The term is also a street drug name for an amphetamine derivative, 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine or MDMA, increasingly used as a ‘recreational’ drug. It is classi?ed as a class A drug under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. MDMA is structurally similar to endogenous CATECHOLAMINES and produces central and peripheral sympathetic stimulation of alpha and beta ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is taken into nerve terminals by the serotonin transporter and causes release of the NEUROTRANSMITTER substances serotonin and dopamine. Following this, SEROTONIN depletion is prolonged. As serotonin plays a major part in mood control, this leads to the characteristic ‘midweek depression’ experienced by MDMA users.
Several fatalities in young people have been attributed to adverse reactions resulting from MDMA use/abuse and possibly accompanying alcohol consumption. The principal effects are increase in pulse, blood pressure, temperature and respiratory rate. Additional complications such as cardiac ARRHYTHMIA, heatstroke-type syndrome, HYPONATRAEMIA and brain haemorrhage may occur. There is also concern over possible effects on the mental concentration and memory of those using ecstasy.
Management of patients who get to hospital is largely symptomatic and supportive but may include gastric decontamination, and use of DIAZEPAM as the ?rst line of treatment as it reduces central stimulation which may also reduce TACHYCARDIA, HYPERTENSION and PYREXIA.... ecstasy
Habitat: Moist meadows and pasture land.
Features ? The stem. growing up to three feet, is branched, furrowed, and downy above; egg-shaped, serrate leaves embrace the stem. The calyx is also egg-shaped and leafy, and the flowers, blooming in July and August, are large, solitary and terminal, brilliantly yellow in colour. The root is light grey, hard, horny and cylindrical. The whole plant is similar in appearance to the horseradish, its taste is bitter and acrid, and the odour reminiscent of camphor.Part used ? Root.Action: Diaphoretic, expectorant and diuretic.
In combination with other remedies it is made up into cough medicines, and can be of service in pulmonary disorders generally. Skillfully compounded, slight alterative and tonic qualities are noticed. Wineglass doses are taken of a 1 ounce to 1 pint (reduced) decoction.These modest present-day claims for Elecampane are far exceeded by Culpeper's exuberance. In his view, the root "warms a cold and windy stomach or the pricking therein, and stitches in the side caused by the spleen; helps the cough, shortness of the breath, and wheezing of the lungs. . . . Profitable for those that have their urine stopped. . . . Resisteth poison, and stayeth the venom of serpents, as also of putrid and pestilential fevers, and the plague itself." When we are also told by the same author that it kills and expels worms, fastens loose teeth, arrests dental decay, cleanses the skin from morphew, spots and blemishes, we realize in what esteem Elecampane was held in the seventeenth century! But here again germs of truth are hidden among manifold exaggerations.... elecampanePercutaneous nephroscope used for examining the interior of the kidney. It is passed into the pelvis of the kidney through a track from the surface of the skin. (The track is made with a needle and guide wire.) Instruments can be passed through the nephroscope under direct vision to remove calculi.
ANUS. Enemas may be given to clear the intestine of faeces prior to intestinal surgery or to relieve severe constipation. They may also be used to give barium for diagnostic X-rays as well as drugs such as CORTICOSTEROIDS, used to treat ULCERATIVE COLITIS. The patient is placed on his or her side with a support under the hips. A catheter (see CATHETERS) with a lubricated end is inserted into the rectum and warmed enema ?uid gently injected. Disposable enemas and miniature enemas, which can be self-administered, are widely used; they contain preprepared solution.... enema
Redness of the skin due to dilatation of dermal blood vessels. It may be transient or chronic, localised or widespread, and it can be blanched by pressure. Erythema may be caused by excessive exposure to heat or ultraviolet light, or by in?ammation of the skin due to infection, DERMATITIS, and various allergic reactions – for example, to drugs. It may be emotional (e.g. as in ?ushing), mediated by the autonomic nervous system.
Erythema ab igne is a ?xed redness of the skin caused by chronic exposure to heat from a domestic ?re or radiator.
Erythema pernio (See CHILBLAIN.) Redness induced by spasm of the skin arterioles due to cold. It affects the hands, feet or calves in winter. The red swollen areas are cooler than normal.
Erythema nodosum A singular pattern of red, tender nodules occurring on the shins, often lasting several weeks. It may be caused by a streptococcal throat infection, primary tuberculosis, SARCOIDOSIS, or may be drug-induced.
Erythema multiforme is an acute allergic eruption of the extremities characterised by circular areas of erythema, purpura and blistering, which resolve over two or three weeks, caused by infections or drugs. In severe forms the mucous membranes of the eyes, mouth and genitalia may be involved.
Erythema infectiosum is an acute contagious disease of children caused by a parvo-virus (see PARVOVIRUSES). In young children a bright erythema of the face gives a ‘slapped cheek’ appearance.
... erythemaHabitat: Woods and hedges throughout Europe.
Features ? This familiar small tree, twelve to twenty feet high, has young branches containing light, spongy pith, with a bark that is light grey and corky externally. The leaves are opposite, deep green and smooth. Creamy-white, flat-topped masses of flowers bloom in July, to be followed by the decorative, drooping bunches of purplish-black, juicy berries. Country folk aptly limit our English summer when they say that it does not arrive until the Elder is in full blossom, and ends when the berries are ripe!Part used ? Flowers.Action: Diaphoretic, emollient, alterative, diuretic.
These properties of the flowers are obtained from infusions of 1 ounce to1 pint of water in wineglass doses. It is used, often in conjunction with Peppermint and Yarrow, chiefly for the reduction of feverish colds, but inflamed conditions of the eyes are also found to yield to bathing with the warm Elder flower infusion. Although the medicinal qualities are weaker in the berries than in the flowers, the popular Elder berry wine is widely used as part of the treatment for colds and influenza.An ointment made from the leaves has been of help to sufferers from chilblains.... elderIndicated: antibacterials. Pulsatilla (American Dispensary)
Alternatives. Teas. Cornsilk, Marshmallow leaves.
Decoction. Marshmallow root.
Tablets/capsules. Pulsatilla, Saw Palmetto. Echinacea. Goldenseal.
Powders. Formula. Equal parts, Saw Palmetto, Pulsatilla, Black Willow, pinch of Cayenne. Dose: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon) 3-4 times daily.
Liquid extracts. Alternatives. (1) Formula: equal parts: Black Willow, Echinacea, Pulsatilla. Dose: 30- 60 drops. (2) Echinacea 2; Saw Palmetto 2; Thuja 1. Dose: 30-60 drops. 3-4 times daily.
Topical. Scrotal ice packs. Cold Dogwood poultice. ... epididymitis
Eruptions may be acute or chronic. Most of the acute eruptions belong to the exanthemata (see EXANTHEM): that is, they are bright in col-our and burst out suddenly like a ?ower. These are the eruptions of SCARLET FEVER, measles, German measles (see RUBELLA), SMALLPOX and chickenpox. In general, the severity of these diseases can be measured by the amount of eruption. Some eruptions are very transitory, like nettle-rash, appearing and vanishing again in the course of a few hours. (See also SKIN, DISEASES OF.)... eruption
Universal in?ammation of the skin may cause heart failure, particularly in elderly people with pre-existing heart disease. It may lead to HYPOTHERMIA due to excessive heat loss from the skin and protein de?ciency caused by the shedding of large quantities of skin scales containing keratin. Rarely, these complications can be fatal.
Treatment depends on the cause, but in eczematous erythroderma, oral CORTICOSTEROIDS (PREDNISOLONE) in full dosage may be needed.... erythroderma
Exophthalmos may also occur as a result of OEDEMA, injury, cavernous venous THROMBOSIS or a tumour at the back of the eye, pushing the eyeball forwards. In this situation it is always unilateral.... exophthalmos
(2) The term is also a colloquialism for public exposure by a man of his genitals to achieve sexual grati?cation.... exposure
Diseases There are several diseases that result from lesions to the extrapyramidal system, of which the most common is PARKINSONISM. Others include WILSON’S DISEASE, KERNICTERUS, CHOREA and ATHETOSIS.... extrapyramidal system
Habitat: Plentiful on commons, heaths, and in meadows, as well as on sea cliffs, but varies considerably in growth and development with the richness of the soil.
Features ? The stems are four to six inches long, and under suitable soil conditions, branched below. The lower leaves are opposite each other, and alternate higher up the stem, small, dark green, lanceolate or nearly rhomboid above, deeply cut, proceeding directly from the stem. The flowers are small, axillary, and range in hue between white and purple, while some are delicately variegated with yellow. The taste is bitter, salty and slightly astringent.Action: Astringent and tonic.
This herb, as its name indicates, is valued mainly as an application ininflammation and weakness of the eyes, and is frequently combined with Golden Seal to make an excellent lotion for this purpose. A large pinch of the herb should be infused with sufficient boiling water for each application. The eyebath should be freshly filled for each eye, care being taken to strain thoroughly before using the tepid lotion.Euphrasia is also employed externally to arrest hemorrhages.... eyebrightAlready genetic engineering is contributing to easing the problems of diagnosis. DNA analysis and production of MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES are other applications of genetic engineering. Genetic engineering has signi?cantly contributed to horticulture and agriculture with certain characteristics of one organism or variant of a species being transfected (a method of gene transfer) into another. This has given rise to higher-yield crops and to alteration in colouring and size in produce. Genetic engineering is also contributing to our knowledge of how human genes function, as these can be transfected into mice and other animals which can then act as models for genetic therapy. Studying the effects of inherited mutations derived from human DNA in these animal models is thus a very important and much faster way of learning about human disease.
Genetic engineering is a scienti?c procedure that could have profound implications for the human race. Manipulating heredity would be an unwelcome activity under the control of maverick scientists, politicians or others in positions of power.... genetic engineering
Treatment Severe pre-eclampsia is an emergency, and urgent admission to hospital should be arranged. Treatment should be given to control the hypertension; the fetal heart rate carefully monitored; and in very severe cases urgent CAESAREAN SECTION may be necessary.... pre-eclampsia
Scrapie. Notifiable disease. Fatal disease in the nervous system of cattle, unknown before 1985. Microscopic holes appear in the brain giving a spongiform appearance, but with little inflammation. Can spread from one animal to another: sheep, goats, deer, mules, mink, hamsters, mice, pigs and monkeys. Cause: not a virus. Animals itch and scrape themselves against trees or posts for relief. May spread from animals to humans, with brain infection after the character of polio.
Symptoms. (Human). Speech impairment, short-term-memory-loss, difficulty in controlling body movements. Zinc deficiency.
Treatment. Hospitalisation.
Suggested treatment for human infection, unproven.
Tinctures. Echinacea 5; Black Cohosh 3; Yarrow 2; Senna leaf 1.2-3 teaspoons in water (or cup hot Yarrow tea) 3-4 times daily. For headache: Gelsemium.
Supplement: Zinc.
To be treated by a general medical practitioner or hospital specialist. ... bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Before the practitioner comes: instil into the ear: few drops Onion or Garlic juice, Houseleek, Aloe Vera or Plantain juice; oils of Mullein, St John’s Wort or Almond. Moistened Chamomile flower sachet; apply to ear to ease pain.
