Drinking too much lotus tea can be dangerous especially if the tea is low quality!... lotus tea

Lovage Tea

Lovage Tea is known for its diuretic, antiseptic and antimicrobial properties. Lovage is a perennial aromatic flowering plant that grows in the northern and central parts of the United States. The constituents of lovage tea are quercetin, a flavonoid used as a nutritional supplement for people who struggle with fighting cancer, coumarins, beta-sitosterol, gums and resins. How To Make Lovage Tea To brew Lovage Tea, you will need to infuse about 2 teaspoons of dried lovage herb in a cup of boiled water. Let the mix steep for about 7 minutes and then, using a strainer, pour it into your cup. Lovage Tea Benefits
  • Alleviates menstrual cramps.
  • Helps in the treatment of rheumatism.
  • Treats urinary tract infections.
  • Stimulates food appetite.
  • Improves blood circulation.
  • Alleviates migraine headache.
  • Alleviates gas pains and flatulence.
Lovage Tea Side Effects
  • Pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid drinking Lovage Tea since during pregnancy may cause contractions or even miscarriage.
  • Lovage Tea may lead to fluid retention.
  • Might increase blood pressure.
  • Do not drink Lovage Tea if you have kidney problems.
As you can see, lovage tea is a wonderful tea with many health benefits. Just read the side effects listed above and make sure you won`t experience them!... lovage tea

Love

(English) One who is full of affection Lovey, Loveday, Lovette, Lovi, Lovie, Lov, Luv, Luvey, Luvee, Luvi, Luvie, Lovee, Lovea, Luvea, Luvy... love

Love Seed

Love, Friendship... love seed

Loveada

(Spanish) A loving woman Loveadah, Loviada, Loviadah, Lovyada, Lovyadah, Lovada... loveada

Loveanna

(American) A gracious and loving woman

Loveann, Lovean, Loveane, Loveanne, Lovanna, Lovana, Lovann, Lovane, Lovanne... loveanna

Lovejoy

(American) Filled with love and joy Lovjoy, Lovejoye, Lovjoi, Lovejoi, Luvjoi, Luvjoy, Luvjoye... lovejoy

Lovella

(Native American) Having a soft spirit

Lovell, Lovela, Lovele, Lovelle, Lovel... lovella

Lovely

(American) An attractive and pleasant woman

Loveli, Loveley, Lovelie, Lovelee, Loveleigh, Lovelea... lovely

Lowena

(American) Form of Louise, meaning “a famous warrior” Lowenna, Lowenah, Lowennah, Loweniah, Lowenia, Lowenea, Loweneah... lowena

Loyal

(English) One who is faithful and true Loyalty, Loyalti, Loyaltie, Loyaltee, Loyaltea, Loyaltey... loyal

Lozenges

These are small tablets containing drugs mixed with sugar, gum, glycerin-jelly or fruit-paste. They are used in various affections of the mouth and throat, being sucked and slowly dissolved by the saliva, which brings the drugs they contain into contact with the affected surface. Some of the substances used in lozenges are benzalkonium (disinfectant), benzocaine (analgesic), betamethasone (corticosteroid), bismuth (disinfectant), formaldehyde (disinfectant), hydrocortisone (corticosteroid), liquorice, and penicillin (antibiotic).... lozenges

Luana

(Hawaiian) One who is content and enjoys life

Lewanna, Lou-Ann, Louann, Louanna, Louanne, Luanda, Luane, Luann, Luanna, Luannah, Luanne, Luannie, Luwanna, Luwana, Lujuana... luana

Luba

(Hebrew) One who is dearly loved Liba, Lubah, Libena, Lyuba, Lyubah... luba

Lubaba

(Arabic) A soulful woman Lubabah, Lubabia, Lubaby, Lubabie, Lubabey, Lubabee, Lubabea, Lubabi... lubaba

Luberda

(Spanish) Surrounded by light Luberdah, Luberdia, Luberdiah, Luberdea, Luberdeah, Luberdiya, Luberdiyah... luberda

Lubomira

(Slavic) One who yearns for peace

Lubomirah, Lubomiria, Lubomirea, Lubomyra, Lubomyrah, Lubomeera, Lubomeira, Lubomiera... lubomira

Lucasta

(English) Feminine form of Lucas; woman from Lucanus Luca, Lucania, Lucanea, Lukasta, Luka, Lukina... lucasta

Lucerne

(Latin) One who is surrounded by light

Lucerna, Luceria, Lucena, Lucenia, Lucenea, Lucernia, Lucernea, Lucero... lucerne

Lucille

(French) Form of Lucy, meaning “one who is illuminated” Lusile, Loucille, Luciela, Lucila, Lucile, Lucilia, Lucilla, Lucyle, Luseele, Lucja, Lucyna, Lucylle, Luceil... lucille

Lucja

(Polish) Lady of the light Luscia... lucja

Lucky

(American) One who is fortunate Lucki, Luckie, Luckey, Luckee, Luckea, Luckette, Lucket, Lucketta, Luckete, Lucketa... lucky

Lucky Hand

Employment, Luck, Protection, Money, Travel... lucky hand

Lucretia

(Latin) A bringer of light; a successful woman; in mythology, a maiden who was raped by the prince of Rome Lacretia, Loucrecia, Loucresha, Loucretia, Loucrezia, Lucrece, Lucrecia, Lucreecia, Lucreesha, Lucreisha, Lucresha, Lucrezia, Luighseach... lucretia

Lucy

(Latin) Feminine form of Lucius; one who is illuminated

Luce, Lucetta, Lucette, Luci, Lucia, Luciana, Lucianna, Lucida, Lucie, Lucienne, Lucina, Lucinda, Lucine, Lucita, Lucyna, Lucyja, Lucza, Lusita, Luz, Luzija, Lucinna, Liusaidh, Lucee, Lucea... lucy

Lucylynn

(American) A lighthearted woman Lucylyn, Lucylynne, Lucilynn, Lucilyn, Lucilynne... lucylynn

Ludivina

(Slavic) One who is greatly loved Ludivinah, Ludivyna, Ludivynah, Ludiveena, Ludiveenah, Ludiviena, Ludivienah, Ludiveina, Ludiveinah, Ludiveana, Ludiveanah... ludivina

Ludmila

(Slavic) Having the favor of the people

Ludmilah, Ludmilla, Ludmillah, Ludmyla, Ludmylla, Lyubochka, Lyudmila, Lyuha, Lubmilla, Lubmila, Ljudmila, Ljudumilu... ludmila

Ludwig’s Angina

An uncommon bacterial infection affecting the ?oor of the mouth. It can spread to the throat and become life-threatening. Usually caused by infected gums or teeth, it causes pain, fever and swelling, resulting in di?culty in opening the mouth or swallowing. Urgent treatment with ANTIBIOTICS is called for, otherwise the patient may need a TRACHEOSTOMY to relieve breathing problems.... ludwig’s angina

Luenetter

(American) A self-centered woman

Luenette, Luenett, Luenete, Luenet, Luenetta, Lueneta... luenetter

Lugol’s Solution

A compound solution of iodine and potassium iodide used in the preoperative preparation of patients with thyrotoxicosis (see THYROID GLAND, DISEASES OF). The solution is taken orally.... lugol’s solution

Lulani

(Polynesian) Sent from heaven Lulanie, Lulaney, Lulany, Lulanee, Lulanea... lulani

Lully

(American) One who soothes others Lulli, Lullie, Lullee, Lulleigh, Lullea... lully

Lulu

(Hawaiian / African) A calm, peaceful woman / as precious as a pearl Lu’lu, Luloah, Lula, Loloo, Looloo... lulu

Lulubell

(American) A well-known beauty Lulubelle, Lulubele, Lulubel, Lulubela, Lulubella... lulubell

Luffa Acutangula

(Linn.) Roxb. var. amara (Roxb.) C. B. Clarke.

Family: Cucurbitaceae.

Habitat: Throughout India.

English: Ribbed or Ridged Gourd (bitter var.).

Ayurvedic: Katukoshataki, Tik- takoshtaki.

Action: Plant—purgative, diuretic. Used for oedema, splenic enlargement, cough and asthma. Seeds— emetic, expectorant.

The plant contains the oleanane type triterpene saponins. It is reported to exhibit antitumour activity.

The fruit juice is used as a homoeopathic drug in hepatic congestion, irritation and inflammation of gastric mucosa.

Dosage: Leaf, fruit, root—10-20 ml juice. (CCRAS.)... luffa acutangula

Luffa Cylindrica

(Linn.) M. J. Roem.

Synonym: L. aegyptiaca Mill. L. pentandra Roxb.

Family: Cucurbitaceae.

Habitat: Cultivated throughout greater parts of India.

English: Smooth Luffa, Sponge- gourd, sponge Cucumber.

Ayurvedic: Dhaamaargava, Ma- haakoshtaki, Mahaajaalini, Raa- jakoshataki.

Siddha/Tamil: Mozhukupeerankai, Pikku.

Action: Plant—used against pharyngitis, rhinitis, mastitis, oedema, swellings and burns. Leaves— used for chronic bronchitis. Leaf juice is given for amenorrhoea. Flowers—used for treating migraine. Seeds—alcoholic extract exhibited 9.80% fungitoxic activity.

German Commission E included Luffa aegyptiaca among unapproved herbs. Preparations of Luffa sponge, used as a preventive for infections or cold, as a remedy for colds, nasal catarrh as well as sinusitis and suppuration of the sinus, have been negatively evaluated.

The saponins isolated from aerial parts are effective in controlling obesity, also the side-effects of steroids.

The oleanane saponins, lucyoside AH (at least one component) is effective in preventing loss of hair.

Spongegourd extracts or saponins (ginsenosides and lucyosides) find application in topical medication for skin disorders and haemorrhoids. Lucyo- sides are also used as antitussive.

The roots of the mature plants contain an acidic pentacyclic triterpene, bryonolic acid. Bryonolic acid showed antiallergic and anti-inflammatory activity in experimental animals. An aqueous extract of seeds showed strong fibrinolytic activity. It also showed anticancer activity in transplanted tumours.

Dosage: Leaf, flower, fruit—10- 20 ml juice. (CCRAS.)... luffa cylindrica

Luffa Echinata

Roxb.

Family: Cucurbitaceae.

Habitat: Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Bengal and Gujarat.

English: Bristly Luffa.

Ayurvedic: Devadaali, Devataadaka, Jimuuta, Garaagari, Kothaphala.

Siddha/Tamil: Panibira.

Folk: Bandaal (Varanasi).

Action: Fruit—purgative (intensely bitter and fibrous). An infusion is given in biliary and intestinal colic; also in nephritis and chronic bronchitis.

The fruit contains chrysoeriol and its glycosides as principal flavonoids. Seeds contain cucurbitacin B, triter- pene alcohols, and a saponin with olea- nolic acid as sapogenin.

The alcoholic and ether extracts of the plant showed protection against CCl4-induced hepatic injury in rats. The aqueous extract of fruits is beneficial in jaundice as it significantly lowered serum bilirubin level in chlorpromazine-induced jaundice in rats and human patients. The ethano- lic extract (50%) of the plant exhibited hypoglycaemic activity.

The yellow-flowered var. of De- vadaali (Eastern Himalayas, Sikkim, Bihar, Bengal) is equated with Luffa graveolens Roxb.

Dosage: Fruit—1-3 g powder. (CCRAS.)... luffa echinata

Lumbar Region

The lower back, five segments of the spinal chord and column, between the sacrum and thoracic regions.... lumbar region

Lumbar Sympathectomy

Destruction of the LUMBAR chain of sympathetic nerves (see NERVOUS SYSTEM) by means of surgery, DIATHERMY or injection of chemicals (phenol or alcohol). The technique is used to improve the blood ?ow to the leg in patients with peripheral vascular disease, and to treat some types of chronic leg pain. It has only limited success.... lumbar sympathectomy

Lumbar Vertebra

There are ?ve lumbar vertebrae in the lower SPINAL COLUMN between the thoracic vertebrae and the sacrum.... lumbar vertebra

Lumbricus

Lumbricus is a name sometimes applied to the roundworm, or Ascaris lumbricoides. (See ASCARIASIS.)... lumbricus

Lumina

(Latin) Surrounded by a brilliant light

Luminah, Lumeena, Lumeenah, Lumyna, Lumynah, Luminosa... lumina

Luna

(Latin) Of the moon; in mythology, the goddess of the moon Lunah, Luneth, Lunetta, Lunette, Lunneta, Lunethe, Lunetha... luna

Lunatic

An out-of-date and now derogatory term applied to people of disordered mind, because lunacy was supposed at one time to be largely in?uenced by the moon. (See MENTAL ILLNESS.)... lunatic

Lunch Club

Provision of a meal, usually on one to five days a week, to members of a seniors’ centre at a nominal fee. The lunch club may offer other activities for members.... lunch club

Lundy

(French / Gaelic) Born on a Monday / from the marshland Lundey, Lundi, Lundie, Lundee, Lundea, Lunde, Lund... lundy

Lundyn

(American) One who is unlike others

Lundynn, Lundynne, Lundan, Lundann, Lunden, Lundon... lundyn

Luned

(Welsh) Form of Eiluned, meaning “an idol worshipper” Luneda, Lunedia, Lunedea... luned

Lunet

(English) Of the crescent moon Lunett, Lunette, Luneta, Lunete, Lunetta... lunet

Lung Flukes

Trematode worms infecting the lungs of humans and other crab-eating mammals. Belong to the genusParagonimus and are found in parts of Africa, Latin America, Asia and SE Asia.... lung flukes

Lung Volumes

The volume of air within the LUNGS changes with the respiratory cycle (see RESPIRATION). The volumes de?ned in the following table can be measured, and may be useful indicators of some pulmonary diseases.

Normal values for a 60 kg man are (in ml):

Total lung capacity (TLC) The volume of air that can be held in the lungs at maximum inspiration.

Tidal volume (TV) The volume of air taken into and expelled from the lungs with each breath.

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) The volume of air that can still be inspired at the end of a normal quiet inspiration.

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) The volume of air that can still be expired at the end of a normal quiet expiration.

Residual volume (RV) The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration.

Vital capacity (VC) The maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximal inspiration.

Functional residual capacity (FRC) The volume of air left in the lungs at the end of a normal quiet expiration.... lung volumes

Lungs

Positioned in the chest, the lungs serve primarily as respiratory organs (see RESPIRATION), also acting as a ?lter for the blood.

Form and position Each lung is a sponge-like cone, pink in children and grey in adults. Its apex projects into the neck, with the base resting on the DIAPHRAGM. Each lung is enveloped by a closed cavity, the pleural cavity, consisting of two layers of pleural membrane separated by a thin layer of ?uid. In healthy states this allows expansion and retraction as breathing occurs.

Heart/lung connections The HEART lies in contact with the two lungs, so that changes in lung volume inevitably affect the pumping action of the heart. Furthermore, both lungs are connected by blood vessels to the heart. The pulmonary artery passes from the right ventricle and divides into two branches, one of which runs straight outwards to each lung, entering its substance along with the bronchial tube at the hilum or root of the lung. From this point also emerge the pulmonary veins, which carry the blood oxygenated in the lungs back to the left atrium.

Fine structure of lungs Each main bronchial tube, entering the lung at the root, divides into branches. These subdivide again and again, to be distributed all through the substance of the lung until the ?nest tubes, known as respiratory bronchioles, have a width of only 0·25 mm (1/100 inch). All these tubes consist of a mucous membrane surrounded by a ?brous sheath. The surface of the mucous membrane comprises columnar cells provided with cilia (hair-like structures) which sweep mucus and unwanted matter such as bacteria to the exterior.

The smallest divisions of the bronchial tubes, or bronchioles, divide into a number of tortuous tubes known as alveolar ducts terminating eventually in minute sacs, known as alveoli, of which there are around 300 million.

The branches of the pulmonary artery accompany the bronchial tubes to the furthest recesses of the lung, dividing like the latter into ?ner and ?ner branches, and ending in a dense network of capillaries. The air in the air-vesicles is separated therefore from the blood only by two delicate membranes: the wall of the air-vesicle, and the capillary wall, through which exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) readily takes place. The essential oxygenated blood from the capillaries is collected by the pulmonary veins, which also accompany the bronchi to the root of the lung.

The lungs also contain an important system of lymph vessels, which start in spaces situated between the air-vesicles and eventually leave the lung along with the blood vessels, and are connected with a chain of bronchial glands lying near the end of the TRACHEA.... lungs

Lupita

(Spanish) Form of Guadalupe, meaning “from the valley of wolves” Lupe, Lupyta, Lupelina, Lupeeta, Lupieta, Lupeita, Lupeata... lupita

Luquitha

(American) An affectionate woman

Luquithah, Luquithia, Luquithiah, Luquithea, Luquitheah, Luquithe, Luquetha... luquitha

Lurissa

(American) A beguiling woman Lurisa, Luryssa, Lurysa, Luressa, Luresa... lurissa

Luteinising Hormone

A hormone secreted by the anterior PITUITARY GLAND which stimulates OVULATION, maturation of the CORPUS LUTEUM, and the synthesis of progesterone by the ovary (see OVARIES) and testosterone by the testis (see TESTICLE).... luteinising hormone

Lungs, Diseases Of

Various conditions affecting the LUNGS are dealt with under the following headings: ASTHMA; BRONCHIECTASIS; CHEST, DEFORMITIES OF; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD); COLD, COMMON; EMPHYSEMA; EXPECTORATION; HAEMOPTYSIS; HAEMORRHAGE; OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH, MEDICINE AND DISEASES; PLEURISY; PNEUMONIA; PULMONARY EMBOLISM; TUBERCULOSIS.

In?ammation of the lungs is generally known as PNEUMONIA, when it is due to infection; as ALVEOLITIS when the in?ammation is immunological; and as PNEUMONITIS when it is due to physical or chemical agents.

Abscess of the lung consists of a collection of PUS within the lung tissue. Causes include inadequate treatment of pneumonia, inhalation of vomit, obstruction of the bronchial tubes by tumours and foreign bodies, pulmonary emboli (see EMBOLISM) and septic emboli. The patient becomes generally unwell with cough and fever. BRONCHOSCOPY is frequently performed to detect any obstruction to the bronchi. Treatment is with a prolonged course of antibiotics. Rarely, surgery is necessary.

Pulmonary oedema is the accumulation of ?uid in the pulmonary tissues and air spaces. This may be caused by cardiac disease (heart failure or disease of heart valves – see below, and HEART, DISEASES OF) or by an increase in the permeability of the pulmonary capillaries allowing leakage of ?uid into the lung tissue (see ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS)).

Heart failure (left ventricular failure) can be caused by a weakness in the pumping action of the HEART leading to an increase in back pressure which forces ?uid out of the blood vessels into the lung tissue. Causes include heart attacks and HYPERTENSION (high blood pressure). Narrowed or leaking heart valves hinder the ?ow of blood through the heart; again, this produces an increase in back pressure which raises the capillary pressure in the pulmonary vessels and causes ?ooding of ?uid into the interstitial spaces and alveoli. Accumulation of ?uid in lung tissue produces breathlessness. Treatments include DIURETICS and other drugs to aid the pumping action of the heart. Surgical valve replacement may help when heart failure is due to valvular heart disease.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome Formerly known as adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), this produces pulmonary congestion because of leakage of ?uid through pulmonary capillaries. It complicates a variety of illnesses such as sepsis, trauma, aspiration of gastric contents and di?use pneumonia. Treatment involves treating the cause and supporting the patient by providing oxygen.

Collapse of the lung may occur due to blockage of a bronchial tube by tumour, foreign body or a plug of mucus which may occur in bronchitis or pneumonia. Air beyond the blockage is absorbed into the circulation, causing the affected area of lung to collapse. Collapse may also occur when air is allowed into the pleural space – the space between the lining of the lung and the lining of the inside of the chest wall. This is called a pneumothorax and may occur following trauma, or spontaneously

– for example, when there is a rupture of a subpleural air pocket (such as a cyst) allowing a communication between the airways and the pleural space. Lung collapse by compression may occur when ?uid collects in the pleural space (pleural e?usion): when this ?uid is blood, it is known as a haemothorax; if it is due to pus it is known as an empyema. Collections of air, blood, pus or other ?uid can be removed from the pleural space by insertion of a chest drain, thus allowing the lung to re-expand.

Tumours of the lung are the most common cause of cancer in men and, along with breast cancer, are a major cause of cancer in women. Several types of lung cancer occur, the most common being squamous cell carcinoma, small- (or oat-) cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large-cell carcinoma. All but the adenocarcinoma have a strong link with smoking. Each type has a di?erent pattern of growth and responds di?erently to treatment. More than 30,000 men and women die of cancer of the trachea, bronchus and lung annually in England and Wales.

The most common presenting symptom is cough; others include haemoptisis (coughing up blood), breathlessness, chest pain, wheezing and weight loss. As well as spreading locally in the lung – the rate of spread varies – lung cancer commonly spawns secondary growths in the liver, bones or brain. Diagnosis is con?rmed by X-rays and bronchoscopy with biopsy.

Treatment Treatment for the two main categories of lung cancer – small-cell and nonsmall-cell cancer – is di?erent. Surgery is the only curative treatment for the latter and should be considered in all cases, even though fewer than half undergoing surgery will survive ?ve years. In those patients unsuitable for surgery, radical RADIOTHERAPY should be considered. For other patients the aim should be the control of symptoms and the maintenance of quality of life, with palliative radiotherapy one of the options.

Small-cell lung cancer progresses rapidly, and untreated patients survive for only a few months. Because the disease is often widespread by the time of diagnosis, surgery is rarely an option. All patients should be considered for CHEMOTHERAPY which improves symptoms and prolongs survival.

Wounds of the lung may cause damage to the lung and, by admitting air into the pleural cavity, cause the lung to collapse with air in the pleural space (pneumothorax). This may require the insertion of a chest drain to remove the air from the pleural space and allow the lung to re-expand. The lung may be wounded by the end of a fractured rib or by some sharp object such as a knife pushed between the ribs.... lungs, diseases of

Luteinising Hormone-releasing Hormone (lhrh)

A natural hormone released by the HYPOTHALAMUS gland in the BRAIN. It stimulates the release of GONADOTROPHINS from the PITUITARY GLAND; these control the production of the sex hormones (see ANDROGEN; OESTROGENS).... luteinising hormone-releasing hormone (lhrh)

Luvelle

(American) Surrounded by light Luvell, Luvel, Luvele, Luvela, Luvella... luvelle

Luvina

(English) Little one who is dearly loved

Luvinah, Luvena, Luvyna, Luveena, Luveina, Luviena, Luveana... luvina

Luvunga Eleutherandra

Dalz in part.

Family: Rutaceae.

Habitat: The western part of Peninsular India, from Konkan southwards to Anaimalai and Travancore hills, up to an altitude of 1,000 m.

Ayurvedic: Lavanga-lataa (var.).

Folk: Kokilaa (Bengal).

Action: See Luvunga scandens.... luvunga eleutherandra

Lupinus Albus

Linn.

Family: Leguminosae; Fabaceae.

Habitat: Cultivated in gardens. English: While Lupine, Wolfsbohne. Unani: Turmus.

Action: Seeds—deobstruent, carminative, alterative, anthelmintic. Used as an external application to ulcers.

The seed contains alkaloids d-and dl-lupanine and hydroxylupanine.

The principal alkaloid of Blue Lupine (Lupinus angustifolius L.) seeds is d-lupanine, also hydroxylupanine.

Yellow Lupine (Lupinus luteus L.) seeds contain lupinine (0.43-0.73%) and sparteine (0.20-0.37%). Seeds are feebly cyanogenetic. Other species of Indian gardens, Lupinus hirsutus Linn. and Lupinus mutabilis Sweet, contain sparteine.... lupinus albus

Luvunga Scandens

(Roxb.) Buch.-Ham. ex Wight.

Family: Rutaceae.

Habitat: Bengal, Assam and Khasi Hills.

Ayurvedic: Lavanga-lataa. Folk: Sugandh-kokilaa (Bengal).

Action: Essential oil—antifungal.

Mature berries contain coumarins. The essential oil from berries contains cinnamyl cinnamate, cineole, d- camphor and methyl cinnamate as major components.

Dried fruits are used in medicinal hair oils, prescribed for treating baldness.

The bark contains myricadiol, tara- xerol and myricolal.... luvunga scandens

Luyu

(Native American) Resembling the dove... luyu

Luzille

(Spanish) A shining woman Luzill, Luzil, Luzile, Luzila, Luzilla... luzille

Lyawonda

(American) A beloved friend Lyawanda, Lyawunda, Lywonda, Lywanda, Lywunda... lyawonda

Lycanthropy

Morbid delusion that one is a wolf.... lycanthropy

Lycoris

(Greek) Born at twilight Lycoriss, Lycorisse, Lycorys, Lycorysse, Lycoryss... lycoris

Lydia

(Greek) A beautiful woman from Lydia

Lidia, Lidie, Lidija, Lyda, Lydie, Lydea, Liddy, Lidiy, Lidochka... lydia

Lydia Pinkham

Manufactured herbal preparation sold at botánicas and used for women’s health conditions, including menopause, infertility, vaginal infections, menstrual irregularities and uterine fibroids.... lydia pinkham

Lying-in

See PREGNANCY AND LABOUR.... lying-in

Lykaios

(Greek) Resembling a she-wolf... lykaios

Lyle

(English) From the island Lisle, Lysle, Lile... lyle

Lycium Barbarum

Linn.

Family: Solanaceae.

Habitat: Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra.

Unani: Chirchataa, Chirchitaa, Chirchitta.

Folk: Kheechar Chirchataa.

Action: Immunostimulatory, antiproliferatory, antiageing; antioxidant.

The leaves and flowers contain free quercetin (1.28 and 1.58 mg/g dry weight, respectively), and bound kaem- pferol. Total alkaloid percentage is nearly the same in shoots (1.26%) and fruits (1.24%) but lower in cal- li (0.83%) and roots (0.67%). Fruits had highest atropine content (0.95%) and shoots the highest hyoscyamine content (0.33%).

Flavonoids are active against E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans (quercetin does not show activity against Candida albicans).

The polysaccharide extract from fruits showed antiageing, immunos- timulatory and antiproliferatory activities. The polysaccharide acts as an an- tioxidant and prevented CCl4-induced increases in lipid peroxidases in liver. It can also protect against genetic damage from mutagenic and genotoxic compounds. This activity leads to its potential use in preventing the adverse effects of chemotherapeutic agents.

The fruit contain beta-carotene (8 mg/100 g dry weight), also free amino acids (1.0-2.6%); major amino acid is proline.

The dried fruit and root bark reduce cholesterol level by preventing its absorption in gastrointestinal tract. A constituent of the root bark, kuko- amine exhibits cholesterol lowering, antihypertensive and hypoglycaemic effects. Hepatoprotective activity is attributed to a cerebroside constituent found in the fruit. (Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 2007.)

The fruit and root bark is contraindi- cated in bleeding disorders and hypoglycemia. (Sharon M. Herr.)... lycium barbarum

Lycopersicon Esculentum

Mill.

Synonym: Solanum lycopersicum Linn.

Family: Solanaceae.

Habitat: Cultivated in many parts of India.

English: Tomato, Love Apple.

Unani: Tamaatar.

Action: Mild aperient, blood purifier, cholagogue, digestive. Used in homoeopathy for treating rheumatic conditions, colds, chills, digestive disorders, diabetes, obesity, leucorrhoea, metrorrhagia.

Tomato is a powerful deobstruent. It promotes flow of bile; mildly laxative, especially when taken raw. Tomato stimulates torpid liver and kidneys and helps to wash away toxins. Tomato is recommended for diabetics. It is a major dietary source of carotenoid lycopene.

Tomato juice inhibits carcinogenic N-nitrosocompound formation chiefly in the stomach. Most of the inhibition of formation of N-nitrosomorpholine by phenolic fraction of tomato juice was due to chlorogenic acids. The ascorbate fraction of the juice also contains compounds that inhibit ni- trosation.

Consumption of tomato juice can significantly increase serum lycopene levels. (Decreased serum lycopene concentrations are associated with an increase risk of prostate cancer.) (Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 2007.)

The alcoholic extract of tomato possesses CNS depressant and analgesic properties.... lycopersicon esculentum

Lycopodium Clavatum

Linn.

Family: Lycopodiaceae.

Habitat: Indigenous to North America, Europe, Asia; found in Kumaon, eastwards in West Bengal, Sikkim, Asam, Khasi Hills, Manipur and in Western Ghats.

English: Common Club Moss.

Folk: Naaga-beli (Nepal), Bendarali (Maharashtra).

Action: Sedative, antispasmodic, diuretic. At one time used for urinary disorders (spasmodic retention of urine, catarrhal cystitis and chronic kidney disorders), and as a gastric sedative in gastritis.

The plant contains alkaloids (about 0.1-00.2%), including lycopodine, ly- codoline, faucettimine and lycoflexine; triterpenoids including clavatol and oxoserrat derivatives; flavonoids including apigenin; polyphenolic acids including dihydrocaffeic.

Lycopodine produces uterine contractions and stimulates peristalsis in the small intestines of rodents.

The plant contains (dry basis): lipid 4.06 and desmethylsterols 0.05%.

Used in homoeopathy for distended abdomen, cough, cystitis, renal colic and disorders of menstruation.

Chinese Club Moss, equated with Huperzia serrata, is a different herb. Its constituent, huperzine A is thought to be beneficial in dementia due to its effect on acetylcholine levels.

L. annotinum Linn., L. complanatum Linn. (American Club Moss) and L. selago Linn. are among other species of Lycopodium occurring in India.... lycopodium clavatum

Lymekia

(Greek) Woman of royalty Lymekiah, Lymekea, Lymekeah, Lymekiya, Lymekiyah, Lymekya, Lymekyah... lymekia

Lycopus Europaeus

Linn.

Family: Labiatae.

Habitat: Western Himalayas in Jammu and Kashmir, and Himachal Pradesh.

English: Gipsywort, Bugleweed.

Folk: Gandam-gundu, Jalneem.

Action: Cardioactive, diuretic, peripheral vasoconstrictor, sedative, narcotic, antihaemorrhagic, antitussive, thyrostatic.

Key application: In mild thyroid hyperfunction (contraindicated in thyroid hypofunction, enlargement of thyroid) with disturbances of vegetative nervous system; masto- dynia (tension and pain in breast). No simultaneous administration of thyroid preparations. Administration of Bugleweed preparations interferes with the administration of diagnostic procedures using radioactive isotopes. (German Commission E.)

The leaves contain lithospermic acid. Plant contains luteolin-7-glucoside; ur- solic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, sinapic acid, ellagic acid and other derivatives of phenolic acid. The antioxidant activity of the plant is partially attributed to rosmarinic acid. Antigonadotropic activity of the leaf extract is attributed to phenolic precursors.

Ethanol extract of the plant showed diverse effects on the pituitary, thyroid and gonadal glands of rats.

A closely related species, Lycopus virginicus of Europe, exhibits anti- thyrotropic activity. It induces TSH repletion in hypothyroid rats and reduction of TSH levels in euthyroid rats. Antigonadotropic activity has been demonstrated in rats.... lycopus europaeus

Lygodium Flexuosum

(L.) Sw.

Synonym: L. pinnatifidum Sw.

Family: Schizaeaceae.

Habitat: Throughout India; up to an elevation of 1,500 m in the Himalayas.

Folk: Vallipana (Malyalam); Bhuuta-bhairavi (Bengal), Bhuuta- raaj; Kalzhaa (Bihar). Rudrajataa is a doubtful synonym.

Action: Plant—expectorant. Root— used in external applications for rheumatism, sprains, cut wounds, eczema, scabies, carbuncles. A decoction in drunk in gastric attacks.

The acetone extract of fresh leaves exhibits antifungal activity. The fern contains a methyl ester of gibberellin.

The plant contains lygodinolide, dryocrassol, tectoquinone, kaempfer- ol, beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol. The root contains quercetin.

Alcoholic extract of the plant exhibited potent antifertility activity.

L. japonicum Sw., found in North India from Kashmir to Sikkim and Bhutan, and in Western mountains of South India, is used as an expectorant in China.... lygodium flexuosum

Lymphadenoma

Another name for Hodgkin’s disease. (See LYMPHOMA.)... lymphadenoma

Lymphogranuloma Inguinale

A venereal disease in which the chief characteristic is enlargement of glands in the groin – the infecting agent being a virus.... lymphogranuloma inguinale

Lymphokines

Lymphokines are polypeptides that are produced by lymphocytes (see LYMPHOCYTE) as part of their immune response to an ANTIGEN; their function is to communicate with other cells of the immune system (see IMMUNITY). Some lymphokines stimulate B-cells to di?erentiate into antibody-producing plasma cells; others stimulate T-lymphocytes to proliferate; other lymphokines become interferons (see INTERFERON).... lymphokines

Lynette

(Welsh) A beautiful maiden; resembling a songbird

Lanette, Linett, Linette, Linnet, Lynet, Lynessa, Lynett, Lynetta, Lynnet, Lynnette, Lenette, Linet, Linetta, Linnette, Linnetta, Lonette, Linytte, Lynete, Lynley, Lyneth... lynette

Lynn

(English) Woman of the lake; form of Linda, meaning “one who is soft and beautiful”

Linell, Linnell, Lyn, Lynae, Lyndel, Lyndell, Lynell, Lynelle, Lynlee, Lynley, Lynna, Lynne, Lynnelle, Lynnea... lynn

Lynton

(English) From the town of lime trees

Lynten, Lyntan, Linton, Linten, Lintan... lynton

Lyonesse

(English) From the lost land Lyoness, Lyonness, Lyonnesse, Lyones... lyonesse

Lyonia Ovalifolia

(Wall.) Drude.

Synonym: Pieris ovalifolia D. Don.

Family: Ericaceae.

Habitat: Outer Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim, at 1,000 to 2,500 m, and in Khasi hills between 1,200 to 2,000 m.

Folk: Angyaar (Garhwal), Arwan (Punjab), Angeri (Nepal).

Action: Young leaves and buds— used externally for cutaneous affections. Leaves—insectici- dal. Honey from flowers— poisonous.

Leaves contain a toxic, insecticidal substance andromedotoxin.

The wood yields 0.51% ash, rich in soluble potassium salts.... lyonia ovalifolia

Lyra

(Greek) One who plays the lyre Lyria, Lyris, Lyrea, Lyre... lyra

Lyric

(French) Of the lyre; the words of a song

Lyrica, Lyricia, Lyrik, Lyrick, Lyrika, Lyricka... lyric

Lysandra

(Greek) Form of Alexandra, meaning “helper and defender of mankind”

Lisandra, Lissandra, Lizandra, Lisandrina, Lisandrine, Lissandrina, Lissandrine, Lyssandra, Lyssa, Lyaksandra... lysandra

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (lsd)

Lysergic acid diethylamide belongs to the ergot group of ALKALOIDS. It has various effects on the brain, notably analgesic and hallucinogenic, thought to be due to its antagonism of 5hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). In small doses it induces psychic states, in which the individual may become aware of repressed memories. For this reason it may help in the treatment of certain anxiety states, if used under skilled supervision. LSD rapidly induces TOLERANCE, however, and psychological DEPENDENCE may occur, although not physical dependence. Serious side-effects include psychotic reactions, with an increased risk of suicide.... lysergic acid diethylamide (lsd)

Lysett

(American) A pretty young girl Lysette, Lyset, Lysete, Lysetta, Lyseta... lysett

Lysimache

(Greek) Feminine form of Lysimachus; released from battle Lysimachie, Lysimachi, Lysimachee, Lysimacha, Lysimachia, Lysimachea... lysimache

Lysol

A brown, clear, oily ?uid with antiseptic properties, made from coal-tar and containing 50 per cent CRESOL. When mixed with water it forms a clear soapy ?uid.... lysol

Lysol Poisoning

When LYSOL is swallowed it burns the mouth and throat. Brown discoloration of the affected tissues, accompanied by the characteristic smell of lysol on the breath, is typical.

Treatment This is urgent. If the skin has been contaminated with the lysol, it must be washed with water, and any lysol-contaminated clothing must be taken o?. Do not make the victim vomit if he or she has swallowed a corrosive substance such as lysol or phenol. Call an ambulance and say what the victim has taken. See APPENDIX 1: BASIC FIRST AID.... lysol poisoning

Lyssa

... lyssa

Lyssa Is Another Term For Rabies.

... lyssa is another term for rabies.

Lyssa Virus

A group of rhabdoviruses closely related to the rabies virus. The Australian Bat Lyssa virus is found in flying foxes (fruit bats) and can cause a rabies-like disease in humans. The disease should be handled as for rabies and can be prevented by using rabies vaccine.... lyssa virus

Lyssan

(Greek) Form of Alexandra, meaning “helper and defender of mankind” Lyssana, Lyssann, Lyssane, Lyssanne, Lysan, Lysann, Lysane, Lysanne, Lysana, Lysanna... lyssan

Lytanisha

(American) A scintillating woman Lytanesha, Lytaniesha, Lytaneisha, Lytanysha, Lytaneesha, Lytaneasha... lytanisha

Lytocarpus Philippinus

Commonly known as fireweed, Lytocarpus is a stinging hydroid (hydrozoan) that grows on pilings, rocks and overhangs in tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world. Skin contact causes an itchy vesicular rash.... lytocarpus philippinus

Maca (lepidium Meyenii)

Maca is a native plant of Peru and is used to increase libido, strength, stamina, and energy (I know, right? It’s like the perfect herb. Time to bake it into some cookies and deliver them to that co-worker/friend/neighbor you’ve had your eye on…). Further, maca can normalize all the sex hormones: testosterone, progesterone, and estrogen (i.e. a great option for combating the natural hormonal downslide that occurs with aging). If fertility issues are on your radar, maca is a great herb to include, as it regulates menstrual cycles and eases cycle pain. For menopause? Again, spotlight on hormones. Maca can ease this transition as well. It also decreases stress which, as we know, is a major downer to any sexual liaison. How to take maca? Well, you can buy it in supplement form, but you’re going to need a lot of it. I don’t care what the bottle says, you want to aim for 6-10 500mg capsules per day (at least!). Or, you can buy the powdered herb and blend a tablespoon into a smoothie or juice every day. The more you take? The better. There are no toxic side effects to this herb.... maca (lepidium meyenii)

Maca Tea - A Libido Enhancer

Maca tea has been recognized for its nutritional properties and for being a libido enhancer. Maca plant, also known as the “Peruvian ginseng”, is an herb that grows in the high Andes of Bolivia and Peru for thousands of years. It is related to the turnip and the radish, having green and fragrant tops that lie along the ground. Maca has been used in Peru as a remedy to enhance energy and sexual function. The constituents of maca root are basically minerals such as calcium, potassium, magnesium, zinc, phosphorus and iron; sterols, lipids, carbohydrates, fiber, proteins and amino acids. How To Make Maca Tea Maca tea has a sweet taste, similar to butterscotch. To brew maca tea you will need an herbal tea of your choice to combine it with the maca powder. Prepare the herbal tea and after 1-2 minutes, add a teaspoon of maca powder and stir the mixture. To really enhance the flavor, you can add milk or honey. Tea connoisseurs recommend Soya milk. Maca Tea Benefits
  • Helps providing energy without over-stimulating the body’s systems.
  • Enhances libido and helps in the treatment of erectile dysfunction.
  • Increases the production of sperm.
  • Helps relieving the symptoms of menopause.
  • Strengthens your immune system.
  • Balances and stabilizes the body’s cardiovascular, nervous, muscular and lymphatic systems.
Maca Tea Side Effects In toxicity studies, maca tea showed no adverse pharmacological effects. However, maca root contains iodine, which can lead to side effects such as thyroid disease. Maca root is also high in glucosinolates and in case of over consumption, combined with low-iodine diet, can cause goiter. It can also cause hives and fatigue to people that are allergic to the constituents of maca tea. Maca Tea is a wonderful tea with many health benefits. It is ideal for incresing your libido and boosting your immune system! Try to avoid over consumption in order not to experience any of its side effects!... maca tea - a libido enhancer

Malignant Lymphoma

See LYMPHOMA.... malignant lymphoma

Minimum Lethal Dose (mld)

See MLD.... minimum lethal dose (mld)

Mucocutaneous Lymph Nodesyndrome

See KAWASAKI DISEASE.... mucocutaneous lymph nodesyndrome

National Electronic Library For Health

This National Health Service initiative went online in November 2000. It aims to provide health professionals with easy and fast access to best current knowledge from medical journals, professional group guidelines, etc. Unbiased data can be accessed by both clinicians and the public.... national electronic library for health

National Listening Library

National Listening Library is a charity which produces recorded books for handicapped people who cannot read, with the exception of the blind who have their own separate organisation, the Royal National Institute for the Blind. (See also CALIBRE.)... national listening library

Nhs Litigation Authority

See MEDICAL LITIGATION.... nhs litigation authority

Madhuca Longifolia

(Koen.) Macb.

Synonym: Bassia longifolia Koenig.

Family: Sapotaceae.

Habitat: Cultivated in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhara Pradesh, Karnataka, Bengal and Maharas- tra.

English: South Indian Mahua.

Siddha/Tamil: Illupei, Elupa, Naatu Iluppai, Iruppai.

Folk: Madhuulaka, Jala-Madhuuka, Jala-Mahuaa.

Action: Same as that of Madhuca indica.

Seed kernel gave protobassic acid (a sapogenol) and two major sapo- nins named Mi-saponins A and B and a minor one Mi-saponin C—all bis- desmosides of protobassic acid. Mi- saponins exhibit anti-inflammatory and antiulcerogenic activities.

Mahua oil causes total but reversible sterility in male rats as it shows testicu- lar atrophy with degeneration of seminiferous tubules.

A related species, Madhuca neri- ifolia (Moon) H. J. Lam., synonym Bassia neriifolia Moon, Bassia mal- abarica Bedd. (known as Atta Illuppei in Tamil), is found in Western Ghats and coastal region of South India.

The flowers are used in renal diseases; fruits in rheumatism, cough, asthma and consumption; seed oil is used in rheumatism.... madhuca longifolia

Medical Litigation

Legal action taken by an individual or group of individuals, usually patients, against hospitals, health-service providers or health professionals in respect of alleged inadequacies in the provision of health care.