Feverfew. A traditional way to relieve was to hold the ear over hot steaming Feverfew tea.
Supportive: A number of strong yawns while pinching the nostrils and blowing the nose vigorously may free obstruction and normalise pressure on both sides of the drum. Hot foot baths divert blood from the head and reduce pain. ... earache
Constituents: indole alkaloids, tyramine, acetylcholine.
Action: abortifacient, parturient, haemostatic, hypertensive, uterine stimulant, oxytocic. Uses. Obstetrics.
Difficult childbirth. Applied to excite uterine contractions in the third stage of labour. Preparations. Liquid Extract. BPC 1954, dose, 0.6 to 1.2ml.
Registered medical practitioner only. ... ergot
Symptoms: heavy sweating, failure of surface circulation, low blood pressure, weakness, cramps, rapid heartbeat, face is pale, cool and moist. Collapse. Recovery after treatment is rapid.
Alternatives. Cayenne pepper, or Tincture Capsicum, to promote peripheral circulation and sustain the heart. Prickly Ash bark restores vascular tone and stimulates capillary circulation. Bayberry offers a diffusive stimulant to promote blood flow, and Cayenne to increase arterial force.
Decoction. Combine equal parts Prickly Ash and Bayberry. 1 teaspoon to each cup water gently simmered 20 minutes. Half a cup (to which 3 drops Tincture Capsicum, or few grains red pepper is added). Dose: every 2 hours.
Tablets/capsules. Prickly Ash. Bayberry. Motherwort. Cayenne.
Tinctures. Formula. Prickly Ash 2; Horseradish 1; Bayberry 1. 15-30 drops in water every 2 hours. Traditional. Horseradish juice or grated root, in honey.
Life Drops. ... heat exhaustion
Symptoms (SLE): Loss of appetite, fever. Weight loss, weakness. Thickened scaly red patches on face (butterfly rash). May invade scalp and cause loss of hair. Sunlight worsens. Anaemia. Joint pains. Enlarged spleen. Heart disorders. Kidney weakness, with protein in the urine. Symptoms worse on exposure to sunlight. Low white blood cell count. Many patients may also present with Raynaud’s phenomenon while some women with silicone breast implants may develop lupus.
Treatment. Anti-virals. Alteratives. Anti-inflammatories, anticoagulants. Alternatives. Teas: Lime flowers, Gotu Kola, Ginkgo, Aloe Vera, Boneset.
Decoctions: Burdock. Queen’s Delight. Helonias.
Tablets/capsules. Echinacea. Blue Flag root. Wild Yam. Ginkgo.
Formula. Dandelion 1; Black Haw 1; Wild Yam half; Poke root half. Dose: Liquid Extracts: one 5ml teaspoon. Tinctures: two 5ml teaspoons. Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon). Thrice daily.
Topical. Sunlight barrier creams: Aloe Vera, Comfrey. Horsetail poultice. Garlic ointment. Castor oil packs.
Diet. See: DIET – SKIN DISORDERS.
Supplements. Calcium pantothenate, Vitamin A, Vitamin E, Selenium.
Note: The disorder is frequently misdiagnosed as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis or ME. Lupus antibodies have been linked with premature heart disease in women and transient strokes. ... lupus erythematosus
Ben: Kesutthe, Kesraj;
Mal: Kannunni, Kayyonni, Kayyunnni;Tam: Kayyantakara, Kaikeri;Kan: Kadiggagaraga;Tel: Guntagalijeran; Arab: Kadim-el-bintImportance: Eclipta is one of the ten auspicious herbs that constitute the group dasapuspam which is considered to destroy the causative factors of all unhealthy and unpleasant features and bestow good health and prosperity. The members of this group cure wounds and ulcers as well as fever caused by the derangement of the tridosas - vata, pitta and kapha. It is used in hepatitis, spleen enlargements, chronic skin diseases, tetanus and elephantiasis. The leaf promotes hair growth and use as an antidote in scorpion sting. The root is used as an emetic, in scalding of urine, conjuctivitis and as an antiseptic to ulcers and wound in cattle. It is used to prevent abortion and miscarriage and also in cases of uterine pains after the delivery. The juice of the plant with honey is given to infants for expulsion of worms. For the relief in piles, fumigation with Eclipta is considered beneficial. A decoction of the leaves is used in uterine haemorrhage. The paste prepared by mincing fresh plants has got an antiinflammatory effect and may be applied on insect bites, stings, swellings and other skin diseases. In Ayurveda, it is mainly used in hair oil, while in Unani system, the juice is used in “Hab Miskeen Nawaz” along with aconite, triphala, Croton tiglium, Piper nigium, Piper longum, Zingiber officinale and minerals like mercury, sulphur, arsenic, borax, etc. for various types of pains in the body. It is also a constituent of “Roghan Amla Khas” for applying on the hair and of “Majun Murrawah-ul-arwah”.Distribution: This plant is widely distributed in the warm humid tropics with plenty of rainfall. It grows commonly in moist places as a weed all over plains of India.Botany: Eclipta prostrata (Linn) Linn. syn. E. alba Hassk. is an annual, erect or postrate herb, often rooting at nodes. Leaves are sessile, 2.5-7.5cm long with white appressed hairs. Floral heads are 6-8 mm in diameter, solitary and white. Fruit is an achene, compressed and narrowly winged. Sometimes, Wedelia calendulacea, which resembles Eclipta prostrata is used for the same purpose.Properties and activity: The leaves contain stigmasterol, -terthienylmethanol, wedelolactone, dismethylwedelolactone and dismethylwedelolactone-7-glucoside. The roots give hentriacontanol and heptacosanol. The roots contain polyacetylene substituted thiophenes. The aerial part is reported to contain a phytosterol, -amyrin in the n-hexane extract and luteolin-7-glucoside, -glucoside of phytosterol, a glucoside of a triterpenic acid and wedelolactone in polar solvent extract. The polypeptides isolated from the plant yield cystine, glutamic acid, phenyl alanine, tyrosine and methionine on hydrolysis. Nicotine and nicotinic acid are reported to occur in this plant.The plant is anticatarrhal, febrifuge, antidontalgic, absorbent, antihepatic, CVS active, nematicidal, ovicidal and spasmolytic in activity. The alcoholic extract of entire plant has been reported to have antiviral activity against Ranikhet disease virus. Aqueous extract of the plant showed subjective improvement of vision in the case of refractive errors. The herbal drug Trefoli, containing extracts of the plant in combination with others, when administered to the patients of viral hepatitis, produced excellent results.... ecliptaNutritional Profile Energy value (calories per serving): Moderate Protein: High Fat: High Saturated fat: Moderate Cholesterol: High Carbohydrates: Low Fiber: None Sodium: Moderate to high Major vitamin contribution: Vitamin A, riboflavin, vitamin D Major mineral contribution: Iron, calcium
About the Nutrients in This Food An egg is really three separate foods, the whole egg, the white, and the yolk, each with its own distinct nutritional profile. A whole egg is a high-fat, high-cholesterol, high-quality protein food packaged in a high-calcium shell that can be ground and added to any recipe. The proteins in eggs, with sufficient amounts of all the essential amino acids, are 99 percent digestible, the standard by which all other proteins are judged. The egg white is a high-protein, low-fat food with virtually no cholesterol. Its only important vitamin is riboflavin (vitamin B2), a vis- ible vitamin that gives egg white a slightly greenish cast. Raw egg whites contain avidin, an antinutrient that binds biotin a B complex vitamin for- merly known as vitamin H, into an insoluble compound. Cooking the egg inactivates avidin. An egg yolk is a high-fat, high-cholesterol, high-protein food, a good source of vitamin A derived from carotenes eaten by the laying hen, plus vitamin D, B vitamins, and heme iron, the form of iron most easily absorbed by your body. One large whole egg (50 g/1.8 ounce) has five grams fat (1.5 g satu- rated fat, 1.9 g monounsaturated fat, 0.7 g polyunsaturated fat), 212 mg cholesterol, 244 IU vitamin A (11 percent of the R DA for a woman, 9 percent * Values are for a whole egg. of the R DA for a man), 0.9 mg iron (5 percent of the R DA for a woman, 11 percent of the R DA for a man) and seven grams protein. The fat in the egg is all in the yolk. The protein is divided: four grams in the white, three grams in the yolk.
The Most Nutritious Way to Serve This Food With extra whites and fewer yolks to lower the fat and cholesterol per serving.
Diets That May Restrict or Exclude This Food Controlled-fat, low-cholesterol diet Low-protein diet
Buying This Food Look for: Eggs stored in the refrigerated dair y case. Check the date for freshness. NOTE : In 1998, the FDA and USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) proposed new rules that would require distributors to keep eggs refrigerated on the way to the store and require stores to keep eggs in a refrigerated case. The egg package must have a “refrigera- tion required” label plus safe-handling instructions on eggs that have not been treated to kill Salmonella. Look for: Eggs that fit your needs. Eggs are graded by the size of the yolk and the thick- ness of the white, qualities that affect appearance but not nutritional values. The higher the grade, the thicker the yolk and the thicker the white will be when you cook the egg. A Grade A A egg fried sunny side up will look much more attractive than a Grade B egg prepared the same way, but both will be equally nutritions. Egg sizes ( Jumbo, Extra large, Large, Medium, Small) are determined by how much the eggs weigh per dozen. The color of the egg’s shell depends on the breed of the hen that laid the egg and has nothing to do with the egg’s food value.
Storing This Food Store fresh eggs with the small end down so that the yolk is completely submerged in the egg white (which contains antibacterial properties, nature’s protection for the yolk—or a developing chick embryo in a fertilized egg). Never wash eggs before storing them: The water will make the egg shell more porous, allowing harmful microorganisms to enter. Store separated leftover yolks and whites in small, tightly covered containers in the refrigerator, where they may stay fresh for up to a week. Raw eggs are very susceptible to Salmonella and other bacterial contamination; discard any egg that looks or smells the least bit unusual. Refrigerate hard-cooked eggs, including decorated Easter eggs. They, too, are suscep- tible to Salmonella contamination and should never be left at room temperature.
Preparing This Food First, find out how fresh the eggs really are. The freshest ones are the eggs that sink and lie flat on their sides when submerged in cool water. These eggs can be used for any dish. By the time the egg is a week old, the air pocket inside, near the broad end, has expanded so that the broad end tilts up as the egg is submerged in cool water. The yolk and the white inside have begun to separate; these eggs are easier to peel when hard-cooked. A week or two later, the egg’s air pocket has expanded enough to cause the broad end of the egg to point straight up when you put the egg in water. By now the egg is runny and should be used in sauces where it doesn’t matter if it isn’t picture-perfect. After four weeks, the egg will float. Throw it away. Eggs are easily contaminated with Salmonella microorganisms that can slip through an intact shell. never eat or serve a dish or bever age containing r aw fr esh eggs. sa lmonella is destroyed by cooking eggs to an inter nal temper atur e of 145°f ; egg-milk dishes such as custar ds must be cooked to an inter nal temper atur e of 160°f. If you separate fresh eggs by hand, wash your hands thoroughly before touching other food, dishes, or cooking tools. When you have finished preparing raw eggs, wash your hands and all utensils thoroughly with soap and hot water. never stir cooked eggs with a utensil used on r aw eggs. When you whip an egg white, you change the structure of its protein molecules which unfold, breaking bonds between atoms on the same molecule and forming new bonds to atoms on adjacent molecules. The result is a network of protein molecules that hardens around air trapped in bubbles in the net. If you beat the whites too long, the foam will turn stiff enough to hold its shape even if you don’t cook it, but it will be too stiff to expand natu- rally if you heat it, as in a soufflé. When you do cook properly whipped egg white foam, the hot air inside the bubbles will expand. Ovalbumin, an elastic protein in the white, allows the bubble walls to bulge outward until they are cooked firm and the network is stabilized as a puff y soufflé. The bowl in which you whip the whites should be absolutely free of fat or grease, since the fat molecules will surround the protein molecules in the egg white and keep them from linking up together to form a puff y white foam. Eggs whites will react with metal ions from the surface of an aluminum bowl to form dark particles that discolor the egg-white foam. You can whip eggs successfully in an enamel or glass bowl, but they will do best in a copper bowl because copper ions bind to the egg and stabilize the foam.
What Happens When You Cook This Food When you heat a whole egg, its protein molecules behave exactly as they do when you whip an egg white. They unfold, form new bonds, and create a protein network, this time with molecules of water caught in the net. As the egg cooks, the protein network tightens, squeez- ing out moisture, and the egg becomes opaque. The longer you cook the egg, the tighter the network will be. If you cook the egg too long, the protein network will contract strongly enough to force out all the moisture. That is why overcooked egg custards run and why overcooked eggs are rubbery. If you mix eggs with milk or water before you cook them, the molecules of liquid will surround and separate the egg’s protein molecules so that it takes more energy (higher heat) to make the protein molecules coagulate. Scrambled eggs made with milk are softer than plain scrambled eggs cooked at the same temperature. When you boil an egg in its shell, the air inside expands and begins to escape through the shell as tiny bubbles. Sometimes, however, the force of the air is enough to crack the shell. Since there’s no way for you to tell in advance whether any particular egg is strong enough to resist the pressure of the bubbling air, the best solution is to create a safety vent by sticking a pin through the broad end of the egg before you start to boil it. Or you can slow the rate at which the air inside the shell expands by starting the egg in cold water and letting it warm up naturally as the water warms rather than plunging it cold into boiling water—which makes the air expand so quickly that the shell is virtually certain to crack. As the egg heats, a little bit of the protein in its white will decompose, releasing sulfur that links up with hydrogen in the egg, forming hydrogen sulfide, the gas that gives rot- ten eggs their distinctive smell. The hydrogen sulfide collects near the coolest part of the egg—the yolk. The yolk contains iron, which now displaces the hydrogen in the hydrogen sulfide to form a green iron-sulfide ring around the hard-cooked yolk.
How Other Kinds of Processing Affect This Food Egg substitutes. Fat-free, cholesterol-free egg substitutes are made of pasteurized egg whites, plus artificial or natural colors, flavors, and texturizers (food gums) to make the product look and taste like eggs, plus vitamins and minerals to produce the nutritional equivalent of a full egg. Pasteurized egg substitutes may be used without additional cooking, that is, in salad dressings and eggnog. Drying. Dried eggs have virtually the same nutritive value as fresh eggs. Always refrigerate dried eggs in an air- and moistureproof container. At room temperature, they will lose about a third of their vitamin A in six months.
Medical Uses and/or Benefits Protein source. The protein in eggs, like protein from all animal foods, is complete. That is, protein from animal foods provides all the essential amino acids required by human beings. In fact, the protein from eggs is so well absorbed and utilized by the human body that it is considered the standard by which all other dietary protein is measured. On a scale known as biological value, eggs rank 100 ; milk, 93; beef and fish, 75; and poultry, 72. Vision protection. The egg yolk is a rich source of the yellow-orange carotenoid pigments lutein and zeaxanthin. Both appear to play a role in protecting the eyes from damaging ultraviolet light, thus reducing the risk of cataracts and age-related macular degeneration, a leading cause of vision of loss in one-third of all Americans older than 75. Just 1.3 egg yolks a day appear to increase blood levels of lutein and zeaxanthin by up to 128 percent. Perhaps as a result, data released by the National Eye Institute’s 6,000-person Beaver Dam ( Wisconsin) Eye Study in 2003 indicated that egg consumption was inversely associated with cataract risk in study participants who were younger than 65 years of age when the study started. The relative risk of cataracts was 0.4 for people in the highest category of egg consumption, compared to a risk of 1.0 for those in the lowest category. External cosmetic effects. Beaten egg whites can be used as a facial mask to make your skin look smoother temporarily. The mask works because the egg proteins constrict as they dry on your face, pulling at the dried layer of cells on top of your skin. When you wash off the egg white, you also wash off some of these loose cells. Used in a rinse or shampoo, the pro- tein in a beaten raw egg can make your hair look smoother and shinier temporarily by filling in chinks and notches on the hair shaft.
Adverse Effects Associated with This Food Increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Although egg yolks are high in cholesterol, data from several recent studies suggest that eating eggs may not increase the risk of heart disease. In 2003, a report from a 14-year, 177,000-plus person study at the Harvard School of Public Health showed that people who eat one egg a day have exactly the same risk of heart disease as those who eat one egg or fewer per week. A similar report from the Multiple R isk Factor Intervention Trial showed an inverse relationship between egg consumption and cholesterol levels—that is, people who ate more eggs had lower cholesterol levels. Nonetheless, in 2006 the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute still recommends no more than four egg yolks a week (including the yolk in baked goods) for a heart-healthy diet. The American Heart Association says consumers can have one whole egg a day if they limit cholesterol from other sources to the amount suggested by the National Cholesterol Education Project following the Step I and Step II diets. (Both groups permit an unlimited number of egg whites.) The Step I diet provides no more than 30 percent of total daily calories from fat, no more than 10 percent of total daily calories from saturated fat, and no more than 300 mg of cholesterol per day. It is designed for healthy people whose cholesterol is in the range of 200 –239 mg/dL. The Step II diet provides 25– 35 percent of total calories from fat, less than 7 percent of total calories from saturated fat, up to 10 percent of total calories from polyunsaturated fat, up to 20 percent of total calories from monounsaturated fat, and less than 300 mg cho- lesterol per day. This stricter regimen is designed for people who have one or more of the following conditions: • Existing cardiovascular disease • High levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs, or “bad” cholesterol) or low levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs, or “good” cholesterol) • Obesity • Type 1 diabetes (insulin-dependent diabetes, or diabetes mellitus) • Metabolic syndrome, a.k.a. insulin resistance syndrome, a cluster of risk fac- tors that includes type 2 diabetes (non-insulin-dependent diabetes) Food poisoning. Raw eggs (see above) and egg-rich foods such as custards and cream pies are excellent media for microorganisms, including the ones that cause food poisoning. To protect yourself against egg-related poisoning, always cook eggs thoroughly: poach them five minutes over boiling water or boil at least seven minutes or fry two to three minutes on each side (no runny center) or scramble until firm. Bread with egg coating, such as French toast, should be cooked crisp. Custards should be firm and, once cooked, served very hot or refrigerated and served very cold. Allergic reaction. According to the Merck Manual, eggs are one of the 12 foods most likely to trigger the classic food allergy symptoms: hives, swelling of the lips and eyes, and upset stomach. The others are berries (blackberries, blueberries, raspberries, strawberries), choco- late, corn, fish, legumes (green peas, lima beans, peanuts, soybeans), milk, nuts, peaches, pork, shellfish, and wheat (see wheat cer ea ls).
Food/Drug Interactions Sensitivity to vaccines. Live-virus measles vaccine, live-virus mumps vaccine, and the vac- cines for influenza are grown in either chick embryo or egg culture. They may all contain minute residual amounts of egg proteins that may provoke a hypersensitivity reaction in people with a history of anaphylactic reactions to eggs (hives, swelling of the mouth and throat, difficulty breathing, a drop in blood pressure, or shock).... eggs
The ?rst ‘test-tube baby’ – to use the popular, and widely used, term for such a child – was born by CAESAREAN SECTION in England on 25 July 1978. Many other children conceived in this manner have since been born, and, though only 10 per cent of women conceive at the ?rst attempt, the overall success rate is improving. Embryo transplantation and research are controversial procedures and in many countries, including the UK, are controlled by legislation. Embryo transfer and research using embryos are regulated by the Human Fertilisation & Embryology Authority (see ASSISTED CONCEPTION; APPENDIX 7: STATUTORY ORGANISATIONS).... embryo transfer
Adrenal glands These two glands, also known as suprarenal glands, lie immediately above the kidneys. The central or medullary portion of the glands forms the secretions known as ADRENALINE (or epinephrine) and NORADRENALINE. Adrenaline acts upon structures innervated by sympathetic nerves. Brie?y, the blood vessels of the skin and of the abdominal viscera (except the intestines) are constricted, and at the same time the arteries of the muscles and the coronary arteries are dilated; systolic blood pressure rises; blood sugar increases; the metabolic rate rises; muscle fatigue is diminished. The super?cial or cortical part of the glands produces steroid-based substances such as aldosterone, cortisone, hydrocortisone, and deoxycortone acetate, for the maintenance of life. It is the absence of these substances, due to atrophy or destruction of the suprarenal cortex, that is responsible for the condition known as ADDISON’S DISEASE. (See CORTICOSTEROIDS.)
Ovaries and testicles The ovary (see OVARIES) secretes at least two hormones – known, respectively, as oestradiol (follicular hormone) and progesterone (corpus luteum hormone). Oestradiol develops (under the stimulus of the anterior pituitary lobe – see PITUITARY GLAND below, and under separate entry) each time an ovum in the ovary becomes mature, and causes extensive proliferation of the ENDOMETRIUM lining the UTERUS, a stage ending with shedding of the ovum about 14 days before the onset of MENSTRUATION. The corpus luteum, which then forms, secretes both progesterone and oestradiol. Progesterone brings about great activity of the glands in the endometrium. The uterus is now ready to receive the ovum if it is fertilised. If fertilisation does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates, the hormones cease acting, and menstruation takes place.
The hormone secreted by the testicles (see TESTICLE) is known as TESTOSTERONE. It is responsible for the growth of the male secondary sex characteristics.
Pancreas This gland is situated in the upper part of the abdomen and, in addition to the digestive enzymes, it produces INSULIN within specialised cells (islets of Langerhans). This controls carbohydrate metabolism; faulty or absent insulin production causes DIABETES MELLITUS.
Parathyroid glands These are four minute glands lying at the side of, or behind, the thyroid (see below). They have a certain e?ect in controlling the absorption of calcium salts by the bones and other tissues. When their secretion is defective, TETANY occurs.
Pituitary gland This gland is attached to the base of the brain and rests in a hollow on the base of the skull. It is the most important of all endocrine glands and consists of two embryologically and functionally distinct lobes.