In the hospital service, claims for clinical negligence have risen enormously since the 1970s. In 1975 the NHS spent about £1m a year on legal claims; by 2004 the NHS faced over £2 billion in outstanding claims. In 1995 a risk-pooling Clinical Negligence Scheme for Trusts (CNST) was set up in England, and is administered by the NHS Litigation Authority. NHS trusts are expected to follow a set of risk-management standards, the ?rst being that each trust should have a written risk-management strategy with an explicit commitment to managing clinical risk (see RISK MANAGEMENT).... medical litigation

Melaleuca Leucadendron

Linn.

Family: Myrtaceae.

Habitat: Indegenous to Burma, Cambodia, Thailand, Malay Peninsula to Australia; grown in Indian gardens and parks.

English: Cajeput tree, Swamp Tea tree, White Tea tree.

Folk: Kaayaaputi. (The oil of Cajeput is imported into India, chiefly from France and Netherlands.)

Action: Oil—used as an expectorant in chronic laryngitis and bronchitis, and as a carminative. Acts as anthelmintic, especially against round worms. Enters into ointments for rheumatism and stiff joints, sprains and neuralgia, migraine, colds, influenza, and as a mosquito repellent.

Key application: The oil is antimicrobial and hypermic in vitro. (German Commission.)

The oil contains terpenoids, 1,8- cineole (40-65%) as major component, with alpha-pinene, alpha-terpineol, nerolidol, limonene, benzaldehyde, valeraldehyde, dipentene and various sesquiterpenes; 3,5-dimethyl-4,6,di- O-methylphloroacetophenone.

The essential oil of Melaleuca al- ternifolia (Tea Tree Oil) is indicated for acne, tinea pedis and toe and nail onychomycosis on the basis of human trials. (Sharon M. Herr.)

Tea Tree Oil is distilled from the leaves of several species of Australian trees belonging the genus Melaleuca, principaly from M. alternifolia. Tea Tree Oil should contain a maximum of 15% 1,8-cineole and a minimum of 30% (+)-terpinen-4-ol, the principal germicidal ingredient. Other constituents, alpha-terpineol and linalool, also exhibit antimicrobial activity. (Cited in Rational Phytotherapy.)

The essential oil of Melaleuca virdi- flora Solander ex Gaertner leaves, known as Niauli Oil, is used for catarrh of the upper respiratory tract. The oil is antibacterial and stimulatory to circulation in vitro. (German Commission E.) Like cajeput oil, the principal constituent is cineole (eucalyptol).

A related species, M. genistifolia, indigenous to Australia, is grown in botanical gardens at Saharanpur and Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh). The leaves and terminal twigs yield 0.53% of a volatile oil which consists mainly of d-pinene, and about 2% cineole and traces of aldehyde.... melaleuca leucadendron

Non-hodgkin’s Lymphoma

See LYMPHOMA.... non-hodgkin’s lymphoma

Nurse Logs

In old-growth forests, these are ancient downed trees that rot so slowly that they themselves become the fundus and growth media for new and growing trees and other life-forms.... nurse logs

Passiflora Laurifolia

Linn.

Family: Passifloraceae.

Habitat: Native of tropical America; grown in Indian gardens.

English: Water-lemon, Jamaica Honey Suckle.

Action: Leaves—anthelmintic. Seeds—hypnodil. Fruit—edible. Plant—poisonous (the foliage produces hydrocyanic acid).

The fruit pulp contains pantothenic acid (1.55 mg/100 g); leaves contain 387 mg/100 g vitamin C.... passiflora laurifolia

Poupart’s Ligament

Also known as the inguinal ligament, it is the strong ligament lying in the boundary between the anterior abdominal wall and the front of the thigh.... poupart’s ligament

Poverty Level / Line

A minimum income level below which a person is officially considered to lack adequate subsistence and to be living in poverty. Poverty statistics are based on definitions developed by individual countries or constituencies.... poverty level / line

Mentha Longifolia

(Linn.) Huds.

Synonym: M. sylvestris Linn.

Family: Labiatae; Lamiaceae.

Habitat: Native to Europe and Asia; cultivated in Kashmir, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Punjab.

English: English Horsemint.

Unani: Pudinaa-Barri, Jangali Pudinaa.

Action: Leaf and flowering top— carminative, stimulant, antiseptic, febrifuge. Used for digestive disorders and headaches. Essential oil—antibacterial.

Chief components of the volatile oil are 1,8-cineole 28.8, piperitone 13.9, cis- piperitone oxide 15.4 and piperitenone 13.8%. The aerial parts contain flavonoids—3'-hydroxy-4',5,6,7-tetra- methoxyflavone, hesperetin-7-rutino- side, luteolin, ursolic acid and beta- sitosterol. The essential oil acts as a CNS depressant and has somnifacient properties. Phenolic extract showed stimulative effect on CNS of mice. Administration of the oil leads to a drop in body temperature.

American Horsemint is equated with Monarda punctata L. The major component of the volatile oil is thymol. The leaves and tops are used as stimulant, carminative and emmenagogue.... mentha longifolia

Meyna Laxiflora

Robyns.

Synonym: Vangueria spinosa Hook. f.

Family: Rubiaceae.

Habitat: West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, in hedges and waste places.

Ayurvedic: Pinditaka. Madana or Mainphala is a misleading synonym. It is equated with Randia dumetorum Poir.

Folk: Muyana, Moyana, Muduna.

Siddha/Tamil: Manakkarai. (Madana or Mainphala is known as Marukkallankay.)

Action: Fruit—cholagogue, a decoction used in biliary complaints and hepatic congestion. Dried fruits—narcotic; used for boils.... meyna laxiflora

Ochrocarpus Longifolius

Bentb. & Hook. f.

Synonym: Mammea longifolia Planch. & Triana.

Family: Guttiferae; Clusiaceae.

Habitat: Evergreen forests of Western India from Khandala southwards to Malabar and Coim- batore.

Ayurvedic: Surapunnaaga (Naa- gakeshara is equated with Mesua ferrea.)

Siddha/Tamil: Nagappu, Nagesarpu.

Folk: Laal-Naagakeshar. Surangi (Maharashtra).

Action: Flowerbuds—cooling, stomachic, analgesic, antibacterial; used for gastritis, haemorrhoids, blood diseases, leprosy, leucoder- ma.

Flower buds are popularly known as Naagakeshar.

Flowers exhibited potent hypoten- sive, anti-inflammatory and antispas- modic activity attributed to vitexin.

Leaves gave amentoflavone, querce- tin and vitexin as major constituents.... ochrocarpus longifolius

Oedema Of The Lungs

This occurs as a result of left ventricular failure (see HEART, DISEASES OF). There is an abrupt increase in the venous and capillary pressure in the pulmonary vessels, followed by ?ooding of ?uid into the interstitial spaces and alveoli. The commonest cause of acute pulmonary oedema is myocardial infarction (see HEART, DISEASES OF) which reduces the ability of the left ventricular myocardial muscle to handle the blood delivered to it. Pulmonary oedema may result from other causes of left ventricular failure such as HYPERTENSION or valvular disease of the mitral and aortic valves. The initial symptoms are cough with breathlessness and occasionally with wheezing (once called ‘cardiac asthma’). The patient becomes extremely short of breath and in a severe attack the patient is pale, sweating and cyanosed and obviously gasping for breath. Frequently, frothy sputum is produced which may be blood-stained. Treatment is with DIURETICS and measures to deal with the myocardial infarction or other underlying cause.... oedema of the lungs

Pregnancy And Labour

Pregnancy The time when a woman carries a developing baby in her UTERUS. For the ?rst 12 weeks (the ?rst trimester) the baby is known as an EMBRYO, after which it is referred to as the FETUS.

Pregnancy lasts about 280 days and is calculated from the ?rst day of the last menstrual period – see MENSTRUATION. Pregnancy-testing kits rely on the presence of the hormone beta HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN (b HCG) which is excreted in the woman’s urine as early as 30 days from the last menstrual period. The estimated date of delivery can be accurately estimated from the size of the developing fetus measured by ULTRASOUND (see also below) between seven and 24 weeks. ‘Term’ refers to the time that the baby is due; this can range from 38 weeks to 41 completed weeks.

Physical changes occur in early pregnancy – periods stop and the abdomen enlarges. The breasts swell, with the veins becoming prominent and the nipples darkening. About two in three women will have nausea with a few experiencing such severe vomiting as to require hospital admission for rehydration.

Antenatal care The aim of antenatal care is to ensure a safe outcome for both mother and child; it is provided by midwives (see MIDWIFE) and doctors. Formal antenatal care began in Edinburgh in the 1930s with the recognition that all aspects of pregnancy – normal and abnormal – warranted surveillance. Cooperation between general practitioners, midwives and obstetricians is now established, with pregnancies that are likely to progress normally being cared for in the community and only those needing special intervention being cared for in a hospital setting.

The initial visit (or booking) in the ?rst half of pregnancy will record the history of past events and the results of tests, with the aim of categorising the patients into normal or not. Screening tests including blood checks and ultrasound scans are a routine part of antenatal care. The ?rst ultrasound scan is done at about 11 weeks to date the pregnancy, with a further one done at 20 weeks – the anomaly scan – to assess the baby’s structure. Some obstetric units will check the growth of the baby with one further scan later in the pregnancy or, in the case of twin pregnancies (see below), many scans throughout. The routine blood tests include checks for ANAEMIA, DIABETES MELLITUS, sickle-cell disease and THALASSAEMIA, as well as for the blood group. Evidence of past infections is also looked for; tests for RUBELLA (German measles) and SYPHILIS are routine, whereas tests for human immunode?ciency virus (see AIDS/ HIV below) and HEPATITIS are being o?ered as optional, although there is compelling evidence that knowledge of the mother’s infection status is bene?cial to the baby.

Traditional antenatal care consists of regular appointments, initially every four weeks until 34 weeks, then fortnightly or weekly. At each visit the mother’s weight, urine and blood pressure are checked, and assessment of fetal growth and position is done by palpating the uterus. Around two-thirds of pregnancies and labours are normal: in the remainder, doctors and midwives need to increase the frequency of surveillance so as to prevent or deal with maternal and fetal problems.

Common complications of pregnancy

Some of the more common complications of pregnancy are listed below.

As well as early detection of medical complications, antenatal visits aim to be supportive and include emotional and educational care. Women with uncomplicated pregnancies are increasingly being managed by midwives and general practitioners in the community and only coming to the hospital doctors should they develop a problem. A small number will opt for a home delivery, but facilities for providing such a service are not always available in the UK.

Women requiring more intensive surveillance have their management targeted to the speci?c problems encountered. Cardiologists will see mothers-to-be with heart conditions, and those at risk of diabetes are cared for in designated clinics with specialist sta?. Those women needing more frequent surveillance than standard antenatal care can be looked after in maternity day centres. These typically include women with mildly raised blood pressure or those with small babies. Fetal medicine units have specialists who are highly skilled in ultrasound scanning and specialise in the diagnosis and management of abnormal babies still in the uterus. ECTOPIC PREGNANCY Chronic abdominal discomfort early in pregnancy may be caused by unruptured ectopic pregnancy, when, rarely, the fertilised OVUM starts developing in the Fallopian tube (see FALLOPIAN TUBES) instead of the uterus. The patient needs hospital treatment and LAPAROSCOPY. A ruptured ectopic pregnancy causes acute abdominal symptoms and collapse, and the woman will require urgent abdominal surgery. URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS These affect around 2 per cent of pregnant women and are detected by a laboratory test of a mid-stream specimen of urine. In pregnancy, symptoms of these infections do not necessarily resemble those experienced by non-pregnant women. As they can cause uterine irritability and possible premature labour (see below), it is important to ?nd and treat them appropriately. ANAEMIA is more prevalent in patients who are vegetarian or on a poor diet. Iron supplements are usually given to women who have low concentrations of HAEMOGLOBIN in their blood (less than 10.5 g/dl) or who are at risk of becoming low in iron, from bleeding, twin pregnancies and those with placenta previa (see below). ANTEPARTUM HAEMORRHAGE Early in pregnancy, vaginal bleedings may be due to a spontaneous or an incomplete therapeutic ABORTION. Bleeding from the genital tract between 24 completed weeks of pregnancy and the start of labour is called antepartum haemorrhage. The most common site is where the PLACENTA is attached to the wall of the uterus. If the placenta separates before delivery, bleeding occurs in the exposed ‘bed’. When the placenta is positioned in the upper part of the uterus it is called an abruption. PLACENTA PRAEVIA is sited in the lower part and blocks or partly blocks the cervix (neck of the womb); it can be identi?ed at about the 34th week. Ten per cent of episodes of antepartum bleeding are caused by placenta previa, and it may be associated with bleeding at delivery. This potentially serious complication is diagnosed by ultrasound scanning and may require a caesarean section (see below) at delivery. INCREASED BLOOD PRESSURE, associated with protein in the urine and swelling of the limbs, is part of a condition known as PRE-ECLAMPSIA. This occurs in the second half of pregnancy in about 1 in 10 women expecting their ?rst baby, and is mostly very mild and of no consequence to the pregnancy. However, some women can develop extremely high blood pressures which can adversely affect the fetus and cause epileptic-type seizures and bleeding disorders in the mother. This serious condition is called ECLAMPSIA. For this reason a pregnant woman with raised blood pressure or PROTEIN in her urine is carefully evaluated with blood tests, often in the maternity day assessment unit. The condition can be stopped by delivery of the baby, and this will be done if the mother’s or the fetus’s life is in danger. If the condition is milder, and the baby not mature enough for a safe delivery, then drugs can be used to control the blood pressure. MISCARRIAGE Also called spontaneous abortion, miscarriage is the loss of the fetus. There are several types:

threatened miscarriage is one in which some vaginal bleeding occurs, the uterus is enlarged, but the cervix remains closed and pregnancy usually proceeds.

inevitable miscarriage usually occurs before the 16th week and is typi?ed by extensive blood loss through an opened cervix and cramp-like abdominal pain; some products of conception are lost but the developing placental area (decidua) is retained and an operation may be necessary to clear the womb.

missed miscarriages, in which the embryo dies and is absorbed, but the decidua (placental area of uterine wall) remains and may cause abdominal discomfort and discharge of old blood.

THERAPEUTIC ABORTION is performed on more than 170,000 women annually in England and Wales. Sometimes the woman may not have arranged the procedure through the usual health-care channels, so that a doctor may see a patient with vaginal bleeding, abdominal discomfort or pain, and open cervix – symptoms which suggest that the decidua and a blood clot have been retained; these retained products will need to be removed by curettage.

Septic abortions are now much less common in Britain than before the Abortion Act (1967) permitted abortion in speci?ed circumstances. The cause is the passage of infective organisms from the vagina into the uterus, with Escherichia coli and Streptococcus faecalis the most common pathogenic agents. The woman has abdominal pain, heavy bleeding, usually fever and sometimes she is in shock. The cause is usually an incomplete abortion or one induced in unsterile circumstances. Antibiotics and curettage are the treatment. INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION describes a slowing of the baby’s growth. This can be diagnosed by ultrasound scanning, although there is a considerable margin of error in estimates of fetal weight. Trends in growth are favoured over one-o? scan results alone. GESTATIONAL DIABETES is a condition that is more common in women who are overweight or have a family member with diabetes. If high concentrations of blood sugar are found, e?orts are made to correct it as the babies can become very fat (macrosomia), making delivery more di?cult. A low-sugar diet is usually enough to control the blood concentration of sugars; however some women need small doses of INSULIN to achieve control. FETAL ABNORMALITIES can be detected before birth using ultrasound. Some of these defects are obvious, such as the absence of kidneys, a condition incompatible with life outside the womb. These women can be o?ered a termination of their pregnancy. However, more commonly, the pattern of problems can only hint at an abnormality and closer examination is needed, particularly in the diagnosis of chromosomal deformities such as DOWN’S (DOWN) SYNDROME (trisomy 21 or presence of three 21 chromosomes instead of two).

Chromosomal abnormalities can be de?nitively diagnosed only by cell sampling such as amniocentesis (obtaining amniotic ?uid – see AMNION – from around the baby) done at 15 weeks onwards, and chorionic villus sampling (sampling a small part of the placenta) – another technique which can be done from 12 weeks onwards. Both have a small risk of miscarriage associated with them; consequently, they are con?ned to women at higher risk of having an abnormal fetus.

Biochemical markers present in the pregnant woman’s blood at di?erent stages of pregnancy may have undergone changes in those carrying an abnormal fetus. The ?rst such marker to be routinely used was a high concentration of alpha-fetol protein in babies with SPINA BIFIDA (defects in the covering of the spinal cord). Fuller research has identi?ed a range of diagnostic markers which are useful, and, in conjunction with other factors such as age, ethnic group and ultrasound ?ndings, can provide a predictive guide to the obstetrician – in consultation with the woman – as to whether or not to proceed to an invasive test. These tests include pregnancy-associated plasma protein assessed from a blood sample taken at 12 weeks and four blood tests at 15–22 weeks – alphafetol protein, beta human chorionic gonadotrophin, unconjugated oestriol and inhibin A. Ultrasound itself can reveal physical ?ndings in the fetus, which can be more common in certain abnormalities. Swelling in the neck region of an embryo in early pregnancy (increased nuchal thickness) has good predictive value on its own, although its accuracy is improved in combination with the biochemical markers. The e?ectiveness of prenatal diagnosis is rapidly evolving, the aim being to make the diagnosis as early in the pregnancy as possible to help the parents make more informed choices. MULTIPLE PREGNANCIES In the UK, one in 95 deliveries is of twins, while the prevalence of triplets is one in 10,000 and quadruplets around one in 500,000. Racial variations occur, with African women having a prevalence rate of one in 30 deliveries for twins and Japanese women a much lower rate than the UK ?gure. Multiple pregnancies occur more often in older women, and in the UK the prevalence of fertility treatments, many of these being given to older women, has raised the incidence. There is now an o?cial limit of three eggs being transferred to a woman undergoing ASSISTED CONCEPTION (gamete intrafallopian transfer, or GIFT).

Multiple pregnancies are now usually diagnosed as a result of routine ultrasound scans between 16 and 20 weeks of pregnancy. The increased size of the uterus results in the mother having more or worse pregnancy-related conditions such as nausea, abdominal discomfort, backache and varicose veins. Some congenital abnormalities in the fetus occur more frequently in twins: NEURAL TUBE defects, abnormalities of the heart and the incidence of TURNER’S SYNDROME and KLINEFELTER’S SYNDROME are examples. Such abnormalities may be detected by ultrasound scans or amniocentesis. High maternal blood pressure and anaemia are commoner in women with multiple pregnancies (see above).

The growth rates of multiple fetuses vary, but the di?erence between them and single fetuses are not that great until the later stages of pregnancy. Preterm labour is commoner in multiple pregnancies: the median length of pregnancy is 40 weeks for singletons, 37 for twins and 33 for triplets. Low birth-weights are usually the result of early delivery rather than abnormalities in growth rates. Women with multiple pregnancies require more frequent and vigilant antenatal assessments, with their carers being alert to the signs of preterm labour occurring. CEPHALOPELVIC DISPROPORTION Disparity between the size of the fetus and the mother’s pelvis is not common in the UK but is a signi?cant problem in the developing world. Disparity is classi?ed as absolute, when there is no possibility of delivery, and relative, when the baby is large but delivery (usually after a dif?cult labour) is possible. Causes of absolute disparity include: a large baby – heavier than 5 kg at birth; fetal HYDROCEPHALUS; and an abnormal maternal pelvis. The latter may be congenital, the result of trauma or a contraction in pelvic size because of OSTEOMALACIA early in life. Disproportion should be suspected if in late pregnancy the fetal head has not ‘engaged’ in the pelvis. Sometimes a closely supervised ‘trial of labour’ may result in a successful, if prolonged, delivery. Otherwise a caesarean section (see below) is necessary. UNUSUAL POSITIONS AND PRESENTATIONS OF THE BABY In most pregnant women the baby ?ts into the maternal pelvis head-?rst in what is called the occipito-anterior position, with the baby’s face pointing towards the back of the pelvis. Sometimes, however, the head may face the other way, or enter the pelvis transversely – or, rarely, the baby’s neck is ?exed backwards with the brow or face presenting to the neck of the womb. Some malpositions will correct naturally; others can be manipulated abdominally during pregnancy to a better position. If, however, the mother starts labour with the baby’s head badly positioned or with the buttocks instead of the head presenting (breech position), the labour will usually be longer and more di?cult and may require intervention using special obstetric forceps to assist in extracting the baby. If progress is poor and the fetus distressed, caesarean section may be necessary. HIV INFECTION Pregnant women who are HIV positive (see HIV; AIDS/HIV) should be taking antiviral drugs in the ?nal four to ?ve months of pregnancy, so as to reduce the risk of infecting the baby in utero and during birth by around 50 per cent. Additional antiviral treatment is given before delivery; the infection risk to the baby can be further reduced – by about 40 per cent – if delivery is by caesarean section. The mother may prefer to have the baby normally, in which case great care should be taken not to damage the baby’s skin during delivery. The infection risk to the baby is even further reduced if it is not breast fed. If all preventive precautions are taken, the overall risk of the infant becoming infected is cut to under 5 per cent.

Premature birth This is a birth that takes place before the end of the normal period of gestation, usually before 37 weeks. In practice, however, it is de?ned as a birth that takes place when the baby weighs less than 2·5 kilograms (5••• pounds). Between 5 and 10 per cent of babies are born prematurely, and in around 40 per cent of premature births the cause is unknown. Pre-eclampsia is the most common known cause; others include hypertension, chronic kidney disease, heart disease and diabetes mellitus. Multiple pregnancy is another cause. In the vast majority of cases the aim of management is to prolong the pregnancy and so improve the outlook for the unborn child. This consists essentially of rest in bed and sedation, but there are now several drugs, such as RITODRINE, that may be used to suppress the activity of the uterus and so help to delay premature labour. Prematurity was once a prime cause of infant mortality but modern medical care has greatly improved survival rates in developing countries.

Labour Also known by the traditional terms parturition, childbirth or delivery, this is the process by which the baby and subsequently the placenta are expelled from the mother’s body. The onset of labour is often preceded by a ‘show’ – the loss of the mucus and blood plug from the cervix, or neck of the womb; this passes down the vagina to the exterior. The time before the beginning of labour is called the ‘latent phase’ and characteristically lasts 24 hours or more in a ?rst pregnancy. Labour itself is de?ned by regular, painful contractions which cause dilation of the neck of the womb and descent of the fetal head. ‘Breaking of the waters’ is the loss of amniotic ?uid vaginally and can occur any time in the delivery process.

Labour itself is divided into three stages: the ?rst is from the onset of labour to full (10 cm) dilation of the neck of the womb. This stage varies in length, ideally taking no more than one hour per centimetre of dilation. Progress is monitored by regular vaginal examinations, usually every four hours. Fetal well-being is observed by intermittent or continuous monitoring of the fetal heart rate in relation to the timing and frequency of the contractions. The print-out is called a cardiotocograph. Abnormalities of the fetal heart rate may suggest fetal distress and may warrant intervention. In women having their ?rst baby (primigravidae), the common cause of a slow labour is uncoordinated contractions which can be overcome by giving either of the drugs PROSTAGLANDIN or OXYTOCIN, which provoke contractions of the uterine muscle, by an intravenous drip. Labours which progress slowly or not at all may be due to abnormal positioning of the fetus or too large a fetus, when prostaglandin or oxytocin is used much more cautiously.

The second stage of labour is from full cervical dilation to the delivery of the baby. At this stage the mother often experiences an irresistible urge to push the baby out, and a combination of strong coordinated uterine contractions and maternal e?ort gradually moves the baby down the birth canal. This stage usually lasts under an hour but can take longer. Delay, exhaustion of the mother or distress of the fetus may necessitate intervention by the midwife or doctor. This may mean enlarging the vaginal opening with an EPISIOTOMY (cutting of the perineal outlet – see below) or assisting the delivery with specially designed obstetric forceps or a vacuum extractor (ventouse). If the cervix is not completely dilated or open and the head not descended, then an emergency caesarean section may need to be done to deliver the baby. This procedure involves delivering the baby and placenta through an incision in the mother’s abdomen. It is sometimes necessary to deliver by planned or elective caesarean section: for example, if the placenta is low in the uterus – called placenta praevia – making a vaginal delivery dangerous.

The third stage occurs when the placenta (or afterbirth) is delivered, which is usually about 10–20 minutes after the baby. An injection of ergometrine and oxytocin is often given to women to prevent bleeding.

Pain relief in labour varies according to the mother’s needs. For uncomplicated labours, massage, reassurance by a birth attendant, and a warm bath and mobilisation may be enough for some women. However, some labours are painful, particularly if the woman is tired or anxious or is having her ?rst baby. In these cases other forms of analgesia are available, ranging from inhalation of NITROUS OXIDE GAS, injection of PETHIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE or similar narcotic, and regional local anaesthetic (see ANAESTHESIA).

Once a woman has delivered, care continues to ensure her and the baby’s safety. The midwives are involved in checking that the uterus returns to its normal size and that there is no infection or heavy bleeding, as well as caring for stitches if needed. The normal blood loss after birth is called lochia and generally is light, lasting up to six weeks. Midwives o?er support with breast feeding and care of the infant and will visit the parents at home routinely for up to two weeks.

Some complications of labour All operative deliveries in the UK are now done in hospitals, and are performed if a spontaneous birth is expected to pose a bigger risk to the mother or her child than a specialist-assisted one. Operative deliveries include caesarean section, forceps-assisted deliveries and those in which vacuum extraction (ventouse) is used. CAESAREAN SECTION Absolute indications for this procedure, which is used to deliver over 15 per cent of babies in Britain, are cephalopelvic disproportion and extensive placenta praevia, both discussed above. Otherwise the decision to undertake caesarean section depends on the clinical judgement of the specialist and the views of the mother. The rise in the proportion of this type of intervention (from 5 per cent in the 1930s to its present level of over 23 per cent

P

of the 600,000 or so annual deliveries in England) has been put down to defensive medicine

– namely, the doctor’s fear of litigation (initiated often because the parents believe that the baby’s health has suffered because the mother had an avoidably di?cult ‘natural’ labour). In Britain, over 60 per cent of women who have had a caesarean section try a vaginal delivery in a succeeding pregnancy, with about two-thirds of these being successful. Indications for the operation include:

absolute and relative cephalopelvic disproportion.

placenta previa.

fetal distress.

prolapsed umbilical cord – this endangers the viability of the fetus because the vital supply of oxygen and nutrients is interrupted.

malpresentation of the fetus such as breech or transverse lie in the womb.

unsatisfactory previous pregnancies or deliveries.

a request from the mother.

Caesarean sections are usually performed using regional block anaesthesia induced by a spinal or epidural injection. This results in loss of feeling in the lower part of the body; the mother is conscious and the baby not exposed to potential risks from volatile anaesthetic gases inhaled by the mother during general anaesthesia. Post-operative complications are higher with general anaesthesia, but maternal anxiety and the likelihood that the operation might be complicated and di?cult are indications for using it. A general anaesthetic may also be required for an acute obstetric emergency. At operation the mother’s lower abdomen is opened and then her uterus opened slowly with a transverse incision and the baby carefully extracted. A transverse incision is used in preference to the traditional vertical one as it enables the woman to have a vaginal delivery in any future pregnancy with a much smaller risk of uterine rupture. Women are usually allowed to get up within 24 hours and are discharged after four or ?ve days. FORCEPS AND VENTOUSE DELIVERIES Obstetric forceps are made in several forms, but all are basically a pair of curved blades shaped so that they can obtain a purchase on the baby’s head, thus enabling the operator to apply traction and (usually) speed up delivery. (Sometimes they are used to slow down progress of the head.) A ventouse or vacuum extractor comprises an egg-cup-shaped metal or plastic head, ranging from 40 to 60 mm in diameter with a hollow tube attached through which air is extracted by a foot-operated vacuum pump. The instrument is placed on the descending head, creating a negative pressure on the skin of the scalp and enabling the operator to pull the head down. In mainland Europe, vacuum extraction is generally preferred to forceps for assisting natural deliveries, being used in around 5 per cent of all deliveries. Forceps have a greater risk of causing damage to the baby’s scalp and brain than vacuum extraction, although properly used, both types should not cause any serious damage to the baby.

Episiotomy Normal and assisted deliveries put the tissues of the genital tract under strain. The PERINEUM is less elastic than the vagina and, if it seems to be splitting as the baby’s head

moves down the birth canal, it may be necessary to cut the perineal tissue – a procedure called an episiotomy – to limit damage. This is a simple operation done under local anaesthetic. It should be done only if there is a speci?c indication; these include:

to hasten the second stage of labour if the fetus is distressed.

to facilitate the use of forceps or vacuum extractor.

to enlarge a perineum that is restricted because of unyielding tissue, perhaps because of a scar from a previous labour. Midwives as well as obstetricians are trained

to undertake and repair (with sutures) episiotomies.

(For organisations which o?er advice and information on various aspects of childbirth, including eclampsia, breast feeding and multiple births, see APPENDIX 2: ADDRESSES: SOURCES OF INFORMATION, ADVICE, SUPPORT AND SELF-HELP.)... pregnancy and labour

Professional Liability Insurance

Liability insurance to protect professionals for loss or expense resulting from claims arising from mistakes, errors or omissions committed or alleged to have been committed by the insured in his professional activities.... professional liability insurance

Quality-adjusted Life Years (qalys)

Years of life saved by a medical technology or service, adjusted according to the quality of those years (as determined by some evaluative measure). QALYs are the most commonly used unit to express the results in some types of cost-effectiveness analysis.... quality-adjusted life years (qalys)

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve

A branch of the vagus NERVE which leaves the latter low down in its course, and – hooking around the right subclavian artery on the right side and round the arch of the aorta on the left

– runs up again into the neck, where it enters the larynx and supplies branches to the muscles which control the vocal cords.... recurrent laryngeal nerve

Olive Leaf Tea

If you want to drink a special type of tea, try Olive Leaf Tea! It has an aromatic flavor, similar to green tea, but a bit sweeter, which makes for a pleasant cup of tea. Also, it has many benefits which help you stay healthy. Read to find out more! About Olive Leaf Tea Olive leaf tea is made from the leaves of the olive tree. We can find these trees on the coastal areas of the eastern Mediterranean Basin (including areas from Europe, Asia and Africa), as well as in northern Iran and northern Iraq. The leaves of the olive tree have a silvery green color. They are oblong, measuring 4-10cm long and 1-3 cm wide. The olive leaves are well-known for their many health benefits. Also, olive leaf extract is used for various soaps and skin creams. How to make Olive Leaf Tea Olive leaf teacan be bought either in loose leaf form or in tea bag form. In both cases, it is quite easy to prepare a cup of olive leaf tea. A teaspoon of olive leaves, or a teabag, is enough for one cup of olive leaf tea. Pour boiling water in the cup and let it steep for about 15 minutes. Once the steeping time is done, either remove the teabag or strain to remove the olive leaves. Also, if you’ve got olive trees around, you can make your own olive leaf tea. First, pick the healthy-looking leaves from the tree. Wash the leaves carefully; then, dry them in the oven, at a temperature below 65°C or 150°F. You can air-dry the leaves, too, but don’t leave them in direct sunlight, as that might reduce their health benefits. Once the leaves are dry, crush the leaves by hand, remove the stalks and store the dried herbs in paper packets. For a cup of olive leaf tea, just follow the simple steps mentioned above. Components of Olive Leaf Tea Olive leaves have many components which are good for our body. Seeing as the leaves are the main ingredient for the tea, the components are also transferred to the olive leaf tea.Some of the important ones include various antioxidants, polyphenols, and flavonoids. Olive leaves, as well as olive leaf tea, also have Vitamin C. Olive leaf tea doesn’t contain caffeine, so you don’t have to worry about getting any side effects caused by caffeine. Olive Leaf Tea Benefits Considering its many components, it’s not a lie when we say that a cup of olive leaf tea brings you many health benefits. First of all, olive leaf tea helps lower both LDL “bad” cholesterol levels and blood pressure. It also increases the blood flow by relaxing the arteries. Because of this, olive leaf tea is considered an important heart tonic. Olive leaf tea can also help you if you’ve got diabetes, as it lowers the blood sugar levels. Drinking olive leaf tea during winter can help you strengthen your immune system, and also fight against colds and the flu. It helps you relax, and it can count as an energy booster if you drink a lot of olive leaf tea. Olive leaf tea may also help you prevent the appearance of cancer or tumors. Plus, it is used in the treatment for viral infections, such as the Epstein-Barr disease, herpes, shingles, and malaria. It is also useful in healing inflammations of the bladder, as well as alienating arthritic pain and swelling. Olive Leaf Tea side effects If you know you’ve got a low blood pressure, don’t drink too much olive leaf tea. It will lower your blood pressure even more, and that might make you feel dizzy. In this case, be careful with the amount of olive leaf tea you drink. Some people might experience Herxheimers reaction when drinking olive leaf tea. Herxheimers reaction is an immune response to the release of toxins from pathogens which have been destroyed. It is a normal and good reaction, as that means the olive leaf tea is doing you good. The symptoms include    headaches, muscle and joint pain, fever, nausea, sore throat, and vaginal irritation. Reduce the amount of tea you drink, and also drink a large quantity of water daily to help the body eliminate the toxins. With this, the symptoms should disappear after a few days. Be careful if you’re taking any other medication. Olive leaf tea might interfere with the usual actions of the medication you’re taking. Before including olive leaf tea in your daily diet, make sure you talk to your doctor. If you’re pregnant or breast feeding, it is best to avoid drinking olive leaf tea. While it is not sure how harmful it can be in this case, it is best not to take a risk, in case it might cause miscarriages or affect the baby. Also, don›t drink more than six cups of olive leaf tea a day. It will lead to more side effects rather than to help you stay healthy. If you drink too much tea, the symptoms you might get are the following: headaches, dizziness, insomnia, irregular heartbeats, vomiting, diarrhea and loss of appetite. Make sure to reduce the amount of olive leaf tea you drink, if you get any of these. Not only does olive leaf tea have a pleasant taste, but one cup brings many health benefits with it. As long as you make sure you won’t get any side effects from consumption of olive leaf tea, you can easily include it in your daily diet. You definitely won’t regret it!... olive leaf tea

Rhaphidophora Laciniata

(Burm. F.) Merr.

Family: Araceae.

Habitat: Deccan Peninsula, Coromandel Coast, Malabar and southwards to Sri Lanka.

Folk: Ganesh-kand (Maharashtra); Aaanaiittippili (Tamil Nadu).

Action: Antidote to poisonous inflictions; used against bites of poisonous raptiles.... rhaphidophora laciniata

Salvia Lanata

Roxb.

Family: Labiatae; Lamiaceae.

Habitat: The temperate Himalayas from Kashmir to Nepal

Action: Roots—an adulterant of Saussurea lappa. Used as a substitute for Saliva moorcroftiana.... salvia lanata

Sea Lice

A colloquial term used for any creature, or anything present in sea water causing a mild irritation of the skin, either with or without a rash. There is no single creature responsible for this stinging effect.... sea lice

Shock Lung

See ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS).... shock lung

Smilax Lanceifolia

Roxb.

Family: Liliaceae.

Habitat: Sikkim Himalayas, Assam and Manipur.

Ayurvedic: Hindi Chobachini.

Folk: Shukchin (Maharashtra), Hariaa.

Action: Roots—used for rheumatic affections.... smilax lanceifolia

Phaseolus Lunatus

Linn.

Synonym: P. inamoenus Linn.

Family: Fabaceae.

Habitat: Native to tropical America; cultivated throughout India.

English: Double Bean, Lima Bean, Burma Bean.

Ayurvedic: Shimbi.

Unani: Lobiyaa, Sem.

Action: Seeds—astringent. Used as a diet in fever. The shoots and pods from Manipur are reported to contain alkaloids, saponins and flavonoids.... phaseolus lunatus

Piper Longum

Linn.

Family: Piperaceae.

Habitat: Warmer parts of India, from Central Himalayas to Assam, lower hills of West Bengal; Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Western

Ghats from Konkan southwards to Trivandrum. Often cultivated.

English: Indian Long Pepper, Joborandi.

Ayurvedic: Pippali, Maagadhi, Maagadha, Maagadhaa, Maagad- hikaa, Magadhodbhavaa, Vaidehi, Upkulyaa, Pippalikam, Chapalaa, Kanaa, Krishnaa. Uushnaa, Shaun- di, Kolaa, Tikshna-tandulaa.

Unani: Filfil Daraaz, Daarfilfil.

Siddha/Tamil: Thippili, Arisi thippili. Thippiliver (root).

Action: Fruits—used for diseases of the respiratory tract (cough, bronchitis, asthma); as sedative (in insomnia and epilepsy); as chola- gogue (in obstruction of bile duct and bladder), as emmenagogue, as digestive, appetizer and carminative (in indigestion); as general tonic and haematinic (in anaemia, chronic fevers and for improving intellect). Applied locally on muscular pains and inflammations.

Several aristolactams and dioxoa- porphines have been isolated from Indian long pepper. It also contains the long chain isobutyl amide, longamide, besides guineensine and the lignans, pluviatilol, methyl pluviatilol (farge- sin), sesamin and asarinine.

Piperine is the major alkaloid of peppers.

Piperine is antipyretic, hypotensive, analeptic, CNS stimulant. It has been reported to exert significant protection against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. It improves drug availability in experimental animals, and is used for enhancing the efficacy of co- administered medicaments.

Piperine enhanced bioavailability of hexobarbital, phenytoin, propranolol and theophylline. (Sharon M. Herr.) (Piperine is also a component of Piper nigrum.)

N - isobutyl - deca - trans - 2 - trans - 4 - dienamide, isolated from the fruit, exhibited antitubercular property.

Milk extract of the fruit effectively reduced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in rats. It protected guinea-pigs against antigen-induced bronchospasm.

In China, Piper longum oil constituents were reported to inhibit the increase in serum total cholesterol induced by triton in mice.

The root powder exhibited antifer- tility activity.

A related species, P. peepuloides Roxb., is known as Saamvali Peepal. It is used specifically against obstinate skin diseases and as a sialagogue.

Dosage: Fruit—1-3 mg (API, Vol. IV); root—1-3 g powder. (CCRAS.)... piper longum

Pituitary-linked Disorders

ACROMEGALY or gigantism is the result of the overactivity of, or tumour formation of cells in, the adenohypophysis which produces GROWTH HORMONE (see also PITUITARY GLAND). If this overactivity occurs after growth has ceased, acromegaly arises, in which there is gross overgrowth of the ears, nose, jaws, and hands and feet. DWARFISM may be due to lack of growth hormone.

DIABETES INSIPIDUS, a condition characterised by the passing of a large volume of URINE every day, is due to lack of the antidiuretic hormone (see VASOPRESSIN). Enhanced production of the ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE (ACTH) leads to CUSHING’S SYNDROME. Excessive production of PROLACTIN by micro or macro adenomas (benign tumours) leads to hyperprolactinaemia and consequent AMENORRHOEA and GALACTORRHOEA. Some adenomas do not produce any hormone but cause effects by damaging the pituitary cells and inhibiting their hormone production.

The most sensitive cells to extrinsic pressure are the gonadotrophin-producing cells and the growth-hormone producing cells, so that if the tumour occurs in childhood, growth hormone will be suppressed and growth will slow. Gonadotrophin hormone suppression will prevent the development of puberty and, if the tumour occurs after puberty, will result in amenorrhoea in the female and lack of LIBIDO in both sexes. The thyroid-stimulating hormone cells are the next to suffer and the pressure effects on these cells will result in hypothyroidism (see under THYROID GLAND, DISEASES OF).

Fortunately the ACTH-producing cells are the most resistant to extrinsic pressure and this is teleologically sound as ACTH is the one pituitary hormone that is essential to life. However, these cells can suffer damage from intracellular tumours, and adrenocortical insu?ciency is not uncommon.

Information about these disorders may be obtained from the Pituitary Foundation.... pituitary-linked disorders

Swertia Lawii

Burkill.

Synonym: S. corymbosa var. lawii C. B. Clarke.

Family: Gentianaceae.

Habitat: Western Ghats from Maharashtra to South Kanara at 1,200 m.

Ayurvedic: Kiraatatikta (related species).

Action: Used as a substitute for Swertia chirayita.

Whole plant gave a number of xan- thones. Erythrocentaurin has also been reported from the plant.... swertia lawii

T-cell Lymphoma

See LYMPHOMA.... t-cell lymphoma

T-lymphocytes (or T-cells)

White blood cells that have matured in the thymus gland. There are at least two kinds of T-lymphocytes - helpers and suppressors. In AIDS, the number of helper cells is decreased.... t-lymphocytes (or t-cells)

Plantago Lanceolata

Linn.

Family: Plantaginaceae.

Habitat: Western Himalayas, from Kashmir to Garhwal and Simla.

English: Rib Grass, Ribwort Plantain, English Plantain, Buckhorn Plantain.

Unani: Baartang, Aspaghol.

Folk: Balatang.

Action: Leaf and root—astringent, bechic, antiasthmatic, anti-inflammatory, hypothermic, diuretic. Seed—cathartic, diuretic, haemostatic.

Key application: Internally, for catarrhs of the respiratory tract and inflammatory alterations of the oral and pharyngeal mucosa; externally for inflammatory reactions of the skin. (German Commission E, ESCOP.)

Globularin and methyl ester of de- sacetyl asperulosidic acid were isolated from the plant along with cat- apol. A crude mucilage, isolated from the leaves, contains L-arabinose 26.0, D-galactose 35.8, D-glucose 21.9, D- mannose 4.6, L-rhamnose 4.6 and uronic acid 6.9%. Alpha-D-glucan was separated from this mucilage.

Leaves gave aucubin and esculetin, in addition to polysaccharides. The whole plant yielded rhamnosidoglyco- side of caffeic acid. Seeds contain 1.1% aucubin. Aucubin exhibits antibacterial activity. Hepatoprotective effect is also attributed to the aucubin content.

Alcoholic extract of young leaves exhibit antibacterial action against Streptococcus betahaemolyticus, Micrococ- cus pyogenes var. aureus and Bacillus subtilis, thus confirming their wound- healing properties.... plantago lanceolata

Plantain, Broad And Narrow Leaf

Plantago species

Description: The broad leaf plantain has leaves over 2.5 centimeters across that grow close to the ground. The flowers are on a spike that rises from the middle of the cluster of leaves. The narrow leaf plantain has leaves up to 12 centimeters long and 2.5 centimeters wide, covered with hairs. The leaves form a rosette. The flowers are small and inconspicuous.

Habitat and Distribution: Look for these plants in lawns and along roads in the North Temperate Zone. This plant is a common weed throughout much of the world.

Edible Parts: The young tender leaves are edible raw. Older leaves should be cooked. Seeds are edible raw or roasted.

Other Uses: To relieve pain from wounds and sores, wash and soak the entire plant for a short time and apply it to the injured area. To treat diarrhea, drink tea made from 28 grams (1 ounce) of the plant leaves boiled in 0.5 liter of water. The seeds and seed husks act as laxatives.... plantain, broad and narrow leaf

Pluchea Lanceolata

C. B. Clarke.

Family: Compositae; Asteraceae.

Habitat: Punjab, Upper Gangetic plains, Gujarat, Rajasthan.

Ayurvedic: Raasnaa, Rasanaa, Raas- nikaa, Rasaa, Yuktaa, Yuktrasaa, Suvahaa, Elaaparni.

Folk: Vaaya-surai (Uttar Pradesh), Raayasan.

Action: Aerial parts—smooth muscle relaxant. Stem—antiinflammatory. Pluchea lanceolata is the source of Raasnaa in Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat. Vanda roxburghii is used as Raasnaa in Bengal. Throughout South India, Alpinia galanga is accepted as Raasnaa.

The stem and leaves contain morete- nol, moretenol acetate, neolupenol, oc- tacosanoic, hexacosanoic and tetra- cosanoic acid, tetracosanol, hexaco- sanol, triacontanol, stigmasterol and beta-sitosterol-D-glucoside.

The petroleum extract of the stem and leaves and the chloroform-soluble portion of the methanolic extract exhibited 31.9% and 54.5% antioedema activity, respectively. The triterpenes, moretenol acetate, moretenol and ne- olupenol exhibited 55.2,32,8 and 39.7% anti-inflammatory activity respectively as against ibuprofen as standard exhibiting 65.5% activity.... pluchea lanceolata

Polyalthia Longifolia

Thw.

Family: Annonaceae.

Habitat: Native to Sri Lanka; grown in gardens throughout the warmer parts of India.

English: Mast tree, Fake Asoka tree, False Devadaru, Cemetry tree

Ayurvedic: Devadaari (Devadaaru is equated with Cedrus deodara). (An adulterant to the bark of Saraca asoca.)

Siddha/Tamil: Nettilingam.

Action: Febrifuge. Causes cardiac depression.

The stem bark contains clerodane diterpenes, polyalthialdoic acid and kolavenic acid. The stem and its bark also contain the cytotoxic aporphine alkaloid, liriodenine, besides nor-oli- veroline and oliveroline-beta-N-oxide. Azafluorene alkaloids are also present in the bark and leaves. The leaf exhibits fungitoxic activity.

Polyalthia simiarum Hook. f. & Thoms. (Orissa, Assam, Bengal, Bihar, Eastern Himalaya) is also equated with Fake Ashoka tree. It is known as Boga-khamtou in Assam, Wojarah, Mongai in Orissa and Labshi, Kutti in Nepal.

Polyalthia suberosa Thw. (from Assam to Uttar Pradesh in the North and Kerala in the South) is known as Chamkhirni. The leaves contain alpha-and beta-amyrin, lupeol, beta- sitosterol, stigmasterol and campes- terol. The stems and leaves contain the triterpene, suberosol, which showed anti-HIV replication activity. The stem bark contains alkaloids, oxostepha- nine and lanuginosine, which exhibited antibacterial activity against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.... polyalthia longifolia

Typha Laxmanni

Lepech.

Family: Typhaceae.

Habitat: Kashmir (Gilgit), at 2,700 m. English: Scented Flag. Ayurvedic: Airakaa. Folk: Pizh (Kashmir).

Action: Stamens—astringent and styptic. Used externally.... typha laxmanni

Public Health Laboratoryservice (phls)

A statutory organisation that is part of the NHS. It comprises ten laboratory groups and two centres in the UK, with central coordination from PHLS headquarters. The service provides diagnostic-testing facilities for cases of suspected infectious disease. The remit of the PHLS (which was set up during World War II and then absorbed into the NHS) is now based on legislation approved in 1977 and 1979. Its overall purpose was to protect the population from infection by maintaining a national capability of high quality for the detection, diagnosis, surveillance, protection and control of infections and communicable diseases. It provided microbiology services to hospitals, family doctors and local authorities as well as providing national reference facilities. In 2001 it was incorporated into the newly established NATIONAL INFECTION CONTROL AND HEALTH PROTECTION AGENCY.... public health laboratoryservice (phls)

Pueraria Lobata

(Willd.) Ohwi.

Family: Papilionaceae; Fabaceae.

Habitat: Eastern Himalayas, Assam and Khasi Hills.

English: Tropical Kudze.

Ayurvedic: Vidaari (var.).

Action: Root—antipyretic, antiinflammatory, spasmolytic. Flower—hepatoprotective.

The root of P. lobata is used in Chinese medicine as an antipyretic and spasmolytic agent.

The root contains pueraria glyco- sides and puerarol. The glycosides showed strong antioxidant activity and inhibited lipid peroxidation. The root also contain several flavones which showed 66.8% inhibition against stomach cancer in vivo in mice. The isofla- yvonoids, daidzein, formononetin, daidzin and puerarin. Daidzein and puerarin show significant anti-inflammatory activity.

The cosmetics containing the root extracts with 20-40% puerarin and 2045% sugars (as sucrose) are used as moisturizing, skin-lightening and sun- screening and hair-growth stimulating preparations.

An isoflavonoid, triterpenoid sapo- nin and tryptophan derivative isolated from the flowers showed protective effect against experimental liver injuries in mice.

The tryptophan derivatives and their glycosides exhibited antihyperglycae- mic activity.

Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth., synonym P. javanica Benth. (Sub-Himalayan regions; Assam, An- dhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Kerala, up to 1,100 m) is equated with Tropical Kudze. The plant is used against ulcers and boils.... pueraria lobata

Purple Loose-strife

Lythrum salicaria. N.O. Lythraceae.

Synonym: Purple Grass, Willow Strife.

Habitat: By waterways; luxuriantly on river islands and banks.

Features ? Stem four- (sometimes six-) sided, up to four feet high. Leaves in pairs, threes or fours, nearly sessile, lanceolate, margins entire, two to five inches long. Flowers (July to September) large, reddish-purple, six to eight in rings round the stalk. Root woody.

Part used ? Herb.

Action: Febrifuge, astringent, alterative.

Chiefly in feverish conditions with other herbs. Sometimes as an astringent in diarrhea. Used alone, simmer 1 ounce in 1 1/2 pints water for ten minutes. Dose, wineglassful as required.... purple loose-strife

Reseda Luteola

Linn.

Family: Resedaccae.

Habitat: Indigenous to western Europe; grown in gardens in India.

English: Dyer's Rocket, Weld.

Action: Plant—diuretic, diaphoretic, anthelmintic.

A luteolin glucoside, luteoloside, has been isolated from the fresh blossoms and outer parts of the plant. It has a low toxicity and mild influence on capillary resistance and possesses diuretic properties.

Reseda odorata Linn., known as Mignonette, is indigenous to North Africa and cultivated in gardens in India.

The herb is reported to allay irritation and ease pains. The seeds are applied externally as a resolvent. The... reseda luteola

Sapindus Laurifolius

Vahl.

Synonym: S. trifoliatus auct. non Linn.

Family: Sapindaceae.

Habitat: South India; also cultivated around villages in Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal.

English: Soapnut tree of South India.

Ayurvedic: Arishtaka, Pheni- la, Raktabeeja, Reethaakaranja, Garbhapaatana.

Unani: Reethaa.

Siddha/Tamil: Puvamkottai, Mani pungu.

Action: Fruit—astringent, emetic, detergent, anthelmintic. Pulp— aqueous solution used as nasal drops in migraine, epilepsy and hysteria. Root—used for gout, rheumatism and paralysis.

Saponin from pericarp of nuts yielded the genins, methylhedragenate, sap- indic acid and methyl oleanolate.

Dosage: Fruit—3-6 g powder. (CCRAS.)... sapindus laurifolius

Visceral Larva Migrans

The end results of heavy infection and migration of larva of Toxocara spp (especially T. canis - the dog Ascarid) in the viscera, producing a granulomatous reaction and pathology at the site.... visceral larva migrans

Visceral Leishmaniasis (kala Azar)

A protozoan disease caused by Leishmania donovani, found around parts of the Mediterranean basin, tropical Africa, South America, and central and eastern Asia. The disease is transmitted byfemale sandflies of the genus, Phlebotomus in the Old World and Lutzomyia in the New World. Full-blown disease is often fatal, if untreated. Growth nodules of the disease or leishmanioma form initially and, if spontaneous recoverydoes not occur, proliferating parasites burst out of the nodules, disseminating throughout the body.... visceral leishmaniasis (kala azar)

Vitex Leucoxylon

Linn. f.

Family: Verbenaceae.

Habitat: Throughout Deccan Peninsula.

Ayurvedic: Paaraavata-padi, Kaakajanghaa. (Kaakajanghaa is also equated with Leea aequata Linn.)

Action: Roots—febrifuge, astringent.

Ethanolic extract and cold aqueous infusion of the leaf were found to suppress acetic acid-induced writhing in mice and carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema in rats. The flavonoids exhibited anti-inflammatory activity.... vitex leucoxylon

Saussurea Lappa

(Decne) Sch.-Bip.

Synonym: S. costus (Falc.) Lipsch.

Family: Compositae; Asteraceae.

Habitat: Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Garhwal at 25003,000 m; cultivated in Kashmir and neighbouring regions.

English: Kuth, Costus.

Ayurvedic: Kushtha, Kusht, Vaapya, Kaashmira, Gada, Rug, Ruk, Aamaya, Paalaka. (Substitute: Pushkara Muula, Inula racemosa.)

Unani: Qust.

Siddha/Tamil: Kostum, Kottam.

Folk: Sugandha-Kuutth.

Action: Root—antispasmodic, expectorant, carminative, astringent, antiseptic. An ingredient of prescriptions for dyspepsia, asthma, cough, chronic rheumatism, skin diseases. Applied locally to wounds and ulcerations. Powdered root, mixed with mustard oil, is applied to scalp in prurigo.

The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India recommends the root in cough, bronchitis, dyspnoea; erysipelas and gout.

The root (containing both the essential oil and alkaloid, saussurine) is used for asthma, particularly of vagotonic type. It produces a definite relaxtion of the bronchioles. The relief obtained is comparable to that of conventional bronchodilators without side effects, like a rise in blood pressure, sweating or headache even on repeated administration.

Saussurine depresses parasympa- thetic nervous system. The aminoacid- sesquiterpene adducts, saussureami- nes A, B and C show antiulcer effect. The aqueous extract of the root exhibits antianginal activity.

Essential oil inhibits peristalic movement of the gut. It is absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract and partly excreted by lungs producing an expectorant action and partly by the kidneys producing diuretic effect. (In Western herbal, Kuth essential oil is not prescribed internally.)

Kuth roots contain resinoids (6%), and essential oil (1.5%), alkaloid (0.05%) inulin (18%), saussurea lactone (20-25%), a fixed oil and minor constituents like tannin and sugars. Roots obtained from Kashmir are, in general, richer in essential oil content than roots obtained from Garhwal and Nepal. The roots of Punjab variety gave cos- tunolide, dehydrocostuslactone, costic acid, palmitic and linoleic acids, beta- sitosterol and alpha-cyclocostunolide. The Kashmir variety, in addition, gave alantolactone, beta-cyclocostunolide and iso-alantolactone.

The essential oil of the roots exhibit strong antiseptic and disinfectant activity against Streptococcus and Staphy- lococcus.

Costus speciosus Sm. synonym Banksea speciosa, also known as Kush- tha, is a different herb of Zingiberaceae family. Rhizomes and stems yield dios- genin.

Dosage: Root—0.2-1.0 g powder. (API, Vol. I.)... saussurea lappa

Scleria Lithosperma

Sw.

Family: Scrophulariaceae.

Habitat: Throughout India, up to an altitude of 900 m, except in acrid areas in the West.

English: Scleria.

Action: Plant—antinephritic. Root—decoction is given after parturition. Young tops—given to children for enlarged stomach.

The roots of Scleria biflora Roxb. smell strongly of camphor or cajeput.

The fruits of S. levis are used for cough and stomach disorders.

A decoction of the sedge of S. per- gracilis (Nees) Kunth (the Himalayas from Garhwal to Assam at altitudes of 1,500 m and in Bihar, West Bengal and Deccan Penninsula) is used for cough.

(Folk names not known. About 28 species are found in India.)... scleria lithosperma

Sea Lavender

Statice limonium. N.O. Plumbaginaceae.

Synonym: Marsh Rosemary.

Habitat: Marshes near the sea.

Features ? Angular stem, nine or ten inches in height. Leaves broadly oblong, tapering to a peculiar tip, grow from the root round the flower stalk. Flowers blue, five delicate petals, clustering on branched stalks. No scent, in spite of name. Root purplish-brown, rough, spindle-shaped.

Part used ? Root.

Action: Astringent.

Decoction of the powdered root (1 ounce to 1 1/2 pints of water simmered to 1 pint) administered in wineglass doses wherever an astringent tonic is indicated. Makes an excellent gargle and mouth-wash for inflammatory conditions, and is used in certain urinary, uterine and vaginal discharges.... sea lavender

Zintkala Lowansa

(Native American) Resembling a songbird Zintkalah Lowansa, Zintkalla Lowansa, Zintkallah Lowansa, Zyntkala Lowansa, Zyntkalah Lowansa, Zyntkallah Lowansa, Zyntkalla Lowansa... zintkala lowansa

Anti-lacteals

Herbs that reduce milk production. Sage.

ANTI-LITHICS. Agents used for elimination or dissolution of stone or gravel. Stone root, Parsley root, Hydrangea, Pellitory of the Wall, Gravel root. ... anti-lacteals

Arthritis – Of Leprosy

A chronic infection of the joints associated with the disease. Treatment of the primary condition is necessary. Two historic remedies are Sarsaparilla (Smilax) and Gotu Kola (Hydrocotyle asiatica). See: HANSEN’S DISEASE.

Treatment by general medical practitioner or infectious diseases specialist. ... arthritis – of leprosy

Bedstraw, Ladies

 Cheese rennet. Galium verum L.

Action. Alterative, diuretic.

Uses: Kidney stone, gravel, gout.

Preparation. Tea: 1-2 teaspoons to each cup boiling water; infuse 15 minutes. Dose, 1 cup freely. ... bedstraw, ladies

Spatterdock Or Yellow Water Lily

Nuphar species

Description: This plant has leaves up to 60 centimeters long with a triangular notch at the base. The shape of the leaves is somewhat variable. The plant’s yellow flowers are 2.5 centimeter across and develop into bottle-shaped fruits. The fruits are green when ripe.

Habitat and Distribution: These plants grow throughout most of North America. They are found in quiet, fresh, shallow water (never deeper than 1.8 meters).

Edible Parts: All parts of the plant are edible. The fruits contain several dark brown seeds you can parch or roast and then grind into flour. The large rootstock contains starch. Dig it out of the mud, peel off the outside, and boil the flesh. Sometimes the rootstock contains large quantities of a very bitter compound. Boiling in several changes of water may remove the bitterness.... spatterdock or yellow water lily

Structure Each Kidney Is About 10 Cm Long,

6.5 cm wide, 5 cm thick, and weighs around 140 grams.

Adult kidneys have a smooth exterior, enveloped by a tough ?brous coat that is bound to the kidney only by loose ?brous tissue and by a few blood vessels that pass between it and the kidney. The outer margin of the kidney is convex; the inner is concave with a deep depression, known as the hilum, where the vessels enter. The URETER, which conveys URINE to the URINARY BLADDER, is also joined at this point. The ureter is spread out into an expanded, funnel-like end, known as the pelvis, which further divides up into little funnels known as the calyces. A vertical section through a kidney (see diagram) shows two distinct layers: an outer one, about 4 mm thick, known as the cortex; and an inner one, the medulla, lying closer to the hilum. The medulla consists of around a dozen pyramids arranged side by side, with their base on the cortex and their apex projecting into the calyces of the ureter. The apex of each pyramid is studded with tiny holes, which are the openings of the microscopic uriniferous tubes.

In e?ect, each pyramid, taken together with the portion of cortex lying along its base, is an independent mini-kidney. About 20 small tubes are on the surface of each pyramid; these, if traced up into its substance, repeatedly subdivide so as to form bundles of convoluted tubules, known as medullary rays, passing up towards the cortex. One of these may be traced further back, ending, after a tortuous course, in a small rounded body: the Malpighian corpuscle or glomerulus (see diagram). Each glomerulus and its convoluted tubule is known as a nephron, which constitutes the functional unit of the kidney. Each kidney contains around a million nephrons.

After entering the kidney, the renal artery divides into branches, forming arches where the cortex and medulla join. Small vessels come o? these arches and run up through the cortex, giving o? small branches in each direction. These end in a tuft of capillaries, enclosed in Bowman’s capsule, which forms the end of the uriniferous tubules just described; capillaries with capsule constitute a glomerulus.

After circulating in the glomerulus, the blood leaves by a small vein, which again divides into capillaries on the walls of the uriniferous tubules. From these it is ?nally collected into the renal veins and then leaves the kidney. This double circulation (?rst through the glomerulus and then around the tubule) allows a large volume of ?uid to be removed from the blood in the glomerulus, the concentrated blood passing on to the uriniferous tubule for removal of parts of its solid contents. Other arteries come straight from the arches and supply the medulla direct; the blood from these passes through another set of capillaries and ?nally into the renal veins. This circulation is con?ned purely to the kidney, although small connections by both arteries and veins exist which pass through the capsule and, joining the lumbar vessels, communicate directly with the aorta.

Function The kidneys work to separate ?uid and certain solids from the blood. The glomeruli ?lter from the blood the non-protein portion of the plasma – around 150–200 litres in 24 hours, 99 per cent of which is reabsorbed on passing through the convoluted tubules.

Three main groups of substances are classi?ed according to their extent of uptake by the tubules:

(1) SUBSTANCES ACTIVELY REABSORBED These include amino acids, glucose, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and chlorine (for more information, see under separate entries).

(2) SUBSTANCES DIFFUSING THROUGH THE TUBULAR EPITHELIUM when their concentration in the ?ltrate exceeds that in the PLASMA, such as UREA, URIC ACID and phosphates.

(3) SUBSTANCES NOT RETURNED TO THE BLOOD from the tubular ?uid, such as CREATINE, accumulate in kidney failure, resulting in general ‘poisoning’ known as URAEMIA.... structure each kidney is about 10 cm long,

Breasts, Over Large

To reduce.

Internal:– Nettles, Agnus Castus, Poke root, Pipsissewa leaves. Teas, powders or tinctures thrice daily. External:– Engorgement from breast-feeding – massage with Calendula cream or Almond oil. ... breasts, over large

Cedar Leaf Oil

See: THUJA OCCIDENTALS. ... cedar leaf oil

Energy – Lack Of

Teas: Agrimony, Betony, Gotu Kola, Ginseng. Decoction: Gentian.

Tablets: traditional combination – Kola, Saw Palmetto, Damiana. Ginseng. Powders: equal parts Ginseng and Kola. Half a teaspoon.

Liquid Extracts: equal parts, Damiana, Saw Palmetto, Wild Yam. 30-60 drops in water thrice daily. Diet: porridge oats. Bee Pollen. Cayenne. Life Drops. ... energy – lack of

Fisherman’s Friend Throat And Chest Lozenges

Contain Eucalyptus oil 0.153 per cent, Cubeb oil 0.305 per cent, Tincture Capsicum 0.02 per cent, Liquorice extract 7.317 per cent, Menthol 0.9 per cent. Specially formulated for Fleetwood Deep Sea fishermen working in Icelandic frost and fog conditions to relieve bronchial congestion, and ease breathing. (Lofthouse) ... fisherman’s friend throat and chest lozenges

Tea For Liver

Liver problems appear as a sign of weakness shown by your organism after a prolonged consumption of alcohol, drugs or medicines. The main characteristic of these affections is that they are due to system intoxication and need to be repaired as quickly as possible. The liver is the organ responsible for our molecular exhaustion. All the toxins in our body go straight to the liver in order to clear the blood and detoxify the entire mechanism. When the liver is not functioning well, the main symptoms are: fatigue, stress, vascular malfunction and irradiated pain from the liver area to the entire body. Unsolved liver problems may lead to kidney failure and then to pulmonary edema or other respiratory disorder. How Tea for Liver Works A Tea for Liver is a natural supplement that can calm your localized pain and bring relief to those suffering from this affection. The main ingredients of these teas are based on a great amount of nourishing substances that can reconstruct the damaged liver cells or at least increase their action. However, these teas are not recommended for severe liver problems. If the pain is unbearable, a tea is most likely to calm it for a while and then lose its positive effect on your body. If that is the case, you should see a doctor immediately. Efficient Tea for Liver When choosing a Tea for Liver, you must keep in mind the fact that it must be safe and nourishing. You don’t need a tea that is rich in volatile oils or other substances that slow the liver cells’ action. If you are not sure about your abilities to choose the right tea, here are some suggestions: - Green Tea – has all the necessary ingredients to sustain life. Also, its action includes nourishing the coronary system and the arteries, in order to enhance the blood flow through your organs - Black Tea – more powerful than the Green Tea, the Black Tea is very effective, but more dangerous. If you’re also on your period or menopause, it’s best not to take it: it may cause abdominal acidity and discomfort. - Yerba Mate Tea – or the new green tea, how the specialists are calling it. Yerba Mate Tea can be used as a cure in order to rejuvenate the liver, but also as a treatment in cases of low blood pressure or digestive tract infections. Pay attention, though: more than 2 cups of Yerba Mate Tea per day may lead to a series of nervous system complications and even death! Teas you should avoid If you are suffering from liver problems, it’s best to avoid taking a tea with an elevated level of vitamins or acids. Although vitamins get directly to your blood and none of them reaches the liver, they have a tendency to enhance your body’s action towards other affected areas. In other words, they make your antibodies be more preoccupied with a random scratch than with your liver problems. A Tea for Liver needs to be specialized in internal affections and only attract antibodies to the most important damages. Tea for Liver contraindications When taken properly, any Tea for Liver is safe. However, high dosage may lead to a number of complications, such as diarrhea, nausea and even death. If you’re not very sure about starting a treatment based on one of these teas, talk to a specialist in order to gather more information. If there’s nothing that could interfere with your treatment, choose a Tea for Liver and enjoy its wonderful benefits responsibly!... tea for liver

Tea For Lungs

Lung affections consist of mucus accumulations, water retention, upper chest inflammations and other problems of the respiratory system. If you have trouble breathing, you feel a back pain or it seems like there’s something pressing on your chest, it’s possible that you have a lung problem. However, schedule an appointment with your doctor to find out which disease you suffer from. How a Tea for Lungs Works A Tea for Lungs’ main goal is to clear out all the unwanted accumulations and improve your respiration. Many other diseases are linked to lungs affections, such as heart conditions (low or increased blood pressure, arrhythmia, cardiovascular problems). A Tea for Lungs can treat your localized affections and not only: a tea rich in enzymes and tannins will also improve your heartbeat and blood pressure. Efficient Tea for Lungs In order to be effective, a Tea for Lungs needs to be both one hundred percent safe and contain the right amount of active constituents. You may not know this, but their proportion determines which tea is good for which affection, so not any tea found in the kitchen can treat your lung problems. If you don’t know which teas to choose from, here’s a list to guide you on: - Elecampane Tea – the main active constituents are mucilage, essential oils and a substance called camphor, which is a natural antibiotic with expectorant action. This tea can flush out of your system all infection triggers and reduce inflammation while calming the affected areas. However, you may want to talk to your doctor before starting a treatment based on this Tea for Lungs. - Hawthorn Tea – good for a number of affections, such as pleurisy, pulmonary edema or even mild cancer cases, this tea contains an important level of flavonoids and procyanidis which can treat your arrhythmia and stabilize your blood pressure. Don’t drink more than two cups per day for a short amount of time (one or two weeks) in order to avoid further complications. - Thyme Tea – contains thymol, which is a powerful antibiotic and polymethoxyflavones which have anti-coughing and anti-inflammatory properties. Thanks to its great expectorant properties, this Tea for Lungs is recommended by practitioners around the world as a great bronchitis treatment. Tea for Lungs Side Effects When taken according to medical specifications, these teas are one hundred percent safe. However, talk to your doctor before starting any kind of medical treatment and remember that self medication may cause even more damages. Don’t take any of these teas if you’re pregnant, breastfeeding, on anti-coagulants or blood thinners. The same advice for patients who are preparing for a surgery: these teas contain substances that may interfere with the anesthetic. If you have the green light from your doctor, choose a Tea for Lungs that fits you best and enjoy its wonderful health benefits!... tea for lungs

Gamma Linolenic Acid (gla)

A polyunsaturated fatty acid; an essential ingredient in the body’s production of prostaglandins. Present naturally in mother’s milk. The body produces GLA from linoleic acid present in food as an essential fatty acid (EFA). Vital to growth, cell structure and cardiac health. Sources: Evening Primrose oil; Sunflower seed oil, Borage and Blackcurrant. Preparations from the fermentation of rotten carrots. Helps lower blood pressure and prevent cholesterol build-up in the blood. ... gamma linolenic acid (gla)

Tea For Lucid Dreams

Having a lucid dream means dreaming while being aware of the fact that you are dreaming. However, many people become lucid in the middle of the dream or, on the contrary, fall lose reality contact after being lucid at first. Although traditional medicine can’t be very helpful in these cases, alternative medicine has a few tricks up its sleeve. How a Tea for Lucid Dreams Works A Tea for Lucid Dreams’ main purpose is to make you recall what you have dreamed by calming your nervous system and improving your memory function. These teas are good for a number of other diseases, such as memory loss, headaches or migraines. However, talk to an herbalist or to your doctor before starting any kind of herbal treatment in order to make sure everything will be alright. Efficient Tea for Lucid Dreams In order to work properly, a Tea for Lucid Dreams needs to be both very efficient and one hundred percent safe (since lucid dreams are not exactly a medical problem, you may want to avoid developing one). A tea that is rich in antioxidants, nutrients, tannins, volatile oils and minerals (sodium, magnesium, iron, manganese) would be very adequate. You may want to avoid teas with a large amount of acid agents (they could cause stomach pain). If you don’t know which teas could be useful for lucid dreams, here’s a list for guidance: - Green Tea – contains all the ingredients necessary to sustain life, so it’s useful for a wide range of ailments, not just lucid dreams. If you’re suffering from infertility, anemia, asthenia, loss of appetite, digestive tract complaints or nervous system failure, this decoction could also be useful. However, you must avoid it at all costs if you’re experiencing some menstrual or menopausal symptoms. The same advice if you’re pregnant (it may cause uterine contractions and therefore miscarriage). - Valerian Tea – was been used as a sleep aid since ancient times, when the Romans and the Greeks took it before going to bed. This Tea for Lucid Dreams, thanks to its active compounds, is a mild sedative and could also work miracles on your nervous system. However, you need to make sure that you don’t exceed the number of cups recommended per day in order to avoid hallucinations, tiredness or even death. - Chamomile Tea – of course, the world’s greatest panacea shouldn’t be left aside. If you’re having trouble remembering your dreams, try a cup of Chamomile Tea before you go to bed! This Tea has a great fragrance and a pleasant smell. Plus, it’s one hundred percent safe so you can drink as much as you want. Tea for Lucid Dreams Side Effects When taken according to specifications, these teas are generally safe. However, exceeding the number of cups recommended per day may lead to a number of health problems, such as diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, upset stomach or even death! If you’ve been taking one of these decoctions for a while and you’re experience a negative response from your body, ask for medical assistance right away! Don’t take a Tea for Lucid Dreams if you’re pregnant, breastfeeding, on blood thinners or anticoagulants. The same advice in case you’re preparing for a surgery. If your doctor says it’s ok to start an herbal treatment, choose a tea that fits best your requirements and enjoy its wonderful benefits!  ... tea for lucid dreams

Teramnus Labialis

Spreng.

Family: Papilionaceae.

Habitat: Punjab, eastwards to Bengal, extending southwards into Peninsular India.

Ayurvedic: Maashaparni, Mahaasa- haa, Suuryaasani, Lomash-parni, Kaamboja, Krishna-vrintaa. (In Kerala different species of Vigna are used as Maashaparni.)

Siddha/Tamil: Kattu-ulandu.

Action: Fruit—astringent, stomachic, febrifugal; also used as a nervine tonic in tuberculosis, haemoptysis, rheumatism and paralysis. Considered invigorating in Indian medicine.

The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia ofln- dia recommends the plant in spermatorrhoea.

In Ayurvedic texts, Maashaparni and Mudgaparni together form a group of rejuvenating drugs.

Mudgaparni is equated with Phaseo- lus trilobus. Maashaparni and Maasha (Vigna mungo) are different drugs.

Dosage: Whole plant—5-10 g powder. (API, Vol.III.)... teramnus labialis

Heavy Aching Legs

See: OEDEMA, CRAMPS, VARICOSE VEINS. ... heavy aching legs

Labelling Of Herbal Products By A Practitioner

Labelling regulations require every dispensed product, i.e. a container of medicine, lotion, tablets, ointment, etc, to be labelled with the following particulars:–

1. Name of the patient.

2. Name and address of the herbal practitioner.

3. Directions for use of the remedy.

4. Liquid preparations for local or topical use to be clearly marked: For external use only.

Statutory Instruments: Medicine (Labelling) Regulations 1976 No. 1726. Medicines (Labelling) Regulations 1977 No. 996. ... labelling of herbal products by a practitioner

Lamb’s Quarters

Known as Beth root in America and Fat Hen in the UK. Refer to entries. ... lamb’s quarters

Larch Resin Ointment

For tired or strained eyes.

Constituents: 100g contains: Ananarsa fruct. 5g; Larch Resin 2g in a base containing Lanolin and yellow soft paraffin. (Weleda) ... larch resin ointment

Legs

Locking at the knee (Prickly Ash bark). Legs aching from no known cause (Hawthorn, Motherwort). Legs, pins and needles (Cramp bark). Legs swollen, due to heart weakness or kidney disorder (Broom). Ankles, ‘giving way’ sensation (Cramp bark). ... legs

Leukoderma

Pale patches on skin due to loss of pigmentation. May follow a skin disease or from handling chemicals. Vitiligo is a modified form of the disease. There is no known cure, although Dr Wm Burton (Ellingwood) found Butternut useful. Seeds of Psoralea corylifolia appear to be indicated. (Indian Journal of Pharmacy 26:141.1964)

See entry: HIMALAYAN COW PARSLEY. ... leukoderma

Tea To Induce Labor

Many women around the world are having a hard time inducing labor. It’s not because they are not ready, but because their body doesn’t have the amount of hormones required in this case. If you’re having the same problem and you don’t know exactly what to do, you can either talk to a doctor or try a natural remedy. It is important to know that something must be done since the longer the baby stays in the uterus the bigger the chances he will suffocate are. It’s not only that, the baby could grow too much, causing you irreparable damages. How Tea to Induce Labor Works A Tea to Induce Labor’s main goal is to make your body release the necessary amount of natural hormones in order to deliver the baby. The tea contains a high level of estrogen and other active substances that will let your body know it is time for a child birth. Efficient Tea to Induce Labor When choosing a Tea to Induce Labor, you need to keep in mind that you have to pick one that it is both effective and safe. If you don’t know which those teas are, here’s a list to give you a hand: - Chamomile Tea – some say that it works, some say it does not. However, Chamomile Tea soothes your labor pains by making your body release the right endorphins amount. You can also use it if you have a cold, flu or a sore throat. This particular Tea to Induce Labor is one hundred percent safe and you don’t need to worry that it will interfere with anything. - Raspberry Leaf Tea – is not very popular among pregnant ladies, but recent studies showed that this tea contains a substance that resembles to estrogen which can trick your body into thinking you have to deliver the baby as soon as possible. Basically, Raspberry Leaf Tea creates the hormonal environment required by a child birth and also soothes your pains. - Cinnamon Tea – increases your hormone level and brings you a state of calmness. It is also good for menstrual and menopausal pains and a great additive for cookie recipes around the world. Cinnamon Tea has a very pleasant taste, but you should not drink more than 3 cups per day in order to avoid diarrhea or constipation. - Blue Cohosh Tea – is very effective, but not very safe. Many practitioners are concerned about the baby’s health due to the fact that this cure to induce labor might take a while. They think that ingesting even a small quantity of tea every day will poison the baby’s body. Before taking a treatment based on Blue Cohosh, you must talk to your doctor! Tea to Induce Labor Side Effects When taken properly, some of these teas are safe. However, high dosages may lead to a number of affections, starting with diarrhea and ending with miscarriage. If you’ve been taking a Tea to Induce Labor and something feels wrong, ask for medical assistance right away and do not try to treat it yourself! Remember that there are two people you need to pay attention to, so make sure everything is in order with the baby before starting any kind of herbal treatment. If you have your doctor’s O.K. on taking a Tea to Induce Labor, choose one that fits best your needs and enjoy nature’s great health benefits!... tea to induce labor

The Aromatic Lavender Tea

Lavender tea has been known for many years as being very beneficial for the nervous system. The lavender plant grows mainly in North and East Africa, the Mediterranean, Southern Europe, India and Arabia and it is also cultivated in United States and Japan. It grows best on dry land, exposed to sunlight. Lavender has been known for many years as being a scented herb, its fragrance providing relaxation, calming the body and the mind. The constituents of lavender tea are flavonoids, tannins, courmarines and essential oils. How To Make Lavender Tea There are not many steps to follow in brewing lavender tea. Simply take a handful of dried lavender blossoms and infuse them in a pot of boiling water. Let it steep for about 7-10 minutes and after that, pour the tea into your cup using a strainer to catch the lavender blossoms. Lavender Tea Benefits
  • Helps calm nervousness and anxiety.
  • Provides you a good night sleep since it can ease insomnia.
  • Helps treating stomach ache, flatulence and colic.
  • Alleviates migraine headaches.
  • During fever, lavender tea induces sweating and reduces the body temperature.
  • Lavender tea can be applied on wounds, cuts in order to heal them.
Lavender Tea Side Effects Lavender tea can react with other herbs, supplements and medication, so make sure you consult your doctor before drinking lavender tea. To some people, this tea can cause allergic reactions, nausea or headaches. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should also avoid drinking lavender tea. In conclusion, lavender tea is a wonderful relaxing tea that can be drank on evenings or just before bed for a rested good night sleep. Enjoy its benefits and make sure you won’t experience its side effects!... the aromatic lavender tea

Licensing Of Herbal Remedies

See: PRODUCT LICENCE. ... licensing of herbal remedies

Licorice Root

See: LIQUORICE ROOT. ... licorice root

Lignum Vitae

Quaiacum officinale. ... lignum vitae

Ligvites

Tablets: formulated in accordance with traditional and modern scientific phytotherapy to provide an over-the-counter (OTC) product for the symptomatic relief of rheumatic aches and pains as in lumbago, fibrositis, backache, stiffness of joints and other systemic connective tissue disorders. Formula: Guaiacum resin BHP (1983) (anti-inflammatory) 40mg. Black Cohosh BHP (1983) (soothing and sedative) 35mg. White Willow bark BHP (1983) (analgesic, anti-inflammatory) 100mg. Extract Sarsaparilla 4:1 (antiseptic) 25mg. Extract Poplar bark 7:1 (to reduce pain) 17mg. Product Licence No 1661/5016R. (Gerard House) ... ligvites

Linoleic

LINOLEIC and linolenic acids.

Essential fats known as Vitamin F and which are necessary for the maintenance and repair of the membrane that encloses a cell.

Important sources: Grape, Sunflower, Evening Primrose, Black Currant and Sesame oils. Fatty acids are prone to attack by free radicals.

See: FREE RADICALS. ... linoleic

Thespesia Lampas

(Cav.) Dalz. & Gibs.

Synonym: Azanza lampas (Cav.) Alef.

Family: Malvaceae.

Habitat: Grown as an ornamental.

Ayurvedic: Tundikera.

Folk: Bana-Kapaasi. Raan-bhendi (Maharashtra).

Action: Flowers—used for cutaneous diseases. Roots and fruits— used for treating gonorrhoea and syphilis.

Gossypol is reported to be present in the plant—roots 2.75, flower buds 1.95, seeds 1.74, leaves 0.98 and stems 0.16%. The flowers contain quercetin and protocatechuic acid.... thespesia lampas

Tribulus Tea Libido Enhancer

Tribulus Tea is a well known for its aphrodisiac properties and for its ability to enhance the sexual activity, even if Tribulus plant is still considered a pest in many areas of the world. Tribulus is a perennial herb that grows mainly in sunny and warm places, such as Southern Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia, with small green leaves and bright yellow flowers. Its fruits contain a fruit that is round and hard. You can recognize it by its short needles, places on the back side of the leaves and all over the roots. Tribulus Tea Properties The main ingredient of Tribulus Tea is called steroidal sapoins and it can be found mainly in the leaves. However, drinking too much Tribulus Tea may increase your body’s toxicity level and cause great damages to your health. A great amount of steroidal sapoins is hard to be flushed out of your system, so if you’re not sure about taking it and you don’t know how much steroidal sapoins your system can take, talk to a herbalist or to your doctor. Tribulus Tea Benefits Tribulus Tea is a great help when it comes to increasing the libido. However, too much of it may cause you problems. It is also used to treat infertility in men, some erectile disorders and it is said that Tribulus Tea has also anti-tumor properties. Herbalists say that this tea can also increase your muscular mass, lower your blood pressure and your cholesterol. How to make Tribulus Tea Infusion Preparing Tribulus Tea involves following a number of simple steps. Take the fresh or dried herbs (you can use any parts of tribulus plant), put them in a teapot and add boiling water. Leave it for 10 or 15 minutes and drink it hot or cold. Use a teaspoon of herbs for every cup of tea and don’t drink more than 1 or 2 cups per day, for a short time period. Do not turn drinking Tribulus Tea into a daily habit, just take it as long as you need to take advantage of its benefits and then take some time off. This way, your system will be able to flush away any trace of toxicity that this tea could leave. Tribulus Tea Side Effects The main concern when it comes to taking Tribulus Tea is that you shouldn’t drink more than one or two cups per day, for not longer than 7 days. When enhancing your libido, Tribulus Tea increases your hormone level, especially your estrogen and testosterone level. If you are a female, pay attention to hair growth and other male characterics, and if you are a male, make sure you keep an eye on how your glands are behaving. Let’s not forget that Tribulus Tea is a medical treatment and should not be used unsupervised. Before starting a Tribulus Tea Treatment, talk to a specialist. Tribulus Tea Contraindications Do not take Tribulus Tea if you are suffering from one of these conditions: stomach disorders, ulcers, breast and prostate cancers as well as other hormone-dependent problems. The same advice if you are pregnant or breastfeeding: since the active ingredient of this tea enhances your libido by increasing your hormone level, it is best to avoid taking it. If you have already taken it and you’re experiencing vomiting episodes or any other side effect, talk to your doctor as soon as possible! But, if both your health and will are strong, there’s no reason not to take Tribulus Tea. At least give it a try and enjoy the wonderful benefits of this tea!... tribulus tea libido enhancer

Upper Limb Disorders

A group of injuries resulting from overuse of a part of the limb. One example is TENNIS ELBOW (epicondylitis) caused by in?ammation of the tendon attaching the extensor muscles of the forearm to the humerus because of overuse of the muscles. Overuse of the shoulder muscles may cause in?ammation and pain around the joint. Perhaps the best-known example is repetitive strain injury (RSI) affecting keyboard workers and musicians: the result is pain in and weakness of the wrists and ?ngers. This has affected thousands of people and been the subject of litigation by employees against their employers. Working practices have been improved and the complaint is now being recognised at an early stage. Treatment includes PHYSIOTHERAPY, but some sufferers have been obliged to give up their work.... upper limb disorders

Liqufruta

Cough medicine with European mass market. Made with honey and lemon. Each 5ml contains: active ingredients: Ipecacuanha liquid extract BP 13.9mg. Liquid Glucose USP 5.08g. Menthol BP 1.32mg. Honey 0.33g. Lemon juice 1.1ml. Liqufruta Ltd, London E4 8QA. ... liqufruta

Lithagogue

Herb with the ability to dissolve or expel stone, gravel (renal calculi). Bearberry, Buchu, Corn Silk, Couchgrass, Golden Rod, Gravel root, Horse Radish, Hydrangea, Nettles, Pellitory of the Wall, Parsley Piert, Sea Holly, Stone root, Violet leaves, Wild Carrot. ... lithagogue

Little Liver Pills

For bilious headache, inactive liver, constipation.

Ingredients: Aloin gr. 1/10. Ipom resin gr. 1/10. Capsic gr. 1/50. Podoph. resin. gr. 1/10. Jalapin gr. 1/10. Olearesin. Ginger. gr. 1/70.

Dose: One or two pills at bedtime or after dinner.

Historical interest only. ... little liver pills

Usnea Longissima

Ach.

Family: Usneaceae.

Habitat: Common in temperate and alpine Himalayas, as a moss on trees.

English: Lichen.

Unani: Ushnaa.

Action: Moss—used as an expectorant and in the treatment of ulcers.

Key application: German Commission E approves Usnea (dried thallus of U. barbata, U.florida, U. hirta and U. plicata) for mild inflammations of the oral and pharyngeal mucosa.

Usnea preparations are used clinically by North American herbalists for antibacterial action against Grampositive bacteria in local or systemic infections and for antifungal action against Candida albicans. (Expanded Commission E Monographs.)

U. longissima contains 3-4% usnic acid, also barbatic acid and arabitol. Usnic acid and barbatic acid possess marked anti-tubercular activity. Bar- batic acid produces usnic acid, is active against Streptococcus haemolyticus and pneumococcus sp. and inhibits the growth of tubercle bacillus.... usnea longissima

Water Lettuce

Ceratopteris species

Description: The leaves of water lettuce are much like lettuce and are very tender and succulent. One of the easiest ways of distinguishing water lettuce is by the little plantlets that grow from the margins of the leaves. These little plantlets grow in the shape of a rosette. Water lettuce plants often cover large areas in the regions where they are found.