The function of the anterior lobe depends on the secretion by the HYPOTHALAMUS of certain ‘neuro-hormones’ which control the secretion of the pituitary trophic hormones. The hypothalamic centres involved in the control of speci?c pituitary hormones appear to be anatomically separate. Through the pituitary trophic hormones the activity of the thyroid, adrenal cortex and the sex glands is controlled. The anterior pituitary and the target glands are linked through a feedback control cycle. The liberation of trophic hormones is inhibited by a rising concentration of the circulating hormone of the target gland, and stimulated by a fall in its concentration. Six trophic (polypeptide) hormones are formed by the anterior pituitary. Growth hormone (GH) and prolactin are simple proteins formed in the acidophil cells. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinising hormone (LH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) are glycoproteins formed in the basophil cells. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), although a polypeptide, is derived from basophil cells.
The posterior pituitary lobe, or neurohypophysis, is closely connected with the hypothalamus by the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tracts. It is concerned with the production or storage of OXYTOCIN and vasopressin (the antidiuretic hormone).
PITUITARY HORMONES Growth hormone, gonadotrophic hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone and thyrotrophic hormones can be assayed in blood or urine by radio-immunoassay techniques. Growth hormone extracted from human pituitary glands obtained at autopsy was available for clinical use until 1985, when it was withdrawn as it is believed to carry the virus responsible for CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE (COD). However, growth hormone produced by DNA recombinant techniques is now available as somatropin. Synthetic growth hormone is used to treat de?ciency of the natural hormone in children and adults, TURNER’S SYNDROME and chronic renal insu?ciency in children.
Human pituitary gonadotrophins are readily obtained from post-menopausal urine. Commercial extracts from this source are available and are e?ective for treatment of infertility due to gonadotrophin insu?ciency.
The adrenocorticotrophic hormone is extracted from animal pituitary glands and has been available therapeutically for many years. It is used as a test of adrenal function, and, under certain circumstances, in conditions for which corticosteroid therapy is indicated (see CORTICOSTEROIDS). The pharmacologically active polypeptide of ACTH has been synthesised and is called tetracosactrin. Thyrotrophic hormone is also available but it has no therapeutic application.
HYPOTHALAMIC RELEASING HORMONES which affect the release of each of the six anterior pituitary hormones have been identi?ed. Their blood levels are only one-thousandth of those of the pituitary trophic hormones. The release of thyrotrophin, adrenocorticotrophin, growth hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone is stimulated, while release of prolactin is inhibited. The structure of the releasing hormones for TSH, FSH-LH, GH and, most recently, ACTH is known and they have all been synthesised. Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) is used as a diagnostic test of thyroid function but it has no therapeutic application. FSH-LH-releasing hormone provides a useful diagnostic test of gonadotrophin reserve in patients with pituitary disease, and is now used in the treatment of infertility and AMENORRHOEA in patients with functional hypothalamic disturbance. As this is the most common variety of secondary amenorrhoea, the potential use is great. Most cases of congenital de?ciency of GH, FSH, LH and ACTH are due to defects in the hypothalamic production of releasing hormone and are not a primary pituitary defect, so that the therapeutic implication of this synthesised group of releasing hormones is considerable.
GALACTORRHOEA is frequently due to a microadenoma (see ADENOMA) of the pituitary. DOPAMINE is the prolactin-release inhibiting hormone. Its duration of action is short so its therapeutic value is limited. However, BROMOCRIPTINE is a dopamine agonist with a more prolonged action and is e?ective treatment for galactorrhoea.
Thyroid gland The functions of the thyroid gland are controlled by the pituitary gland (see above) and the hypothalamus, situated in the brain. The thyroid, situated in the front of the neck below the LARYNX, helps to regulate the body’s METABOLISM. It comprises two lobes each side of the TRACHEA joined by an isthmus. Two types of secretory cells in the gland – follicular cells (the majority) and parafollicular cells – secrete, respectively, the iodine-containing hormones THYROXINE (T4) and TRI-IODOTHYRONINE (T3), and the hormone CALCITONIN. T3 and T4 help control metabolism and calcitonin, in conjunction with parathyroid hormone (see above), regulates the body’s calcium balance. De?ciencies in thyroid function produce HYPOTHYROIDISM and, in children, retarded development. Excess thyroid activity causes thyrotoxicosis. (See THYROID GLAND, DISEASES OF.)... endocrine glands
Tre atme nt. Bedrest where necessary. Treat underlying cause which may be ulcerative colitis, tuberculosis, toxicity from The Pill, drug reactions.
Alternatives:– Tea. Red Clover, Gotu Kola, Clivers. Combine. 1 heaped teaspoon to each cup boiling water; infuse 5-10 minutes; half-1 cup thrice daily.
Tablets/capsules. Blue Flag root, Devil’s Claw, Poke root, Seaweed and Sarsaparilla, Wild Yam. Formula. Burdock 1; Dandelion 2; Sarsaparilla 1. Dose – Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon). Liquid Extracts: 1 teaspoon. Tinctures: 2 teaspoons. Thrice daily in water.
Diet. See: DIET – SKIN DISEASES.
Note: Erythema nodosum associated with Crohn’s disease, more frequently recognised in childhood. ... erythema nodosum
The purpose of enteral feeding is to give a liquid, low-residue food through a naso-gastric feeding tube. It has the advantage over parenteral nutrition that the septic complications of insertion of CATHETERS into veins are avoided. Enteral feeding may either take the form of intermittent feeding through a large-bore naso-gastric tube, or of continuous gravity-feeding through a ?ne-bore tube.
A number of proprietary enteral foods are available. Some contain whole protein as the nitrogen source; others – and these are called elemental diets – contain free amino acids. DIARRHOEA is the most common problem with enteral feeding and it tends to occur when enteral feeding is introduced too rapidly or with too strong a preparation.... enteral feeding
Dental erosion is the loss of tooth substance due to a cause other than decay or trauma. This is usually as a result of the presence of acid; for example, frequent vomiting or the excessive intake of citrus fruits. The teeth appear very smooth and later develop saucer-shaped depressions.... erosion
Habitat: The plant is seen only on the sand dunes of the sea shore.
Features ? A pale greenish-blue bloom is characteristic of the erect, smooth stem, which grows to nearly one foot. Stiff, wavy, roundish leaves are roughly divided into three short, broad lobes, with beautiful veins and sharp teeth at the margins. Root leaves have stalks, but those from the stem are sessile. Blooming from July to September, the bright, pale blue flowers form a dense, round head at the end ofbranches. The blackish-brown roots, long, thin arid cylindrical, are topped with the bristly remnants of the leaf stalks, and have a sweetish, mucilaginous taste.Part used ? The root is the only part of the plant recognised in herbalism.Action: Eryngo root is a diaphoretic, diuretic and expectorant.
It is mostly prescribed for bladder disorders, such as difficult and painful micturation, and also forms part of the treatment for uterine irritation.Richard Lawrence Hool, of the British and American Physio-Medical Association, advises it in "sluggishness of the liver with uric acid accumulations," prepared as follows:"Sea Holly 1 ounceWild Carrot 1 ounce."Boil in 1 1/2 pints of water down to 1 pint; strain, and take a wineglassful four times a day. In cases of jaundice take:"Sea Holly 1 ounceBarberry bark 1/2 ounce"Boil in 1 quart of new milk for 10 minutes. Strain, and take two wineglassfuls every three hours." He adds ? "Most obstinate cases have been known to yield to this remedy in from 7-to 14 days."... eryngo(e.g. arsenic, mercury and thallium). Treatment is unsatisfactory but aspirin provides sympomatic relief.... erythromelalgia
Medical ethics are embedded in cultural values which evolve. Acceptance of abortion within well-de?ned legal parameters in some jurisdictions is an example of how society in?uences the way in which perceptions about ethical obligations change. Because they are often linked to the moral views predominating in society, medical ethics cannot be seen as embodying uniform standards independent of cultural context. Some countries which permit capital punishment or female genital mutilation (FGM – see CIRCUMCISION), for example, expect doctors to carry out such procedures. Some doctors would argue that their ethical obligation to minimise pain and suffering obliges them to comply, whereas others would deem their ethical obligations to be the complete opposite. The medical community attempts to address such variations by establish-ing globally applicable ethical principles through debate within bodies such as the World Medical Association (WMA) or World Psychiatric Association (WPA). Norm-setting bodies increasingly re?ect accepted concepts of human rights and patient rights within professional ethical codes.
Practical changes within society may affect the perceived balance of power within the doctor-patient relationship, and therefore have an impact on ethics. In developed societies, for example, patients are increasingly well informed about treatment options: media such as the Internet provide them with access to specialised knowledge. Social measures such as a well-established complaints system, procedures for legal redress, and guarantees of rights such as those set out in the NHS’s Patient’s Charter appear to reduce the perceived imbalance in the relationship. Law as well as ethics emphasises the importance of informed patient consent and the often legally binding nature of informed patient refusal of treatment. Ethics re?ect the changing relationship by emphasising skills such as e?ective communication and generation of mutual trust within a doctor-patient partnership.
A widely known modern code is the WMA’s International Code of Medical Ethics which seeks to provide a modern restatement of the Hippocratic principles.
Traditionally, ethical codes have sought to establish absolutist positions. The WMA code, for example, imposes an apparently absolute duty of con?dentiality which extends beyond the patient’s death. Increasingly, however, ethics are perceived as a tool for making morally appropriate decisions in a sphere where there is rarely one ‘right’ answer. Many factors – such as current emphasis on autonomy and the individual values of patients; awareness of social and cultural diversity; and the phenomenal advance of new technology which has blurred some moral distinctions about what constitutes a ‘person’ – have contributed to the perception that ethical dilemmas have to be resolved on a case-by-case basis.
An approach adopted by American ethicists has been moral analysis of cases using four fundamental principles: autonomy, bene?cence, non-male?cence and justice. The ‘four principles’ provide a useful framework within which ethical dilemmas can be teased out, but they are criticised for their apparent simplicity in the face of complex problems and for the fact that the moral imperatives implicit in each principle often con?ict with some or all of the other three. As with any other approach to problem-solving, the ‘four principles’ require interpretation. Enduring ethical precepts such as the obligation to bene?t patients and avoid harm (bene?cence and non-male?cence) may be differently interpreted in cases where prolongation of life is contrary to a patient’s wishes or where sentience has been irrevocably lost. In such cases, treatment may be seen as constituting a ‘harm’ rather than a ‘bene?t’.
The importance accorded to ethics in daily practice has undergone considerable development in the latter half of the 20th century. From being seen mainly as a set of values passed on from experienced practitioners to their students at the bedside, medical ethics have increasingly become the domain of lawyers, academic philosophers and professional ethicists, although the role of experienced practitioners is still considered central. In the UK, law and medical ethics increasingly interact. Judges resolve cases on the basis of established medical ethical guidance, and new ethical guidance draws in turn on common-law judgements in individual cases. The rapid increase in specialised journals, conferences and postgraduate courses focused on ethics is testimony to the ever-increasing emphasis accorded to this area of study. Multidisciplinary practice has stimulated the growth of the new discipline of ‘health-care ethics’ which seeks to provide uniformity across long-established professional boundaries. The trend is to set common standards for a range of health professionals and others who may have a duty of care, such as hospital chaplains and ancillary workers. Since a primary function of ethics is to ?nd reasonable answers in situations where di?erent interests or priorities con?ict, managers and health-care purchasers are increasingly seen as potential partners in the e?ort to establish a common approach. Widely accepted ethical values are increasingly applied to the previously unacknowledged dilemmas of rationing scarce resources.