Habitat and Distribution: Found in the tropics throughout the Old World in both Africa and Asia. Another kind is found in the New World tropics from Florida to South America. Water lettuce grows only in very wet places and often as a floating water plant. Look for water lettuce in still lakes, ponds, and the backwaters of rivers.

Edible Parts: Eat the fresh leaves like lettuce. Be careful not to dip the leaves in the contaminated water in which they are growing. Eat only the leaves that are well out of the water.

CAUTION

This plant has carcinogenic properties and should only be used as a last resort.... water lettuce

Water Lily

Nymphaea odorata

Description: These plants have large, triangular leaves that float on the water’s surface, large, fragrant flowers that are usually white, or red, and thick, fleshy rhizomes that grow in the mud.

Habitat and Distribution: Water lilies are found throughout much of the temperate and subtropical regions.

Edible Parts: The flowers, seeds, and rhizomes are edible raw or cooked. To prepare rhizomes for eating, peel off the corky rind. Eat raw, or slice thinly, allow to dry, and then grind into flour. Dry, parch, and grind the seeds into flour.

Other Uses: Use the liquid resulting from boiling the thickened root in water as a medicine for diarrhea and as a gargle for sore throats.... water lily

Wild Gourd Or Luffa Sponge

Luffa cylindrica

Description: The luffa sponge is widely distributed and fairly typical of a wild squash. There are several dozen kinds of wild squashes in tropical regions. Like most squashes, the luffa is a vine with leaves 7.5 to 20 centimeters across having 3 lobes.

Some squashes have leaves twice this size. Luffa fruits are oblong or cylindrical, smooth, and many-seeded. Luffa flowers are bright yellow. The luffa fruit, when mature, is brown and resembles the cucumber.

Habitat and Distribution: A member of the squash family, which also includes the watermelon, cantaloupe, and cucumber, the luffa sponge is widely cultivated throughout the Tropical Zone. It may be found in a semiwild state in old clearings and abandoned gardens in rain forests and semievergreen seasonal forests.

Edible Parts: You can boil the young green (half-ripe) fruit and eat them as a vegetable. Adding coconut milk will improve the flavor. After ripening, the luffa sponge develops an inedible spongelike texture in the interior of the fruit. You can also eat the tender shoots, flowers, and young leaves after cooking them. Roast the mature seeds a little and eat them like peanuts.... wild gourd or luffa sponge

Liver – Hepatitis A

The most common cause of inflammation of the liver from a virus known as Hepatitis A. May be caught by eating shellfish contaminated by sewage or polluted water. Distinct from alcohol and drugs. The virus is ingested in the mouth, grown in the intestines and passes out of the body on defecation.

Treatment. Same as for acute infectious hepatitis. ... liver – hepatitis a

Liver – Hepatitis C

Paul Bergner describes 4 cases of patients with chronic hepatitis C successfully treated. All were given Milk Thistle, and prescribed an alternative tea: equal parts, Burdock, Dandelion, Barberry, Liquorice, Cinnamon and Fennel. Chologogue action is important in chronic liver disease. Not used in acute inflammation. All patients felt better within 2 weeks, and had liver function tests at 3-monthly intervals, showing a gradual decline in elevated values until normal or almost so. All patients became symptom-free. (Medical Herbalism, Vol 6, No 4) ... liver – hepatitis c

Liver – Acute Yellow Atrophy

Necrosis. Fatal disease in which the substance of the liver is destroyed. Incidence is rare since the public has been alerted to the dangers of certain chemical toxins, fumes from synthetic glues, solvents, and poisonous fungi.

Symptoms: jaundice, delirium and convulsions.

As it is the work of the liver to neutralise incoming poisons it may suffer unfair wear and tear, alcohol and caffeine being common offenders.

Treatment for relief of symptoms only: same as for abscess of the liver.

Treatment by or in liaison with a general medical practitioner. ... liver – acute yellow atrophy

Xylosma Longifolium

Clos.

Family: Flacourtiaceae.

Habitat: Shady ravines of the Western Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon and on low hills up to an altitude of 1,500 m.

Folk: Sallu (Kumaon), Sailu (Himachal Pradesh, North India), Dandal (North India), Katahaar (Assam).

Action: An extract of young and tender leaves resembles opium in action and is used in Assam for intoxication. The herb exhibits antispasmodic, narcotic and sedative activity. It is prescribed in dysentery, restlessness and insomnia.... xylosma longifolium

Amoebic Liver Abscess

Usually contracted in a tropical country during foreign travel. Likely to be associated with amoebic dysentery by the organism Entamoeba histolytica from contaminated drinking water or decaying foods (uncooked vegetables), foods exposed to flies. Onset of the disease may not be apparent until years after original infection. It presents with tenderness over the liver. On palpation, liver area is tender and the diaphragm elevated.

Symptoms. Fever, sweating, constitutional upset.

Differential diagnosis: diverticulitis, Crohn’s disease, salmonella, carcinoma, bacillary dysentery.

Alte rnative s:– Blue Flag, Boneset, Burdock, Chaparral, Echinacea, Elecampane, Elder flowers, Eucalyptus, Fringe Tree, Milk Thistle, Marshmallow, Queen’s Delight, Thyme (garden), Wild Indigo, Wild Yam, Yarrow, Yellow Dock.

Tea. Combine: equal parts, Yarrow, Burdock leaves, Marshmallow leaves. 2 teaspoons to each cup boiling water: infuse 10-15 minutes; 1 cup freely.

Decoction. Echinacea 2; Fringe Tree bark 1; Yellow Dock root 1. 2 teaspoons to 2 cups water gently simmered 20 minutes. Half a cup freely.

Formula: Combine: Echinacea 2; Fringe Tree bark 1; Boneset 1; Goldenseal quarter. Dose: Liquid Extracts: 2-4ml. Tinctures: 4-8ml. Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules, or one-third teaspoon). In water, honey, or cup of Fenugreek tea.

Cold puree. Pass Garlic corm through food blender. Eat with a spoon as much as tolerated. Blend with adjutants: carrots, raisins, apple. ... amoebic liver abscess

Arthritis, Lupus

A form of arthritis associated with systemic lupus erythematosis in young girls. An auto-immune disease which may involve the heart, kidney, CNS or other systems.

Symptoms: Joint pains with feverishness, loss of weight, anaemia and red raised patches of skin on nose and face (butterfly rash). Swelling of the joints resembles rheumatoid arthritis. Chest and kidney disease possible. Personality changes with depression followed by mania and possible convulsions.

Treatment. Standard orthodox treatments: aspirin, steroids. Alternatives: Echinacea (rash), Valerian (mental confusion), Lobelia (chest pains), Parsley Piert (kidney function).

Tablets/capsules. Echinacea. Poke root. Dandelion. Valerian. Wild Yam. Prickly Ash bark.

Powders. Echinacea 2; Dandelion 1; Wild Yam half; Poke root quarter; Devil’s Claw half; Fennel half. Mix. Dose: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon) thrice daily. In water or cup of Fenugreek tea. Tinctures. Dandelion 4; Valerian 1; Prickly Ash half; Poke root half; Peppermint quarter. Mix. Dose: 1 teaspoon thrice daily, in water or cup Fenugreek tea.

Tincture. Queen’s Delight BHP (1983) 1:5 in 45 per cent alcohol. Dose 1-4ml (15-60 drops).

Topical. Plantain Salvo. Castor oil. Oil Cajeput or Sassafras. Comfrey or Chickweed cream.

Diet. Young girls may require diet for anaemia.

Supplementation. Daily. Vitamins A, B6, B12, C, D. Dolomite (1500mg). Calcium Pantothenate (500mg). Iron: Men (10mg), women (18mg). ... arthritis, lupus

Bay Leaves

Sweet Bay. Victor’s laurel. Laurus nobilis L. Held in high esteem as a medicine and prophylactic by the ancient Greeks. French: Laurier franc. German: Edler Lorbeerbaum. Spanish: Lauro. Italian: Lauro franco. Young stems and old leaves yield highest content of oil.

Action: antiseptic, antifungal, gastric tonic, nutritive, mild sedative. Oil has mild bactericidal and anti- fungal properties. Anti-dandruff, Carminative, Cholagogue, Vermifuge.

Uses: Weak digestion, poor appetite; hot and soothing to a ‘cold’ stomach. Urinary infections (decoction). Chest infections (berries). Rheumatic pains (seed oil, externally).

Reportedly used in cancer. (J.L. Hartwell, Lloydia, 32, 247, 1969)

Boosts insulin activity. (American Health, 1989, Nov 8, p96)

Preparations: Average dose: 2-4 grams. Thrice daily.

Decoction. 1oz crushed leaves to 1 pint water simmered down to three-quarters of its volume. Dose. Half a cup thrice daily.

Bay bath. Place crushed leaves in a small muslin bag and steep in hot water.

Diet: taken as a culinary herb with potatoes, salads, soups, etc. A source of oleic acid and linoleic acid.

Contact dermatitis may sometimes occur as an allergy on handling the oil. ... bay leaves

Liver – Amoebic Hepatitis

Patients with amoebic dysentery may develop liver complications, usually by blood borne infection via the portal system. Small lesions coalesce to form abscesses capable of destroying liver cells.

Treatment: as for LIVER ABSCESS. ... liver – amoebic hepatitis

Liver Enlargement

From a number of causes ranging from persistent infections to chemical poisoning.

Formula. Fringe Tree bark 2ml; Black root 7ml; Echinacea 4ml; Distilled water to 4oz (120ml). Dose: teaspoon every two hours. (W.H. Black MD, Tecumseh, Oklahoma, USA)

Hypertrophy. Equal parts: tinctures Goldenseal and Fringe Tree. 15-60 drops in water before meals and at bedtime.

Diet. Low fat. Artichokes, Dandelion coffee, lecithin.

Supplements. Vitamin B6. ... liver enlargement

Lymphadenitis - Lymphadenoma

See: LYMPHATIC SYSTEM. ... lymphadenitis - lymphadenoma

Lymph Glands

Traps in the lymphatic system that collect byproducts of body infection and which support the immune system in its role as body protector. ... lymph glands

Lymphogranuloma Venereum (lgv)

Treatment: same as for Gonorrhoea. ... lymphogranuloma venereum (lgv)

Canary Fancier’s Lung

Bird fancier’s lung. Allergic alveolitis following antigens from pet birds: pigeons, budgerigars, canaries, chickens.

Symptoms: dry cough, difficult breathing usually at night. Loss of weight, tiredness, feverishness with rise of temperature. (Clinical Allergy, 1984. 14,429)

Tea. Yarrow, Elderflowers, Comfrey herb: equal parts.

Tablets/capsules. Garlic. Lobelia. Iceland Moss.

Powders. Formula. Pleurisy root 2; Hyssop 1; Iceland Moss 1. Dose: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one- third teaspoon) thrice daily.

Liquid Extracts. Formula. Pleurisy root 2; Liquorice 1; Hyssop 1. 1 teaspoon in water thrice daily, and when necessary. ... canary fancier’s lung

Cancer – Larynx

Chiefly due to continued inflammation from faulty use of the voice, smoking, drugs or infection.

Symptoms. Cough, hoarseness, difficult swallowing. ‘Always clearing the throat.’ Differs from a polyp or papilloma on the vocal chords which are benign.

Of possible value:– Teas. Balm, Chamomile, Gotu Kola, Red Clover, Red Sage, Yarrow. Plantain (Arthur Hyde MNIMH)

Tea (mild analgesic). Mix equal parts: Balm and German Chamomile. 1 heaped teaspoon to each cup boiling water; infuse 5 minutes. 1 cup freely.

Tablets/capsules. Blue Flag root, Echinacea, Poke root.

Formula. Echinacea 2; Mullein 2; Goldenseal quarter. Mix. Dose: Powders: 750mg (three 00 capsules or half a teaspoon). Liquid extracts: 1-2 teaspoons. Tinctures: 1-3 teaspoons. Thrice daily and at bedtime. Diet. Slippery Elm gruel.

Supplements. Vitamins A and C.

Treatment by a general medical practitioner or a hospital oncologist. ... cancer – larynx

Cancer – Liver

A primary lesion in the liver is rare. Usually invasion of carcinoma from the pancreas, gall bladder, stomach or intestines. Enlargement is rapid.

Symptoms. Jaundice. Ascites (excess fluid in the abdomen). Tenderness and enlargement of right upper abdomen; hobnail to the touch.

Alternatives: for possible relief of symptoms:–

Dandelion juice (fresh): 4 drachms (14ml) every 4 hours.

Wormwood tea freely.

Tea. Equal parts: Agrimony, Gotu Kola, Milk Thistle. Mix. 1 heaped teaspoon to each cup boiling water; infuse 5-10 minutes. 1 cup freely.

Decoction. Dandelion 2; Clivers 1; Liquorice 1; Blue Flag root half. Mix. 30g (1oz) to 500ml (1 pint) water gently simmered 20 minutes. Dose: half-1 cup 3 or more times daily.

Tablets/capsules. Blue Flag root, Goldenseal, Prickly Ash.

Formula. Dandelion 2; Milk Thistle 2; Fennel 1; Peppermint 1. Mix. Dose: Powders: 750mg (three 00 capsules or half a teaspoon). Liquid extracts: 1-2 teaspoons. Tinctures: 1-2 teaspoons. 3 or more times daily.

Biostrath artichoke formula.

Practitioner. Dandelion juice (fresh) 4oz; Wahoo bark Liquid extract 10 drops. Violet leaves Liquid extract 10.5ml. Tincture Goldenseal 10 drops. Dose: 2 teaspoons in water thrice daily. To each dose add 10 drops Liquid extract Oats (avena). (W. Burns-Lingard MNIMH)

Vinchristine. Success has been reported following use of the Periwinkle plant (Vinca rosea).

Greater Celandine has been regarded of value.

Chinese Herbalism. See: CANCER: CHINESE PRESCRIPTION. Also: Pulverised t’ien chihuang (Hypericum japonicum) 1 liang, mixed with rock sugar, with boiled water, 3 times daily. Also of value for cirrhosis.

Epsom’s salt Baths (hot): to encourage elimination of impurities through the skin. Diet. Limit fats. Protein diet to increase bile flow.

Treatment by a general medical practitioner or hospital oncologist. CANCER – LYMPH VESSELS. See: HODGKIN’S DISEASE. ... cancer – liver

Cancer – Mouth And Lips

Epithelioma.

Causes: occupational hazards, contact with toxic metals and minerals.

A Health Department’s committee found an increased risk of developing mouth cancer from “snuff- dipping”, the practice of sucking tobacco from a small sachet, “tobacco teabags”.

Of possible value:– Fresh plant juices, Houseleek, Aloe Vera.

Teas: Chickweed, Mullein, Comfrey. 1 heaped teaspoon to each cup boiling water; infuse 15 minutes; dose – 1 cup thrice daily, increasing to as much as well tolerated.

Condurango Liquid extract. 10-30 drops in water before meals.

Goldenseal Liquid extract. 3-5 drops in water before meals.

George Burford MD. Condurango and Goldenseal.

E.H. Ruddock MD 1925. “Several cases of cancer of the lips have been cured by Goldenseal.”

Topical. Wipe area with Liquid Extract Condurango, Goldenseal, Thuja, Poke root or fresh plant juices of above. Slippery Elm paste: powdered Slippery Elm in few drops milk or water.

Mouthwash. Equal parts: Liquid Extract Goldenseal, Liquid Extract Bayberry, Tincture Myrrh and Glycerine. Some may be swallowed as internal medicine. Comfrey, Mullein or Chickweed cream.

Diet. See: DIET – CANCER.

Treatment by a general medical practitioner or hospital oncologist. ... cancer – mouth and lips

Mango Leaves

Part used: leaves. Contains Mangiferin. Action: anti-viral.

Uses: Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1). ... mango leaves

Olive Oil And Lemon Treatment

See: GALL-STONES. ... olive oil and lemon treatment

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

See motor neuron disease.... amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Appetite, Loss Of

Loss of appetite is usually temporary and due to an emotional upset or minor illness. Persistent loss of appetite may have a more serious underlying cause, such as chronic infection or cancer.... appetite, loss of

Coca Leaves

Health Inca tea. Peruvian tea. Bolivian tea. Erythroxylum coca, Lam. Leaves. Leaves contain a minimal amount of cocaine.

A traditional remedy to prevent fatigue, to elevate mood, assuage hunger, increase pulse rate, stimulate the brain and nerves, and to enable great feats of endurance to be performed. Not on open sale; its use is discouraged. South Americans have been drinking coca leaf tea for hundreds of years apparently with no ill-effects and possibly some medical benefits. Natives drink 1-2 cups or more daily, as infused from decocainised leaves. Medical use: to assist withdrawal from cocaine addiction. Local anaesthetic. CD. (Misuse of Drugs Act 1973) ... coca leaves

Contact Lens Fatigue

Irritation, soreness, friction, inflammation. “People who use extended- wear soft contact lenses are more likely to develop serious microbial keratitis infection than users of other lenses.” (Research team, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London) Risk of keratitis was seen to increase when soft lenses were worn for more than six days.

Alternatives:– Douche. Simple teas: Fennel or German Chamomile; half a teaspoon dried herb or teabag to cup boiling water. Infuse 15 minutes. Half-fill eye-bath and use as douche, tepid. OR: quarter of a teaspoon distilled extract Witch Hazel in eye-bath; half-fill with water. Natural lubricant for contact lens is Evening Primrose oil (contents of a capsule). See: EYES, INFECTION.

Supplements. Daily. Vitamin A 7500iu, Vitamin B2 10mg, Vitamin C 400mg, Vitamin E 400iu, Beta carotene. Zinc 15mg. ... contact lens fatigue

Heart – Left Ventricular Failure (lvf)

Failure of the left ventricle to receive blood from the pulmonary circulation and to maintain efficient output of incoming blood to the arterial system. Failure to do so leads to congestion of blood in the lungs followed by fluid retention. If uncorrected, leads to kidney disturbance, low blood pressure, cyanosis (blueness of the skin). Onset may be tragically sudden.

Failure of the left ventricle may occur in cases of pericarditis, disease of the aortic valve, nephritis or high blood pressure.

Left ventricular failure is often of sudden onset, urgent, and may manifest as “cardiac asthma”.

Causes: blood clot, anaemia, thyroid disorder, coronary disease, congenital effects, drug therapy (beta blockers, etc), and to fevers that make heavy demands on the left ventricle.

Symptoms: breathlessness, wheezing, sweating, unproductive cough, faintness, bleeding from the lungs, palpitation. Cardiac asthma at night: feels he needs air; better upright than lying flat. Exertion soon tires. Sensation as if heart would stop. Blueness of lips and ears from hold-up in circulation of the blood through the lungs. Frequent chest colds. Awakes gasping for breath. Always tired. Cold hands and feet. Symptoms abate as compensation takes place. ‘Cream and roses’ complexion. The failure of left ventricle soon drags into failure of the right ventricle.

Right ventricular failure leads to congestive heart failure, with raised venous pressure in neck veins and body generally, causing oedema, ascites and liver engorgement.

Treatment. Agents to strengthen, support, and eliminate excess fluids from the body. BHP (1983) advises four main remedies: Hawthorn, Motherwort, Broom and Lily of the Valley. The latter works in a digitaloid manner, strengthening the heart, contracting the vessels, and lessening congestion in the lungs. Tinctures. Hawthorn 2; Stone root 1. Lily of the Valley 1. Dose: 15-45 drops thrice daily.

Broom tea. 2 teaspoons flowers, or 2-3 teaspoons tops and flowers, in cup water brought to boil and simmered one minute. 1 cup freely.

To remove fluid retention in the lungs, diuretics are indicated; chief among which is Dandelion root because of its high potassium content to prevent hypokalaemia. Dandelion coffee. As urinary excretion increases, patient improves.

Vitamin E. Not to be taken in left ventricular disorders.

Diet. See entry: DIET – HEART AND CIRCULATION.

UK Research. Researchers found that left ventricular failure was reduced by a quarter when patients were given magnesium intravenously for the first 24 hours after admission to the coronary care unit. They conclude that it should be given before any other heart therapy is commenced, and that patients should receive regular infusions if no other drug treatment is used. (The Lancet, 2.4.1994). This supports the use of magnesium sulphate (Epsom’s salts) by a past generation of herbal practitioners for the condition. ... heart – left ventricular failure (lvf)

Hair Loss

Alopecia. Baldness. Shedding of the hair in patches leaving glossy bald areas. It is normal to lose about one hundred hairs a day, but severe stress such as unemployment, divorce or death in a family may considerably increase hair loss. Losses of long-standing are seldom recovered.

Causes: hormone deficiency (Agnus Castus) in females, where it may be associated with failing thyroid or ovarian function. In such cases, other agents include: Helonias, Motherwort, Black Haw bark. Other causes may be pregnancy, the menopause, or simply discontinuing The Pill. Certain skin diseases predispose: ringworm (Thuja), eczema (Yellow Dock), from thyroid disorder (Kelp, Blue Flag root).

Exposure to some cosmetics, excessive sunlight, strong chemicals and treatment of cancer with cytotoxic drugs may interfere with nutrition of the hair follicles. To ensure a healthy scalp a correct mineral balance is essential calling for supplementation of the diet with vitamins, selenium, zinc and silica. Yellow Dock is believed to counter toxicity of chemicals; Pleurisy root opens the pores to promote sweat and action of surface capillaries.

Baldness sometimes happens suddenly; eye-lashes or beard may be affected. Though emotional stress and a run-down condition is a frequent cause, most cases are not permanent, returning to normal with adequate treatment.

Baldness of the eyebrows alerts us to a lowered function of the thyroid gland, being an early outward sign of myxoedema. A pony-tail hair style or the wearing of a crash helmet may cause what is known as traction alopecia. Heavy coffee drinkers invariably lose hair lustre.

Soviet Research favours silica-rich plants internally and as a lotion: Horsetail, Burdock, Nettles, Bamboo gum.

Growth of hair is assisted by improving surface circulation of the scalp which is beneficial for conveying nutrients to the hair roots and facilitating drainage. Herbal vasodilators stimulate hair follicle nutrition and encourage growth: Cayenne, Pleurisy root, Black Cohosh and Prickly Ash, taken internally. A convenient way of taking Cayenne is the use of a pepper-shaker at table.

Topical. Hair rinse. 2-3 times weekly. Infusion: equal parts Yarrow, Sage and Rosemary. 1oz (30g) to 1 pint (500ml) water. Simmer gently five minutes. Allow to cool. Strain before use.

Cider vinegar – minimal success reported.

Day lotion. Liquid Extract Jaborandi half an ounce; Tincture Cantharides half an ounce; Oil Jojoba to 4oz. Shake well before use.

Oily lotion. Equal parts Olive and Eucalyptus oils.

Bay Rhum Lotion. Oil of Bay 50 drops; Olive oil half an ounce; Rum (Jamaica or other) to 4oz. Shake well before use.

Oil Rosemary: rub into hair roots.

Russian Traditional. Castor oil half an ounce; Almond oil 1oz; Oil Geranium 15 drops; Vodka to 6oz. Rub into hair roots.

Aromatherapy. To 1oz Castor oil and 1oz Olive oil add, 10 drops each – Oils Neroli, Lavender and Rosemary.

Gentian plant extract. Japanese scalp massage with extract from roots to thicken thinning hair. Some success reported.

Supplements. B-vitamins, Kelp, Silicea Biochemic salt. Zinc. Low levels of iron and zinc can cause the condition.

Note: Studies show that male occipital baldness confers a risk of heart disease, being associated with a higher total cholesterol and diastolic blood pressure than men with a full head of hair. Frontal baldness has not been found to be associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease and myocardial infarct. “It seems prudent for bald men to be specially vigorous in controlling risk factors for such conditions.” (S.M. Lesko, Journal of the American Medical Association, Feb 24, 1993, 269: 998-1003) ... hair loss

Labelling Of Herbal Products

The law requires labels to carry a full description of all ingredients. No label should bear the name of a specific disease or promote treatment for any serious disease or condition requiring consultation with a registered medical practitioner. Labels must not contravene The Medicines (Labelling and Advertising to the Public), SI 41, Regulations, 1978.

Misleading claims and the use of such words as “organic”, “wholesome”, “natural” or “biological” cannot be accepted on product labels. The Licensing Authority treats herbal manufacturers no differently than manufacturers of allopathic products for serious conditions.

The Advertising Standards Authority does not allow quotation of any medicinal claims, except where a Product Licence (PL) has been authorised by the Licensing Authority.

All labels must include: Name of product (as on Product Licence), description of pharmaceutical form (tablet, mixture etc), Product Licence No., Batch No., quantity of each active ingredient in each unit dose in metric terms; dose and directions for use; quantity in container (in metric terms); “Keep out of reach of children” or similar warning; Name and address of Product Licence Holder; expiry date (if applicable); and any other special warnings. Also to appear: excipients, method/route of administration, special storage instructions, and precautions for disposal, if any.

Where licences are granted, the following words should appear on the label of a product: “A herbal product traditionally used for the symptomatic relief of . . .”. “If symptoms persist see your doctor.” “Not to be used in pregnancy” (where applicable). “If you think you have . . . consult a registered medical practitioner before taking this product.” “If you are already receiving medical treatment, tell your doctor that you are taking this product.” These warnings are especially necessary should symptoms persist and be the start of something more serious than a self-limiting condition.

Herbal preparations should be labelled with the additives and colourings they contain, if any. This helps practitioners avoid prescribing medicines containing them to certain patients on whom they may have an adverse reaction.

Labels of medicinal products shall comply with the Medicines (Labelling) Regulations 1976 (SI 1976 No. 1726) as amended by the Medicines (Labelling) Amendment Regulations 1977 (SI 1977 No. 996), the Medicines (Labelling) Amendment Regulations 1981 (SI 1981 No. 1791) and the Medicines (Labelling) Amendment Regulations 1985 (SI 1985 No. 1558).

Leaflets issued with proprietory medicinal products shall comply with the requirements of the Medicines (Leaflets) Regulations 1977 (SI 1977 No. 1055).

See also: ADVERTISING: CODE OF PRACTICE. BRITISH HERBAL MEDICINE ASSOCIATION. ... labelling of herbal products

Crab Lice

See pubic lice.... crab lice

Encephalitis Lethargica

An epidemic form of encephalitis.

There have been no major outbreaks since the 1920s, but rare sporadic cases still occur.

Many people who survived the initial illness during the major epidemics developed post-encephalitic Parkinson’s disease.... encephalitis lethargica

Labrador Tea

St James tea. Wild Rosemary. (Ledum Latifolium, Jacq.) (Ledum Greenlandicum). German: Sumpfporst. French: Romarin sauvage. Italian: Ledone. Part used: leaves. Grows in wild damp northern places where only goats eat it and where the Swedes still drink it for gout.

Action: tonic, pectoral, diaphoretic. Expectorant.

Uses: Dyspepsia, cough, dysentery, violent itching, chest infections. Cold shivery conditions with chattering teeth. Inflamed or malignant sore throat – to cleanse and sweeten bad breath. Antidotes the effects of alcohol. Gout.

External: gnat bites and punctured wounds, (Dr Teste) bee-sting, needle-pricks leading to whitlow, body lice, (strong decoction).

Ledum palustre (Marsh tea, Wild Rosemary, Porsch), is more powerful than Ledum latifolium – for practitioner use only.

Preparation. Average dose: 1-4g.

Tea. Quarter to half a teaspoon to cup water, gently simmer 15 minutes. Dose: half-1 cup. ... labrador tea

Lady’s Mantle

Lion’s foot. Alchemilla vulgaris L. Dried herb (oral), root (topical). Keynote: bleeding.

Constituents: tannins.

Action: powerful styptic and astringent because of its high tannin content. Haemostatic. Alterative. Drying and binding. Menstrual regulator.

Uses: Excessive menstruation. Non-menstrual bleeding of the womb between periods. Children’s summer diarrhoea, colitis with bleeding. Gastric and duodenal ulcer. Children’s convulsions. (Swedish traditional)

Not used in pregnancy.

Combinations. (1) with Avens for gastritis and mucous colitis. (2) with Agnus Castus for menstrual disorders.

Preparations: Average dose: 2-4g. Thrice daily. Tea: 1-2 teaspoons to each cup boiling water; infuse 15 minutes. One cup.

Liquid extract BHP (1983) 1:1 in 25 per cent alcohol. Dose: 2-4ml.

Powdered root. Dose, 2-4g.

Vaginal douche: 2oz to 2 pints (60g to 1 litre) boiling water. Infuse 30 minutes. Inject warm for leucorrhoea, Candida, inflammation; or as a lotion for pruritus.

Decoction (roots) offer a powerful deterrant to passive bleeding. ... lady’s mantle

Lady’s Slipper

Nerve root. American Valerian. Cypripedium pubescens, Willd. German: Frauenschuh. French: Sabot de Ve?nus. Spanish: Zucco. Italian: Calceolo. Dried root and rhizome. Time- honoured North American Indian remedy. Keynote: central nervous system.

Constituents: tannin, resin.

Action: nerve relaxant, autonomic regulator, mild pain-killer, thymoleptic. A fine brain and spinal remedy and should be at the hand of every spinal manipulator. Antidote to caffeine poisoning.

Use s. Nervous excitability, insomnia, irritability, neuralgia, muscle twitching, anxiety states, schizophrenia, pressive headache, nerve tension, epilepsy, pre-menstrual tension, spermatorrhoea, post- influenzal depression, weepiness.

“Yellow Lady’s Slipper was held in big esteem by the Indians as a sedative and an antispasmodic, acting like Valerian in alleviating nervous symptoms . . . said to have proved itself in hysteria and chorea.” (Virgil Vogel)

Combinations. (1) with Oats and Skullcap for anxiety states and (2) with Hops for insomnia with depression BHP (1983).

Preparations: Average dose: 2-4g. Thrice daily.

Tea. Half-1 teaspoon to each cupful water; bring to boil; simmer 2-3 minutes in covered vessel; infuse 15 minutes. Half-1 cup.

Liquid Extract BHP (1983) 1:1 in 45 per cent alcohol. Dose: 2-4ml.

Powder. Dose, 2-4g. ... lady’s slipper

Lapacho Tree

Tabebuia avellanedae. Ipe Roxo, Pau d’arco. LaPacho herb tea. Taheebo. 1,000 year-old Inca cancer-cure. Used for centuries by the Callawaya Tribe. Still used in Bolivia, Paraguay, Brazil and the Argentine. Laprachol occurs in heartwood of some trees of the genera Tecoma and Tabebuia (N.O. Bignonaiceae). Aids immune system health. Anti-tumour. Anti-microbial. Analgesic. Anodyne. Diuretic. Antidotal. Fungicidal. Anti-fever. Anti-Candida. Anti-cancer. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-haemorrhagic. Anti-leukaemic. Indian plant C.D. shows reducible activity in Walker 256 Carcinosarcoma system in rats. Exhibits significant antitumour activity with relatively little effect on body weight. Anti-cancer experiments in human patients confirm experiments made in animals bearing malignant neoplasies. Low toxicity. Adenocarcinoma (liver, breast and prostate) and epidermoid carcinoma of womb and floor of the mouth: temporary reductions of lesions and decrease of pain. (Manoel Antonio Schmidt)

Folk history: cancer remedy (anti-mitotic action), diarrhoea, boils, leprosy, chlorosis, dysentery, eneuresis, fever, pharyngitis, snakebite, syphilis, wounds. (J.A. Duke) Large doses produce nausea and anti-coagulant tendency. Strongly commended by Professor Emeritus, Walter Accorsi, University of Sao Paulo (USP) for its therapeutic value.

Oral candidiasis: good results reported.

Decoction. 15-20g bark to 500ml (1 pint) water, gently simmered 20 minutes. 1 cup thrice daily.

Tincture. 1 part to 5 parts 60 per cent alcohol; macerate 8 days; filter. Dose: 30-60 drops thrice daily. For acute cases, dose may be doubled.

Lapacho works best taken orally.

Teabags, capsules: Rio Trading Company, Brighton, England. ... lapacho tree

Eye, Lazy

A popular term for amblyopia or a convergent squint.... eye, lazy

Groin, Lump In The

A swelling in the groin, most commonly due to enlargement of a lymph node as a result of an infection (see glands, swollen). Another common cause is a hernia. Rarely, in men, an undescended testis may be the cause (see testis, undescended). Treatment depends on the cause.... groin, lump in the

Laryngitis, Acute

 Inflammation of the vocal cords. May be associated with the common cold, influenza, and other viral or bacterial infections.

Causes: smoking, mis-use of the voice in talking or singing (Ginseng).

Symptoms: voice husky or absent (aphonia). Talking causes pain. Self-limiting.

Treatment. Stop talking for 2 days. Care is necessary: neglect or ineffective treatment may rouse infection and invade the windpipe and bronchi resulting in croup.

Differential: croup is alerted by high fever and characteristic cough, requiring hospital treatment. Alternatives. Teas: Red Sage. Garden Sage. Thyme, wild or garden.

Effective combination: equal parts, Sage and Raspberry leaves. Used also as a gargle.

Tablets/capsules. Poke root. Lobelia. Iceland Moss.

Cinnamon. Tincture, essence or oil of: 3-5 drops in teaspoon honey.

Horseradish. 1oz freshly scraped root to steep in cold water for two hours. Add 2 teaspoons runny honey. Dose: 2-3 teaspoons every two hours.

Topical. Equal parts water/cider vinegar cold pack round throat. Renew when dry.

Traditional: “Rub soles of the feet with Garlic and lard well-beaten together, overnight. Hoarseness gone in the morning.” (John Wesley) Friar’s balsam.

Aromatherapy. Steam inhalations. Oils: Bergamot, Eucalyptus, Niaouli, Geranium, Lavender, Sandalwood.

Diet. Three-day fruit fast.

Supplements. Daily. Vitamin A (7500iu). Vitamin C (1 gram thrice daily). Beta carotene 200,000iu. Zinc 25mg. ... laryngitis, acute

Laryngitis, Chronic

 The main symptom is hoarseness or loss of voice from malfunction of the vocal cords by disease, stroke, stress, or nerve disorder. Pain on speaking. “Raw throat.”

Constitutional disturbance: fever, malaise.

Many causes, including: drugs, drinking spirits. Gross mis-use of voice (singing or talking) may produce nodules (warts) on the cords. The smoker has inflammatory changes. Nerve paralysis in the elderly. Carcinoma of the larynx. Voice changes during menstruation are associated with hormonal changes (Agnus Castus). Professional singers, members of choirs benefit from Irish Moss, Iceland Moss, Slippery Elm or Poke root.

Alternatives. Cayenne, Caraway seed, Balm of Gilead, Lungwort, Queen’s Delight, Thyme, Wild Indigo, Marsh Cudweed, Mullein, Marshmallow.

For most infections: Equal parts, Tinctures Goldenseal and Myrrh: 3-5 drops in water 3-4 times daily; use also as a spray or gargle.

Tea. Formula. Equal parts: Mullein, Marshmallow root, Liquorice. 2 teaspoons to each cup water brought to boil; vessel removed on boiling. Drink freely.

Practitioner. Combine equal parts: Senega, Ipecacuanha and Squills (all BP). 5-10 drops thrice daily in water. Also gargle.

Poke root. Reliable standby. Decoction, tablets/capsules. Tincture: dose, 5-10 drops thrice daily in water or honey.

Topical. Aromatherapy. Steam inhalations. Oils: Bergamot, Eucalyptus, Niaouli, Geranium, Lavender, Sandalwood. Any one.

Diet. Slippery Elm gruel. Salt-free. Avoid fried foods.

Supplements. Daily. Vitamin A (7500iu). Vitamin C (1 gram thrice daily).

To prevent voice damage. The voice should not be strained by talking too much, shouting or singing – especially with a cold. Try not to cough or keep clearing the throat but instead, swallow firmly. Do not whisper – it will strain the voice.

A common cause of laryngitis is growth of a nodule, cyst or polyp on the vocal cords. They are visible on use of an endoscope. There are two vocal cords which, in speech, come together and vibrate like a reed in a musical instrument. In formation of a nodule they cannot meet, air escapes and the voice becomes hoarse. Relaxation technique.

Where the condition lasts for more than 4 weeks an ENT specialist should be consulted. ... laryngitis, chronic

Legionnaire’s Disease

Non-contagious acute infection affecting the mucous membrane of the lungs. A form of pneumonia, caused by the organism Legionella pneumophilla.

Onset: 2-10 days.

Sources of infection: water-cooling and air-conditioning plants, Aerosols.

Usually attacks those with existing lung weakness. Those with low natural resistance and smokers are most at risk. Epidemic or single cases. Diagnosis confirmed by Haematological laboratory.

Symptoms. High body temperature (above 39°C). Rigor. Shivering. Diarrhoea. Dry cough. Bleeding from stomach and intestines. Mental confusion. Chest pains, shortness of breath, occasional diarrhoea. Differential diagnosis. Glandular fever. Other forms of pneumonia.

Indicated: anti-microbials and expectorants.

Treatment. Formula. Pleurisy root 2; Echinacea root 2; Grindelia quarter. Dose – Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon). Liquid extracts: one 5ml teaspoon. Tinctures: two 5ml teaspoons. Every 3 hours. Take together with:–

Fenugreek tea. 2 heaped teaspoons seeds to each cup water simmered gently 10 minutes. Drink freely 1 cup. Seeds should be swallowed.

Enema. Strong Yarrow tea enema to control bowel bleeding. ... legionnaire’s disease

Human Leukocyte Antigen

(HLA) A type of protein belonging to the group known as histocompatibility antigens, which play a role in the immune system.... human leukocyte antigen

Intestinal Lipodystrophy

See Whipple’s disease.... intestinal lipodystrophy

Labile

A term meaning unstable or likely to undergo change.... labile

Lactase Deficiency

A condition in which there is an absence of lactase, an enzyme that breaks down lactose (milk sugar), in the cells of the small intestine.

Lactase deficiency results in a reduced ability to digest lactose, also known as lactose intolerance.

The condition may be permanent, or may occur temporarily after gastroenteritis, particularly in young children.

Symptoms include abdominal cramps, bloating, flatulence, and diarrhoea, all of which are caused by the laxative effect of the undigested sugar in the intestines.

Treatment is with a lactose-free diet.... lactase deficiency

Licencing Of Herbal Remedies – Exemptions From

There are remedies that may be manufactured or assembled by any person carrying on a business or practice provided he or she is occupier of the premises which are closed to exclude the general public. The person (i.e. practitioner) supplies or sells the remedy to a particular person (i.e. patient) having been requested by or on behalf of that person and in that person’s presence to use his/her own judgement as to treatment.

Anyone may administer a herbal product to a human being, except by injection. Under Section 12 of the Medicines Act 1968, any remedy may be sold or supplied which only specifies the plant and the process. The remedy shall be called by no other name. This applies to the process producing the remedy consisting only of drying, crushing and comminuting. It must be sold without any written recommendation for use.

Those who have a manufacturer’s licence, or who notify the Enforcement Authority (the Secretary of State and the Pharmaceutical Society) can sell dried, crushed or comminuted herbs which have also been subjected to certain other limited processes (tablet-making, etc) but not those herbs contained in the Schedule to the Medicines (Retail Sale or Supply of Herbal Remedies) Order 1977 (SI 1977 No.2130).

This Schedule has three parts.

Part 1 contains substances that may only be sold by retail at registered pharmacies under the supervision of a pharmacist.

Part 2 refers to remedies that can be sold only in a registered pharmacy. There is, however, an important exception, as follows.

Part 3 contains a list of considered toxic herbs. A practitioner can prescribe all remedies that a shopkeeper can sell. He may also prescribe and sell remedies on Part 3 of the Schedule which a shopkeeper cannot. Such supply must be in premises closed to the public and subject to a clear and accurate indication of maximum dosage and strength. These remedies are as follows:... licencing of herbal remedies – exemptions from

Life Drops

A combination of tinctures devised to stimulate a healthy reaction from the major organs of the body. For promoting body warmth in winter; mobilising resources to fight off colds, chills, or threatening infection. When the fires of life burn low, a few drops in a cup of tea has power to revive and rouse the vital force.

Ingredients: Tincture Capsicum fort 70 per cent, (general stimulant). Ess Menth Pip 20 per cent (stomach and intestines). Tincture Elder flowers 5 per cent (to promote vigorous peripheral circulation). Tincture Cola vera 2 per cent (to activate brain cells). Tincture Hawthorn (or Cactus grand) 3 per cent (to sustain the heart).

Formula: Edgar G. Jones MNIMH ... life drops

Life Force, The.

The spirit of the body concerned with life and survival. An extension of the spirit of the Creator in the human body. The intelligence and power behind the immune system.

A weak immune system, with little ability to withstand infection or injury, may be genetic in origin. May be acquired by faulty diet, chemicalised food and medicine, antibiotics, vaccines, and steroid drugs that exhaust the glandular system.

The Life Force can be sustained by a diet of wholefoods, organically grown vegetables and an absence of chemicals in medicine, food and environment. It is safe-guarded by a relaxed life-style which predisposes to a balanced personality capable of meeting the stresses of modern living with equanimity and self-possession. Only the spirit can restore. It is the work of the practitioner to aid in its work. ... life force, the.

Lance

To incise using a lancet or a surgical scalpel.... lance

Language Disorders

Problems affecting the ability to communicate and/or comprehend the spoken and/or written word (see speech; speech disorders).... language disorders

Lanugo Hair

Fine, soft, downy hair that covers a fetus. Lanugo hair first appears in the 4th or 5th month of gestation and usually disappears by the 9th month. It can still be seen in some premature babies. Lanugo hair sometimes reappears in adults who have cancer. It may also occur in those with anorexia nervosa or be a side effect of certain drugs, especially ciclosporin.... lanugo hair

Life Root

Squaw weed. Senecio aureus L. Dried herb. Keynote: menopause.

Constituents: sesquiterpenes, pyrrolizidine alkaloids.

Action: Tonic for relaxed womb, emmenagogue, astringent, mild expectorant.

Uses: Hot flushes of the menopause with nervous instability. Absent, painful or profuse menstruation. Ovarian pain. Stone, gravel. Diarrhoea. Bleeding from mucous surfaces. Prostatitis.

Combinations: with Motherwort for suppressed menses. With Oats for menopause. Preparations. Average dose: 1-4 grams. Thrice daily.

Tea: half-2 teaspoons to cup boiling water; infuse 15 minutes. Dose: half-1 cup. Liquid Extract. Half-1 teaspoon, in water.

Powder: 1-4 grams.

Not now used internally. ... life root

Lily Of The Valley

May Lily. Convallaria majalis L. German: Lilienkonvallen. French: Muguet. Spanish: Lirio de los valles. Italian: Mughetto. Keynote: heart. Part used: dried leaves. The herbalist’s “digitalis”. Practitioner use only. In official use in Russia for heart conditions where it is used in place of digitalis, but at a low dosage. Similar action on the heart as digitalis. (Martindale 27th edn., p.489) Specific action on heart muscle alone.

Constituents: cardioactive glycosides, flavonoid glycosides.

Action: increases force of the heart, regularises the beat for distension of the ventricles. Restores an irritable heart. Increases size and strength of the pulse; slows down a rapid feeble pulse; restores regular deep breathing. Is a secondary diuretic which eliminates fluid retained in the tissues (oedema), leaving no depression or depletion of potassium. Cardiac stimulant. Mild gastric tonic.

Uses: Left ventricular failure, mitral insufficiency, sense that “the chest is held in a vice”. Congestive heart failure, endocarditis, cardiac dropsy with swollen ankles, cardiac asthma, renal hypertension. Effective in painful and silent ischaemic episodes. Bradycardia.

Combines well with Motherwort and Selenicereus grandiflorus for heart disease BHP (1983). With Echinacea and Poke root for endocarditis. Never combine with Gotu Kola. (Dr John Heinerman, Texas, USA)

Preparations: Maximum dose: 150mg dried leaf. Thrice daily.

Tea: 1 teaspoon shredded leaves to each cup water gently simmered 10 minutes. One-third of a cup. Liquid Extract BPC 1934: dose: 0.3-0.6ml (5 to 10 drops).

Tincture BHP (1983): 1:5 in 40 per cent alcohol; dose – 0.5 to 1ml (8 to 15 drops).

Juice. Fresh leaves passed through a juicer. 3-5 drops thrice daily.

Contra-indicated in high blood pressure. Sale: Pharmacy Only. ... lily of the valley

Lime Flowers

Tilia platyphyllos Scop. Tilia cordata Mill. German: Lindenbaum. French: Tilleul. Spanish: Tilo. Italian: Tiglio. Part used: dried flowers.

Constituents: volatile oil, mucilage, tannins, phenolic acids, flavonoids.

Action: antispasmodic, diaphoretic, diuretic, sedative, hypotensive, anticoagulant, anxielytic, immune enhancer. One of the few herbs with very low tannin content. Tannins present in ordinary tea inhibit true protein digestibility thus favouring Lime, or Linden tree flowers for efficient digestion.

Uses: Headache from high blood pressure. Hardening of the arteries. Nervous excitability, hysteria, insomnia. Once had a reputation for reducing severity of epileptic attacks. Teabag or loose-leaf infusion is a substitute for caffeine drinks in coronary heart disease and arterial complaints (temporal arteritis). To aid digestion. Muscular weakness of the eyes.

For relief of early stages of influenza, colds, and fevers of childhood (Lime blossom tea drunk hot and freely). Combines well with Lemon Balm to reduce nerve tension.

Preparations: Average dose: 2-4g dried flowers or equivalent. Thrice daily.

Tea: 1 teaspoon to each cup or, 1oz to 1 pint boiling water; infuse 10 minutes; dose, 1 cup. Teabags available.

Liquid Extract: 1:1, in 25 per cent alcohol. Dose 2-4ml in water.

Home tincture: 1 part to 5 parts white wine (25 per cent) alcohol. Macerate 8 days, shake daily. Decant. 4-8 teaspoons.

An ingredient of blood pressure mixtures. ... lime flowers

Linseed

Flaxseed. Linum usitatissimum L. German: Flachs. French: Lin. Italian: Lino usuale. Chinese: Hu-ma-esze. Indian: Tesimosina. Arabian: Bazen. Part used: oil from the seeds (Linseed oil), seeds.

Constituents: oil, mucilage, protein.

Action: demulcent, emollient, anti-cough, nutrient body-builder, antispasmodic (stomach and bowel). Source of polyunsaturated fatty acids, mucins and minerals. Expectorant. Bulk laxative and bowel lubricant. Rich in linoleic acid for breaking down cholesterol deposits, and to produce specific types of prostaglandins. Linseed is around six times richer in Omega-3 (the polyunsaturate present in fish oil) than most fish.

Uses: Its healing mucilage is beneficial for inflammation of the digestive and respiratory tracts, and of the gall duct. To soothe irritable mucous membranes. Spasmodic cough, bronchial asthma, bronchitis. To reduce the risk of atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Heart disease. Persistent constipation.

Preparations: Average dose: 3-6 grams or equivalent. Thrice daily.

Tea: 2-3 teaspoons to cupful boiling water; infuse 15 minutes. Drink without filtering, with honey for sweetening if necessary. One-third-1 cup.

Cold tea for stomach disorders: Half a teaspoon crushed Linseed to cup water soaked overnight. Drink next morning. Heat if desired.

Tincture: 1-2 teaspoons in water.

Poultice: Crushed seeds. Half fill small muslin bag with seeds; immerse in boiling water until swollen seeds fill the bag; apply to abscesses, boils, or to relieve chest pain.

Linseed oil. An ingredient of liniments for burns and scalds.

Linusit: organically cultivated golden Linseed.

Diet: 3 tablespoons crushed Flaxseed daily ensures adequate supply of Omega-3 fatty acids, sprinkled on breakfast cereal, or as an ingredient of muesli. Also increase fluid intake.

Capsules. Emulsified Linseed oil. 1,000mg organic cold-pressed Linseed oil: 1-5 daily. (Bio-Care) LION CLEANSING HERBS. Elder leaf 8 per cent, Fennel 18 per cent, Frangula 8 per cent, Ispaghula 8 percent, Mate 8 per cent, Senna leaf 50 per cent. Non-persistent constipation. (Potter’s) ... linseed

Laryngeal Nerve

One of a pair of nerves that carry instructions from the brain to the larynx and send sensations from the larynx to the brain.... laryngeal nerve

Lipodermatosclerosis

Post phlebitis. An important fore-runner to leg ulceration without resolution of which an ulcer may reappear indefinitely. A condition due to pressure on the vascular system which causes deposition of excess fibrin in the capillaries and veins which arrests the circulation of oxygen and nutrients to the skin.

Symptoms. Those of a prelude to ulceration: eczema, pigmentation, pain.

Treatment. Aim should be (1) to reduce internal pressure on the veins and (2) to resolve deposition of fibrin.

Alternatives. Teas: Alfalfa, Nettles, Plantain. Brigham tea, Clivers, Bladderwrack.

Capsules: Evening Primrose oil (4 × 500mg) daily.

Tablets/capsules. Fucus (Bladderwrack). Motherwort. Chlorophyll, Rutin.

Formula. Equal parts: Dandelion and Burdock: add pinch or few drops Cayenne. Powders: half a teaspoon. Liquid Extracts: 2 teaspoons. Tinctures: 2-3 teaspoons. In water, thrice daily before meals. Topical. Graduated elastic stocking compression reduces tension on veins and prevents further deposition of fibrin. Juice, gels, or oils:– Aloe Vera, Houseleek, Evening Primrose, Comfrey, Chickweed, Zinc and Castor oil. ... lipodermatosclerosis

Liquid Extract (l. E.)

Fluid Extract (F.E.). The most concentrated form in which a herbal medicine can be prepared. Stronger than a tincture. Almost all liquid extracts contain alcohol. Made by a number of methods including cold percolation, evaporation by heat, or under pressure. A popular commercial form of administering herbs as a medicine. Usually taken in water.

Strength: “One part by volume of liquid is equal to 1 part by weight of herb.” Thus, one ounce of fluid is equal to one ounce of crude material. For instance, 1oz Stone root liquid extract would have the same therapeutic potency as 1oz Stone root.

In the making of liquid extracts there is often a loss of valuable volatile constituents which is believed to reduce efficacy of a plant. For this reason tinctures are becoming popular among practitioners. Dosage of L.E.s may vary from 5 to 60 drops according to the plant. For instance, the maximum dosage of Goldenseal is 15, Black Cohosh 30, and Yarrow 60 drops. A general average would appear to be 15-60 drops, though a practitioner would be more specific. The bottle should be shaken vigorously before use to remix any natural sediment.

One millilitre = 15 drops. One teaspoonful = 5ml (5 millilitres) or 75 drops liquid medicine. For liquid medicines, always use medicine glass graduated in millilitres, or standard dropper. ... liquid extract (l. e.)

Liquorice Root

The universal herb. Sweet root. Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Shredded or powdered dried root. Long history for strength and long life in Chinese medicine. Sweet of the Pharoahs of Ancient Egypt. Carried by armies of Alexander to allay thirst and as a medicine.

Constituents: volatile oil, coumarins, chalcones, triterpenes, flavonoids.

Action: demulcent expectorant, glycogenconservor, anti-inflammatory, mild laxative. Adrenal restorative (has glycosides remarkably similar to body steroids). ACTH-like activity on adrenal cortex (Simon Mills). Female hormone properties (Science Digest). Regulates salt and water metabolism (Medicina, Moscow, 1965). Anti-stress. Anti-ulcer. Antiviral. Increases gastric juices up to 25 per cent, without altering pH. Aldosterone-like effect. Liver protective. Anti-depressive.

Use s. Adrenal insufficiency – sodium-retention properties suitable for Addison’s disease. Hypoglycaemia. Peptic ulcer – reduces gastric juice secretion. Inflamed stomach. Mouth ulcer. Duodenal ulcer. Respiratory infections: dry cough, hoarseness, bronchitis, lung troubles, catarrh. Tuberculosis (Chinese traditional). In the absence of more effective remedies of value in food poisoning. To prevent urinary tract infections.

Combinations: with Iceland Moss for wasting and cachexia to nourish and increase weight; with Lobelia for asthma and bronchitis: with Raspberry leaves for the menopause; with Comfrey for dental caries.

“Liquorice is recorded as a cancer remedy in many countries.” (J.L. Hartwell, Lloydia, 33, 97. 1970) Preparations. Average dose: 1-5 grams. Thrice daily before meals.

Decoction: half-1 teaspoon to each cup water, simmer 15 minutes. Half-1 cup.

Liquid Extract: 1:1. Dose: 2-5ml.

Sticks: for chewing.

Powdered root: 750mg (three 00 capsules or half a teaspoon).

Diet: Pontefract cakes – use in kitchen for adrenal failure; because of their sodium-retaining properties may be taken as sweets without added sugar. Low salt when taken.

Contra-indicated: In pregnancy, cirrhosis (liver) and in the presence of digitalis.

Note: If over-consumed may result in low potassium levels, high blood pressure and falls in renin and aldosterone. Where taken for a long period, increase intake of potassium-rich foods. May cause fluid retention of face and ankles which could be tolerated while primary disorder is being healed. ... liquorice root

Larynx, Cancer Of

A cancerous tumour of the larynx. The exact causes of this cancer are not known, but smoking and high alcohol consumption may be associated factors. Hoarseness is the main symptom, particularly when the tumour originates on the vocal cords. At an advanced stage, symptoms may include difficulty in breathing and swallowing, and coughing up blood.

If laryngoscopy reveals a tumour on the larynx, a biopsy is carried out.

If the tumour is small, radiotherapy or laser treatment may be used.

For unresponsive and large tumours, partial or total laryngectomy may be considered.... larynx, cancer of

Laser Treatment

Use of a laser beam in a variety of medical procedures. Highintensity laser beams cut through tissue and cause blood clotting. They can be used in surgery and to destroy abnormal blood vessels. Lasers are frequently used in ophthalmology to treat eye disorders, in gynaecology (for example, to unblock fallopian tubes), and to remove birthmarks and tattoos.... laser treatment

Laurence–biedl–moon Syndrome

A rare inherited disorder characterized by increasing obesity, retinitis pigmentosa that may lead to blindness, learning difficulties, polydactyly, and hypogonadism.

(See also genetic disorders.)... laurence–biedl–moon syndrome

Liver – Acute Infectious Hepatitis

Inflammation of the liver from virus infection. As the commonest form of liver disorder, it is often without jaundice or marked liver symptoms apart from general malaise and abdominal discomfort, ‘Gippy tummy’, ‘chill on the liver’. For feverishness, add a diaphoretic.

Treatment. Bitter herbs keep the bile fluid and flowing.

Alternatives. Teas. Agrimony, Lemon Balm, Boldo, Bogbean, Centuary, Dandelion, Hyssop, Motherwort, Wormwood, Yarrow.

Maria Treben. Equal parts: Bedstraw, Agrimony, Woodruff. 2 teaspoons to cup boiling water.

Cold tea: 2 teaspoons Barberry bark to each cup cold water. Infuse overnight. Half-1 cup freely. Tablets/capsules: Blue Flag. Dandelion. Wild Yam. Liquorice.

Formula. Equal parts: Turkey Rhubarb, Dandelion, Meadowsweet. Dose: Liquid Extracts: 1-2 teaspoons. Tinctures: 2-3 teaspoons. Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon). 3-4 times daily. Alfred Vogel. Dandelion, Devil’s Claw, Artichoke.

Antonius Musa, physician to Emperor Augustus Caesar records: “Wood Betony preserves the liver and bodies of men from infectious diseases”.

Preventative: Garlic. (Old Chinese)

Milk Thistle: good responses observed.

General. Bedrest until motions are normal. Enema with any one of above herb teas.

Diet. Fat-free. Fasting period from 1-3 days on fruit juices and herb teas only. Artichokes. Dandelion coffee. Lecithin.

See: COCKROACH, The.

Treatment by or in liaison with a general medical practitioner. ... liver – acute infectious hepatitis

Liver – Hepatitis, Chronic

Term referring to hepatitis where the condition is the result of acute attacks of more than six months duration.

Causes: alcohol excess, drugs (Paracetamol prescribed for those who cannot tolerate aspirin), autoimmune disease, toxaemia, environmental poisons. Clinically latent forms are common from carbon monoxide poisoning. May lead to cirrhosis.

Symptoms. Jaundice, nausea and vomiting, inertia.

Treatment. Bile must be kept moving.

Alternatives:– Decoction. Formula. Milk Thistle 2; Yellow Dock 1; Boldo 1. 1 heaped teaspoon to each cup water gently simmered 20 minutes. Half-1 cup thrice daily.

Formula. Barberry bark 1; German Chamomile 2. Dose: Liquid Extracts: 2 teaspoons. Tinctures: 2-3 teaspoons. Powders: 750mg (three capsules or half a teaspoon) thrice daily.

Tablets/capsules. Blue Flag root. Goldenseal.

Astragalus. Popular liver tonic in Chinese medicine. A liver protective in chemotherapy.

Diet. Fat-free. Dandelion coffee. Artichokes. Lecithin.

Supplements. B-vitamins, B12, Zinc.

Treatment by or in liaison with a general medical practitioner. ... liver – hepatitis, chronic

Lavage, Gastric

Washing out the stomach with water, usually to remove toxins.... lavage, gastric

Laxative Drugs

A group of drugs used to treat constipation.

There are various types.

Bulk-forming laxatives increase the volume and softness of faeces and make them easier to pass.

Stimulant laxatives stimulate the intestinal wall to contract and speed up the elimination of faeces.

Lubricant laxatives soften and facilitate the passage of faeces.

Osmotic laxatives increase the water content and volume of the faeces.

If used in excess, laxative drugs may cause diarrhoea, abdominal cramps, and flatulence, and may impair normal bowel function.... laxative drugs

Learning

The process by which knowledge or abilities are acquired, or behaviour is modified. Various theories about learning have been proposed. Behavioural theories emphasize the role of conditioning, and cognitive theories are based on the concept that learning occurs through the building of abstract “cognitive” models, using mental capacities such as intelligence, memory, insight, and understanding.... learning

Liver – Hepatitis B

Regarded as more serious than Hepatitis A. A main symptom is a flu-like illness followed by jaundice. Transmitted sexually, blood transfusion or by infected blood as from contaminated needles used by drug abusers. It is the first human virus to be identified with cancer in man. High mortality rate.

Symptoms: nausea and vomiting, fever, dark urine, loss of appetite, skin irritation, yellow discoloration of the skin and whites of eyes, weakness and fatigue.

Treatment. Internal. Silymarin (active principle of Milk Thistle) has been used with good responses. (R.L. Devault & W. Rosenbrook, (1973), Antibiotic Journal, 26;532)

Wormwood tea. 1-2 teaspoons herb to each cup boiling water in a covered vessel. Infuse 10-15 minutes: 1 cup thrice daily.

Formula. Equal parts: Balmony, Valerian, Wild Yam. Dose: Liquid Extracts: 1-2 teaspoons. Tinctures: 1- 3 teaspoons. Powders: 750mg (three 00 capsules or half a teaspoon) thrice daily.

Astragalus. Popular liver protective used in Chinese medicine.

Phyllanthus amarus. Clinical trials on 78 carriers of the virus revealed that this plant effectively eliminated the virus from the body in 59 per cent of cases. Treatment consisted of 200mg dried powdered herb (whole plant minus the roots) in capsules, thrice daily for 30 days). (Thyagarajan, S.P., et al “Effect of Phyllanthus amarus on Chronic Carriers of Hepatitis B Virus.” The Lancet, Oct. 1988 2:764-766) External. Castor oil packs for two months.

Treatment by or in liaison with a general medical practitioner. ... liver – hepatitis b

Liver – Cirrhosis

A disease of the liver with hardened and fibrotic patches. Scar tissue obstructs the flow of blood through the liver, back pressure causing damage. As they wear out liver cells are not renewed.

Causes: damage from gall-stones, aftermath of infections, drugs; the commonest is alcohol. Usually made up of three factors: toxaemia (self-poisoning), poor nutrition, infective bacteria or virus.

Symptoms. Loss of appetite, dyspepsia, low grade fever, nosebleeds, lethargy, spidery blood vessels on face, muscular weakness, jaundice, loss of sex urge, redness of palms of hands, unable to lie on left side. Mechanical pressure may cause dropsy and ascites. Alcohol-induced cirrhosis correlates with low phospholipid levels.

Treatment. Bitter herbs are a daily necessity to keep the bile fluid and flowing. Among other agents, peripheral vaso-dilators are indicated. Regulate bowels.

Teas. Balmony, Milk Thistle, Boldo, Bogbean. Dandelion coffee. Barberry tea (cold water). Tablets/capsules. Calamus, Blue Flag, Wild Yam.

Formula. Wahoo 2; Wild Yam 1; Blue Flag root 1. Dose: Liquid Extracts: one 5ml teaspoon. Tinctures: two 5ml teaspoons. Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon). Thrice daily.

Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum). Based on its silymarin contents: 70-210mg, thrice daily.

Practitioner. For pain. Tincture Gelsemium: 5-10 drops in water when necessary.

Enema. Constipation may be severe for which warm water injection should be medicated with few drops Tincture Myrrh.

Diet. High protein, high starch, low fat. Reject alcohol. Accept: Dandelion coffee, artichokes, raw onion juice, turmeric as a table spice.

Lecithin. Soy-derived lecithin to antidote alcohol-induced cirrhosis. (Study: Bronx Veterans Affairs Medical Center & Mount Sinai Hospital School of Medicine, New York City)

Supplements. B-complex, B12, C (1g), K, Magnesium, Zinc.

Treatment by or in liaison with a general medical practitioner or gastro-enterologist. ... liver – cirrhosis

Liver – Congestion

Non-inflammatory simple passive congestion is usually secondary to congestive heart failure, injury, or other disorders.

Symptoms: headache, vomiting of bile, depression, furred tongue, poor appetite, lethargy, sometimes diarrhoea. Upper right abdomen tender to touch due to enlargement, pale complexion.

BHP (1983) recommends: Fringe Tree, Wahoo, Goldenseal, Blue Flag, Butternut bark, Boldo, Black root. Treatment. Treat the underlying cause, i.e. heart or chest troubles. Bitter herbs.

Alternatives:– Teas. Balmony, Bogbean, Centuary. 1 heaped teaspoon to each cup boiling water infused 15 minutes. Half-1 cup 3 or more times daily.

Decoction. Dandelion and Burdock roots. Mix. One teaspoon to large cup water simmered gently 20 minutes. Cup 2-3 times daily.

Tablets/capsules. Blue Flag, Goldenseal, Wild Yam.

Formula. Dandelion 2; Wahoo 1; Meadowsweet 1; Cinnamon 1. Dose: Liquid Extracts: 1-2 teaspoons. Tinctures: 1-3 teaspoons. Powders: 750mg (three 00 capsules or half a teaspoon) thrice daily.

Alfred Vogel recommends: Barberry bark, Centuary, Boldo, St John’s Wort, St Mary’s Thistle, Sarsaparilla.

Epsom salt baths (hot) to promote elimination of impurities through the skin.

Diet. Fat-free. Dandelion coffee. Artichokes. Lecithin. ... liver – congestion

Legionnaires’ Disease

A form of pneumonia that is caused by LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA, a bacterium that breeds in warm, moist conditions. The source of infection is often an air-conditioning system in a large, public building.

The first symptoms include headache, muscular and abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and a dry cough.

Over the next few days, pneumonia develops, resulting in a high fever, shaking chills, coughing up of thick sputum (phlegm), drowsiness, and sometimes delirium.

Treatment is with the antibiotic drug erythromycin.... legionnaires’ disease

Lens Dislocation

Displacement of the crystalline lens from its normal position in the eye. Lens dislocation is almost always caused by an injury that ruptures the fibres connecting the lens to the ciliary body. In Marfan’s syndrome, these fibres are particularly weak and lens dislocation is common.A dislocated lens may produce severe visual distortion or double vision, and sometimes causes a form of glaucoma if drainage of fluid from the front of the eye is affected. If glaucoma is severe, the lens may need to be removed. (See also aphakia.)... lens dislocation

Liver – Fatty

Destruction of normal liver cells and their replacement by fat.

Causes: obesity; environmental chemicals, toxins from fevers (influenza, etc).

Alternatives. Teas. Boldo, Clivers, Motherwort, Chaparral. One heaped teaspoon to each cup boiling water infused 15 minutes. 1 cup freely.

Tablets/capsules. Seaweed and Sarsaparilla.

Formula. Fringe Tree 2; Clivers 1; Bladderwrack (fucus) 1. Dose: Liquid Extracts: 1 teaspoon. Tinctures: 1-2 teaspoons. Powders: 750mg (three 00 capsules or half a teaspoon) thrice daily.

Cider Vinegar. 2-3 teaspoons to glass water. Drink freely.

Evening Primrose oil. 4 × 500mg capsules daily.

Diet. Fat-free. Dandelion coffee. Artichokes.

Supplementation. Vitamin B6. C. K. Zinc. Kelp. ... liver – fatty

Liver – Injuries

As bleeding cannot be ruled out, no time should be lost seeking hospital treatment.

An immediate surgical repair may be necessary. However, there are ways in which healing can be speeded and body defences sustained. The following promote healing: Fringe Tree being most relevant. To prevent infection it should be combined with Echinacea (anti-microbial).

Alternatives. Teas. Comfrey, Horsetail, Marigold, St John’s Wort, Plantain.

Decoction. Equal parts: Fringe Tree bark; Echinacea root. 1 heaped teaspoon to each large cup water simmered gently 20 minutes. Half-1 cup or as much as tolerated, every 2 hours.

Tinctures. Equal parts: Milk Thistle, Echinacea root. 20-60 drops in water every 2 hours.

Castor oil packs. Applied over liver area. ... liver – injuries

Lung Weakness

There is no reason why lung weakness of childhood should not, in later life, resolve into vigorous respiration. However, some cases present a life-long hazard, arresting full development and reducing the body’s ability to defend itself. To strengthen alveolar tissue, allay infection and enhance respiratory function a good pectoral may ensure against future disorders of lungs, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles.

Tablets/capsules. Iceland Moss.

Decoction. Irish Moss.

Tea. Combine equal parts, Comfrey, White Horehound, Liquorice. 1 heaped teaspoon to each cup water simmered gently 1 minute. Dose: half-1 cup morning and evening. Pinch Cayenne improves.

Potential benefits of Comfrey for this condition outweigh risk. ... lung weakness

Lungwort

Pulmonaria officinalis L. Lobaria pulmonaria L. Lichen. Leaves bear a resemblance to the human lung – see: DOCTRINE OF SIGNATURES. So-named because of its traditional use for tuberculosis. Keynote: upper respiratory organs.

Constituents: palmitic acid, linoleic acid, tannins, ergosterol, saponin.

Action: expectorant, demulcent astringent, haemostatic, orexigenic, antibiotic (mild).

Uses: asthma, laryngitis, sore throat, children’s dry cough, whooping cough, haemoptysis, nasal catarrh, bronchitis.

External: open wounds – to avoid infection.

Combinations. With Coltsfoot and White Horehound for TB cough. With Ephedra for difficult breathing. Preparations. Average dose: 2-4g. Thrice daily. Tea: 1 teaspoon to each cup boiling water; infuse 15 minutes; dose: one-third-1 cup. Or may be boiled in milk.

Liquid Extract BHP (1983): 1:1 in 25 per cent alcohol. Dose: 2-4ml.

Balm of Gilead Cough Mixture. ... lungwort

Leukaemia, Chronic Lymphocytic

A type of leukaemia caused by proliferation of mature lymphocytes. Although it is incurable, the disease is not always fatal. The cause is unknown.

Symptoms develop slowly, often over many years. As well as symptoms and signs common to acute forms of leukaemia (see leukaemia, acute), there may be enlargement of the liver and spleen, persistent raised temperature, and night sweats. Diagnosis is by blood tests and a bone marrow biopsy. In many mild cases, no treatment is needed. To treat severe cases, anticancer drugs are given, sometimes with radiotherapy.... leukaemia, chronic lymphocytic

Leukocyte

Any type of white blood cell.... leukocyte

Leukodystrophies

A rare group of inherited childhood diseases in which the myelin sheaths that form a protective covering around many nerves are destroyed. These diseases cause severely disabling conditions, such as impaired speech, blindness, deafness, and paralysis, and are always fatal.... leukodystrophies

Leukorrhoea

See vaginal discharge.... leukorrhoea

Olive Leaves

Olea europea L. Other names: see OLIVE.

Action: hypoglycaemic, hypotensive, diuretic, antispasmodic (mild), astringent diuretic, febrifuge, vulnerary, vasodilator, cholagogue.

Uses: To dilate coronary arteries and improve circulation of blood through the heart. Moderately high blood pressure. Infection of the urinary tract. Nephritis. To lower blood sugar – diabetes. To facilitate passage of gall-stones.

Preparations: Thrice daily.

Tea. 20-30g in 500ml (1 pint) boiling water; infuse 20 minutes. Dose: half-1 cup.

Decoction. 50-60g in 500ml water, gently simmer 10 minutes; stand 20 minutes. Dose:quarter to half a cup.

Powder, capsules: 210mg, 2 capsules. (Arkocaps) ... olive leaves

Anaesthesia, Local

Loss of sensation induced in a limited region of the body to prevent pain during examinations, diagnostic or treatment procedures, and surgical operations. Local anaesthesia is produced by the administration of drugs that temporarily interrupt the action of pain-carrying nerve fibres.

Local anaesthetics applied topically before injections or blood tests include sprays and skin creams and ointments.

These are often used for children.

For minor surgical procedures, such as stitching of small wounds, local anaesthesia is usually produced by direct injection into the area to be treated.

To anaesthetize a large area, or when local injection would not penetrate deeply enough into body tissues, a nerve block may be used.

Nerves can also be blocked where they branch off from the spinal cord, as in epidural anaesthesia, which is widely used in childbirth, and spinal anaesthesia, which is used for surgery on the lower limbs and abdomen.

Serious reactions to local anaesthetics are uncommon.

Repeated use of topical preparations may cause allergic rashes.... anaesthesia, local

Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists

A group of antiallergy drugs, such as montelukast and zafirlukast, used to prevent symptoms of mild to moderate asthma. The drugs work by blocking the effects of leukotrienes – naturally occurring substances released in the lungs during an allergic reaction.

Because they are not bronchodilator drugs, and will not relieve an existing attack, they are usually used with bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids to reduce the frequency of attacks.

Side effects include gastrointestinal disturbances and headache.

Skin and hypersensitivity reactions may also occur.... leukotriene receptor antagonists

Levothyroxine

A synthetic version of the thyroid hormone thyroxine, used to treat hypothyroidism. Side effects, such as rapid heartbeat and tremor, may occur if the initial dose is too high.... levothyroxine

Lichen Sclerosus Et Atrophicus

A chronic skin condition of the anogenital area. The skin is scarred and white, and the anatomy of areas such as the vaginal opening or the foreskin may become distorted. Treatment is with potent topical steroid drugs.... lichen sclerosus et atrophicus

Lichen Simplex

Patches of thickened, itchy, sometimes discoloured skin, due to repeated scratching. Typical sites are the neck, wrist, elbow area, and ankles. Lichen simplex is most common in women and is often stress-related. Treatment is with oral antihistamine drugs and creams containing corticosteroid drugs, and may also involve addressing any underlying stress or anxiety.... lichen simplex

Breast Lump

Any mass, swelling, or cyst that can be felt in the breast tissue.

At least 90 per cent of lumps are noncancerous; the rest are breast cancer.

Many women have generally lumpy breasts, with the lumps more obvious in the days before a period.

Once known as fibrocystic disease or fibroadenosis, this is now considered to be a variation of normal.

Lumpy breasts do not increase the risk of developing breast cancer.

However, any new, distinct, or separate lump should be assessed by a doctor.

In a young woman, a single lump is most likely to be a fibroadenoma.

This noncancerous growth is usually round, firm, and rubbery, causes no pain, and can be moved about beneath the skin using the fingertips.

In an older woman, a lump is more likely to be a noncancerous, fluid-filled breast cyst.

Regular breast self-examination may detect any changes.

Treatment depends on the cause and type of lump.

Cysts can be drained in a simple outpatient procedure.

Other lumps can be removed surgically.... breast lump

Heart–lung Machine

A machine that temporarily takes over the function of the heart and lungs to facilitate operations such as open heart surgery, heart transplants, and heart–lung transplants.

A heart–lung machine consists of a pump (to replace the heart’s function) and an oxygenator (to replace the lung’s function). It bypasses the heart and lungs, and the heart can be stopped.

Use of a heart–lung machine tends to damage red blood cells and to cause blood clotting. These problems can be minimized, however, by the administration of heparin, an anticoagulant drug, beforehand.heart–lung transplant A procedure in which the heart and lungs of a patient are removed, and replaced with donor organs. This surgery is used to treat diseases in which the lung damage has affected the heart, or vice versa. Such diseases include cystic fibrosis, fibrosing alveolitis, and some severe congenital heart defects (see heart disease, congenital). A heart–lung machine is used to take over the function of the patient’s heart and lungs during the operation, which is no more dangerous than a heart transplant.

heart-rate The rate at which the heart contracts to pump blood around the body. Most people have a heart-rate of between 60 and 100 beats per minute at rest. This rate tends to be faster in childhood and to slow slightly with age. Very fit people may have a resting rate below 60 beats per minute.

The heart muscle responds automatically to any increase in the amount of blood returned to it from active muscles by increasing its output. During extreme exercise, heart-rate may increase to 200 contractions per minute and the output to almost 250 ml per beat.

The heart-rate is also regulated by the autonomic nervous system. The parts of this system concerned with heart action are a nucleus of nerve cells, called the cardiac centre, in the brainstem, and 2 sets of nerves (the parasympathetic and sympathetic).

At rest, the parasympathetic nerves – particularly the vagus nerve – act on the sinoatrial node to maintain a slow heart-rate. During or in anticipation of muscular activity, this inhibition lessens and the heart-rate speeds up.

Sympathetic nerves release noradrenaline, which further increases the heart-rate and force of contraction. Sympathetic activity can be triggered by fear or anger, low blood pressure, or a reduction of oxygen in the blood.

Release of adrenaline and noradrenaline by the adrenal glands also acts to increase heart-rate.

The rate and rhythm of the heart can be measured by feeling the pulse or by listening with a stethoscope; a more accurate record is provided by an ECG.

A resting heart-rate above 100 beats per minute is termed a tachycardia, and a rate below 60 beats per minute a bradycardia. (See also arrhythmia, cardiac.)... heart–lung machine

Hypoplastic Left-heart Syndrome

A very serious form of congenital heart disease (see heart disease, congenital). The baby is born with a poorly formed left ventricle, often associated with other heart defects. The aorta is malformed and blood can reach it only via a duct (the ductus arteriosus) that links the aorta to the pulmonary artery.

At birth, the baby may seem healthy. However, within a day or 2 the ductus arteriosus naturally closes off and the baby collapses, becoming pale and breathless. In most cases, hypoplastic left-heart syndrome cannot be treated surgically, and most affected babies die within a week. A few infants have been treated with heart transplants.... hypoplastic left-heart syndrome

Limb Defects

Incomplete development of one or more limbs at birth.

Limb defects are rare and may be inherited or form part of a syndrome.

In a condition called phocomelia, hands, feet, or tiny finger- or toe-buds are attached to limb stumps or grow directly from the trunk.

The sedative drug thalidomide, when taken by pregnant women, is known to have caused phocomelia in fetuses.... limb defects

Limp

An abnormal pattern of walking in which the movements of one leg (or of the hip on one side of the body) are different from those of the other. A limp in a child should always be seen within 24 hours as it may result from a hip problem that requires treatment.... limp

Lipectomy, Suction

A type of body contour surgery in which excess fat is sucked out through a small skin incision.... lipectomy, suction

Lipid Disorders

Metabolic disorders that result in abnormal amounts of lipids (fats) in the body.

The most common lipid disorders are the hyperlipidaemias, which are characterized by high levels of lipids in the blood and can cause atherosclerosis and pancreatitis.

There are also some very rare lipid disorders due solely to heredity, such as Tay–Sachs disease.... lipid disorders

Lipid-lowering Drugs

A group of drugs used to treat hyperlipidaemia.

These drugs help to prevent, or slow the progression of, severe atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease.

The most commonly used types are statins and fibrates.... lipid-lowering drugs

Lipids

A general term for fats and oils. Lipids include triglycerides (simple fats), phospholipids (important constituents of cell membranes and nerve tissue), and sterols, such as cholesterol.... lipids

Induction Of Labour

Use of artificial means to initiate childbirth when the health of the mother or baby would be at risk if pregnancy continued. The most common reason for inducing labour is that the pregnancy has continued past the estimated delivery date, which increases the chance of complications during childbirth. Other reasons for inductionare pre-eclampsia, Rhesus incompatibility, or intrauterine growth retardation. Different methods of induction are used, depending on the stage of labour: a prostaglandin pessary may be inserted into the vagina to encourage the cervix to open; if the cervix is already open, the membranes containing the fetus may be ruptured; or the hormone oxytocin may be given intravenously to stimulate uterine contractions. industrial diseases See occupational disease and injury.

infant A term usually applied to a baby up to the age of 12 months.... induction of labour

Learning Difficulties

Problems with learning, which result from a range of mental and physical problems.

Learning difficulties may be either general or specific.

In general learning difficulties, all aspects of mental and physical functioning may be affected.

Depending on the severity of the problem, a child with general learning difficulties may need to be educated in a special school.

Specific learning difficulties include dyslexia, dyscalculia (the inability to solve mathematical problems), and dysgraphia (writing disorders).

Causes of learning difficulties include deafness, speech disorders, and disorders of vision, as well as genetic and chromosomal problems.... learning difficulties

Leukaemia, Acute

A type of leukaemia in which excessive numbers of immature white blood cells called blasts are produced in the bone marrow. If untreated, acute leukaemia can be fatal within a few weeks or months. The abnormal cells may be of 2 types: lymphoblasts (immature lymphocytes) in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, and myeloblasts (immature forms of other types of white cell) in acute myeloblastic leukaemia.

Exposure to certain chemicals (such as benzene and some anticancer drugs) or high levels of radiation may be a cause in some cases. Inherited factors may also play a part; there is increased incidence in people with certain genetic disorders (such as Fanconi’s anaemia) and chromosomal abnormalities (such as Down’s syndrome). People with blood disorders such as chronic myeloid leukaemia (see leukaemia, chronic myeloid) and primary polycythaemia are at increased risk, as their bone marrow is already abnormal.

The symptoms and signs of acute leukaemia include bleeding gums, easy bruising, headache, bone pain, enlarged lymph nodes, and symptoms of anaemia, such as tiredness, pallor, and breathlessness on exertion. There may also be repeated chest or throat infections. The diagnosis is based on a bone marrow biopsy. Treatment includes transfusions of blood and platelets, the use of anticancer drugs, and possibly radiotherapy. A bone marrow transplant may also be required. The outlook depends on the type of leukaemia and the age of the patient. Chemotherapy has increased success rates and 6 in 10 children with the disease can now be cured, although treatment is less likely to be completely successful in adults.... leukaemia, acute

Leukaemia, Chronic Myeloid

A type of leukaemia, also called chronic granulocytic leukaemia, which is caused by the overproduction of granulocytes, neutrophils, or polymorphonuclear leukocytes (see blood cells). The cause is unknown. This type of leukaemia usually has 2 phases: a chronic phase, which may last for several years, and a more cancerous phase, which is known as the blastic, accelerated, or acute phase.

During the chronic phase, symptoms may include fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Visual disturbances, abdominal pain, and priapism may also occur. The symptoms of the more cancerous phase are like those of the acute forms of leukaemia (see leukaemia, acute). The diagnosis is made from blood tests and a bone marrow biopsy. Treatment of the chronic phase includes anticancer drugs. When the disease transforms into the acute phase, treatment is similar to that given for acute leukaemia.... leukaemia, chronic myeloid

Lithotripter

The machine used in extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) to disintegrate small calculi (stones).... lithotripter

Livedo Reticularis

A net-like, purple or blue mottling of the skin, usually on the lower legs, caused by the enlargement of blood vessels beneath the skin.

It is more common in people with vasculitis and those who suffer from excessive sensitivity to cold.

The condition is harmless, and tends to be worse in cold weather.... livedo reticularis

Liver Biopsy

A diagnostic test in which a small sample of tissue is removed from the liver, usually under local anaesthesia. The main function of this test is to diagnose liver diseases. (See also biopsy.)... liver biopsy

Liver Cancer

A cancerous tumour in the liver. The tumour may be primary (originating within the liver) or secondary (having spread from elsewhere, often the stomach, pancreas, or large intestine). There are 2 main types of primary tumour: a hepatoma, which develops in the liver cells, and a cholangiocarcinoma, which arises from cells lining the bile ducts.The most common symptoms of any liver cancer are loss of appetite, weight loss, lethargy, and sometimes pain in the upper right abdomen.

The later stages of the disease are marked by jaundice and ascites (excess fluid in the abdomen).

Tumours are often detected by ultrasound scanning, and diagnosis may be confirmed by liver biopsy.

A hepatoma can sometimes be cured by complete removal.

In other cases, anticancer drugs can help to slow the progress of the disease.

It is usually not possible to cure secondary liver cancer, but anticancer drugs or, in some cases, removal of a solitary metastasis may be advised.... liver cancer

Liver, Cirrhosis Of

See cirrhosis.... liver, cirrhosis of

Liver Disease, Alcoholic

Damage to the liver caused by excessive alcohol consumption.

The longer consumption goes on, the more severe the damage.

The initial effect is the formation of fat globules between liver cells, a condition called fatty liver.

This is followed by alcoholic hepatitis, and damage then progresses to cirrhosis.

Alcohol-related liver disease increases the risk of developing liver cancer.

Liver function tests show a characteristic pattern of abnormalities, and liver biopsy may be needed to assess the severity of damage.

There is no particular treatment, but abstinence from alcohol prevents further damage.

Treatment for alcohol dependence may be required.... liver disease, alcoholic

Liver, Disorders Of

The liver is a common site of disease. The most significant liver conditions include alcohol-related disorders (see liver disease, alcoholic), hepatitis, and liver cancer. Disorders can also result from infection. Certain viruses cause hepatitis (see hepatitis, viral). Bacteria may spread up the biliary system to the liver, causing cholangitis or liver abscess. Parasitic diseases affecting the liver include schistosomiasis, liver fluke, and hydatid disease. Certain metabolic disorders, such as haemochromatosis and Wilson’s disease, may involve the liver. Other types of liver disorder include Budd–Chiari syndrome, in which the veins draining the liver become blocked. Occasionally, defects of liver structure are present at birth. Such defects principally affect the bile ducts; one example is biliary atresia, in which the bile ducts are absent. Because the liver breaks down drugs and toxins, damage to liver cells can also be caused through overdose or drug allergy. (See also jaundice; liver failure; portal hypertension.)... liver, disorders of

Liver Failure

Severe impairment of liver function that develops suddenly or at the final stages of a chronic liver disease. Because the liver breaks down toxins in the blood, liver failure causes the levels of the toxins to rise, affecting the functioning of other organs, particularly the brain. Liver failure may be acute or chronic. Symptoms of acute liver failure develop rapidly and include impaired memory, agitation, and confusion, followed by drowsiness. The functioning of other organs may become impaired, and the condition may lead to coma and death. Features of chronic liver failure develop much more gradually and include jaundice, itching, easy bruising and bleeding, a swollen abdomen due to accumulated fluid, red palms and, in males, gynaecomastia (enlarged breasts) and shrunken testes. Chronic liver failure may suddenly deteriorate into acute liver failure.

Acute liver failure requires urgent hospital care.

Although no treatment can repair damage that has already occurred in acute and chronic liver failure, certain measures, such as prescribing diuretic drugs to reduce abdominal swelling, may be taken to reduce the severity of symptoms.

Consumption of alcohol should cease in all cases.

The prognoses for sufferers of chronic liver failure vary depending on the cause, but some people survive for many years.

For acute liver failure, a liver transplant is necessary to increase the chances of survival.... liver failure

Liver Function Tests

Tests of blood chemistry that can detect changes in the way the liver is making new substances and breaking down and/or excreting old ones.

The tests can also show whether liver cells are healthy or being damaged.... liver function tests

Liver Imaging

Techniques that produce images of the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and blood vessels supplying the liver, to aid the detection of disease.

Ultrasound scanning, CT scanning, and MRI are commonly used.

Radionuclide scanning may reveal cysts and tumours and show bile excretion.

X–ray techniques include cholangiography, cholecystography, and ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography).

In these procedures, a contrast medium, which is opaque to X-rays, is introduced to show abnormalities in the biliary system.