In modern debate about ethics, two important trends can be identi?ed. As a result of the increasingly high pro?le accorded to applied ethics, there is a trend for professions not previously subject to widely agreed standards of behaviour to adopt codes of ethical practice. Business ethics or the ethics of management are comparatively new. At the same time, there is some debate about whether professionals, such as doctors, traditionally subject to special ethical duties, should be seen as simply doing a job for payment like any other worker. As some doctors perceive their power and prestige eroded by health-care managers deciding on how and when to ration care and pressure for patients to exercise autonomy about treatment decisions, it is sometimes argued that realistic limits must be set on medical obligations. A logical implication of patient choice and rejection of medical paternalism would appear to be a concomitant reduction in the freedom of doctors to carry out their own ethical obligations. The concept of conscientious objection, incorporated to some extent in law (e.g. in relation to abortion) ensures that doctors are not obliged to act contrary to their own personal or professional values.... ethics
– Local anaesthetics: epidural.)... extradural
In cases of prolongation of the ?rst stage of labour, the ventouse may be used to accelerate dilatation of the cervix – provided that the cervix is already su?ciently dilated to allow application of the cup. The ventouse cannot be applied to the breech or face; in urgent cases of fetal distress the operation takes too long, and forceps delivery is preferred. There is some doubt about its safety when used on premature babies; many obstetricians feel that forceps delivery reduces the risk of intracranial haemorrhage. The vacuum extractor, while resulting in a slower delivery than when forceps are used, has a lower risk of damage to the mother’s birth canal. (See PREGNANCY AND LABOUR – Some complications of labour.)... vacuum extractor
ERUPTION. A lesion on the skin, red and raised above the surface. See appropriate skin disease. ERUCTATION. See: REFLUX. ... erotomania
Causes: fungal or bacterial infections acquired when swimming, scratching with dirty fingernails, diabetes mellitus, eczema or excessive sweating.
Symptoms: earache, itching, discharge, moderate deafness.
Alternative Treatment:– Tea. Combine equal parts: Nettles, Clivers, Red Clover. 1-2 teaspoons to each cup boiling water; infuse 5-15 minutes. 1 cup thrice daily.
Tablets/capsules. Echinacea. Blue Flag. Garlic. Poke root. Red Clover. Devil’s Claw. Thuja.
Powders. Combine parts: Echinacea 2; Blue Flag 1; Thuja quarter; Liquorice quarter. Dose: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon) thrice daily.
Tinctures. Combine parts: Echinacea 2; Devil’s Claw 1; Goldenseal quarter; Liquorice quarter. Dose: 1-2 teaspoons, thrice daily.
Evening Primrose. 4 × 500mg capsules daily.
Cider Vinegar: 2-3 teaspoons in glass water, 2-3 times daily.
Topical. Dry conditions: Jojoba oil, Mullein oil. Evening Primrose oil.
Moist suppurative conditions: Goldenseal Drops (see entry).
Simple inflammation without discharge: warm drops Houseleek juice. Pack external ear with saturated cotton wool.
Diet and supplements: same as for otitis media. ... otitis externa
internal bleeding or to cut off the blood supply to a tumour. In the latter case, the technique can relieve pain; cause the tumour to shrivel, making surgical removal easier; or stop the tumour from spreading. Embolization can also be used to block flow through vascular abnormalities such as haemangiomas both in the skin and the internal organs. A catheter is introduced into a blood vessel near the one to be blocked and the embolus that will block the vessel is released through the catheter. Emboli are made of materials such as bloodclotting agents or silicone.... embolization
Disorders of the elbow include arthritis and injuries to the joint and its surrounding muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Repetitive strain on the tendons of the muscles of the forearm, where they attach to the elbow, can result in an inflammation that is known as epicondylitis. There are 2 principle types of epicondylitis: tennis elbow and golfer’s elbow. Alternatively, a sprain of the ligaments may occur. Olecranon bursitis develops over the tip of the elbow in response to local irritation. Strain on the joint can produce an effusion or traumatic synovitis. A fall on to the hand or on to the elbow can cause a fracture or dislocation.elderly, care of the Appropriate care to help minimize physical and mental deterioration in the elderly. For example, failing vision and hearing are often regarded as inevitable in old age, but removal of a cataract or use of a hearing-aid can often improve quality of life. Isolation or inactivity leads to depression in some elderly people. Attending a day-care centre can provide social contact and introduce new interests.
Many elderly people are cared for by family members. Voluntary agencies can often provide domestic help to ease the strain on carers. Sheltered housing allows independence while providing assistance when needed. Elderly people who have dementia or physical disability usually require supervision in a residential care or hospital setting. (See also geriatric medicine.)... elbow
Common endodontic procedures are root-canal treatment and pulpotomy.... endodontics
OENOTHERA BIENNIS, commonly known as the evening primrose. The oil contains an anti-inflammatory substance called gamolenic acid, and is believed by some to be of benefit in treating eczema and premenstrual syndrome.... evening primrose oil
When a viral infection such as a cold causes blockage of the eustachian tube, equalization cannot occur, resulting in severe pain and temporary impairment of hearing. A person with a blocked eustachian tube who is subjected to rapid pressure changes may suffer from barotrauma. Glue ear or chronic otitis media may occur if the tube is blocked, preventing adequate drainage from the middle ear. These conditions, which often result in partial hearing loss are more common in children. This is partly because their adenoids are larger and more likely to cause a blockage if they become infected and partly because children’s eustachhian tubes are shorter than those of adults.... eustachian tube
The sarcoma is diagnosed by X-rays and a biopsy.
If cancer is found, the whole skeleton is examined by X-rays and radionuclide scanning, and the lungs viewed by CT scanning, to determine if, and how far, the cancer has spread.
Treatment is with radiotherapy and anticancer drugs.
If the cancer has not spread, the outlook is good.... ewing’s sarcoma
The eyelids are held in place by ligaments attached to the socket’s bony edges.
They consist of thin plates of fibrous tissue (called tarsal plates) covered by muscle and a thin layer of skin.
The inner layer is covered by an extension of the conjunctiva.
Along the edge of each lid are two rows of eyelashes.
Immediately behind the eyelashes are the openings of the ducts leading from the meibomian glands, which secrete the oily part of the tear film.
The lids act as protective shutters, closing as a reflex action if anything approaches the eye.
They also smear the tear film across the cornea.... eyelid
The experience, which is thought to be due to disturbance of brain function, is reported by some patients following a general anaesthetic or a medical emergency.... out-of-body experience
A&E Medicine is a relatively new specialty in the UK and there are still inadequate numbers of consultants and trainees, despite an inexorable rise in the number of patients attending A&E departments. With a similar rise in hospital admissions there is often no bed available immediately for casualties, resulting in backlogs of patients waiting for treatment. A major debate in the specialty is about the likely need to centralise services by downgrading or closing smaller units, in order to make the most e?cient use of sta?.
See www.baem.org.uk... accident and emergency medicine
Habitat: The Himalayas from Kashmir to West Bengal at 9003,000 m, and in Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland and Meghalaya.
English: Agrimony, Stickle Wort.Unani: Ghaafis.Folk: Belu.Action: Astringent, anti- inflammatory, hepatic, cholagogue, diuretic, mild haemostatic, antibacterial. Used for irritations and infections of the intestinal tract, gallbladder diseases, hyperacidity, colic, urinary disorders (bed- wetting, incontinence), sluggish liver, mucus membrane inflammations; externally for ulcerated and discharging skin, psoriasis and seborrhoic eczemas.
Key application: In mild, nonspecific, acute diarrhoea and in inflammation of oral and pharyngeal mucosa; as astringent. (German Commission E, The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia.)The herb contains condensed tannins up to 8%, coumarins, flavonoids (glucosides of luteolin, apigenin and quercetin), polysaccharides, volatile oil. Luteolin 7-glucoside shows a chole- gogic action. Aqueous extracts inhibited Mycobacterium tuberculosis, also strains resistant to streptomycin and p-aminosalicylate. Essential oil is antibacterial, active against Bacillus sub- tilis.The ethanolic extracts of the herb are used for their antiviral properties. (Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 2007.)Coumarins interact with anticoagulants, and drugs that increase the risk of bleeding Furanocoumarin content increase photosensitivity. (Sharon M. Herr.)... agrimonia eupatoriaHabitat: Temperate Himalaya from Kashmir to Kumaon at 600-2700 m.
Folk: Kaur (Kashmir).Action: Plant—febrifuge; used as a substitute for Swertia chirayita.
An iridoid glycoside named amph- icoside is reported from the plant.... amphicome emodiHabitat: Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Orissa and southern India.
English: Tree of Heaven, Maharukh.Ayurvedic: Aralu, Katvanga, Dirghavranta, Puutivrksha, Bhallu- ka. (Mahaanimba is a synonym of Melia azedarach Linn.)Siddha: Perru, Perumaruttu, Peruppi.Action: Bark—bitter, astringent, febrifuge, anthelminitic, antispas- modic, expectorant (used in asthma, bronchitis). Also used for dysentery as a substitute for Holarrhena antidysenterica.
Bark and leaves—used as tonic in debility, especially after childbirth. Leaves—used as adulterant for Ad- hatoda zeylanica leaves.Along with other therapeutic applications, The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India indicates the use of stembark in high fevers and giddiness.The bark contains several quassi- noids including ailanthone derivatives. They exhibit antitumour activity against P-388 lymphocytic leukaemia and are cytotoxic against KB test system.Dosage: Stembark—1-3 g (API Vol. III.) Decoction—50-100 ml. (CCRAS.)... ailanthus excelsaHabitat: Assam and Arunachal Pradesh.
English: Storax, Oriental Sweet Gum.Ayurvedic: Shilaarasa, Turushka, Silhaka (substitute for Liquidamber orientalis, Hamamelidaceae).Siddha/Tamil: Neriyurishippal.Action: Resin—carminative, stomachic, antiscorbutic expectorant, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antistress, hepatoprotective. Externally used in scabies and leucoderma.
The ethyl acetate extract of the root of A. excelsa was studied for antistress effect in a variety of biological models of stress; also in stress-induced ulcers and CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity. Antistress was the most significant pharmacological property of the Storax.... altingia excelsaHabitat: Warmer parts of India. Folk: Ranchimani (Maharashtra).
Action: Febrifuge, diuretic.
The plant contains a flavone, echio- dinin, and its glucoside, echioidin. EtOH (50%) extract of the plant exhibited diuretic activity in animal studies.... andrographis echioidesHabitat: Punjab and western Rajasthan.
English: Acanthus.Ayurvedic: Utangana, Kaamavridhi, Chatushpatri, Ucchataa (equated with Scirpus or Cyperus sp. during the classical period; with Shveta Gunjaa, Abrus sp. during the medieval period.)Unani: Utangan.Folk: Karadu (Maharashtra).Action: Roots—diuretic. Used for urinary discharges and dys- menorrhoea. Seeds—deobstruent, resolvent, diuretic (used in strangury and sexual debility). Powdered plant is applied locally on infections of the genitals and on burns.