Angiography reveals the blood vessels in the liver.... liver imaging

Lobectomy, Lung

An operation to cut out one of the lobes of a lung, usually to remove a cancerous tumour.... lobectomy, lung

Lobotomy, Prefrontal

Cutting of some of the fibres linking the frontal lobes to the rest of the brain.

This operation was formerly used to treat severe psychiatric disorders; it is very rarely performed now.... lobotomy, prefrontal

Locked Knee

A temporary inability to move the knee joint. A locked knee may be caused by a torn cartilage or by loose bodies in the joint.... locked knee

Locomotor

Relating to movement of the extremities, as in locomotor ataxia.... locomotor

Longsightedness

See hypermetropia.... longsightedness

Liver Transplant

Replacement of a diseased liver with a healthy liver removed from a donor. Liver transplants are most successful in the treatment of advanced liver cirrhosis in people with chronic active hepatitis or primary biliary cirrhosis. People who have primary liver cancer are rarely considered for transplantation because there is a high risk that the tumour will recur.During this procedure, the liver, gallbladder, and portions of the connected blood and bile vessels are removed.

The donor organs and vessels are connected to the recipient’s vessels.

After the transplant, the recipient is monitored in an intensive care unit for a few days and remains in hospital for up to 4 weeks.... liver transplant

Loose Bodies

Fragments of bone, cartilage, or capsule linings within a joint. Loose bodies may occur whenever there is damage to a joint, as in injury, osteoarthritis, or osteochondritis dissecans. The fragments can cause a joint to lock, resulting in severe pain. Gentle manipulation may be required to unlock the joint. If locking occurs frequently, the loose bodies may be removed during arthroscopy or by surgery.... loose bodies

Loratadine

An antihistamine drug.... loratadine

Lumbosacral Spasm

Excessive tightening of the muscles that surround and support the lower region of the spine, causing back pain. Treatment of lumbosacral spasm may include analgesic drugs and muscle-relaxant drugs.... lumbosacral spasm

Lunacy

An outdated term for serious mental disorder.... lunacy

Lung Disease, Chronic Obstructive

See pulmonary disease, chronic obstructive.... lung disease, chronic obstructive

Lung Function Tests

See pulmonary function tests.... lung function tests

Lung Imaging

Techniques that provide images of the lungs to aid in the diagnosis of disease.

Most lung disorders can be detected by chest X-ray.

CT scanning and MRI play an important role in detecting the presence and spread of lung tumours.

Ultrasound scanning is sometimes used to reveal pleural effusion.

Radioisotope scanning is used to detect evidence of pulmonary embolism.... lung imaging

Lung Tumours

Growths in the lungs. These tumours may be either cancerous (see lung cancer) or noncancerous.Cancerous lung tumours are usually associated with tobacco-smoking.

Noncancerous tumours occur less frequently than cancers.

The most common form of noncancerous tumour is a bronchial adenoma, which arises in the lining of a bronchus.

Adenomas often cause bronchial obstruction; affected people may also cough up blood.

Treatment involves surgical removal of the tumour.

Other rare noncancerous tumours include fibromas (which consist of fibrous tissue) and lipomas (which consist of fatty tissue).

No treatment is necessary unless the tumours are causing problems.... lung tumours

Lupus Pernio

Sarcoidosis affecting the skin, in which purple, chilblain-like swellings appear on the nose, cheeks, or ears.... lupus pernio

Lymph Gland

A popular name for a lymph node.

(See also lymphatic system.)... lymph gland

Lung, Disorders Of

The most common lung disorders are infections. These diseases include pneumonia, tracheitis, and croup. Bronchitis and bronchiolitis, which are inflammatory disorders affecting the airways within the lungs, can be complications of colds or influenza. The disorder bronchiectasis may occur as a complication of severe bacterial pneumonia o.

cystic fibrosis. The lungs can also be affected by allergic disorders. The most important of these is asthma. Another such disorder is allergic alveolitis, which is usually a reaction to dust of plant or animal origin. Irritation of the airways, usually by tobacco-smoking, can cause diseases characterized by damage to lung tissue and narrowing of the airways (see pulmonary disease, chronic obstructive). The lungs can also be affected by cancerous tumours; lung cancer is one of the most common cancers. Noncancerous lung tumours are uncommon.

Injury to a lung, usually resulting from penetration of the chest wall, can cause the lung to collapse (see pneumothorax; haemothorax). Damage to the interior of the lungs can be caused by inhalation of toxic substances (see asbestosis; silicosis). Blood supply to the lungs may be reduced by pulmonary embolism.

Lung disorders can be investigated in various ways, such as chest X-ray, bronchoscopy, and pulmonary function tests.... lung, disorders of

Lymphoma, Non-hodgkin’s

Any cancer of lymphoid tissue (found mainly in the lymph nodes and spleen) other than Hodgkin’s disease. In most cases there is no known cause. Occasionally, the disease is associated with suppression of the immune system, particularly after an organ transplant. One type of nonHodgkin’s lymphoma, known as Burkitt’s lymphoma, is thought to be caused by the Epstein–Barr virus.

There is usually painless swelling of lymph nodes in the neck or groin. The liver and spleen may enlarge, and lymphoid tissue in the abdomen may be affected. Many other organs may become involved, leading to diverse symptoms ranging from headache to skin ulceration. Unless it is controlled, the disease (often marked by fever) progressively impairs the immune system, leading to death from infections or an uncontrolled spread of cancer. Diagnosis is based on a biopsy, usually taken from a lymph node. Chest X-ray, CT scanning, MRI, bone marrow biopsy, and lymphangiography of the abdomen may be needed to assess the extent of the disease.

If the lymphoma is confined to a single group of lymph nodes, treatment consists of radiotherapy. More often, the disease is more extensive, and in such cases anticancer drugs are given. A bone marrow transplant, together with drug treatment and/or radiotherapy, may be performed on some people.... lymphoma, non-hodgkin’s

Lysergide

see LSD.... lysergide

Memory, Loss Of

See amnesia.... memory, loss of

Mesenteric Lymphadenitis

An acute abdominal disorder, mainly affecting children, in which lymph nodes in the mesentery become inflamed. The main symptoms of pain and tenderness in the abdomen may mimic appendicitis. There may also be mild fever. Mesenteric lymphadenitis usually clears up rapidly, needing only analgesic drugs to reduce pain and fever.... mesenteric lymphadenitis

Noise-induced Hearing Loss

Hearing loss caused by prolonged exposure to excessive noise or by brief exposure to intensely loud noise.

Exposure to a sudden, very loud noise, usually above 130 decibels, can cause immediate and permanent damage to hearing. Normally, muscles in the middle ear respond to loud noise by altering the position of the ossicles (the chain of bones that pass vibrations to the inner ear), thus damping down the intensity of the noise. If these protective reflexes have no time to respond, the full force of the vibrations is carried to the inner ear, severely damaging the delicate hair cells in the cochlea. Occasionally, loud noises can rupture the eardrum.

More commonly, noise damage occurs over a period of time by prolonged exposure to lower levels of noise. Any noise above 85–90 decibels may cause damage, with gradual destruction of the hair cells of the cochlea, leading to permanent hearing loss. Prolonged exposure to loud noise leads initially to a loss of the ability to hear certain high tones. Later, deafness extends to all high frequencies, and the perception of speech is impaired. Eventually, lower tones are also affected.

Sounds at 85–90 decibels or above may cause pain and temporary deafness. Prolonged tinnitus (ringing or buzzing in

the ears) occurring after a noise has ceased is an indication that some damage has probably occurred.... noise-induced hearing loss

Pubic Lice

Small, wingless insects (PHTHIRUS PUBIS) that live in the pubic hair and feed on blood. Also called crab lice or crabs, they are usually spread by sexual contact. A louse has a flattened body, up to 2 mm across. Female lice lay eggs (nits) on the hair, where they hatch about 8 days later. On men, the lice may also be found in hair around the anus, on the legs, on the trunk, and even in facial hair. The bites sometimes cause itching. Children can become infested by transmission from parents, and the lice may live on the eyelids. An insecticide lotion kills the lice and eggs.... pubic lice

Restless Legs

A syndrome characterized by unpleasant tickling, burning, prickling, or aching sensations in the leg muscles.

Symptoms tend to come on at night in bed; they may also be triggered by prolonged sitting.

The condition tends to run in families and is common in middleaged women, people with rheumatoid arthritis, smokers, and during pregnancy.

The cause is unknown, and there is no single cure; some patients benefit from cooling the legs, others from warming them.

Treatment with levodopa and calcium channel blockers can sometimes help.... restless legs

Orgasm, Lack Of

Inability to achieve orgasm during sexual activity. It may be due to inhibited sexual desire (see sexual desire, inhibited) or inability to become aroused or maintain arousal (see frigidity; impotence). In men, there may be a problem achieving orgasm despite normal arousal (see ejaculation, disorders of). The problem is common in women; some may achieve orgasm through masturbation but not during sexual intercourse. Sometimes it is due to pain during intercourse (see intercourse, painful).

For both sexes, contributory factors include problems with technique or in the relationship, unfamiliarity with sexual responses, psychological problems (such as anxiety, early sexual trauma, or inhibitions), and fear of pregnancy.

Sex therapy, relationship counselling, and psychotherapy are sometimes helpful.... orgasm, lack of

Specific Learning Disability

Difficulty in one or more areas of learning in a child of average or above average intelligence.

Specific learning disabilities include dyslexia and dyscalculia, where there is a problem with mathematics.... specific learning disability

Suction Lipectomy

A cosmetic procedure, also called liposuction, that is used in body contour surgery.... suction lipectomy

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

See lupus erythematosus.... systemic lupus erythematosus

Taste, Loss Of

Loss of the sense of taste, usually as a result of the loss of the sense of smell.

The most common cause is inflammation of the nasal passages.

Other causes of loss of taste include any condition that causes a dry mouth (see mouth, dry); natural degeneration of the taste buds; damage to the taste eign particles.

Tear production increases in response to eye irritation and emotion.... taste, loss of

Tubal Ligation

See sterilization, female.... tubal ligation

Ultraviolet Light

Invisible light from the part of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately beyond the violet end of the visible light spectrum. Long wavelength ultraviolet light is termed , intermediate , and short.

Ultraviolet light occurs in sunlight, but much of it is absorbed by the ozone layer. The ultraviolet light (mainly ) that reaches the earth’s surface causes the tanning effects of sunlight and the production of vitamin D in the skin. It can have harmful effects, such as skin cancer (see sunlight, adverse effects of).

Ultraviolet light is sometimes used in phototherapy.

A mercury-vapour lamp (Wood’s light) can also produce ultraviolet light.

This is used to diagnose skin conditions such as tinea because it causes the infected area to fluoresce.... ultraviolet light

Vision, Loss Of

Inability to see. This may develop slowly or suddenly and may be temporary or permanent, depending on the cause. Vision loss may affect 1 or both eyes. It can cause complete blindness or may affect only peripheral, or only central, vision.

Progressive loss of visual clarity is common with advancing age and may be due to a number of disorders (see vision, disorders of).

Sudden loss of vision may be caused by disorders such as hyphaema, severe uveitis, vitreous haemorrhage, or retinal haemorrhage.

Optic neuritis can reduce vision in 1 eye.

Damage to the nerve connections between the eyes and brain, or to the visual area of the brain, can cause loss of peripheral vision and may be a result of embolism, ischaemia, tumour, inflammation, or injury.... vision, loss of

Voice, Loss Of

Inability to speak normally. Temporary partial loss of voice commonly results from straining of the muscles of the larynx through overuse of the voice or from inflammation of the vocal cords in laryngitis. Persistent or recurrent voice loss may be due to polyps on the vocal cords, thickening of the cords in hypothyroidism, or interference with the nerve supply to the larynx muscles due to cancer of the larynx, thyroid gland, or oesophagus. Total loss of voice is rare and is usually of psychological origin. (See also hoarseness; larynx, disorders of.)... voice, loss of

Will, Living

See living will.... will, living

X-linked Disorders

Sex-linked genetic disorders in which the abnormal gene or genes (the causative factors) are located on the X chromosome. Almost all affected people are males. Haemophilia, fragile X syndrome. and colour vision deficiency are examples.... x-linked disorders

Achromatic Lenses

lenses that are specially designed to give clear images, eliminating the coloured fringes that are produced with ordinary lenses (caused by splitting of the light into different wavelengths and hence its component colours). Such lenses are useful in scientific instruments, such as the eyepieces of microscopes.... achromatic lenses

Activities Of Daily Living

(ADLs) the tasks of everyday life. Basic ADLs include self-care tasks, such as bathing, dressing, eating, grooming, toileting, and moving. Instrumental ADLs include housework, shopping, managing finances, taking medication, and cooking. Inability to perform ADLs is a practical measure of disability in many disorders; problems are much more prevalent in the elderly.... activities of daily living

Acute Fatty Liver Of Pregnancy

a rare and life-threatening complication of pregnancy that usually presents in the third trimester with symptoms of nausea, vomiting, malaise, and abdominal pain. Liver function tests are abnormal and the features of *pre-eclampsia and often *HELLP syndrome are present. *Hepatic encephalopathy, *disseminated intravascular coagulation, and renal failure may develop, and the condition is associated with a high maternal and fetal mortality. Treatment involves a multidisciplinary approach, usually in an intensive care unit.... acute fatty liver of pregnancy

Advanced Life Support

(ALS) a structured and algorithm-driven method of life support for use in the severest of medical emergencies, especially cardiac arrest. Doctors, nurses, and paramedic personnel involved in ALS receive special training in the use of equipment (e.g. defibrillators and appropriate drugs). Paediatric advanced life support (PALS) is ALS for use in severe medical emergencies in children, while advanced trauma life support(ATLS) is specifically for patients who have been subjected to major trauma, such as a serious road accident. Compare basic life support.... advanced life support

Alien Limb Syndrome

a rare neurological condition in which upper limb movements occur without an individual’s awareness of or control over the actions. In extreme cases, a person will deliberately use their other arm to restrain the ‘alien limb’. It is caused by damage to connections between the cerebral hemispheres or the frontal or occipital brain areas and can occur following stroke or in dementia.... alien limb syndrome

Angle Of Louis

see sternum.... angle of louis

Argon Laser

a type of *laser that utilizes argon gas to produce a beam of intense light, used especially in eye surgery to treat disease of the retina (e.g. diabetic retinopathy) or glaucoma (as in argon laser *trabeculoplasty). See also photocoagulation.... argon laser

Arterial Line

a narrow *catheter inserted into an artery for the purposes of continuous monitoring or blood gas analysis. It is used for short periods during phases of acute or critical illness and should be clearly labelled to prevent inadvertent use as a medication conduit. The femoral, axillary, or posterior tibial arteries can be used as insertion sites.... arterial line

Ash-leaf Macules

impalpable pale spots that may be seen anywhere on the body and are a cutaneous sign of *tuberous sclerosis. Identification is facilitated by examination of the skin with an ultraviolet light source (*Wood’s light).... ash-leaf macules

Assistive Listening Device

a device for helping people with hearing difficulties. An assistive listening device can be a stand-alone device or can work in conjunction with a *hearing aid or *cochlear implant. Assistive listening devices include *induction loop systems, amplifiers for telephones, and radio headphones to wear when listening to the radio or television. Such devices increase the loudness of the desired sound without increasing the level of any background noise; i.e. they improve the signal-to-noise ratio. See also environmental hearing aid.... assistive listening device

Automated Lamellar Keratectomy

(ALK) excision of the outer layers of the cornea using an automated *keratome. It is usually used as part of a surgical procedure, to alter the shape of the cornea to correct errors of refraction.... automated lamellar keratectomy

Bagolini Lens

a lens with fine parallel lines (almost invisible striations) across its width, used in various vision tests; for example, to test suppression and abnormal retinal correspondence. [B. Bagolini (20th century), Italian ophthalmologist]... bagolini lens

Banana And Lemon Signs

ultrasound features of the *Arnold–Chiari malformation in fetuses with spina bifida. The banana sign refers to the shape of the cerebellum owing to caudal displacement; the lemon sign refers to the lemon-shaped head resulting from scalloping of the frontal bones. See illustration.... banana and lemon signs

Bandage Lens

a soft contact lens that can be useful in managing certain external eye disorders, including tiny perforations.... bandage lens

Band Ligation

(banding) see oesophageal varices. See also gastric banding.... band ligation

Basic Life Support

the provision of treatment designed to maintain adequate circulation and ventilation to a patient in *cardiac arrest, without the use of drugs or specialist equipment. Compare advanced life support.... basic life support

Beau’s Lines

transverse depressions on the nails appearing some weeks or months after a severe illness or chemotherapy. [J. H. S. Beau (1806–65), French physician]... beau’s lines

Beta-lactam Antibiotic

one of a group of drugs that includes the *penicillins and the *cephalosporins. All have a four-membered beta-lactam ring as part of their molecular structure. Beta-lactam antibiotics function by interfering with the growth of the cell walls of multiplying bacteria. Bacteria become resistant to these antibiotics by producing beta-lactamases, enzymes (such as *penicillinase) that disrupt the beta-lactam ring. To counteract this, beta-lactamase inhibitors (e.g. *clavulanic acid) may be added to beta-lactam antibiotics. For example, co-amoxiclav is a mixture of *amoxicillin and clavulanic acid.... beta-lactam antibiotic

Bi-level Positive Airways Pressure

see BiPAP.... bi-level positive airways pressure

Bird-fancier’s Lung

a form of extrinsic allergic *alveolitis caused by the inhalation of avian proteins present in the droppings and feathers of certain birds, especially pigeons and caged birds (such as budgerigars). As in *farmer’s lung, there is an acute and a chronic form.... bird-fancier’s lung

B Lymphocyte

n. see lymphocyte.... b lymphocyte

B-lynch Brace Suture

a technique in which a compression suture is applied to the uterus, which can be used in cases of severe *postpartum haemorrhage as an alternative to an emergency hysterectomy. A pair of vertical sutures are inserted around the uterus to appose the anterior and posterior walls and to apply continuous compression, which stems the bleeding. [C. Balogun-Lynch (21st century), British obstetrician and gynaecologist]... b-lynch brace suture

Bony Labyrinth

see labyrinth.... bony labyrinth

Bow-legs

pl. n. abnormal out-curving of the legs, resulting in a gap between the knees on standing. A certain degree of bowing is normal in small children, but persistence into adult life, or later development of this deformity, results from abnormal growth of the *epiphysis or arthritis. The condition can be corrected by *osteotomy. Medical name: genu varum.... bow-legs

British Sign Language

(BSL) see sign language.... british sign language

Bronchoalveolar Lavage

(BAL) a method of obtaining cellular material from the lungs that is used particularly in the investigation and monitoring of interstitial lung disease and in the investigation of pulmonary infiltrates in immunosuppressed patients. A saline solution is infused into the lung, via a bronchoscope, and immediately removed. Examination of the cells in the lavage fluid may help to identify the cause of interstitial lung disease. The combination of cytological and microbiological examination can lead to a very high rate of diagnostic accuracy in such conditions as *Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia.... bronchoalveolar lavage

Charcot–leyden Crystals

fine colourless sharp-pointed crystals seen in the sputum of asthmatics. [J. M. Charcot (1825–93), French neurologist; E. V. von Leyden (1832–1910), German physician]... charcot–leyden crystals

Clark’s Levels

the five vertical levels of skin that are successively penetrated by an invading *melanoma. They are: epidermis, papillary dermis, intervening zone, reticular dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. They usually correlate with the *Breslow thickness. [W. H. Clark (1924–97), US dermatologist]... clark’s levels

Coffin–lowry Syndrome

(CLS) an inherited disease, more severe in males, that results in developmental delay and profound learning disability. It is characterized by distinctive facial anomalies, short stature, microcephaly, and *kyphoscoliosis; some patients have episodes of collapse when startled or excited (stimulus-induced drop episodes; SIDE). [G. S. Coffin (1923– ), US paediatrician; R. B. Lowry (1932– ), British geneticist]... coffin–lowry syndrome

Cortical Lewy Body Disease

a disorder characterized by a combination of *parkinsonism and *dementia, which typically fluctuates. Visual hallucinations are common, and there is exquisite sensitivity to phenothiazine drugs. Abnormal proteins called Lewy bodies are found within the nerve cells of the cortex and the basal ganglia. It is the third most common cause of dementia (dementia with Lewy bodies) after *Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia.... cortical lewy body disease

Crown–rump Length

(CRL) the longest measurement of the fetus from end to end. Measurement of the CRL of the embryo in the first trimester has been shown to be the most accurate parameter for assessment of gestational age; the measurement is less accurate at the end of the first trimester because of fetal flexion.... crown–rump length

Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma

a group of lymphomas in which abnormal T *lymphocytes are concentrated in the skin. The most common form is *mycosis fungoides.... cutaneous t-cell lymphoma

Dermatology Life Quality Index

(DLQI) a validated questionnaire designed by Finlay in 1994 to assess the impact of skin diseases on psychological and social wellbeing. It is the most common *quality of life tool used as an endpoint in dermatology clinical trials. DLQI scores of more than 10 (indicating a severe impact on life) are required before biological treatments for psoriasis may be administered in the UK.... dermatology life quality index

Diagnostic Peritoneal Lavage

the instillation of saline directly into the abdominal cavity and its subsequent aspiration a few minutes later. If the fluid is bloodstained on recovery an intra-abdominal haemorrhage is indicated. This is a useful diagnostic tool in trauma patients.... diagnostic peritoneal lavage

Dieulafoy’s Lesion

an abnormality of small blood vessels (microscopically, an arteriovenous malformation), identified predominantly in the mucosal lining of the upper stomach, that may cause severe spontaneous haemorrhage. It can rarely be found in the duodenum, colon, jejunum, or oesophagus. If detected endoscopically, curative therapy is often possible, although the abnormality is often difficult to see at gastroscopy. Surgical exploration may be required if the bleeding is unresponsive to endoscopic treatment. [G. Dieulafoy (1839–1911), French physician]... dieulafoy’s lesion

Differential Leucocyte Count

(differential blood count) a determination of the proportions of the different kinds of white cells (leucocytes) present in a sample of blood. Usually 100 white cells are counted and classified under the microscope or by electronic apparatus, so that the results can readily be expressed as percentages of the total number of leucocytes and the absolute numbers per litre of blood. The information often aids diagnosis of disease.... differential leucocyte count

Diode Laser

a type of laser whose medical uses include treating diseases of the retina, by producing small burns in the retina (see photocoagulation), and selected cases of glaucoma (cyclophotocoagulation). It is also used for treating varicose veins (see endovenous laser treatment).... diode laser

Disability-adjusted Life Year

(DALY) a common research measure of disease burden that accounts for both morbidity and mortality. One year lived in full health is equivalent to one DALY. Disabilities and disease states are assigned a weighting that reduces this figure, such that a year lived with disability is equivalent to less than one DALY. Some studies also use social weighting, in which years lived as a young adult receive a greater DALY weight than those lived as a young child or older adult. See also health-adjusted life expectancy; quality of life.... disability-adjusted life year

Disability Living Allowance

(DLA) (in Britain) a state benefit payable to help with the extra costs of looking after a child under the age of 16 with special needs. It has two components: a care component, payable at three rates to children needing help with personal care; and a mobility component, payable at two rates to those aged 3 years or over who need help with walking. The rates depend on the level of help required. DLA for adults aged 16–64 years has been replaced by the *personal independence payment (PIP). People aged over 65 years with a disability and requiring help may be eligible for the attendance allowance.... disability living allowance

Discoid Lupus Erythematosus

(DLE) see lupus erythematosus.... discoid lupus erythematosus

Ear-lobe Creases

diagonal creases across the ear lobes, which have a statistically significant correlation with coronary atheroma. The reason is unknown.... ear-lobe creases

Endovenous Laser Treatment

(EVLT) a minimally invasive procedure to treat *varicose veins. A laser fibre (usually an 810-nm *diode laser) contained within a sheath is fed into the vein by ultrasound guidance and slowly withdrawn as it is fired, thereby delivering laser energy that causes irreversible destruction and eventual ablation of the vein.... endovenous laser treatment

Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

(ELISA) a sensitive technique for measuring the amount of a substance. An antibody that will bind to the substance is produced; the amount of an easily measured enzyme that then binds to the antibody complex enables accurate measurement.... enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Factor V Leiden

an inherited mutation in the gene coding for coagulation Factor V, which results in an increased susceptibility to develop venous *thrombosis.... factor v leiden

Falciform Ligament

a fold of peritoneum separating the right and left lobes of the liver and attaching it to the diaphragm and the anterior abdominal wall as far as the umbilicus.... falciform ligament

Fatty Liver

see nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; acute fatty liver of pregnancy.... fatty liver

Femtosecond Laser

a laser that emits optical pulses with a duration of femtoseconds (fs; 1 fs = 10?15 s), allowing micrometer-level accuracy and needle– or blade-free surgery. It has the potential to carry out lens extraction or cataract surgery through a pin-prick incision.... femtosecond laser

First-line Treatment

therapy that is the first choice for treating a particular condition; other (second-line) treatments are used only if first-line therapy has failed.... first-line treatment

Fluid Level

the radiographic finding of a straight line between fluid and gas within a hollow organ or cavity when a horizontal X-ray beam strikes the fluid surface tangentially. Multiple long fluid levels are seen in loops of small bowel that are obstructed. A fluid level in the lung suggests a cavity that is partially filled with fluid (e.g. an abscess).... fluid level

Four-layer System

a continuous compression bandage consisting of four layers that are applied and left in situ for up to seven days to treat venous leg ulcers, increasing the chance of healing by up to 30%. Thorough assessment of the patient’s status must be undertaken before the application.... four-layer system

Gimbernat’s Ligament

a portion of the medial end of the *inguinal ligament that is reflected along the upper part of the pubic bone. It is used to hold stitches during repairs of a femoral *hernia. [A. de Gimbernat (1734–1816), Spanish surgeon and anatomist]... gimbernat’s ligament

Head Tilt, Chin Lift

a manoeuvre for opening the airway of an unconscious patient. With the patient lying on his or her back, the neck is extended and the chin simultaneously pulled gently upwards to pull the tongue away from the back of the pharynx. This method is often used when mouth-to-mouth ventilation is to be given and is an alternative to the *jaw thrust manoeuvre.... head tilt, chin lift

Health-adjusted Life Expectancy

a measure developed by the World Health Organization to capture life expectancy in terms of both morbidity and mortality. The number of years lived with ill-health, weighted according to severity, are subtracted from the overall life expectancy. Previously known as disability-adjusted life expectancy, it is sometimes referred to as healthy life expectancy. See also disability-adjusted life year.... health-adjusted life expectancy

Henle’s Loop

the part of a kidney tubule that forms a loop extending towards the centre of the kidney. It is surrounded by blood capillaries, which absorb water and selected soluble substances back into the bloodstream. [F. G. J. Henle (1809–85), German anatomist]... henle’s loop

Hobnail Liver

the liver of a patient with *cirrhosis, which has a knobbly appearance caused by regenerating nodules separated by bands of fibrous tissue.... hobnail liver

Holmium:yag Laser

a type of *YAG laser that uses a short-pulsed high-energy beam with a wavelength of 2100 nm to cut, perforate, and fragment tissue. It has a penetration of 0.4 mm. This laser is used in the fragmentation of urinary tract calculi (stones) and in *enucleation of the prostate gland.... holmium:yag laser

Honeycomb Lung

the honeycomb pattern seen on X-ray at the later stages of chronic lung conditions, in which the lungs become less elastic and more fibrotic. Once the honeycomb appearance is visible on the X-ray, the lungs are likely to progress to respiratory failure.... honeycomb lung

Hudson–stähli Line

a linear horizontal yellowish line seen in the deep epithelium of ageing corneas. [A. C. Hudson (1875–1962), British ophthalmologist; J. Stähli (20th century), Swiss ophthalmologist]... hudson–stähli line

Human Leucocyte Antigen System

see HLA system.... human leucocyte antigen system

Human Placental Lactogen

(human chorionic somatomammotrophin) a protein hormone of 190 amino acids produced by the placenta during most but not all pregnancies. Despite its name it does not appear to have a role in lactation and its exact function remains obscure. It does, however, seem to contribute to the development of diabetes in some pregnancies.... human placental lactogen

Hypoplastic Left Heart

a congenital heart disorder in which the left side of the heart, particularly the left ventricle, is underdeveloped. The first part of the aorta may also be abnormal. Affected babies usually develop severe heart failure within the first few days of life. Diagnosis can be confirmed on *echocardiography. Prognosis is generally very poor – most babies die within the first few weeks – but milder cases may be amenable to surgery. It is the commonest cause of death in the neonatal period due to heart disease.... hypoplastic left heart

Hypoplastic Leukaemia

a stage of *leukaemia in which there is a decrease in the number of white cells, red cells, and platelets in the blood and reduced *haemopoiesis in the bone marrow.... hypoplastic leukaemia

Implantable Loop Recorder

(ILR) a device, inserted beneath the skin of the chest, to record the heart rhythm for up to two years. It is usually used for the investigation of patients presenting with infrequent syncope (fainting) in whom arrhythmia is the suspected cause. When syncope occurs, the device can be examined using wireless technology to reveal the heart rhythm at the time of the episode.... implantable loop recorder

Induction Loop System

(loop system) a device for helping people with some types of *hearing aid or *cochlear implant to hear more effectively in certain situations. Electrical signals from a television, sound system, or microphone are passed through an amplifier to a wire that is positioned in a loop encompassing the desired listening area. This creates an electromagnetic field that can be picked up by a coil within the hearing aid or cochlear implant. Induction loops are installed in such places as public buildings, lecture theatres, classrooms, and churches. See also assistive listening device.... induction loop system

Inguinal Ligament

(Poupart’s ligament) a ligament in the groin that extends from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle. It is part of the *aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle of the abdomen.... inguinal ligament

Irish Sign Language

(ISL) see sign language.... irish sign language

Janeway Lesions

red spots on the palm of the hands caused by a bacterial infection of the heart (see endocarditis). [E. G. Janeway (1841–1911), US physician]... janeway lesions

Kerley B Lines

fine horizontal lines seen in the angle between the diaphragm and the chest wall on a chest X-ray. It is a sign of pulmonary *oedema and therefore heart failure. [P. J. Kerley (20th century), British radiologist]... kerley b lines

Kimmelstiel–wilson Lesion

n. a nodular form of glomerulosclerosis associated with diabetic nephropathy. See also diabetic glomerulosclerosis. [P. Kimmelstiel and C. Wilson (20th century), US physicians]... kimmelstiel–wilson lesion

Klebs–loeffler Bacillus

see Corynebacterium. [T. Klebs (1834–1913) and F. A. J. Loeffler (1852–1915), German bacteriologists]... klebs–loeffler bacillus

Kleine–levin Syndrome

a rare episodic disorder characterized by periods (usually of a few days or weeks), in which sufferers eat enormously, sleep for most of the day and night, and may become more dependent or aggressive than normal. Between episodes they are usually quite unaffected. The disorder almost always resolves spontaneously. [W. Kleine (20th century), German neuropsychiatrist; M. Levin (20th century), US neurologist]... kleine–levin syndrome

 labelling Index

the proportion of cells in a sample of tissue that are producing DNA. Cells that are synthesizing DNA take up tritiated thymidine, which shows up on an autoradiograph (see autoradiography) of the sample....  labelling index

Labial

adj. 1. relating to the lips or to a labium. 2. designating the surface of a tooth adjacent to the lips.... labial

Labio

combining form denoting the lip(s).... labio

Labiomancy

n. lip-reading.... labiomancy

Labioplasty

(cheiloplasty) n. surgical repair of injury or deformity of the lips (*cleft lip).... labioplasty

Labrum

n. (pl. labra) a lip or liplike structure; occurring, for example, around the margins of the articulating socket (acetabulum) of the hip bone.... labrum

Labyrinthectomy

n. a surgical procedure to ablate (see ablation) the structures of the *labyrinth, usually performed for cases of severe Ménière’s disease.... labyrinthectomy

Lacertus

n. a band of fibres or a tendon-like structure.... lacertus

Lacrimal Bone

the smallest bone of the face: either of a pair of rectangular bones that contribute to the orbits. See skull.... lacrimal bone

Lacrimator

n. an agent that irritates the eyes, causing excessive secretion of tears.... lacrimator

Lact

(lacti-, lacto-) combining form denoting 1. milk. 2. lactic acid.... lact

Lactalbumin

n. a milk protein present in milk at a lower concentration than *casein. Unlike casein, it is not precipitated from milk under acid conditions; it is therefore a constituent of cheese made from whey rather than curd.... lactalbumin

Lactic Acidosis

excessive plasma acidity due to an accumulation of lactic acid. This may be caused by a variety of illnesses, including heart failure or severe dehydration. It can also be caused by the accumulation of *biguanide drugs used for treating type 2 *diabetes mellitus, particularly when kidney failure is present. Biguanides (see metformin) should therefore not be used to treat patients who have established kidney disease or heart failure or who are dehydrated.... lactic acidosis

Lactiferous

adj. transporting or secreting milk, as the lactiferous ducts of the breast.... lactiferous

Lactogenic Hormone

see prolactin.... lactogenic hormone

Lactosuria

n. the presence of milk sugar (*lactose) in the urine. This often occurs during pregnancy and breastfeeding or if the milk flow is suppressed.... lactosuria

Laevo

combining form. see levo-.... laevo

Laevocardia

n. the normal position of the heart, in which its apex is directed towards the left. Compare dextrocardia.... laevocardia

Lagaena

(lagena) n. the closed end of the spiral *cochlea. This term is more commonly used to describe the structure homologous to the cochlea in primitive vertebrates.... lagaena

Lagophthalmos

n. any condition in which the eye does not close completely. It may lead to corneal damage from undue exposure.... lagophthalmos

Laking

n. the physical or chemical treatment of blood to abolish the structure of the red cells and thus form a homogeneous solution. Laking is an important preliminary step in the analysis of haemoglobin or enzymes present in red cells.... laking

Lambda

n. the point on the skull at which the lambdoidal and sagittal *sutures meet.... lambda

Lambda Sign

(twin-peak sign) an ultrasound diagnosis of dichorionicity at 10–14 weeks gestation: a peak of placental tissue protrudes into the base of the intertwin membrane. See chorionicity.... lambda sign

Lambdoidal Suture

see suture.... lambdoidal suture

Lamellar Bone

mature *bone, in which the collagen fibres are arranged parallel to each other to form multiple layers (*lamellae) with the osteocytes lying between the lamellae. It exists in two structurally different forms: cortical (compact) and cancellous (spongy) bone. See also woven bone.... lamellar bone

Lamina

n. (pl. laminae) 1. a thin membrane or layer of tissue. 2. the section of the posterior arch of a *vertebra located between the central spinous process and the transverse process on each side.... lamina

Lamina Cribrosa

a meshlike structure through which nerve fibres forming the optic nerve exit the eye posteriorly through a hole in the sclera.... lamina cribrosa

Laminaria

n. an osmotic dilator applied to the cervix before surgically induced abortion in the second trimester (15–23 weeks of pregnancy). Pretreatment with prostaglandins can also be used, but laminaria is preferred after 18 weeks gestation in order to avoid trauma to the cervix and uterus.... laminaria

Laminotomy

n. the surgical creation of a window-like opening in the posterior arch of a vertebra by removing a small piece of *lamina and adjacent *ligamentum flavum.... laminotomy

Lancefield Classification

a classification of the *Streptococcus bacteria based on the presence or absence of antigenic carbohydrate on the cell surface. Species are classified into the groups A–S. Most species causing disease in humans belong to groups A, B, and D. [R. C. Lancefield (1895–1981), US bacteriologist]... lancefield classification

Lancinating

adj. describing a sharp stabbing or cutting pain.... lancinating

Landau Reflex

a reflex seen in normal babies from three months until one year, when it disappears. If the baby is held horizontally, face down, it will straighten its legs and back and try to lift up its head. The presence of this reflex beyond one year may be suggestive of a developmental disorder.... landau reflex

Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis

overgrowth of cells of the *reticuloendothelial system. This includes disorders previously called histiocytosis X, including eosinophilic granuloma, Hand–Schüller–Christian disease, and Letterer–Siwe disease. [P. Langerhans (1847–88), German physician and anatomist]... langerhans cell histiocytosis

Langer’s Lines

normal permanent skin creases. Incisions parallel to Langer’s lines heal well and are less visible. [C. R. von E. Langer (1819–87), Austrian anatomist]... langer’s lines

Lanreotide

n. a somatostatin analogue (see somatostatin).... lanreotide

Laparo

combining form denoting the loins or abdomen.... laparo

Laparoscopic Myolysis

see fibroid.... laparoscopic myolysis

Lardaceous

adj. resembling lard: often applied to tissue infiltrated with the starchlike substance amyloid (see amyloidosis).... lardaceous

Lariam

n. see mefloquine.... lariam

Laryng

(laryngo-) combining form denoting the larynx.... laryng

Laryngeal Mask

an airway tube with an elliptical inflatable cuff at one end for insertion into the mouth of a patient requiring artificial ventilation. It is designed to fit snugly in the patient’s throat over the top of the laryngeal opening. While it is relatively easy to insert and allows delivery of effective artificial ventilation, it does not provide the absolute protection of the airway from vomitus afforded by an endotracheal tube (see intubation).... laryngeal mask

Laryngeal Reflex

a cough produced by irritating the larynx.... laryngeal reflex

Laryngeal Stroboscopy

a method of studying the movements of the *vocal folds of the *larynx by using stroboscopic light (controlled intermittent flashes) to slow or freeze the movement.... laryngeal stroboscopy

Laryngismus

n. closure of the vocal folds by sudden contraction of the laryngeal muscles, followed by a noisy indrawing of breath. It occurs in young children and was in the past associated with low-calcium rickets. Now it occurs when the larynx has been irritated following administration of anaesthetic, when a foreign body has lodged in the larynx, or in *croup.... laryngismus

Laryngocele

n. a condition in which an air sac communicates with the larynx. The sac forms a swelling in the neck that dilates on coughing or straining. The condition is probably congenital but is also noted in such people as glassblowers, who have chronically raised intralaryngeal pressure.... laryngocele

Laryngofissure

n. a surgical operation to open the larynx, enabling access for further procedures.... laryngofissure

Laryngomalacia

n. a condition characterized by paroxysmal attacks of breathing difficulty and *stridor. It occurs in small children and is caused by flaccidity of the structure of the larynx. It usually resolves spontaneously by the age of two years.... laryngomalacia

Laryngopharynx

n. see hypopharynx.... laryngopharynx

Laryngospasm

n. involuntary closure of the larynx, obstructing the flow of air to the lungs.... laryngospasm

Laryngotomy

n. surgical incision of the larynx. See cricothyroidotomy.... laryngotomy

Laryngotracheoplasty

n. a surgical procedure to enlarge the airway within the larynx and upper trachea. It is most commonly used in children with narrowing of the larynx below the vocal folds (subglottic stenosis).... laryngotracheoplasty

Lasek

laser in situ epithelial keratomileusis: a technique of laser refractive eye surgery used to correct both short sight (myopia) and long sight (hypermetropia). A flap of corneal epithelium is raised, the surface of the cornea is reshaped using an *excimer laser, and the epithelium is then replaced.... lasek

Laser-assisted Uvulopalatoplasty

(LAUP) laser surgery to the palate, which is used in the treatment of *obstructive sleep apnoea.... laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty

Laser Doppler Flowmeter

a non-invasive instrument for measuring blood flow through tissue (e.g. skin) utilizing a laser beam.... laser doppler flowmeter

Lasix

n. see furosemide.... lasix

Latah

n. a pattern of behaviour seen especially in certain cultures, such as that of Malaysia. After a psychological shock the affected individual becomes very anxious and very suggestible and shows excessive obedience and pathological imitation of the actions of another person (echopraxia).... latah

Late Neonatal Death

death of a baby between 7 and 27 completed days of life.... late neonatal death

Late-onset Schizophrenia

a mental disorder characterized by systematic *delusions and commonly auditory *hallucinations, but without any other marked symptoms of *mental illness; it was formerly known as paraphrenia. The only loss of contact with reality is in areas affected by the delusions and hallucinations. It is typically seen in the elderly and can also occur in people with severe hearing impediments. Some people develop other symptoms of *schizophrenia over time but in many the personality remains intact over years. *Antipsychotic medication is often useful in treating the illness.... late-onset schizophrenia

Lateral Parapharyngeal Space

see parapharyngeal space.... lateral parapharyngeal space

Lathyrism

n. a disease, characterized by muscular weakness and paralysis, found among people whose staple diet consists mostly of large quantities of Lathyrus sativus, a kind of chick pea, and/or vetches and pulses related to it. Except in mild cases complete recovery does not occur, despite administration of an adequate diet and physiotherapy.... lathyrism

Laup

see laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty.... laup

Laurence–moon–biedl Syndrome

an autosomal *recessive condition characterized by obesity, short stature, learning disabilities, *retinitis pigmentosa, *hypogonadism, and delayed puberty. [J. Z. Laurence (1830–74), British ophthalmologist; R. C. Moon (1844–1914), US ophthalmologist; A. Biedl (1869–1933), Austrian physician]... laurence–moon–biedl syndrome

Leber’s Congenital Amaurosis

a hereditary condition (inherited as an autosomal *recessive) causing severe visual loss in infants. The *fundus usually appears to be normal when examined with an *ophthalmoscope, but marked abnormalities are found on the ERG (see electroretinography), usually with extinguished wave pattern. [T. Leber (1840–1917), German ophthalmologist]... leber’s congenital amaurosis

Leber’s Optic Atrophy

a rare hereditary disorder, usually affecting young males, that is characterized by loss of central vision due to neuroretinal degeneration. Visual loss in one eye is rapid and usually followed by loss in the second eye. [T. Leber]... leber’s optic atrophy

Lecithinase

n. an enzyme from the small intestine that breaks *lecithin down into glycerol, fatty acids, phosphoric acid, and choline.... lecithinase

Leflunomide

n. an *immunosuppressant drug used to treat rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis that have not responded to methotrexate or other *disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Side-effects, including blood disorders caused by impairment of bone-marrow function, may be severe.... leflunomide

Left Ventricular Failure

see heart failure.... left ventricular failure

Leigh Syndrome

a rare metabolic disorder that affects movement and development. Affected children are initially normal but lose coordination and balance as the disease progresses. There is no known cure at present. See also mitochondrial disorders. [D. Leigh (1915–98), British psychiatrist]... leigh syndrome