Key application: Seed in dysuria and impotency. (The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India.)A benzoxazine glucoside, blephar- in, has been isolated from seeds, and a saponin, which on hydrolysis gave lupeol.Dosage: Dried seed—3-6 g powder. (API Vol. IV.)... blepharis edulisHabitat: Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala.
Ayurvedic: Kukundara (var.).Unani: Kakarondaa.Folk: Nirmudi (Maharashtra).Action: Juice of the herb— carminative. A warm infusion of leaves is given as a sudorific, while a cold infusion is considered diuretic and emmenagogue. The oil possesses significant antibacterial and antifungal properties. The oil also shows insecticidal activity.
The essential oil contains 95% ketones, the chief constituent of which are d-carvotanacetone and l-tetrahydro- carvone and an alcohol.The plant contains a flavonol, cri- anthin (isolated from the flowers). It is identical to artemetin, isolated from Artemisia absinthium.... blumea erianthaHabitat: Peninsular India, up to 1,800 m.
Ayurvedic: Saptachakraa.Siddha/Tamil: Kakkaipilai, Kilar, Kottargovai.Folk: Saptrangi (root and root bark).Action: Root—antidiabetic (used in milder chronic diabetic cases), astringent, liver tonic. Frequently adulterated with the roots of Salacia chinensis Linn. and S. macrosperma Wight.
The crude aqueous extract of the roots has shown hypoglycaemic activity.The root gave leucopelargonidin, beta-sitosterol, dulcitol, a flavonoid and arabinose.... casearia esculentaHabitat: Cultivated in coastal regions of Peninsular India.
English: Casuarina, She-Oak, Australian or Whistling Pine, Beefwood.Ayurvedic: Jhaau, Vilaayati Jhaau.Siddha/Tamil: Savukku.Action: Bark—astringent, an- tidiarrhoeal. Leaf—antispasmodic, used in colic. Aerial parts— hypoglycaemic.
The plant contains kaempferol gly- coside, quercetin glycoside, cupressu- flavone, tannins, shikimic acid, quinic acid, amino acids, sugars.... casuarina equisetifoliaHabitat: Native to the Mediterranean region, cultivated mainly in Northern India.
English: Succory, Endive.Unani: Kaasani, Bustaani (Baaghi).Action: Plant—antibilious. Root— demulcent, febrifuge, diuretic; used in dyspepsia; as a tonic for liver and digestive system. Milder than C. intybus.
Roots contain sesquiterpene lac- tones.See C. intybus.... cichorium endiviaHabitat: Cultivated throughout India.
English: Taro, EdibleYam.Ayurvedic: Pindaaluka, Aaluki.Siddha/Tamil: Chaembu, Shaeppam- kizhangu.Folk: Arvi, Ghuiyaa.Action: Juice from petiole—styptic, rubefacient. Juice of corn—used in alopaecia.
The leaves contain flavones, api- genin and luteolin, also anthocyanins. Leaves cause severe irritation in mouth. Cooked leaves are a source of dietary fibre for diabetics helping in lowering post-prandial blood glucose level. A significant increase in total lipids, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels was observed in hypercholesterolaemic rats when fed with dried leaf powder.The pressed juice of the petioles is used as an astringent and styptic. All parts of the plant show an acridity. The acridity is removed by boiling and by addition of baking soda.From the tubers two dihydroxys- terols, besides beta-sitosterol and stig- masterol, have been isolated. Five novel aliphatic compounds have been reported. Trypsin inhibitors are isolated from the tubers.The total amino acids recorded in the tubers range from 1380 to 2397 mg/ 100 g. The lysine concentration was relatively low. Besides starch, the tubers contain natural polysaccharides with 56% neutral sugars and 40% anionic components. Steamed corms contain 30% starch and 3% sugar.... colocasia esculentaEadah, Eadia, Eadea, Eadiah, Eadeah, Eadda, Eaddah... eada
Eadburgah, Edburga, Eadburgia, Eadburgea, Edburgia, Edburgea... eadburga
Habitat: Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Peninsular India.
Ayurvedic: Shukanaasaa, Nahikaa, Katunaahi, Paataala-garudaa.(Cocculus hirsutus is used as Paataala-garudi).Siddha/Tamil: Kollankovai, Aaakaasagarudam.Action: Laxative. Root used during later stages of dysentery and chronic mucous enteritis; also in syphilitic rheumatism. The herb shows no apparent effect on acute dysentery.
The root contains a bitter principle allied to bryonin.... corallocarpus epigaeusThe new Council for Healthcare Regulatory Excellence will help to promote the interests of patients and to improve co-operation between the existing regulatory bodies – providing, in e?ect, a quality-control mechanism for their activities. The government and relevant professions will nominate individuals for this overarching council. The new council will not have the authority to intervene in the determination by the eight regulatory bodies of individual ?tness-to-practise cases unless these concern complaints about maladministration.... council for healthcare regulatory excellence
Habitat: A parasitic climber, occuring in Europe, Asia, South Africa.
English: Lesser Doddar, Hellweed, Devil's Guts.Ayurvedic: Aakaashvalli, Amarvalli, Amarvela.Unani: Aftimoon.Folk: Sitammapogunalu (Telugu).Action: Hepatic, laxative, carminative.
The parasitic plant accumulates alkaloids from the host plant. It contains flavonoids, including kaempferol and quercetin, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives. Cuscutalin (1%) and cus- cutin (0.02%) are main active principles of the plant. Seeds contain amar- velin, resins, oil (3%) and reducing sugars.Used in urinary, spleen and liver disorders.... cuscuta epithymumHabitat: Indigenous to West Asia and North Africa; occurring scattered from Punjab to Nilgiri hills as a grass-like sedge. English: Earth Almond, Chufa, Rush Nut, Tiger Nut. (Tuber is called Nut.) Ayurvedic: Chichoda.Folk: Chichodaa, Kaseru (Punjab). Also equated with Naagaramustaka.
Action: A digestive tonic (used for indigestion, flatulence, colic, diarrhoea, dysentery); promotes diuresis and menstruation. The juice is taken for treating ulcers of the mouth and gums.Tiger Nut is used in debility and as a nervine tonic due to its high crude lipid and carbohydrate contents and fairly good essential amino acid composition.... cyperus esculentus
Habitat: Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Bengal, Assam and the Andamans.
English: Lesser Yam, Karen Potato.Ayurvedic: Madhvaaluka.Siddha/Tamil: Musilam, Valli kilangu, Siruvalli Kilangu.Folk: Suthani.Action: Tubers are starchy and free from dioscorine, contain 71.29% carbohydrates, 10.82% albuminoids.... dioscorea esculenta
Earli, Earlie, Earley, Earlee, Earleigh, Earlea, Earleah... early
Habitat: Orissa and South India.
English: Ebony Persimmon, Malabar Ebony, Ceylon Ebony.Ayurvedic: Tinduka.Unani: Aaabnuus.Siddha/Tamil: Acha-Thumbi.Action: Plant—astringent, attenuant, lithontriptic.
The heartwood contains 2 beta- naphthalhydes, 2 naphthoic acid derivatives; ceryl alcohol, betulin, alpha- amyrin, ursolic acid, baurenol and stigmasterol. The leaves contain ur- solic acid, alpha-amyrin, betulin and lupeol.... diospyros ebenumHabitat: Throughout India in shady wet places and near streams.
English: Gaub Persimmon, Riber EbonyAyurvedic: Tinduka, Tinduki, Sphu- urjaka, Kaalaskandha, Asitkaaraka. Nilasaara.Unani: Tendu.Siddha/Tamil: Tumbika, Kattatti.Action: Fruit and stem bark— astringent. Infusion of fruits—used as gargle in aphthae and sore throat. Fruit juice—used as application for wounds and ulcers. Oil of seeds— given in diarrhoea and dysentery Ether extract of fruit—antibacterial. Bark—astringent and styptic, used in menorrhagia, diarrhoea, dysentery and intermittent fevers.
A paste is applied to boils and tumours. The ethyl acetate extract showed antistress and anti-ulcerogenic activity. It also prevented hepatotoxi- city and leucocytosis in experimental animals.The bark contains betulinic acid, myricyl alcohol, triterpenoids and sa- ponin. The leaves gave beta-sitosterol, betulin and oleanolic acid. Fruit pulp and seeds contain lupeol, betulin, gallic acid, betulinic acid, hexacosane, hex- acosanol, sitosterol, beta-D-glucoside of sitosterol and a triterpene ketone.Stem bark—antiprotozoal, antiviral, hypoglycaemic, semen-coagulant. Stems yielded nonadecan-7-ol-one.Dosage: Bark—50-100 ml decoction. (CCRAS.)... diospyros embryopterisEathelreda, Eathellredia, Eathellredea, Eathelredia, Eathelredea, Ethelreda, Ethellreda... eathellreda
Ebbah, Ebby, Ebbie, Ebbee, Ebbi, Ebbey, Ebbe, Ebb, Ebbea, Ebbeah... ebba
Treatment As the disease can be neither prevented nor cured, treatment is supportive, with strict anti-infection procedures essential as human-to-human transmission can occur via skin and mucous-membrane contacts. Incubation period is 5–10 days. Fever with MYALGIA and headache occur initially, often accompanied by abdominal and chest symptoms. Haemorrhagic symptoms soon develop and the victim either starts to improve in the second week or develops multi-organ failure and lapses into a coma. Mortality ranges from 25 to 90 per cent.... ebola virus disease
Ebrell, Ebrele, Ebrelle, Ebriel, Ebriell, Ebriele, Ebrielle... ebrel
Ebrona, Ebronna, Ebronnah, Ebronia, Ebronea, Ebroniah, Ebroneah... ebronah
Eastere, Eastre, Eastir, Eastar, Eastor, Eastera, Easteria, Easterea... easter
Eathelyn, Eathelinn, Eathelynn, Eathelina, Eathelyna, Ethelin, Ethelyn, Eathelen, Eathelena... eathelin
Anorexia nervosa Often called the slimmer’s disease, this is a syndrome characterised by the loss of at least a quarter of a person’s normal body weight; by fear of normal weight; and, in women, by AMENORRHOEA. An individual’s body image may be distorted so that the sufferer cannot judge real weight and wants to diet even when already very thin.
Anorexia nervosa usually begins in adolescence, affecting about 1–2 per cent of teenagers and college students at any time. It is 20 times more common among women than men. Up to 10 per cent of sufferers’ sisters also have the syndrome. Anorexia may be linked with episodes of bulimia (see below).
The symptoms result from secretive self-starvation, usually with excessive exercise, self-induced vomiting, and misuse of laxatives. An anorexic (or anorectic) person may wear layers of baggy clothes to keep warm and to hide the ?gure. Starvation can cause serious problems such as ANAEMIA, low blood pressure, slow heart rate, swollen ankles, and osteoporosis. Sudden death from heart ARRHYTHMIA may occur, particularly if the sufferer misuses DIURETICS to lose weight and also depletes the body’s level of potassium.
There is probably no single cause of anorexia nervosa. Social pressure to be thin seems to be an important factor and has increased over the past 20–30 years, along with the incidence of the syndrome. Psychological theories include fear of adulthood and fear of losing parents’ attention.
Treatment should start with the general practitioner who should ?rst rule out other illnesses causing similar signs and symptoms. These include DEPRESSION and disorders of the bowel, PITUITARY GLAND, THYROID GLAND, and OVARIES.
If the diagnosis is clearly anorexia nervosa, the general practitioner may refer the sufferer to a psychiatrist or psychologist. Moderately ill sufferers can be treated by COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPY. A simple form of this is to agree targets for daily calorie intake and for acceptable body weight. The sufferer and the therapist (the general practitioner or a member of the psychiatric team) then monitor progress towards both targets by keeping a diary of food intake and measuring weight regularly. Counselling or more intensely personal PSYCHOTHERAPY may help too. Severe life-threatening complications will need urgent medical treatment in hospital, including rehydration and feeding using a nasogastric tube or an intravenous drip.
About half of anorectic sufferers recover fully within four years, a quarter improve, and a quarter remain severely underweight with (in the case of women) menstrual abnormalities. Recovery after ten years is rare and about 3 per cent die within that period, half of them by suicide.
Bulimia nervosa is a syndrome characterised by binge eating, self-induced vomiting and laxative misuse, and fear of fatness. There is some overlap between anorexia nervosa and bulimia but, unlike the former, bulimia may start at any age from adolescence to 40 and is probably more directly linked with ordinary dieting. Bulimic sufferers say that, although they feel depressed and guilty after binges, the ‘buzz’ and relief after vomiting and purging are addictive. They often respond well to cognitive behaviour therapy.
Bulimia nervosa does not necessarily cause weight loss because the binges – for example of a loaf of bread, a packet of cereal, and several cans of cold baked beans at one sitting – are cancelled out by purging, by self-induced vomiting and by brief episodes of starvation. The full syndrome has been found in about 1 per cent of women but mild forms may be much more common. In one survey of female college students, 13 per cent admitted to having had bulimic symptoms.
Bulimia nervosa rarely leads to serious physical illness or death. However, repeated vomiting can cause oesophageal burns, salivary gland infections, small tears in the stomach, and occasionally dehydration and chemical imbalances in the blood. Inducing vomiting using ?ngers may produce two tell-tale signs – bite marks on the knuckles and rotten, pitted teeth.
Those suffering from this condition may obtain advice from the Eating Disorders Association.... eating disorders
Habitat: Mediterranean region and Western Asia.
English: Squirting Cucumber.Ayurvedic: Kantaki Indravaaruni (non-classical).Folk: Kateri Indryaayana, Kitran.Action: Hydragogue; employed for the evacuation of dropsy, especially in nephritic patients. Root—used to treat skin diseases and parasitic scalp diseases; also for scirrhous eruptions.
Roots, leaves and fruits yield cucur- bitacins C, D, E, G, H and I. Fruit juice gave cucurbitacins B, L and R and their derivatives. Cucurbitacins (tetra- cyclic triterpene glycosides) are toxic constituents of the fruit.... ecballium elateriumHabitat: Northeastern Peninsular India.
English: Blue Fox Tail Nail Dye.Siddha/Tamil: Nilambari.Action: Plant—used in gout and dysuria; decoction of leaves for stricture. Roots—given in jaundice, menorrhagia and rheumatism.... ecbolium linneanum
Echidnia, Echidnea, Ekidna, Eckidna, Ekidnea, Eckidnea... echidna
Habitat: Cultivated in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Bihar and Andhra Pradesh.
English: Shama millet.Ayurvedic: Varaka.Siddha/Tamil: Karumpul, Varsanam- pillu.Folk: Jangali sawuk, Shamaa, Saanvaa.Action: Diuretic.
The protein content of the dehusked millet is higher when compared to rice. Except for lysine all other essential amino acids are present in fair quantity. The grains are a rich source of zinc and iron.... echinochloa colonumHabitat: Cultivated mainly in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.
English: Barnyard Millet.Ayurvedic: Ambah Shyaamaaka.Siddha/Tamil: Oathupul.Folk: SamakAction: Whole plant—used for diseases of the spleen and for checking haemorrhage.
The grains are rich in carbohydrates (3.474 wt %) and trace elements (Cu, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Mn, Sn). The total protein content is 4.2 wt% and the total lipids 4.46%. A hormone, oestrogen, is reported from the lipid.A polysaccharide extracted from the endosperm and composed of glucose was identified as a phytoglycogen.... echinochloa crus-galliHabitat: Cultivated mainly in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
English: Japanese Barnyard Millet.Ayurvedic: Shyaamaaka.Siddha: Kudrraivali pillu (Tamil).Folk: Shamaa, Saanvaa.Action: Plant—cooling and digestible, considered useful in biliousness and constipation.
The millet has a well balanced amino acid composition, but is deficient in lysine. Glutelin is the major constituent of protein.... echinochloa frumentaceaHabitat: Throughout India.
English: Globe-Thistle, Camel's Thistle.Ayurvedic: Utkantaka, Uttundaka, Brahmadandi.Folk: Uunta-Kateraa.Action: Alterative, diuretic, nerve tonic (used in hoarse cough, dyspepsia, scrofula, hysteria.)
Aerial parts of the plant contain alkaloids, echinopsine, echinopsidine and echinozolinone. Taraxasterol acetate, isolated from the plant, is a potent anti-inflammatory constituent; the ethanolic extract of the whole plant is more effective when administered parenterally than orally. Api- genin and its derivatives, echinacin and echinaticin show antifungal activity.... echinops echinatusHabitat: Throughout India, up to 2,000 m on the hills.
English: Trailing Eclipta Plant.Ayurvedic: Bhringaraaja, Bhringa, Bhringaja, Bhrngaaraka, Bhrngaara, Maarkava, Kesharaaja, Keshranjana.Siddha/Tamil: Karisalaankanni.Folk: Bhangaraa.Action: Deobstruent, antihepato- toxic, anticatarrhal, febrifuge. Used in hepatitis, spleen enlargements, chronic skin diseases. Leaf—promotes hair growth. Its extract in oil is applied to scalp before bed time in insomnia. The herb is also used as an ingredient in shampoos.
Key application: As hepatoprotec- tive. (Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia; The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India.)The herb should be dried at room temperature under shade. Its active principles are lost due to aerial oxidation during sun drying or drying under reduced pressure below 40°C. The herb contains wedelolactone and demethyl- wedelolactone, which showed a dose- dependenteffectagainstCCl4, d-galac- tosamine- or phalloidin-induced cyto- toxicity in primary cultured rat hep- atocytes, and exhibited potent anti- hepatotoxic property. The whole plant shows effect on liver cell regeneration. Immunoactive property has been observed against surface antigen of hepatitis B-virus. The plant is also reported to be effective in the treatment of peptic ulcer, inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, diseases of the gallbladder and skin infections.Aqueous extract of leaves exhibits myocardial depressant and hypoten- sive activity (unrelated to cholinergic and histaminergic effects).The roots are very rich in thio- phene acetylenes. Thiophene derivatives show activity against nematodes.Dosage: Whole plant—3-6 ml fresh juice; 13-36 g for decoction. (API Vol. II.)... eclipta albaEdaleen, Edaleene, Edalena, Edaleena, Edalyne, Edalyna, Edaline, Edalina, Ediline, Edilyne, Edilina, Edilyna, Edaleana, Edaleane... edalene
Edrinah, Edryna, Edrynah, Edreena, Edreenah... edrina
Egeriah, Egerea, Egereah, Egeriya, Egeriyah... egeria
Eglantyne, Eglanteene, Eglantina, Eglantyna, Eglanteena, Eglanteane, Eglanteana, Eglantiene, Eglantiena, Eglanteina, Eglanteine... eglantine
Egzanthe, Egzantha, Egzanthia, Egzanthea, Egzanthiya, Egzanthya... egzanth
Habitat: Common in dry scrub forests of the Deccan Peninsula.
Siddha/Tamil: Kuruvingi, Kattuvet- tilai.Folk: Pala.Action: Root—alterative in cachexia and syphilis; an antidote to vegetable poisoning. Dried leaves—pectic and stomachic.
The plant contains microphyllone. EtOH (50%) extract of aerial parts showed low anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular activities.... ehretia buxifoliaEila, Eileene, Eilena, Eilene, Eilin, Eilleen, Eily, Eilean, Eileane, Eileine, Eilein, Eilien, Eiliene, Eilyn, Eilyne... eileen
Eileithyea, Eilithia, Eileithia, Eileithiya... eileithyia
Elined, Eiluneda, Elineda, Eluned, Eluneda... eiluned
Eireen, Eireene, Eiren, Eir, Eireine, Eirein, Eirien, Eiriene, Eirean, Eireane, Eiryn, Eiryne... eirene
Eiriann, Eiriane, Eiriana, Eirianne, Eirianna... eirian
Habitat: Throughout India, also grown along roadsides.
Ayurvedic: Charmi-vrksha.Siddha/Tamil: Addula.Folk: Chamror (Punjab). Kuptaa, Datarangi (Maharashtra.)Action: Root—used in venereal diseases. A decoction of bark is used internally and as gargle in throat infections.
The plant contains tannins, saponins and allantoin, and monomethyl ethers of cyclitols. Leaves yielded a pyrrolizidine alkaloid, creatinine. arsenic effectively. It can be used in purification of silver-containing waste water, also for the treatment of low- level liquid radioactive wastes and mercurial waste water. The plant has a strong capacity for removing phenol. Biomass of non-living dried water Hyacinth roots showed high absorption of copper from aqueous solutions.The plant exhibits antifungal activity against Candida albicans.... ehretia laevisHabitat: Native to tropical South America; naturalized all over India.
English: Water-Hyacinth, Bengal Terror, Blue Devil, The Million Dollar Weed.Ayurvedic: Wrongly equated with Jalakumbhi (Pistia stratiotes Linn., Tropical Duckweed.)Siddha/Tamil: Akasa thammarai.Action: Flower—antifungal. Used in skin diseases.
The plant gave stigmasterol, roots gibberellins, flowers delphinidin glu- coside.The leaves contain a good amount of protein (18% on dry wt basis). The content of water soluble pectins in leaf, petiole and root is: 1.3-5.8,1.5-7.2 and 1.0-2.5% respectively.Research shows that Water-Hyacinth can be used as a source to remove minerals, organic substances and even heavy metals like Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn and Ni present as pollutants from domestic or industrial effluents. It can also remove... eichhornia crassipesHabitat: West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Western Ghats.
English: Utrasum Bead tree.Ayurvedic: Rudraaksha, Panch- mukhi.Siddha/Tamil: Rudraaksham.Action: Fruit—used for epileptic fits and headache. Powdered fruits (0.5 g) mixed with warm water are given two/three times daily in asthma. Stem bark— hypoglycaemic.