Legg–calvé–perthes Disease

(Perthes disease, pseudocoxalgia) necrosis of the head of the femur (thigh bone) due to interruption of its blood supply (see osteochondritis). Of unknown cause, it occurs most commonly in boys between the ages of 5 and 10 and causes aching and a limp. The head of the femur can collapse and become deformed, resulting in a short leg and restricted hip movement. Affected boys are kept under observation and their activities are restricted; surgery may be required in more severe cases. [A. T. Legg (1874–1939), US surgeon; J. Calvé (1875–1954), French orthopaedist; G. C. Perthes (1869–1927), German surgeon]... legg–calvé–perthes disease

Leio

combining form denoting smoothness. Example: leiodermia (abnormal smoothness of the skin).... leio

Leiomyosarcoma

n. a malignant tumour of smooth muscle, most commonly found in the uterus (it may arise in fibroids), stomach, small bowel, and at the base of the bladder. It is the second most common *sarcoma of soft tissues. This tumour is rare in children, occurring most commonly in the bladder, prostate, and stomach. Treatment is with surgery; these tumours are poorly responsive to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.... leiomyosarcoma

Leishman–donovan Body

see Leishmania. [Sir W. B. Leishman (1865–1926), British surgeon; C. Donovan (1863–1951), Irish physician]... leishman–donovan body

Leishmania

n. a genus of parasitic flagellate protozoans, several species of which cause disease in humans (see leishmaniasis). The parasite assumes a different form in each of its two hosts. In humans, especially in *kala-azar patients, it is a small rounded structure, with no flagellum, called a Leishman–Donovan body, which is found within the cells of the lymphatic system, spleen, and bone marrow. In the insect carrier it is long and flagellated.... leishmania

Lemniscus

n. a ribbon-like tract of nerve tissue conveying information from the spinal cord and brainstem upwards through the midbrain to the higher centres. On each side a medial lemniscus acts as a pathway from the spinal cord, while an outer lateral lemniscus commences higher up and is mainly concerned with hearing.... lemniscus

Lemon Sign

see banana and lemon signs.... lemon sign

Lenalidomide

n. a drug, related to *thalidomide, that affects the immune response and has activity against tumour cell formation and *angiogenesis. It is used to treat multiple myeloma and certain types of *myelodysplastic syndromes. The most serious side-effects are deep vein thrombosis and neutropenia, and there is a risk of *teratogenesis (women capable of bearing children must practise contraception during treatment and for a month before and after it).... lenalidomide

Lensectomy

n. a surgical procedure in which the crystalline lens of the eye is removed.... lensectomy

Lensmeter

n. an instrument used to measure the refractive properties of an artificial lens, such as a spectacle lens.... lensmeter

Lenticonus

n. a condition in which the anterior surface (anterior lenticonus) or the posterior surface (posterior lenticonus) of the lens of the eye has a much steeper curvature than normal and bulges as a blunted cone. It is usually congenital.... lenticonus

Lenticular Nucleus

(lentiform nucleus) see basal ganglia.... lenticular nucleus

Leontiasis

n. a bilateral symmetrical hypertrophy of the bones of the face and cranium, said to resemble the appearance of a lion’s head. It is a rare feature of untreated *Paget’s disease; the cause is unknown. Medical name: leontiasis ossea.... leontiasis

Lepra Reaction

an aggravation of lumps on the skin caused by *leprosy, accompanied by fever and malaise.... lepra reaction

Lepromin

n. a chemical prepared from lumps on the skin caused by lepromatous *leprosy.... lepromin

Lept

(lepto-) combining form denoting 1. slender; thin. 2. small. 3. mild; slight.... lept

Leptocyte

n. a red blood cell (*erythrocyte) that is wafer-thin, generally large in diameter, and displays a thin rim of haemoglobin at the periphery with a large area of central pallor. Leptocytes are seen in certain types of anaemia.... leptocyte

Leptomeninges

pl. n. the inner two *meninges: the arachnoid and pia mater.... leptomeninges

Leptomeningitis

n. inflammation of the inner membranes (the *pia mater and *arachnoid) of the brain and spinal cord. See also meningitis.... leptomeningitis

Leptophonia

n. weakness of the voice.... leptophonia

Leptotene

n. the first stage in the first prophase of *meiosis, in which the chromosomes become visible as single long threads.... leptotene

Leriche’s Syndrome

a condition in males characterized by absence of penile erection combined with absence of pulses in the femoral arteries and wasting of the buttock muscles. It is caused by occlusion of the abdominal aorta and iliac arteries. [R. Leriche (1879–1956), French surgeon]... leriche’s syndrome

Lesch–nyhan Disease

a *sex-linked hereditary disease caused by an enzyme deficiency resulting in overproduction of uric acid. Affected boys have learning disabilities and suffer from *spasticity and gouty arthritis. They also have a compulsion for self-mutilation. [M. Lesch (1939–2008) and W. L. Nyhan Jr. (1926– ), US physicians]... lesch–nyhan disease

Letrozole

n. see aromatase inhibitor.... letrozole

Letterer–siwe Disease

see Langerhans cell histiocytosis. [E. Letterer (20th century) and S. A. Siwe (1897–1966), German physicians]... letterer–siwe disease

Leuc

(leuco-, leuk-, leuko-) combining form denoting 1. lack of colour; white. 2. leucocytes.... leuc

Leucapheresis

n. a procedure for removing a quantity of white cells from the blood. Blood is withdrawn from the patient through a vein and passed through a machine (a cell separator). White cells are removed and the rest of the blood is returned to the patient through another vein. This method can be used to collect peripheral blood *stem cells from a patient.... leucapheresis

Leucocytospermia

n. the presence of excess white blood cells (leucocytes) in the semen (more than 1 million/ml). It has an adverse effect on fertility.... leucocytospermia

Leucolysin

n. see lysin.... leucolysin

Leucoma

n. a white opacity occurring in the cornea. Most leucomas result from scarring after corneal inflammation or ulceration. Congenital types may be associated with other abnormalities of the eye.... leucoma

Leuconychia

n. white discoloration of the nails, which may be total or partial. There are many causes.... leuconychia

Leucopoiesis

n. the process of the production of white blood cells (leucocytes), which normally occurs in the blood-forming tissue of the *bone marrow. See also granulopoiesis; haemopoiesis; lymphopoiesis; monoblast.... leucopoiesis

Leucostasis

(leukostasis) n. abnormal leucocyte aggregation and clumping associated with a very high white blood cell count, often seen in *leukaemia patients. The brain and lungs are the two most commonly affected organs.... leucostasis

Leukocidin

n. a bacterial *exotoxin that selectively destroys white blood cells (leucocytes).... leukocidin

Leukostasis

n. see leucostasis.... leukostasis

Leukotaxine

n. a chemical, present in inflammatory exudates, that attracts white blood cells (leucocytes) and increases the permeability of blood capillaries. It is probably produced by injured cells.... leukotaxine

Leukotrichia

n. the condition of having white hair. This may be seen with other, underlying, conditions, such as *vitiligo.... leukotrichia

Leukotriene

n. one of a class of powerful chemical agents synthesized from arachidonic acid by mast cells, basophils, macrophages, and various other tissues. Leukotrienes are involved in inflammatory reactions and the immune response: they increase the permeability of small blood vessels, cause contraction of smooth muscle, and attract neutrophils to the site of an infection.... leukotriene

Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist

one of a class of drugs that prevent the action of *leukotrienes by blocking their receptors on cell membranes, such as those in the airways. These drugs are used in the management of asthma for their effects in relaxing the smooth muscle of the airways and in reducing inflammation in the bronchial linings. Examples are montelukast and zafirlukast; side-effects may include headache and abdominal pain or gastrointestinal upsets.... leukotriene receptor antagonist

Leuprorelin

n. see gonadorelin analogue.... leuprorelin

Levitra

n. see sildenafil.... levitra

Levo

(laevo-) combining form denoting 1. the left side. 2. (in chemistry) levorotation.... levo

Levobunolol

n. a *beta blocker used in the treatment of open-angle *glaucoma; it reduces intraocular pressure, probably by reducing the rate of production of aqueous humour. Side-effects may include local stinging and burning.... levobunolol

Levodopa Test

a test of the ability of the pituitary to secrete growth hormone, in which levodopa is administered by mouth and plasma levels of growth hormone are subsequently measured (they should peak within the following hour). It is a safer alternative to the *insulin stress test but does not give information on cortisol production, which is usually more clinically important to know.... levodopa test

Levomepromazine

(methotrimeprazine) n. a phenothiazine *antipsychotic drug used in the treatment of schizophrenia and to relieve agitation, nausea and vomiting, and pain in terminally ill patients. Side-effects include drowsiness and weakness.... levomepromazine

Levothyroxine Sodium

see thyroxine.... levothyroxine sodium

Levulosuria

n. see fructosuria.... levulosuria

Lewy Bodies

see cortical Lewy body disease. [F. H. Lewy (1885–1950), German neurologist]... lewy bodies

Leydig Cells

see interstitial cells. [F. von Leydig (1821–1908), German anatomist]... leydig cells

Leydig Tumour

a tumour of the *interstitial (Leydig) cells of the testis. Such tumours often secrete testosterone, which in prepubertal boys causes *virilization and precocious puberty.... leydig tumour

Lhermitte’s Sign

a tingling shocklike sensation passing down the arms or trunk when the neck is flexed. It is a nonspecific indication of disease in the cervical (neck) region of the spinal cord. Causes include multiple sclerosis, cervical *spondylosis, and deficiency of vitamin B12. [J. Lhermitte (1877–1959), French neurologist]... lhermitte’s sign

Liaison Psychiatry

the interface between medicine and psychiatry, recognized by the Royal College of Psychiatrists as a specialty of psychiatry. Liaison teams ideally consist of psychiatric nurses, psychiatrists, psychologists, pharmacists, health-care support workers, and social workers. They are usually located in general hospitals and see patients after *deliberate self-harm or when a mental illness or *delirium is suspected anywhere in the hospital, in order to diagnose and advise on treatment. They offer *psychosocial assessments, treatment plans, medication advice, and advice regarding mental health and capacity legislation, and support ward staff with the management of challenging patients. They also help develop plans for earlier discharges, provide training, and support governance structures.... liaison psychiatry

Licence

n. 1. (in pharmaceutics) a document that allows a pharmaceutical company to market a particular drug. The company must apply for a licence to the regulatory body that issues them: in the UK this is the *Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. A drug is licensed only for defined uses (indications), which the health-care professional prescribing it should adhere to. 2. (licence to practice) (in general practice) see licensing.... licence

Licensing

n. a system in which the medical register shows whether a doctor is a licensed medical practitioner or holds registration only. It is the licence to practise rather than registration that signifies to patients and employers that a doctor has the legal authority to hold a post as a doctor, write prescriptions, sign death certificates, and exercise various other legal privileges. See also revalidation.... licensing

Lichenoid

adj. describing any skin disease that resembles *lichen planus.... lichenoid

Lichen Simplex Chronicus

(neurodermatitis) thickened eczematous skin that develops at the site of constant rubbing in susceptible individuals. Common sites are the nape of the neck in women and the lower legs or scrotum in men. Stress may be a relevant factor.... lichen simplex chronicus

Lieberkühn’s Glands

(crypts of Lieberkühn) simple tubular glands in the mucous membrane of the *intestine. In the small intestine they lie between the villi. They are lined with columnar *epithelium in which various types of secretory cells are found. In the large intestine Lieberkühn’s glands are longer and contain more mucus-secreting cells. [J. N. Lieberkühn (1711–56), German anatomist]... lieberkühn’s glands

Life Table

an actuarial presentation of the ages at which a group of males and/or females are expected to die and from which mean life expectancy at any age can be estimated, based on the assumption that mortality patterns current at the time of preparation of the table will continue to apply.... life table

Ligament

n. 1. a tough band of white fibrous connective tissue that links two bones together at a joint. Ligaments are inelastic but flexible; they both strengthen the joint and limit its movements to certain directions. 2. a sheet of peritoneum that supports or links together abdominal organs.... ligament

Lichen Sclerosus

a chronic skin disease affecting the anogenital area (and rarely other sites), especially the vulva in women and foreskin in men. It is characterized by sheets of thin ivory-white skin and may be caused by chronic irritation by urine. There is a risk of *squamous cell carcinoma. In women, the condition causes intense itching, and atrophy of the labia minora often occurs. Potent topical corticosteroids are helpful for women. In men, normal penile architecture is progressively lost and a constricting band around the foreskin may appear (causing sexual dysfunction and sometimes *paraphimosis) or sometimes narrowing of the urethral meatus may occur. This sometimes necessitates circumcision.... lichen sclerosus

Liddle’s Syndrome

a rare autosomal *dominant condition characterized by hypertension associated with hypokalaemia, metabolic alkalosis, and low levels of plasma *renin and *aldosterone. The hypertension often starts in infancy and is due to excess resorption of sodium and excretion of potassium by the renal tubules. The syndrome is caused by a single genetic mutation on chromosome 16, which results in dysregulation of a sodium channel in the distal convoluted tubule. Treatment is with a low salt diet and a potassium-sparing diuretic that directly blocks the sodium channel, such as amiloride or triamterene. [G. G. Liddle (1921–89), US endocrinologist]... liddle’s syndrome

Ligamentum Flavum

an important posterior ligament of the spine, which is thickened and yellowish in colour and joins the *laminae of adjacent vertebrae.... ligamentum flavum

Ligand

n. a molecule that binds to another molecule, as in antigen–antibody and hormone–receptor bondings.... ligand

Light Adaptation

reflex changes in the eye to enable vision either in normal light after being in darkness or in very bright light after being in normal light. The pupil contracts (see pupillary reflex) and the pigment in the *rods is bleached. Compare dark adaptation.... light adaptation

Lightening

n. the sensation experienced, usually after the 36th week of gestation, by many pregnant women, particularly those carrying their first child, as the presenting part of the fetus enters the pelvis. This reduces the pressure on the diaphragm and the woman notices that it is easier to breathe. Compare engagement.... lightening

Light Reflex

see pupillary reflex.... light reflex

Lignocaine

n. see lidocaine.... lignocaine

Likelihood Ratio

the degree to which a test result will change the odds that a patient has a disease. The likelihood ratio for a positive test expresses the degree to which the odds that a patient has a disease increase following a positive test. The likelihood ratio for a negative test expresses the degree to which the odds that a patient has a disease decrease following a negative test. Likelihood ratios depend on the *sensitivity and specificity of the test.... likelihood ratio

Limbus

n. (in anatomy) an edge or border; for example, the limbus sclerae is the junction of the cornea and sclera of the eye.... limbus

Limen

n. (in anatomy) a border or boundary. The limen nasi is the boundary between the bony and cartilaginous parts of the nasal cavity.... limen

Liminal

adj. (in physiology) relating to the threshold of perception.... liminal

Limosis

n. abnormal hunger or an excessive desire for food.... limosis

Linac

n. see linear accelerator.... linac

Linagliptin

n. see DPP-IV inhibitors.... linagliptin

Lindau’s Tumour

see haemangioblastoma. [A. Lindau (1892–1958), Swedish pathologist]... lindau’s tumour

Linea

n. (pl. lineae) (in anatomy) a line, narrow streak, or stripe. The linea alba is a tendinous line, extending from the xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis, where the flat abdominal muscles are attached.... linea

Linezolid

n. a member of a class of antibiotics – the oxazolidinones – that are active against Gram-positive bacteria, including *MRSA. Linezolid is used to treat pneumonia and soft-tissue infections caused by these organisms when they have not responded to other antibacterials. The most common side-effects are headache, a metallic taste in the mouth, diarrhoea, and nausea.... linezolid

Lingula

n. 1. the thin forward-projecting portion of the anterior lobe of the cerebellum, in the midline. 2. a small section of the upper lobe of the left lung, extending downwards in front of the heart. 3. a bony spur on the inside of the mandible, above the angle of the jaw. 4. a small backward-pointing projection on each side of the sphenoid bone.... lingula

Lining

n. (in dentistry) a protective layer placed in a prepared tooth cavity before a *filling is inserted.... lining

Linitis Plastica

(leather-bottle stomach) diffuse infiltration of the stomach submucosa with malignant tissue, producing rigidity, narrowing, and reduced luminal capacity. Endoscopic diagnosis may be difficult (typically the stomach does not distend during air insufflation at gastroscopy) but radiological changes are more marked.... linitis plastica

Linogram

n. a radiological examination of any tube or line placed into any organ. A radiopaque contrast material is injected through the line and the flow is observed with X-rays, to look for any leakage or blockage of the tubing or the organ it is placed in.... linogram

Linolenic Acid

see essential fatty acid.... linolenic acid

Lip Licker’s Dermatitis

an irritant contact *dermatitis caused by saliva produced during habitual licking of the lips and the surrounding skin in an attempt to moisten dry chapped lips. The mainstay of treatment is regular frequent application of a moisturizing agent.... lip licker’s dermatitis

Lipoatrophy

n. an immune reaction to insulin injections close to the site of injection, resulting in localized hollowing of the fat tissue, which may be unsightly. Formerly common with bovine insulin, it is now very rarely seen with human insulins and insulin analogues.... lipoatrophy

Lipochondrodystrophy

n. multiple congenital defects affecting lipid (fat) metabolism, cartilage and bone, skin, and the major internal organs, leading to learning disabilities, dwarfism, and deformities of the bones.... lipochondrodystrophy

Lipochrome

n. a pigment that is soluble in fat and therefore gives colour to fatty materials. An example is *carotene, the pigment responsible for the colour of egg yolks and butter.... lipochrome

Lipoedema

n. a chronic progressive condition involving abnormal fat-cell accumulation in the buttocks and lower limbs, which causes fluid retention, pain, reduced mobility, and psychological problems.... lipoedema

Lipofuscin

n. a brownish pigment staining with certain fat stains. It is most common in the cells of heart muscle, nerves, and liver and is normally contained within the *lysosomes.... lipofuscin

Lipogenesis

n. the process by which glucose and other substances, derived from carbohydrate in the diet, are converted to *fatty acids in the body.... lipogenesis

Lipogranulomatosis

n. an abnormality of lipid metabolism causing deposition of yellowish nodules in the skin.... lipogranulomatosis

Lipohypertrophy

n. a local build-up of fat tissue at the site of repeated insulin injections, which tends to alter the rate of absorption of further injections. It is caused by the local action of the insulin, which (among other things) promotes fat storage.... lipohypertrophy

Lipoic Acid

a sulphur-containing compound that can be readily interconverted to and from its reduced form, dihydrolipoic acid. Lipoic acid functions in carbohydrate metabolism as one of the *coenzymes in the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and other ?-keto acids.... lipoic acid

Lipoidosis

n. see lipidosis.... lipoidosis

Lipomatosis

n. 1. the presence of an abnormally large amount of fat occurring in the tissues. 2. the presence of multiple *lipomas.... lipomatosis

Lipopolysaccharide

n. a complex molecule containing both a lipid component and a polysaccharide component. Lipopolysaccharides are constituents of the cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria and are important in determining the antigenic properties of these bacteria.... lipopolysaccharide

Lipoprotein Lipase

an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of triglycerides in *chylomicrons and *very low-density lipoproteins to free fatty acids, which are absorbed from the capillaries into local tissues. Deficiency of this enzyme results in severe *hypertriglyceridaemia.... lipoprotein lipase

Lipotrophin

n. a hormone-like substance from the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the transfer of fat from the body stores to the bloodstream.... lipotrophin

Lipotropic

adj. describing a substance that promotes the transport of fatty acids from the liver to the tissues or accelerates the utilization of fat in the liver itself. An example of such a substance is the amino acid methionine.... lipotropic

Lipping

n. overgrowth of bone around a joint as seen on X-ray. This is a characteristic sign of degenerative joint disease and occurs most frequently and prominently in osteoarthritis. See also osteophyte.... lipping

Liposome

n. a microscopic spherical membrane-enclosed vesicle or sac (20–30 nm in diameter) made artificially in the laboratory by the addition of an aqueous solution to a phospholipid gel. The membrane resembles a cell membrane and the whole vesicle is similar to a cell organelle. Liposomes can be incorporated into living cells and may be used to transport relatively toxic drugs into cancer cells, where they can exert their maximum effects. The cancerous organ is at a higher temperature than normal body temperature, so that when the liposome passes through its blood vessels the membrane melts and the drug (e.g. *doxorubicin) is released. Liposomes are also undergoing clinical trials as vehicles in *gene therapy for cystic fibrosis.... liposome

Lipsitz Score

a scoring system used for newborn babies who may be withdrawing from maternal opioids or other (usually nonprescription) drugs. See neonatal abstinence syndrome.... lipsitz score

Lipuria

n. the presence of fat or oil droplets in the urine.... lipuria

Liquid-based Cytology

(LBC) a technique used for analysing *cervical smears taken for *cervical screening. The specimen is collected using a brush or spatula and then mixed with a liquid preservative fluid. In the laboratory, this fluid is spun and filtered to remove blood and other extraneous material, leaving a thin layer of cells that is spread on a microscope slide and examined. LBC yields specimens that are easier to screen and give more accurate results than those obtained by the traditional Pap test.... liquid-based cytology

Liraglutide

n. see GLP-1 receptor agonists.... liraglutide

Lisch Nodules

pigmented *hamartomas of the iris of the eye seen in *neurofibromatosis type I. [K. Lisch (1907–99), Austrian ophthalmologist]... lisch nodules

Lissencephaly

(smooth brain) n. a condition in which the brain develops abnormally – it has no grooves on the outside, large ventricles, and generally is smaller than it should be. Lissencephaly causes severe learning disabilities and *failure to thrive. See also Miller–Dieker syndrome.... lissencephaly

Lithaemia

n. see hyperuricaemia.... lithaemia

Lithonephrotomy

n. surgical removal of a stone from the kidney. See nephrolithotomy; pyelolithotomy.... lithonephrotomy

Lithopaedion

n. a fetus that has died in the uterus or abdominal cavity and has become calcified.... lithopaedion

Lithotrite

n. a surgical instrument used for crushing a stone in the bladder. See litholapaxy.... lithotrite

Lithotrophic

adj. see autotrophic.... lithotrophic

Lithuresis

n. the passage of small stones or *gravel in the urine.... lithuresis

Littre’s Hernia

an unusual hernia containing a Meckel’s *diverticulum. [A. Littre (1658–1726), French anatomist]... littre’s hernia

Litzmann’s Obliquity

see asynclitism. [K. C. T. Litzmann (1815–90), German obstetrician]... litzmann’s obliquity

Livedo

n. a discoloured area or spot on the skin, often caused by local congestion of the circulation.... livedo

Livid

adj. denoting a bluish colour of the skin, such as that produced locally by a bruise or of the general complexion in *cyanosis.... livid

Lividity

n. see hypostasis.... lividity

Lixisenatide

n. see GLP-1 receptor agonists.... lixisenatide

Lletz

large loop excision of the *transformation zone: a procedure for treating premalignant conditions of the cervix, including carcinoma in situ (CIN 3; see cervical intraepithelial neoplasia), that is performed under colposcopic control (see colposcopy) after application of local anaesthetic to the cervix. The transformation zone is removed using a thin loop of wire heated by electric current (see diathermy).... lletz

Lobular Carcinoma

cancer that arises in the lobules (rather than the ducts) of the breast. Like ductal carcinoma, it may be confined to its site of origin but can invade other tissues; however, it has a greater tendency than ductal carcinoma to affect both breasts.... lobular carcinoma

Local Education And Training Board

(LETB) a statutory committee of *Health Education England responsible for identifying the education and training needs in the health-care and public health workforce and for commissioning postgraduate medical and dental training to meet these needs. There are four local education and training boards in England.... local education and training board

Local Involvement Networks

(LINks) groups set up to help local people get involved in the development and delivery of health and social care services; they were replaced by local *Healthwatch organizations in 2013.... local involvement networks

Local Medical Committee

(LMC) a group of representatives of the general practitioners working in a defined geographical area. There are separate LMCs for each area, and the members speak on behalf of the local practitioners by whom they are elected. Similar arrangements and responsibilities apply for dentists, pharmacists, and optometrists practising in the NHS outside hospitals.... local medical committee

Loculation

n. the compartmentalization of a fluid-filled cavity into smaller spaces (locules) by fibrous septa. Loculation may occur in patients with long-standing pleural effusions, ascites, and in some cysts.... loculation

Loculus

n. (in anatomy) a small space or cavity.... loculus

Locus

n. 1. (in anatomy) a region or site. The locus caeruleus is a small pigmented *nucleus in the floor of the fourth ventricle of the brain. 2. (in genetics) the region of a chromosome occupied by a particular gene.... locus

Löfgren’s Syndrome

an acute form of *sarcoidosis characterized by fever, *erythema nodosum, enlarged lymph nodes near the inner border of the lungs, joint pain or inflammation, often involving the ankles, and *uveitis. Symptoms may resolve spontaneously after a few weeks or may need therapy with NSAIDs or low-dose corticosteroids. Recurrence may occur in a minority of patients. [S. Löfgren (1910–78), Swedish clinician]... löfgren’s syndrome

Logmar Chart

a chart for testing *visual acuity in which the rows of letters (optotypes) vary in size in a logarithmic progression. The space between the letters in a row and the space between each row is identical to the size of the letters in that row. This neutralizes the effect of crowding on vision. There are five letters in each row and each letter has a score of 0.02 log unit (the name derives from logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution). This makes it more accurate than a *Snellen chart and it is becoming increasingly used in testing vision. Most tests are done at a distance of 4 metres, allowing it to be used in smaller rooms. The acuity is scored as a number, with 1 being the same as 6/60 on the Snellen chart and 0 being equivalent to 6/6 (normal visual acuity). Vision better than 6/6 is scored as a negative, e.g. –0.18.... logmar chart

Logopaedics

n. the scientific study of defects and disabilities of speech and of the methods used to treat them. See also speech and language therapy.... logopaedics

Logy

(-ology) combining form denoting field of study. Example: cytology (study of cells).... logy

Lomotil

n. see co-phenotrope.... lomotil

Longitudinal Study

the collection and analysis of data about a group of participants over a period of time, often some years. Compare cross-sectional study. See also cohort study.... longitudinal study

Long Qt Syndrome

prolongation of the *Q–T interval on the electrocardiogram. It indicates susceptibility to ventricular tachycardia (especially *torsades de pointes), ventricular fibrillation, and sudden death. It may be familial or caused by certain drugs (e.g. sotalol, amiodarone, certain antipsychotic drugs).... long qt syndrome

Long-sightedness

n. see hypermetropia.... long-sightedness

Long-stretch Bandage

a bandage consisting of padding and/or crepe and material containing elastic fibres that can stretch to up 300% of their original length. It is used in the treatment of venous leg ulcers and may be applied dry or as a cohesive layer. The fibres provide constant pressure and should not be worn overnight or during extended periods of rest.... long-stretch bandage

Loop

n. 1. a bend in a tubular organ, e.g. *Henle’s loop in a kidney tubule. 2. one of the patterns of dermal ridges in *fingerprints.... loop

Loop System

see induction loop system.... loop system

Loosening Of Associations

(in psychiatry) a form of *formal thought disorder in which the linkage of the person’s train of thoughts gets lost or disrupted. This may be a sign of severe psychotic illness or mania.... loosening of associations

Looser Zone

see osteomalacia. [E. Looser (1877–1936), Swiss surgeon]... looser zone

Lopinavir

n. see protease inhibitor.... lopinavir

Loprazolam

n. a short-acting benzodiazepine drug administered for the short-term treatment of insomnia (see hypnotic). Possible side-effects include drowsiness and confusion.... loprazolam

Loratidine

n. see antihistamine.... loratidine

Loss

n. no longer having some valued aspect of one’s life, such as a relationship, a job, or a home, that one has previously enjoyed. This may have health consequences: shock, disbelief, and emotional numbness may be followed by anger, guilt, anxiety, or profound sadness. Such emotions may lead to behavioural changes or symptoms that bring people to health care. Encouraging the patient to talk about the loss will require *empathy, sensitivity, and *judgment from the professional, both to obtain the history of the events and to provide helpful advice and direction to assist in adjustment. See also bereavement.... loss

Loupe

n. 1. a small magnifying hand lens used for examining the front part of the eye, usually with a pocket torch to provide illumination. In modern practice a slit-lamp microscope is used. 2. (loupes) a binocular telescope system of variable magnification range mounted on a spectacle frame or a headband and used in microsurgical procedures, such as nerve repair or anastomosis of fine vessels.... loupe

Løvset’s Manoeuvre

rotation of the trunk of the fetus during a breech birth to facilitate delivery of the arms and the shoulders. This procedure is used when the fetal arms are extended due to previous inappropriate traction. [J. Løvset (20th century), Norwegian obstetrician]... løvset’s manoeuvre

Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms

(LUTS) symptoms occurring during urine storage, voiding, or immediately after. These include *frequency, *urgency, *nocturia, *incontinence, *hesitation, *intermittency, *terminal dribble, *dysuria, and *postmicturition dribble. These symptoms used to be known as prostatism. Sometimes they are due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (see prostate gland), but they may be due to *detrusor overactivity, excessive drinking, diuresis due to poorly controlled diabetes, or a urethral stricture.... lower urinary tract symptoms

Lower Uterine Segment

the lower portion of uterus, lying below the loose fold of peritoneum that lies between the uterus and bladder. This does not form until later in pregnancy and is less contractile than the rest of the uterus. A *Caesarean section is performed through the lower segment.... lower uterine segment

Lowe’s Syndrome

see Dent’s disease.... lowe’s syndrome

Lozenge

n. a medicated tablet containing sugar. Lozenges should dissolve slowly in the mouth so that the medication is applied to the mouth and throat.... lozenge

Lubb-dupp

n. a representation of the normal heart sounds as heard through the stethoscope. Lubb (the first heart sound) coincides with closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves; dupp (the second heart sound) is due to closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves.... lubb-dupp

Lucentis

n. see ranibizumab.... lucentis

Lues

n. a serious infectious disease such as syphilis.... lues

Lugol’s Solution

(aqueous iodine oral solution) a solution of 5% iodine and 10% potassium iodide, used in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis in emergencies, such as *thyroid crisis, or when surgery cannot wait for more conventional treatments. For its mode of action it utilizes the abnormal *Wolff–Chaikoff effect, seen in cases of thyroiditis. [J. G. A. Lugol (1786–1851), French physician]... lugol’s solution

Lumbar Triangle

a weak area in the abdomen bounded by the iliac crest (below), the external oblique muscle (in front), and the erector spinae muscle (behind). It can be the site of a lumbar hernia.... lumbar triangle

Lumbar Vertebrae

the five bones of the *backbone that are situated between the thoracic vertebrae and the sacrum, in the lower part of the back. They are the largest of the unfused vertebrae and have stout processes for attachment of the strong muscles of the lower back. See also vertebra.... lumbar vertebrae

Lumbo

combining form denoting the loin; lumbar region.... lumbo

Lumbosacral

adj. relating to part of the spine composed of the lumbar vertebrae and the sacrum.... lumbosacral

Luminescence

n. the emission of light from a substance. *Fluorescence is a type of luminescence obtained after an object has been irradiated. This phenomenon is used in a *fluoroscope, a *gamma camera, an X-ray *cassette, and some types of *dosimeter.... luminescence

Lunate Bone

a bone of the wrist (see carpus). It articulates with the capitate and hamate bones in front, with the radius behind, and with the triquetral and scaphoid at the sides.... lunate bone

Lung Cancer

cancer arising in the epithelium of the air passages (bronchial cancer) or lung (see also non-small-cell lung cancer; small-cell lung cancer). It is a very common form of cancer, particularly in Britain, and is strongly associated with cigarette smoking and exposure to industrial air pollutants (including asbestos). There are often no symptoms in the early stages of the disease, when diagnosis is made on X-ray examination. Treatment includes surgical removal of the affected lobe or lung (less than 20% of cases are suitable for surgery), radiotherapy, and chemotherapy.... lung cancer

Lunula

n. the whitish crescent-shaped area at the base of a *nail.... lunula

Lupus Anticoagulant

one of several autoantibodies that can cause *antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS). Despite the name, the antibody behaves as a coagulant, increasing the risk of thrombosis. It can be found in 50% of patients with APS.... lupus anticoagulant

Lupus Nephritis

a frequent and serious complication of systemic *lupus erythematosus (SLE). The 2002 WHO/ISN/RPS classification of lupus nephritis recognizes six classes: class I is the presence of mesangial deposits (see juxtaglomerular apparatus) seen on immunofluorescence and/or electron microscopy; class II is the presence of mesangial deposits and mesangial hypercellularity; class III is focal and segmental *glomerulonephritis; class IV is diffuse segmental or global nephritis; class V is *membranous nephropathy; and class VI is advanced sclerotic glomerulonephritis. Untreated, outcomes are poor in classes III and IV, but much improved with immunosuppressant treatment.... lupus nephritis

Lupus Verrucosus

a rare tuberculous infection of the skin – commonly the arm or hand – typified by warty lesions. It occurs in those who have been reinfected with tuberculosis.... lupus verrucosus

Lute

n. (in dentistry) a thin layer of cement inserted into the minute space between a prepared tooth and a crown or inlay to hold and seal it permanently in place.... lute

Luteal Cyst

see ovarian cyst.... luteal cyst

Lutein

n. 1. a yellow carotenoid pigment and potent *antioxidant found in many vegetables. Like the related pigment zeaxanthin (see also mesozeaxanthin), it occurs in high concentrations in the human eye. For this reason these pigments are thought to be crucial to healthy vision. 2. the yellow pigment of the corpus luteum.... lutein

Luteo

combining form denoting 1. yellow. 2. the corpus luteum.... luteo

Luteotrophic Hormone

(luteotrophin) see prolactin.... luteotrophic hormone

Luts

see lower urinary tract symptoms.... luts

Lyase

n. one of a group of enzymes that catalyse the linking of groups by double bonds.... lyase

Lyell’s Syndrome

see toxic epidermal necrolysis. [A. Lyell (20th century), British dermatologist]... lyell’s syndrome

Lymphaden

(lymphadeno-) combining form denoting lymph node(s).... lymphaden

Lymphangi

(lymphangio-) combining form denoting a lymphatic vessel.... lymphangi

Lymphangiosarcoma

n. a rare malignant tumour of the lymphatic vessels. It is most commonly seen in the chronically swollen (oedematous) arms of women who have had a mastectomy for breast cancer and may be induced by radiation.... lymphangiosarcoma

Lympho

combining form denoting lymph or the lymphatic system.... lympho

Lymphoblast

n. an abnormal cell present in the blood and the blood-forming organs in one type of leukaemia (lymphoblastic leukaemia). It has a large nucleus with very scanty cytoplasm and is thought to be the precursor of the lymphocyte. —lymphoblastic adj.... lymphoblast

Lymphocele

(lymphocoele) n. a collection of lymph in the tissues, which follows injury to, or operations upon, lymph nodes or ducts.... lymphocele

Lymphocytopenia

n. see lymphopenia.... lymphocytopenia

Lymphography

n. see lymphangiography.... lymphography

Lymphokine

n. a substance produced by lymphocytes that has effects on other cells involved in the immune system (see cytokines). An example is *interleukin 2 (IL-2).... lymphokine

Lymphopenia

(lymphocytopenia) n. a decrease in the number of *lymphocytes in the blood, which may occur in a wide variety of diseases.... lymphopenia

Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma

see Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinaemia.... lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma

Lymphopoiesis

n. the process of the production of *lymphocytes, which occurs in the *bone marrow as well as in the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, and gut wall. The precursor cell from which lymphocytes are derived has not yet been identified.... lymphopoiesis

Lymphorrhagia

n. the escape of the lymph from lymphatic vessels that have been injured.... lymphorrhagia

Lymphoscintigraphy

n. an imaging scan undertaken to identify the *sentinel lymph nodes, which receive lymph drainage from a tumour and are the first to show evidence of metastasis, and to differentiate these from disease-free nodes; this is in order to plan treatment options, particularly for melanoma and breast cancer management.... lymphoscintigraphy

Lymphotoxin

n. a *lymphokine that lyses various cell types, including tumour cells.... lymphotoxin

Lymphovascular Invasion

the spread of cancer cells into lymphatic or blood vessels noted on histopathological analysis of a specimen taken at biopsy or after surgical resection. It is associated with a higher risk of lymph node involvement and distant metastases.... lymphovascular invasion

Lymphuria

n. the presence in the urine of lymph.... lymphuria

Lynch Syndrome

see hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer.... lynch syndrome

Lyon Hypothesis

the hypothesis that gene dosage imbalance between males and females, because of the presence of two X chromosomes in females (XX) as opposed to only one in males (XY), is compensated for by random inactivation of one of the X chromosomes in the somatic cells of females. The inactivated X chromosome becomes the Barr body (see sex chromatin). [M. F. Lyon (1925–2014), British geneticist]... lyon hypothesis

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide

(LSD) an illegal hallucinogenic drug that was formerly used to aid treatment of certain psychological disorders. Side-effects include digestive upsets, dizziness, tingling, anxiety, sweating, dilated pupils, muscle incoordination and tremor. Alterations in sight, hearing, and other senses occur, psychotic effects, depression, and confusion are common, and tolerance to the drug develops rapidly. Because of these toxic effects, LSD is no longer used clinically. See Appendix 12 for a list of street names for illicit drugs.... lysergic acid diethylamide

Lysin

n. a specific *complement-fixing antibody that is capable of bringing about the destruction (lysis) of whole cells. Names are given to varieties of lysin with different targets; for example, haemolysin attacks red blood cells; leucolysin attacks white cells; and a bacteriolysin targets bacterial cells.... lysin

Lysogenic

adj. producing *lysis.... lysogenic

Lysogeny

n. an interaction between a *bacteriophage and its host in which a latent form of the phage (prophage) exists within the bacterial cell, which is not destroyed. Under certain conditions (e.g. irradiation of the bacterium) the phage can develop into an active form, which reproduces itself and eventually destroys the bacterial cell.... lysogeny

Lysosome

n. a particle in the cytoplasm of cells that contains enzymes responsible for breaking down substances in the cell and is bounded by a single membrane. Lysosomes are especially abundant in liver and kidney cells. Foreign particles (e.g. bacteria) taken into the cell are broken down by the enzymes of the lysosomes. When the cell dies, these enzymes are released to break down the cell’s components.... lysosome

Lytic

adj. of, relating to, or causing *lysis. For example, bone metastases that involve lysis (destruction) of normal bone, typically seen in multiple *myeloma, are described as lytic.

mA symbol for *milliamp.

MabThera n. see rituximab.... lytic

Malpighian Layer

the stratum germinativum: one of the layers of the *epidermis.... malpighian layer

Malt-worker’s Lung

a form of extrinsic allergic *alveolitis seen in people who work with barley.... malt-worker’s lung

Manual Lymphatic Drainage

a series of therapeutic movements, using massage, developed to enhance lymph drainage, alleviate swelling, and improve wound healing.... manual lymphatic drainage

Membranous Labyrinth

see labyrinth.... membranous labyrinth

Multifocal Lenses

lenses containing more than one segment made to different prescriptions for visual correction. See bifocal lens; trifocal lenses.... multifocal lenses

Mendel’s Laws

rules of inheritance based on the breeding experiments of the Austrian monk Gregor Mendel (1822–84), which showed that the inheritance of characteristics is controlled by particles now known as *genes. In modern terms they are as follows. (1) Each body (somatic) cell of an individual carries two factors (genes) for every characteristic and each gamete carries only one. It is now known that the genes are arranged on chromosomes, which are present in pairs in somatic cells and separate during gamete formation by the process of *meiosis. (2) Each pair of factors segregates independently of all other pairs at meiosis, so that the gametes show all possible combinations of factors. This law applies only to genes on different chromosomes; those on the same chromosome are affected by *linkage. See also dominant; recessive.... mendel’s laws

Myeloid Leukaemia

a variety of *leukaemia in which the type of blood cell that proliferates abnormally originates in the blood-forming (myeloid) tissue of the bone marrow. Myeloid leukaemias may be acute or chronic and may involve any one of the cells produced by the marrow. Blood cells in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia contain a reciprocal *translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 (see Philadelphia chromosome); molecular characterization of the translocation has led to the development of specific drugs to block the effects of this abnormality (see tyrosine kinase inhibitor).... myeloid leukaemia

Negative Feedback Loop

a physiological loop for the control of hormone production by a gland. High levels of a circulating hormone act to reduce production of the releasing factors triggering its own production, i.e. they have a negative *feedback on these trigger factors. As circulating levels of the hormone fall, the negative feedback is reduced and the releasing factor starts to be produced again, allowing the hormone level to rise again.... negative feedback loop

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

(NAFLD) a spectrum of conditions affecting the liver in the absence of excessive alcohol consumption. NAFLD is a common cause of referral for patients with abnormal liver function tests. Fatty liver is excessive fat accumulation in the liver seen as an area of brightness within the liver on ultrasound examination. Fatty liver does not lead to irreversible liver damage in the majority of cases. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is inflammation of the liver associated with accumulation of fat. It is often linked to insulin resistance, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and *metabolic syndrome. Treatment involves dietary modification, regular physical exercise, weight reduction, and management of underlying conditions (e.g. diabetes, hypertension, and hiperlipidaemia). NASH may predispose to *cirrhosis and may ultimately require liver transplantation.... nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Non-hodgkin’s Lymphoma

see lymphoma.... non-hodgkin’s lymphoma

Non-small-cell Lung Cancer

(NSCLC) any type of lung cancer other than *small-cell lung cancer. Such cancers include *adenocarcinoma of the lung, large-cell carcinomas, and squamous-cell carcinoma of the lung.... non-small-cell lung cancer

Northern Irish Sign Language

(NISL) see sign language.... northern irish sign language

Obstructed Labour

failure of the presenting part to descend in spite of uterine contractions, which implies a mechanical cause. Obstruction is usually due to (1) an abnormality in the woman’s pelvis (a contracted pelvis); (2) an abnormality in her baby (e.g. hydrocephaly); or (3) an abnormality in the relationship between them, either (a) an abnormal *lie (e.g. transverse) or *malpresentation, or (b) *cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD). CPD and impacted transverse lie are the most important causes. Much of the purpose of antenatal care is to screen mothers who are at risk from obstructed labour, which can be detected early by means of a *partogram. If undetected, it can lead to rupture of the uterus, death of the fetus, obstetric fistulae, or maternal death.... obstructed labour

Panton–valentine Leukocidin

a cytotoxin responsible for increased virulence of *Staphylococcus aureus (see leukocidin). It may cause fatal necrotizing pneumonia or, more commonly, deep skin abscesses that tend to recur frequently. [Sir P. N. Panton (1877–1950) and F. C. Valentine (20th century), British pathologists]... panton–valentine leukocidin

Patient Advice And Liaison Service

(PALS) (in England) a confidential service provided by each NHS trust to support patients, their families, and carers by giving advice and information in response to questions and concerns about local NHS services. See also advocacy.... patient advice and liaison service

Peg Lateral

(peg tooth) an upper lateral incisor that is abnormally small. This is a common form of *microdontia.... peg lateral

Periventricular Leucomalacia

(PVL) softening of white matter around the ventricles of the brain in preterm infants due to a decreased blood supply to the brain, usually associated with *hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy. Diagnosis is by ultrasound, which shows increased density and, later, cysts in the periventricular area. The brain damage can cause visual impairment and cerebral palsy.... periventricular leucomalacia

Picc Line

peripherally inserted central catheter: a long flexible catheter usually inserted via a vein in the arm and the subclavian vein into the superior vena cava. It is used when prolonged intravenous access is required; for example, for infusional chemotherapy and *total parenteral nutrition (TPN).... picc line

Plastic Lymph

a transparent yellowish liquid produced in a wound or other site of inflammation, in which connective tissue cells and blood vessels develop during healing.... plastic lymph

Polymorphous Light Eruption

see photodermatosis.... polymorphous light eruption

Poupart’s Ligament

see inguinal ligament. [F. Poupart (1661–1708), French anatomist]... poupart’s ligament

Prefrontal Lobe

the region of the brain at the very front of each cerebral hemisphere (see frontal lobe). The functions of the lobe are concerned with emotions, memory, learning, and social behaviour. Nerve tracts in the lobe are cut during the operation of prefrontal *leucotomy.... prefrontal lobe

Pregnancy Of Unknown Location

(PUL) a positive pregnancy test when no fetus can be seen on an ultrasound scan, which is due to a very early ongoing pregnancy, an early failing pregnancy, or an ectopic pregnancy not located on scan.... pregnancy of unknown location

Progressive Lenses

see varifocal lenses.... progressive lenses

Quadrate Lobe

one of the lobes of the *liver.... quadrate lobe

Record Linkage

the means by which information about health events from several different sources (e.g. hospital attendance, vaccination, and consultation with general practitioners) are all related to a specific individual in a common file or more usually a computerized record. This contrasts with data in which events only are recorded (see Hospital Episode Statistics) and two individuals treated for the same disease cannot be distinguished from one individual treated on two separate occasions.... record linkage

Sacrospinous Ligament Fixation

a surgical technique to correct vaginal *vault prolapse after hysterectomy. A stitch is made from the apex of the vagina to the sacrospinous ligament (which supports the vagina) approximately 2 cm medial to the ischial spine. The main complication is bleeding and formation of a haematoma.... sacrospinous ligament fixation

Sanctity Of Life

the religious or moral belief that all life – and especially all human life – is intrinsically valuable and so should never be deliberately harmed or destroyed. Many of those who hold such a view will have ethical objections to *euthanasia, *abortion, and *embryo research. The phrase may also be used to denote that the value of life should always be respected, whatever the perceived quality of that life. See also humanity; personhood.... sanctity of life

Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope

see ophthalmoscope.... scanning laser ophthalmoscope

Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty

(SLT) see trabeculoplasty.... selective laser trabeculoplasty

Self-limiting

adj. describing a condition that runs a predicted course and is unaffected by any treatment.... self-limiting

Semont Liberatory Manoeuvre

a series of head and body movements used to move microscopic debris from the posterior *semicircular canal in the inner ear. It is used in the treatment of *benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.... semont liberatory manoeuvre

Sentinel Lymph Node

the first lymph node to show evidence of metastasis (spread) of a malignant tumour (e.g. breast cancer) via the lymphatic system. Absence of cancer cells in the sentinel node indicates that more distal lymph nodes will also be free of metastasis. In breast cancer, the change in practice to perform axillary lymph node dissection only if the sentinel node contains metastatic tumour has reduced the risk of arm lymphoedema. Similarly, in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, the sentinel lymph node procedure is used as an alternative to neck dissection.... sentinel lymph node

Sex-limited

adj. describing characteristics that are expressed differently in the two sexes but are controlled by genes not on the sex chromosomes, e.g. baldness in men.... sex-limited

Sex-linked

adj. describing genes (or the characteristics controlled by them) that are carried on the sex chromosomes, usually the *X chromosome. The genes for certain disorders, such as *haemophilia, are carried on the X chromosome; these genes and disorders are described as X-linked. Since most of these sex-linked genes are *recessive, men are more likely to have the diseases since they have only one X chromosome; women can carry the genes but their harmful effects are usually masked by the dominant (normal) alleles on their second X chromosome.... sex-linked

Sign Language

(signed language) a form of communication that uses movements of the hands and other parts of the body together with facial expressions instead of sound. There are many different forms of sign language throughout the world. British Sign Language (BSL) is the form most commonly used in Great Britain. In Northern Ireland, Northern Irish Sign Language (NISL), BSL, and Irish Sign Language (ISL; the most common form in Ireland) are all used.... sign language

Small-cell Lung Cancer

(SCLC) a type of bronchial carcinoma characterized by small cells (or oat cells), small round or oval cells with darkly staining nuclei and scanty indistinct cytoplasm. Small-cell carcinoma is usually related to smoking and accounts for about one-quarter of bronchial carcinomas; it carries a poor prognosis due to early distant spread, typically to bones, liver, and brain. Treatment is primarily with chemotherapy and radiotherapy and paraneoplastic symptoms (see paraneoplastic syndrome) from *ectopic hormone production are common. Compare non-small-cell lung cancer.... small-cell lung cancer

Smear Layer

a layer of microcrystalline and organic particle debris that remains on the hard tissues of the teeth whenever they are cut. It may be important in assisting or preventing the penetration of bacteria into the dentinal tubules. The success of root canal treatment depends on the complete removal of the smear layer with a *chelating agent such as EDTA, but its presence may be useful in restorative dentistry.... smear layer

Speech And Language Therapy

the treatment of patients who have problems with communication or eating or drinking because of congenital causes, accidents, or illness (e.g. stroke). Speech and language therapists are *allied health professionals who have special training in this field.... speech and language therapy

Sphenopalatine Artery Ligation

(SPA) a surgical procedure to identify and occlude the sphenopalatine artery in the nose using endoscopic surgery. It is used in the treatment of severe epistaxis (nosebleed).... sphenopalatine artery ligation

Stagnant Loop Syndrome

see blind loop syndrome.... stagnant loop syndrome

Status Lymphaticus

enlargement of the thymus gland and other parts of the lymphatic system, formerly believed to be a predisposing cause to sudden death in infancy and childhood associated with hypersensitivity to drugs or vaccines.... status lymphaticus

Stereotactic Localization

the accurate localization, with the help of scans, of structures within the body by using three-dimensional measurements. It enables the accurate positioning within the body of radiotherapy beams or sources for the treatment of tumours and of localizing wires for the biopsy of small tumours. See also stereotaxy; cyberknife; gamma knife.... stereotactic localization

Suspensory Ligament

a ligament that serves to support or suspend an organ in position. For example, the suspensory ligament of the lens is a fibrous structure attached to the ciliary processes (see ciliary body) by means of which the lens of the eye is held in position.... suspensory ligament

Target Lesions

see erythema.... target lesions

Trifocal Lenses

lenses in which there are three segments. The upper provides a clear image of distant objects; the lower is used for reading and close work; and the middle one for the intermediate distance. Musicians sometimes find the middle segment useful for reading the score during performance.... trifocal lenses

Tumour-infiltrating Lymphocyte

(TIL) a lymphoid cell that can infiltrate solid tumours. Such cells can be cultured in vitro, in the presence of *interleukin 2, and have been used as vehicles for *tumour necrosis factor in gene therapy trials for cancer.... tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte

Varifocal Lenses

(progressive lenses) lenses in which the power (see dioptre) gradually changes from one prescription to the other and there is no dividing line on the lens between the different segments (compare multifocal lenses). The wearer can see clearly at any distance by raising or lowering the eyes.... varifocal lenses

Very Low-density Lipoprotein

(VLDL) a *lipoprotein that is the precursor of *low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Containing triglycerides and cholesterol, it is produced in the liver and circulates in the bloodstream, where its triglycerides are hydrolysed to free fatty acids by *lipoprotein lipase. The remaining lipoprotein becomes progressively denser and richer in cholesterol to form LDL.... very low-density lipoprotein

Von Hippel–lindau Disease

an inherited syndrome in which *haemangioblastomas, particularly in the cerebellum, are associated with renal and pancreatic cysts, *angiomas in the retina (causing blindness), cancer of the kidney cells, and red birthmarks. [E. von Hippel (1867–1939), German ophthalmologist; A. Lindau (1892–1958), Swedish pathologist]... von hippel–lindau disease

Wood’s Light

ultraviolet light filtered through a nickel oxide prism, which causes fluorescence in skin and hair affected by some fungal and bacterial infections and is therefore useful in diagnosis. For example, *erythrasma fluoresces coral pink, while scalp ringworm caused by Microsporum species fluoresces green. [R. W. Wood (1868–1955), US physician]... wood’s light

X-linked Disease

see sex-linked.... x-linked disease

X-linked Lymphoproliferative Syndrome

(XLP syndrome, Duncan’s disease) a hereditary disorder of the immune system caused by a defective *sex-linked gene carried on an *X chromosome. There is uncontrolled proliferation of B-*lymphocytes in response to infection by the Epstein-Barr virus, which can lead to fulminating hepatitis or lymphoma. This condition is due to a defect in a gene, SAP, which encodes a signalling molecule found in the cytoplasm of cells.... x-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome

 yag Laser

a type of *laser whose active medium is a crystal of yttrium, aluminium, and garnet. It is used for cutting tissue, for example in lens *capsulotomy or *iridotomy. Specialized types (e.g. the *holmium:YAG laser) are used for various specific purposes....  yag laser

Years Of Life Lost

(YLL, years of potential life lost, YPLL, potential years of life lost, PYLL) a measure of premature mortality that calculates the number of additional years a person could have expected to live, on average, had they not died prematurely. A reference age intended to represent the total number of years a person can expect to live, on average, is required for the calculation: this is often given in square brackets after YLL. Negative values for YLL are not used: if somebody survives longer than the reference age, their YLL is calculated as 0. YLLs for different diseases can be compared across populations to give an indication of which diseases carry the greatest burden of premature mortality.... years of life lost

Boldo Leaf

Peumus boldus

FAMILY: Monimiaceae

SYNONYMS: Boldu boldus, Boldoa fragrans, boldus, boldu.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: An evergreen shrub or small tree up to 6 metres high, with slender branches, sessile coarse leaves and bearing yellowish-green fruit; when dried the leaves turn a deep reddish-brown colour. The whole plant is aromatic.

DISTRIBUTION: Native to Chile; naturalized in the Mediterranean region. Some essential oil is produced in Nepal and Vietnam.

OTHER SPECIES: The Australian tree Monimia rotundifolia contains a similar oil, which has been used as a substitute. The oil of chenopodium or wormseed is also chemically related.

HERBAL/FOLK TRADITION: The bark is used for tanning, the wood utilized in charcoal making and the fruit eaten by locals. In South America it has long been recognized as a valuable cure for gonorrhoea. In Western herbalism, the dried leaves are used for genito-urinary inflammation, gallstones, liver or gall bladder pain, cystitis and rheumatism. The dried leaves are current in the British Herbal Pharmacopoeia as a specific for cholelithiasis with pain.

ACTIONS: Antiseptic, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, hepatic, sedative, tonic, urinary demulcent.

EXTRACTION: Essential oil by steam distillation of the leaves.

CHARACTERISTICS: A yellow liquid with a powerful spicy-camphoraceous, disagreeable odour.

PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS: Cymene, ascaridole, cineol, linalol.

SAFETY DATA: Extremely toxic. ‘The oil has powerful therapeutic effects, and it can be considered harmful to the human organism even when used in very small doses … should not be used in therapy, either internally or externally.’.

AROMATHERAPY/HOME: USE None.

OTHER USES: Used in pharmaceuticals in minute amounts for its therapeutic properties.... boldo leaf

Eucalyptus, Broad-leaved Peppermint

Eucalyptus dives var. Type

FAMILY: Myrtaceae

SYNONYMS: Broad-leaf peppermint, blue peppermint, menthol-scented gum.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A robust, medium-sized eucalyptus tree, with a short trunk, spreading branches and fibrous grey bark. The young leaves are blue and heart-shaped, the mature leaves are very aromatic, thick and tapering at both ends.

DISTRIBUTION: Native to Tasmania and Australia, especially New South Wales and Victoria. Oil is also produced in South Africa.

OTHER SPECIES: There are two types of broad-leaved peppermint although they look identical – one is rich in cineol (E. dives var. C.) and one is rich in ‘piperitone’ (E. dives var. Type). It is also similar to the peppermint eucalyptus (E. piperita) and the grey or narrow-leaved peppermint (E. radiata var. phellandra). See also entry on Eucalyptus, blue gum and Botanical Classification section.

HERBAL/FOLK TRADITION: The aborigines used the burning leaves in the form of a fumigation for the relief of fever; ‘heat went out of sick man and into fire’.

ACTIONS: See Eucalyptus, blue gum.

EXTRACTION: Essential oil by steam distillation from the leaves and twigs.

CHARACTERISTICS: A colourless or pale yellow mobile liquid with a fresh, camphoraceous, spicy-minty odour.

PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS: Piperitone (40–50 per cent), phellandrene (20–30 per cent), camphene, cymene, terpinene and thujene, among others. It is sold as Grades A, B or C according to the exact balance of constituents.

SAFETY DATA: Non-toxic, non-irritant (in dilution), non-sensitizing. Eucalyptus oil is toxic if taken internally (see entry on eucalyptus blue gum).

AROMATHERAPY/HOME: USE

Skin Care: Cuts, sores, ulcers etc.

Circulation muscles and joints: Arthritis, muscular aches and pains, rheumatism, sports injuries, sprains, etc.

Respiratory System: Asthma, bronchitis, catarrh, coughs, throat and mouth infections, etc.

Immune System: Colds, fevers, ’flu, infectious illness, e.g. measles.

Nervous System: Headaches, nervous exhaustion, neuralgia, sciatica.

OTHER USES: Little used medicinally these days except in deodorants, disinfectants, mouthwashes, gargles and in veterinary practice. ‘Piperitone’ rich oils are used in solvents. Employed for the manufacture of thymol and menthol (from piperitone).

EUCALYPTUS, ... eucalyptus, broad-leaved peppermint

Larvicidal

an agent which prevents and kills larvae.... larvicidal

Legume

a fruit consisting of one carpel, opening on one side, such as a pea.... legume

Ligulet

a narrow projection from the top of a leaf sheath in grasses.... ligulet

Linear

of leaves, narrow and more or less parallel-sided.... linear

Lipolytic

causing lipolysis, the chemical disintegration or splitting of fats.... lipolytic

Lemon-scented

Eucalyptus citriodora

FAMILY: Myrtaceae

SYNONYMS: Lemon-scented gum, citron-scented gum, scented gum tree, spotted gum, ‘boabo’.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: An attractive, tall, evergreen tree with a smooth dimpled bark, blotched in grey, cream and pink, cultivated as an ornamental. The trunk grows fast, straight and to considerable height, and is used for timber. The young leaves are oval, the mature leaves narrow and tapering.

DISTRIBUTION: Native to Australia; cultivated mainly in Brazil and China.

OTHER SPECIES: There are numerous other species of eucalyptus – see entry on eucalyptus blue gum. See also Botanical Classification section.

HERBAL/FOLK TRADITION: Used traditionally for perfuming the linen cupboard by enclosing the dried leaves in a small cloth sachet. During the last century it was regarded as a good insect repellent, especially for cockroaches and silverfish.

ACTIONS: Antiseptic, antiviral, bactericidal, deodorant, expectorant, fungicidal, insecticide.

EXTRACTION: Essential oil by steam distillation from the leaves and twigs.

CHARACTERISTICS: A colourless or pale yellow mobile liquid with a strong, fresh, citronella-like odour and sweet balsamic undertone.

PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS: Citronellal (80–95 per cent), citronellol, geraniol and pinene, among others. (The gum or ‘kino’ contains the antibiotic substance ‘citriodorol’.)

SAFETY DATA: Non-toxic, non-irritant, possible sensitization in some individuals. Eucalyptus oil is toxic when taken internally, see Eucalyptus blue gum entry.

AROMATHERAPY/HOME: USE

Skin Care: Athlete’s foot and other fungal infections (e.g. candida), cuts, dandruff, herpes, insect repellent, scabs, sores, wounds.

Respiratory System: Asthma, laryngitis, sore throat.

Immune System: Colds, fevers, infectious skin conditions such as chickenpox, infectious disease. ‘The essential oil contained in the leaves appears to have bacteriostatic activity towards Staphylococcus aureus; this is due to synergism between the citronellol and citronellal present in the oil’..

OTHER USES: Used as a fragrance component (in place of E. globulus) in soaps, detergents and perfumes; also used in room sprays and insect repellents Employed for the isolation of natural citronellal.... lemon-scented

Labdanum

Cistus ladaniferus

FAMILY: Cistaceae

SYNONYMS: Cistus (oil), gum cistus, ciste, cyste (absolute), labdanum gum, ambreine, European rock rose.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A small sticky shrub up to 3 metres high with lance-shaped leaves which are white and furry on the underside, and fragrant white flowers. Labdanum gum, a dark brown solid mass, is a natural oleoresin which is obtained by boiling the plant material in water.

DISTRIBUTION: Native to the Mediterranean mountainous regions and the Middle East. Now found throughout the Mediterranean region, especially southern France, Spain, Portugal, Greece, Morocco, Cyprus and Yugoslavia. The oil is mainly produced in Spain.

OTHER SPECIES: Labdanum gum is also obtained from other Cistus species, notably C. incanus, and other subspecies: see Botanical Classification section.

HERBAL/FOLK TRADITION: One of the early aromatic substances of the ancient world. The gum was used formerly for catarrh, diarrhoea, dysentery and to promote menstruation; externally it was used in plasters. The oil from the closely related plant frostwort (Helianthemum canadense), also known as cistus, also has many medicinal qualities and is said to be useful for scrofulous skin conditions, ulcers and tumours, including cancer.

ACTIONS: Antimicrobial, antiseptic, antitussive, astringent, balsamic, emmenagogue, expectorant, tonic.

EXTRACTION: 1. A resinoid or resin concrete and absolute by solvent extraction from the crude gum. 2. An essential oil by steam distillation from the crude gum, the absolute, or from the leaves and twigs of the plant directly.

CHARACTERISTICS: 1. Absolute – a semi solid green or amber mass with a rich, sweet, herbaceous-balsamic odour. 2. Oil – a dark yellow or amber viscous liquid with a warm, sweet, dry-herbaceous musky scent. It blends well with oakmoss, clary sage, pine, juniper, calamus, opopanax, lavender, lavandin, bergamot, cypress, vetiver, sandalwood, patchouli, olibanum, chamomile maroc and oriental bases.

PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS: It contains over 170 pinenes, including camphene, sabinene, myrcene, phellandrene, limonene, cymene, cineol, borneol, nerol, geraniol, fenchone, etc. Exact constituents vary according to source.

SAFETY DATA: Generally non-toxic, non-irritant, non-sensitizing. Avoid during pregnancy.

AROMATHERAPY/HOME: USE

Skin care: Mature skin, wrinkles.

Respiratory system: Coughs, bronchitis, rhinitis, etc.

Immune system: Colds.

OTHER USES: Used as a fixative and fragrance component in lotions, powders, soaps, detergents, colognes and perfumes, especially oriental perfumes and aftershaves. Employed in most major food categories, particularly meat products, as well as alcoholic and soft drinks.... labdanum

Laurel

Laurus nobilis

FAMILY: Lauraceae

SYNONYMS: Sweet bay, bay laurel, Grecian laurel, true bay, Mediterranean bay, Roman laurel, noble laurel, laurel leaf (oil).

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: An evergreen tree up to 20 metres high with dark green, glossy leaves and black berries; often cultivated as an ornamental shrub.

DISTRIBUTION: Native to the Mediterranean region; extensively cultivated especially for its berries, in France, Spain, Italy, Morocco, Yugoslavia, China, Israel, Turkey and Russia. The oil is mainly produced in Yugoslavia.

OTHER SPECIES: There are several related species, all of which are commonly called Bay: Californian bay (Umbellularia california), West Indian bay (Pimenta racemosa) and the cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus), which is poisonous.

HERBAL/FOLK TRADITION: A popular culinary herb throughout Europe. The leaves were used by the ancient Greeks and Romans to crown their victors. Both leaf and berry were formerly used for a variety of afflictions including hysteria, colic, indigestion, loss of appetite, to promote menstruation and for fever. It is little used internally these days, due to its narcotic properties. A ‘fixed’ oil of bay, expressed from the berries, is still used for sprains, bruises, earache, etc.

ACTIONS: Antirheumatic, antiseptic, bactericidal, diaphoretic, digestive, diuretic, emmenagogue, fungicidal, hypotensive, sedative, stomachic.

EXTRACTION: Essential oil by steam distillation from the dried leaf and branchlets. (An oil from the berries is produced in small quantities.)

CHARACTERISTICS: A greenish-yellow liquid with a powerful, spicy-medicinal odour. It blends well with pine, cypress, juniper, clary sage, rosemary, olibanum, labdanum, lavender, citrus and spice oils.

PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS: Cineol (30–50 per cent), pinene, linalol, terpineol acetate, and traces of methyl eugenol.

SAFETY DATA: Relatively non-toxic and nonirritant; can cause dermatitis in some individuals. Use in moderation due to possible narcotic properties attributed to methyl eugenol. Should not be used during pregnancy.

AROMATHERAPY/HOME: USE

Digestive system: Dyspepsia, flatulence, loss of appetite.

Genito-urinary system: Scanty periods. Immune system: Colds, ’flu, tonsillitis and viral infections.

OTHER USES: Used as a fragrance component in detergents, cosmetics, toiletries and perfumes, especially aftershaves. Extensively used in processed food of all types, as well as alcoholic and soft drinks.... laurel

Lavandin

Lavandula x intermedia

FAMILY: Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

SYNONYMS: L. hybrida, L. hortensis, bastard lavender.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A hybrid plant developed by crossing true lavender (L. angustifolia) with spike lavender or aspic (L. latifolia). Due to its hybrid nature, lavandin has a variety of forms: in general, it is a larger plant than true lavender, with woody stems. Its flowers may be blue like true lavender, or greyish like aspic.

DISTRIBUTION: A natural lavandin occurs in the mountainous regions of southern France where both parent plants grow wild, though at different altitudes. Still mainly cultivated in France, but also Spain, Hungary, Yugoslavia and Argentina.

OTHER SPECIES: There are cultivars of lavender, such as ‘Dwarf Blue’, ‘Hidcote Pink’ and ‘Bowles Early’; there are also many cultivars of lavandin such as ‘Grey Hedge’, ‘Silver Grey’ and ‘Alba’. For further information see entries on true lavender and spike lavender; also the Botanical Classification section.

HERBAL/FOLK TRADITION: Sixty years ago, when A Modern Herbal was written by Mrs Grieve, lavandin was still unknown, so it does not have a long history of therapeutic use. Its properties seem to combine those of the true lavender and aspic.

ACTIONS: See true lavender.

EXTRACTION: Essential oil by steam distillation from the fresh flowering tops; it has a higher yield of oil than either true lavender or aspic. (A concrete and absolute are also produced by solvent extraction.)

CHARACTERISTICS: A colourless or pale yellow liquid with a fresh camphoraceous topnote (which should not be too strong in a good quality oil), and a woody herbaceous undertone. It blends well with clove, bay leaf, cinnamon, citronella, cypress, pine, clary sage, geranium, thyme, patchouli, rosemary and citrus oils, especially bergamot and lime.

PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS: Linalyl acetate (30–32 per cent), linalol, cineol, camphene, pinene and other trace constituents.

SAFETY DATA: Non-toxic, non-irritant, nonsensitizing.

AROMATHERAPY/HOME: USE Similar uses to true lavender, but it is more penetrating and rubefacient with a sharper scent – good for respiratory, circulatory or muscular conditions.

OTHER USES: Extensively employed in soaps, detergents, room sprays, hair preparations and industrial perfumes. Used as a flavour ingredient in most major food categories, and also as a natural source of linalol and linalyl acetate.... lavandin

Lavender, Spike

Lavandula latifolia

FAMILY: Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

SYNONYMS: L. spica, aspic, broad-leaved lavender, lesser lavender, spike.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: An aromatic evergreen sub-shrub up to 1 metre high with lance-shaped leaves, broader and rougher than true lavender. The flower is more compressed and of a dull grey-blue colour.

DISTRIBUTION: Native to the mountainous regions of France and Spain; also found in North Africa, Italy, Yugoslavia and the eastern Mediterranean countries. It is cultivated internationally; the oil is mainly produced in France and Spain.

OTHER SPECIES: There are many different chemotypes of lavender in general, and this also applies to spike lavender. The French spike oil is reputed to be a more delicate, aromatic scent than the Spanish variety. For other varieties, see entries on lavandin, true lavender and the Botanical Classification section.

HERBAL/FOLK TRADITION: Culpeper recommends spike lavender for a variety of ailments including ‘pains of the head and brain which proceed from cold, apoplexy, falling sickness, the dropsy, or sluggish malady, cramps, convulsions, palsies, and often faintings’. He also warns that ‘the oil of spike is of a fierce and piercing quality, and ought to be carefully used, a very few drops being sufficient for inward or outward maladies’.. The preparation ‘oleum spicae’ was made by mixing ¼ spike oil with ¾ turpentine, and used for paralysed limbs, old sprains and stiff joints (it was also said to encourage hair growth).

Spike lavender is current in the British Herbal Pharmacopoeia, indicated for flatulent dyspepsia, colic, depressive headaches, and the oil (topically) for rheumatic pain.

ACTIONS: See true lavender.

EXTRACTION: Essential oil by water or steam distillation from the flowering tops.

CHARACTERISTICS: A water-white or pale yellow liquid with a penetrating, fresh herbaceous, camphoraceous odour. It blends well with rosemary, sage, lavandin, eucalyptus, rosewood, lavender, petitgrain, pine, cedarwood, oakmoss, patchouli and spice oils, particularly clove.

PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS: Mainly cineol and camphor (40–60 per cent), with linalol and linalyl acetate, among others.

SAFETY DATA: Non-toxic, non-irritant (except in concentration), non-sensitizing.

AROMATHERAPY/HOME: USE See true lavender.

OTHER USES: It is used in some pharmaceutical preparations and especially in veterinary practice as a prophylactic, in incipient paralysis, for rheumatism and arthritis and to get rid of lice. It is extensively employed as a fragrance component especially in soaps and industrial perfumes such as deodorants, disinfectants and cleaning agents, as well as insecticides and room sprays, etc. It is also used in the food industry and in the production of fine varnishes and lacquers.... lavender, spike

Linaloe

Bursera glabrifolia

FAMILY: Burseraceae

SYNONYMS: B. delpechiana, Mexican linaloe, ‘copallimon’.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A tall, bushy tropical shrub or tree, with a smooth bark and bearing fleshy fruit. The wood is only used for distillation purposes when the tree is twenty or thirty years old. The oil is partially a pathological product since its production is stimulated by lacerating the trunk – which apparently must be wounded on the night of the full moon for the tree to produce any oil!

DISTRIBUTION: Native to Central and South America, especially Mexico. It is cultivated in the Far East particularly in India (Mysore). The wood oil is mainly produced in Mexico, the seed (and husk) oil in India.

OTHER SPECIES: There are several species which are all known simply as linaloe: see Botanical Classification section. West Indian elemi (B. simaruba) is a close relative, as are myrrh and frankincense.

HERBAL/FOLK TRADITION: The seed oil is known in India as ‘Indian lavender oil’ and used chiefly as a local perfume ingredient and in soaps by the cosmetics industry of Mysore state. It is not much found outside India. In Mexico the wood oil is used in a similar fashion to rosewood, which contains similar constituents.

ACTIONS: Anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, bactericidal, deodorant, gentle tonic.

EXTRACTION: Essential oil by steam distillation from the 1. Wood, and 2. Seed and husk. (An essential oil is also occasionally produced from the leaves and twigs.)

CHARACTERISTICS: 1. A pale yellow liquid with a sweet-woody, floral scent, similar to rosewood. It blends well with rose, sandalwood, cedarwood, rosewood, frankincense, floral and woody fragrances. 2. A colourless liquid with a terpene-like odour, harsher than the wood oil.

PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS: 1. Mainly linalol, some linalyl acetate. 2. Mainly linalyl acetate, some linalol.

SAFETY DATA: Non-toxic, non-irritant, non-sensitizing.

AROMATHERAPY/HOME: USE

Skin care: Acne, cuts, dermatitis, wounds, etc., all skin types.

Nervous system: Nervous tension and stressrelated conditions.

OTHER USES: The wood oil is used in soaps, toiletries and perfumes. It is also used for the production of natural linalol, although this is increasingly being replaced by synthetic linalol.... linaloe

Lavender, True

Lavandula angustifolia

FAMILY: Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

SYNONYMS: L. vera, L. officinalis, garden lavender, common lavender

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: An evergreen woody shrub, up to 1 metre tall, with pale green, narrow, linear leaves and flowers on blunt spikes of a beautiful violet-blue colour. The whole plant is highly aromatic.

DISTRIBUTION: Indigenous to the Mediterranean region, now cultivated all over the world. The oil is produced mainly in France, also Spain, Italy, England, Australia, Tasmania, Yugoslavia, Turkey, Russia, Bulgaria, Greece, etc.

OTHER SPECIES: There are many varieties of lavender; L. angustifolia is divided into two subspecies – L. delphinensis and L. fragrans. French lavender (L. stoechas) is a smaller shrub with dark violet flowers; see also entries on spike lavender, lavandin and the Botanical Classification section. The so-called cotton lavender (Santolina chamaecyparissus) and the sea lavender (Statice caroliniana) belong to different botanical families.

HERBAL/FOLK TRADITION: Lavender has a well-established tradition as a folk remedy, and its scent is still familiar to almost everyone. It was used to ‘comfort the stomach’ but above all as a cosmetic water, an insect repellent, to scent linen, and as a reviving yet soothing oil ‘The essential oil, or a spirit of lavender made from it, proves admirably restorative and tonic against faintness, palpitations of a nervous sort, weak giddiness, spasms and colic ... A few drops of lavender in a hot footbath has a marked influence in relieving fatigue. Outwardly applied, it relieves toothache, neuralgia, sprains and rheumatism. In hysteria, palsy and similar disorders of debility and lack of nerve power, lavender will act as a powerful stimulant.’.

ACTIONS: Analgesic, anticonvulsive, antidepressant, antimicrobial, antirheumatic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antitoxic, carminative, cholagogue, choleretic, cicatrisant, cordial, cytophylactic, deodorant, diuretic, emmenagogue, hypotensive, insecticide, nervine, parasiticide, rubefacient, sedative, stimulant, sudorific, tonic, vermifuge, vulnerary.

EXTRACTION: 1. Essential oil by steam distillation from the fresh flowering tops. 2. An absolute and concrete are also produced by solvent extraction in smaller quantities.

CHARACTERISTICS: 1. The oil is a colourless to pale yellow liquid with a sweet, floral herbaceous scent and balsamic-woody undertone; it has a more fragrant floral scent compared to spike lavender. It blends well with most oils, especially citrus and florals; also cedarwood, clove, clary sage, pine, geranium, labdanum, oakmoss, vetiver, patchouli, etc. 2. The absolute is a dark green viscous liquid with a very sweet herbaceous, somewhat floral odour.

PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS: Over 100 constituents including linalyl acetate (up to 40 per cent), linalol, lavandulol, lavandulyl acetate, terpineol, cineol, limonene, ocimene, caryophyllene, among others. Constituents vary according to source: high altitudes generally produce more esters.

SAFETY DATA: Non-toxic, non-irritant, non-sensitizing.

AROMATHERAPY/HOME: USE Generally regarded as the most versatile essence therapeutically:

Skin care: Abscesses, acne, allergies, athlete’s foot, boils, bruises, burns, dandruff, dermatitis, earache, eczema, inflammations, insect bites and stings, insect repellent, lice, psoriasis, ringworm, scabies, sores, spots, all skin types, sunburn, wounds.

Circulation muscles and joints: Lumbago, muscular aches and pains, rheumatism, sprains.

Respiratory system: Asthma, bronchitis, catarrh, halitosis, laryngitis, throat infections, whooping cough.

Digestive system: Abdominal cramps, colic, dyspepsia, flatulence, nausea.

Genito-urinary system: Cystitis, dysmenorrhoea, leucorrhoea.

Immune system: ’Flu.

Nervous system: Depression, headache, hypertension, insomnia, migraine, nervous tension and stress-related conditions, PMT, sciatica, shock, vertigo.

OTHER USES: Used in pharmaceutical antiseptic ointments and as a fragrance. Extensively employed in all types of soaps, lotions, detergents, cosmetics, perfumes, etc, especially toilet waters and colognes. Employed as a flavouring agent in most categories of food as well as alcoholic and soft drinks.... lavender, true

Litsea Cubeba

Litsea cubeba

FAMILY: Lauraceae

SYNONYMS: L. citrata, ‘may chang’, exotic verbena, tropical verbena.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A small tropical tree with fragrant, lemongrass-scented leaves and flowers. The small fruits are shaped like peppers, from which the name ‘cubeba’ derives.

DISTRIBUTION: Native to east Asia, especially China; cultivated in Taiwan and japan. China is the main producer of the oil, much of which is used by the Chinese themselves.

OTHER SPECIES: Despite its folk names, this plant is not related to lemon verbena (Aloysia triphylla). It belongs to the same family as the laurel tree, rosewood and cinnamon.

HERBAL/FOLK TRADITION: It is planted as a wind breaker in China.

ACTIONS: Antiseptic, deodorant, digestive, disinfectant, insecticidal, stimulant, stomachic.

EXTRACTION: Essential oil by steam distillation from the fruits.

CHARACTERISTICS: A pale yellow mobile liquid with an intense, lemony, fresh-fruity odour (sweeter than lemongrass but less tenacious).

PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS: Mainly citral (up to 85 per cent).

SAFETY DATA: Non-toxic, non-irritant, possible sensitization in some individuals.

AROMATHERAPY/HOME: USE

Skin care: Acne, dermatitis, excessive perspiration, greasy skin, insect repellent, spots.

Digestive system: Flatulence, indigestion.

Immune system: Epidemics, sanitation.

OTHER USES: Extensively used as a fragrance component in air fresheners, soaps, deodorants, colognes, toiletries and perfumes. Employed in flavouring work, especially fruit products. It serves as a source of natural ‘citral’ all over the world.... litsea cubeba

Pine, Longleaf

Pinus palustris

FAMILY: Pinaceae

SYNONYMS: Longleaf yellow pine, southern yellow pine, pitch pine, pine (oil).

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A tall evergreen tree with long needles and a straight trunk, grown extensively for its timber. It exudes a natural oleoresin from the trunk, which provides the largest source for the production of turpentine in America – see also entry on turpentine.

DISTRIBUTION: Native to south eastern USA, where the oil is largely produced.

OTHER SPECIES: There are numerous other species of pine all over the world which are used to produce pine oil, as well as pine needle and turpentine oil – see Botanical Classification section.

HERBAL/FOLK TRADITION: Pine sawdust has been used for centuries as a highly esteemed household remedy for a variety of ailments. ‘It is a grand, gentle, although powerful external antiseptic remedy, applied as a poultice in rheumatism when localised, hard cancerous tumours, tuberculosis in the knee or ankle joints, disease of the bone, in short, all sluggish morbid deposits ... I have used it behind the head for failing sight, down the spine for general debility, on the loins for lumbago, etc. all with the best results.’.

ACTIONS: Analgesic (mild), antirheumatic, antiseptic, bactericidal, expectorant, insecticidal, stimulant.

EXTRACTION: The crude oil is obtained by steam distillation from the sawdust and wood chips from the heartwood and roots of the tree (wastage from the timber mills), and then submitted to fractional distillation under atmospheric pressure to produce pine essential oil.

CHARACTERISTICS: A water-white or pale yellow liquid with a sweet-balsamic, pinewood scent. It blends well with rosemary, pine needle, cedarwood, citronella, rosewood, ho leaf and oakmoss.

PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS: Terpineol, estragole, fenchone, fenchyl alcohol and borneol, among others.

SAFETY DATA: Non-toxic; non-irritant (except in concentration); possible sensitization in some individuals.

AROMATHERAPY/HOME: USE

Circulation muscles and joints: Arthritis, debility, lumbago, muscular aches and pains, poor circulation, rheumatism, stiffness, etc.

Respiratory system: Asthma, bronchitis, catarrh, sinusitis.

OTHER USES: Used extensively in medicine, particularly in veterinary antiseptic sprays, disinfectants, detergents and insecticides (as a solvent carrier). Employed as a fragrance component in soaps, toiletries, bath products and perfumes. Also used in paint manufacture although it is increasingly being replaced by synthetic ‘pine oil’.... pine, longleaf

Styrax, Levant

Liquidambar orientalis

FAMILY: Hamamelidaceae

SYNONYMS: Balsam styracis, oriental sweetgum, Turkish sweetgum, asiatic styrax, styrax, storax, liquid storax.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A deciduous tree up to 15 metres high with a purplish-grey bark, leaves arranged into five three-lobed sections, and white flowers. The styrax is a pathological secretion produced by pounding the bark, which induces the sapwood to produce a liquid from beneath the bark. It hardens to form a semi-solid greenish-brown mass with a sweet balsamic odour.

DISTRIBUTION: Native to Asia Minor. It forms forests around Bodrum, Milas, Mugla and Marmaris in Turkey.

OTHER SPECIES: Very similar to the American styrax (L. styraciflua) or red gum, which produces a natural exudation slightly darker and harder than the Levant type. There are also many other types of styrax; Styrax officinale produced the styrax of ancient civilizations. NB: Styrax benzoin is the botanical name for benzoin, with which it shares similar qualities.

HERBAL/FOLK TRADITION: In China it is used for coughs, colds, epilepsy and skin problems, including cuts, wounds and scabies. In the West it has been recommended as a remedy for catarrh, diphtheria, gonorrhoea, leucorrhoea, ringworm, etc. A syrup made from the bark of the American styrax is used for diarrhoea and dysentery in the western USA.

ACTIONS: Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiseptic, antitussive, bactericidal, balsamic, expectorant, nervine, stimulant.

EXTRACTION: Essential oil by steam distillation from the crude. (A resinoid and absolute are also produced by solvent extraction).

CHARACTERISTICS: A water-white or pale yellow liquid with a sweet-balsamic, rich, tenacious odour. It blends well with ylang ylang, jasmine, mimosa, rose, lavender, carnation, violet, cassie and spice oils.

PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS: Mainly styrene with vanillin, phenylpropyl alcohol, cinnamic alcohol, benzyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol, among others.

SAFETY DATA: Non-toxic, non-irritant, possible sensitization in some individuals. Frequently adulterated.

AROMATHERAPY/HOME: USE

Skin care: Cuts, ringworm, scabies, wounds.

Respiratory system: Bronchitis, catarrh, coughs.

Nervous system: Anxiety, stress-related conditions.

OTHER USES: Used in compound benzoin tincture, mainly for respiratory conditions. The oil and resinoid are used as fixatives and fragrance components mainly in soaps, floral and oriental perfumes. The resinoid and absolute are used in most major food categories, including alcoholic and soft drinks.

ACTIONS: Anthelmintic, antispasmodic, bactericidal, carminative, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, fungicidal, stomachic.... styrax, levant

Verbena, Lemon

Aloysia triphylla

FAMILY: Verbenaceae

SYNONYMS: A. citriodora, Verbena triphylla, Lippia citriodora, L. triphylla, verbena, herb Louisa.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A handsome deciduous perennial shrub up to 5 metres high with a woody stem, very fragrant, delicate, pale green, lanceolate leaves arranged in threes, and small, pale purple flowers. Often grown as an ornamental bush in gardens.

DISTRIBUTION: Native of Chile and Argentina; cultivated (and found semi-wild) in the Mediterranean region – France, Tunisia, Algeria – as well as Kenya and China. The oil is mainly produced in southern France and North Africa.

OTHER SPECIES: Botanically related to the oregano family – see Botanical Classification section. Not to be mistaken for the so-called ‘Spanish verbena’ or ‘verbena’ oil (Spanish) (Thymus hiamalis), nor confused with the herb ‘vervain’ (Verbena officinalis). This is further confused since the French name for verbena is verveine (Verveine citronelle, Verveine odorante).

HERBAL/FOLK TRADITION: ‘The uses of lemon verbena are similar to those of mint, orange flowers and melissa.’. It is indicated especially in nervous conditions which manifest as digestive complaints. The dried leaves are still used as a popular household tea especially on the Continent, both as a refreshing, uplifting ‘pick-me-up’ and to help restore the liver after a hang-over.

ACTIONS: Antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, detoxifying, digestive, febrifuge, hepatobiliary stimulant, sedative (nervous), stomachic.

EXTRACTION: Essential oil by steam distillation from the freshly harvested herb.

CHARACTERISTICS: A pale olive or yellow mobile liquid with a sweet, fresh, lemony, fruity-floral fragrance. It blends well with neroli, palmarosa, olibanum, Tolu balsam, elemi, lemon and other citrus oils.

PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS: Citral (30–35 per cent), nerol and geraniol, among others.

SAFETY DATA: Possible sensitization; phototoxicity due to high citral levels. Other safety data is unavailable at present – however, true verbena oil is virtually non-existent. Most so-called ‘verbena oil’ is either from the Spanish verbena (an inferior oil), or a mix of lemongrass, lemon, citronella, etc.

AROMATHERAPY/HOME: USE

Digestive system: Cramps, indigestion, liver congestion.

Nervous system: Anxiety, insomnia, nervous tension and stress-related conditions.

OTHER USES: Used in perfumery and citrus colognes – ‘eau de verveine’ is still popular in France, Europe and America.... verbena, lemon




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