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India indicated the use of the seed in hypertension, insomnia, psychoneurosis and mental diseases.The fruits contain palmitic, iso- palmitic, linoleic and myristic acids. Leaves gave alkaloids—rudrakine, (+)- elacocarpine and (+)-iso-elacocarpine; phenolics—quercetin, gallic acid and ellagic acid. EtOH (50%) extract of stem bark—hypoglycaemic. Aqueous extract of fruits—sedative, hy- potensive, spasmolytic, anticonvul- sant, choleretic, bronchodilatory and cardiostimulant.The fruit of E. oblongus Mast. non- Gaertn., synonym E. glandulosus Wall. ex Merrill (Western Ghats) is used in mental disorders and tetanus.Dosage: Seed—1-2 g. (API Vol. IV.)Siddha/Tamil: Ruthracham, Pagumbar.Folk: Rudirak, Bhutali.Action: Bark—stomachic, antibil- ious. Used in haematemesis. Nut— antiepileptic, antirheumatic.
The leaves gave quercetin, kaempfer- ol, gallic acid and ethylgallate.... elaeocarpus ganitrusEllaine, Ellayne, Elaina, Elayna, Elayne, Elaene, Elaena, Ellaina... elaine
Elamah, Elamma, Elamia, Elamea, Elamiah, Elameah... elama
Habitat: Eastern Himalayas and Western Ghats up to 1,000 m. English: Wild Olive tree, Ceylon Olive.
Ayurvedic: Rudraaksha (var.). Siddha/Tamil: Uttraccham, Ulankarei.Action: Leaf—antirheumatic. Fruit—antidysenteric. Aerial parts—CVS and CNS active.
The leaves gave ellagic acid, myric- itrin, myricetin and mearnsetin. Fruit pulp gave citric acid and D-galactose. It contains pectin (2.57% fresh weight basis).... elaeocarpus serratusHabitat: Throughout India, also planted as an ornamental.
Ayurvedic: Krishnamokshaka.Siddha/Tamil: Selluppaimaram.Folk: Kaalaa-mokhaa, Ratangaruur. Jamrasi (gum).Action: Astringent, anti- inflammatory, emetic.
The bark and the leaves contain 813.5 and 8-15% tannin respectively.Powdered leaves have a sternutatory action and are used as snuff to relieve headache and as a fumigatory in hysteria (in folk medicine it is believed that the smoke wards off ghosts.)Fresh root bark is rubbed into a paste with water and applied to swellings. A cold water extract of the crushed roots is used as an emetic (fatal in overdoses).Family: Elaeocarpaceae.Habitat: Western Ghats from Kanara southwards. Ayurvedic: Rudraaksha (var.).... elaeocarpus tuberculatus
Elburta, Elbyrta, Elbirta, Elbertina, Elbertine, Elbrette, Elberte, Elberteen, Elbertyna, Elbertyne... elberta
Eleanora, Eleni, Eleonora, Eleonore, Elinor, Elnora, Eleanore, Elinora, Elenora, Elenore, Eilidh, Eilinora, Eilinore, Eilionoir, Eilionoira, Elie, Elienor, Elienora, Eleinor, Eleinora, Elinore, Ellinor, Ellnora, Ellinora, Ellenor, Ellenora, Ellie, Elly, Elli, Ellee... eleanor
In Britain there are an average of 110 deaths a year from electrocution, half of these occurring in the home.
Treatment No electrical apparatus or switch should be touched by anyone who is in metallic contact with the ground, such as through a metal pipe, especially, for example, from a bath. The ?rst action is to break the current. This can sometimes be done by turning o? a switch. If the victim is grasping or in contact with a live wire, the contact may be severed with safety only by someone wearing rubber gloves or rubber boots; but as these are not likely to be immediately available, the rescuer’s hands may be protected by a thick wrapping of dry cloth, or the live wire may be hooked or pushed out of the way with a long wooden stick such as a broom-handle. If the injured person is unconscious, and especially if breathing has stopped, arti?cial respiration should be applied as described in APPENDIX 1: BASIC FIRST AID – Electrocution. When the patient begins to breathe again, he or she must be treated for shock and professional help obtained urgently.... electrical injuries
Electrocardiography
A method of recording the electrical activity of the heart muscles. Electrodes from a recording machine (electrocardiograph) are placed on the skin of the chest wall, arms and legs. The record of the electrical changes is called an ECG (electrocardiogram). The number of electrodes used depends on the complexity of the heart disorder being monitored. The procedure can be done in hospital, doctors’ surgeries and the patient’s home, and should not cause any discomfort.
In certain circumstances – for example, where a person has had bouts of chest pain – an exercise ECG may be performed under medical supervision. The patient walks on a treadmill while the ECG is recorded continuously.... electrocardiogram (ecg)
Before treatment, the patient will have been fasted for at least eight hours. After checking for any potential drug ALLERGY or interactions, the patient is given a general anaesthetic and muscle relaxants. Depending on the side of the patient’s dominance, either unilateral (on the side of the non-dominant hemisphere of the BRAIN) or bilateral (if dominance is uncertain,
e.g. in left-handed people) positioning of electrodes is used. Unilateral ECT has the advantage of being associated with less anterograde AMNESIA. When the current passes, the muscles will contract for approximately 10 seconds, with further tonic spasms lasting up to a minute. The patient should then be put in the COMA or recovery position and observed until fully conscious. Up to 12 treatments may be given over a month, improvement usually showing after the third session. Widely used at one time, the treatment is now given only rarely. It can be extremely frightening for patients and relatives and is not recommended for children.... electroconvulsive therapy (ect)
– electroencephalograms – are useful in DIAGNOSIS: for example, the abnormal electroencephalogram occurring in EPILEPSY is characteristic of this disease. The normal waves, known as alpha waves, occur with a frequency of 10 per second. Abnormal waves, with a frequency of 7 or fewer per second, are known as delta waves and occur in the region of cerebral tumours and in the brains of epileptics. An electroencephalogram can assess whether an individual is awake, alert or asleep. It may also be used during surgery to monitor the depth of unconsciousness in anaesthetised patients.... electroencephalography (eeg)
Eleftheriah, Eleftherea, Elefthereah, Elefteria, Elefteriah, Elefterea, Eleftereah, Elepheteria, Elephteria... eleftheria
Elenah, Eleena, Eleenah, Elyna, Elynah, Elina, Elinah, Eleni, Elenie, Elene, Eleene, Elenitsa, Eleyn, Elenea, Eleneah... elena
Habitat: Widely cultivated in China. Sold in Kolkata under the name Singapuri Keysur.
English: Chinese Water Chestnut.Ayurvedic: Shringaataka (substitute), Kasheruka (substitute).Action: Tuber—antidysenteric, antileucorrhoeic, antibacterial.
The juice expressed from the tuber shows antibiotic activity against Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli and Aer- obacter aerogenes. The antibiotic principle has been designated as puchiin.In ethanolic extract, hexacosanoic acid, 5 alpha-stigmastane-3, 6-dione, betulin and tricin were present. It also contained beta-sitosterol and stigmas- terol. applied to ulcers and eczema. Roots—given to patients with heart and liver affections; topically in rheumatism. Root and leaf— used in dysuria and other urethral complaints. An infusion of the whole plant is used to stimulate diuresis, reduce fever and to eliminate bladder stones. The decoction is also used in peptic ulcers, swelling or pain in stomach. Plant is also used in piles and scabies.The plant contains germacranolide dilactones. Hydroxylated germacano- lides, molephantin and molephantinin, exhibited cytotoxic and antitumour properties.The plant also gave epifriedelanol, lupeol, stigmasterol, triacontan-l-ol and dotriacontan-l-ol.... eleocharis dulcisElfyn, Elfan, Elfun, Elfee, Elfy, Elfey, Elfea, Elfie, Elfi, Elfe... elfin
Elfridah, Elfreda, Elfredah, Elfryda, Elfrydah, Elfrieda, Elfriedah, Elfreida, Elfreidah, Elfreada, Elfreadah... elfrida
Eleana, Eli, Elia, Eliane, Elianna, Elianne, Eliann, Elyana, Elyanna, Elyann, Elyan, Elyanne, Elyane... eliana
Elidah, Elyda, Eleeda, Eleda, Elieda, Eleida, Eleada... elida
Habitat: Throughout warmer parts of India.
Ayurvedic: Mayura-shikhaa, Gojihvaa. (Actinopteris dichotoma Bedd. and Celosia cristata Linn. are also used as Mayura-shikhaa. Anchusa strigosa Lebill., and other Boraginaecae sp. are used as Gojihvaa.)Siddha/Tamil: Yaanaichhuvadi.Folk: Mayurjuti, Maaraajuti.Action: Plant—astringent, cardiac tonic, diuretic, mucilaginous, emmolient (used in dysuria, diarrhoea, dysentery. Leaves—
Family: Zingiberaceae.Habitat: Cultivated either as pure plantation crop, or as subsidiary to coffee and arecanut in hilly forests regions of Western Ghats in Karnataka and Kerala, and in parts of Madurai, the Nilgiris and Tirunelveli in Tamil Nadu.
English: Lesser Cardamom.Ayurvedic: Elaa, Sukshmailaa, Kshudrailaa, Bhrngaparnikaa, Tutthaa, Draavidi, Prithvikaa, Triputaa, Truti, Upkunchikaa.Unani: Heel Khurd.Siddha/Tamil: Yelakkai, Ilam.Action: Carminative antiemetic, stomachic, orexigenic, anti-gripe, antiasthmatic, bechic, Oil— antispasmodic, antiseptic. Used for flatulence, loss of appetite, colic, bronchitis, asthma. Paste used as balm for headache, husk for rheumatism.
Key application: In dyspepsia; also as cholagogue. (German Commission E.)The seeds yield an essential oil (611% dry basis). The major constituents are, 1,8-cineole and alpha-terpinylace- tate, with limonene, alpha-terpineol, sabinene and linalool. The seeds contain palmitic and oleic as dominant fatty acids, besides linoleic and linolenic acids, along with alpha-tocopherol, desmosterol and campesterol.The extracts of cardamom cause a significant decrease in gastric secretion after 3 h of treatment. The effect of methanol extract is primarily observed as decreased pepsin output.Terpineol and acetylterpineol, the active principles of cardamom seeds, showed greater penetration enhancing capacities than Azone which was used as a comparative penetration enhancer for the diffusion of Pred- nisolone through mouse skin in vitro.Volatile components exhibit antimicrobial activity. The oil inhibits afla- toxin synthesis.The cardamom seed can trigger gallstone colic (spasmodic pain) and is not recommended for self-medication in patients with gallstone. (German Commission E, PDR, Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 2007.)Dosage: Seed of dried fruit—1-2 g powder. (API Vol I.)... elettaria cardamomumHabitat: A grain crop of Karnataka; also grown on large scale in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra.
English: Finger Millet, African millet, Ragi.Ayurvedic: Madhuuli, Markata- hasta-trna.Siddha/Tamil: Ragi, Kezhvaregu.Action: Seeds—cooling, astringent. Nutritive value of ragi is higher than that of rice and equal to that of wheat. White ragi is superior to the pigmented type. A nourishing food for infants, growing children, expectant mothers and aged people. Ragi is considered an ideal food for diabetics because of slow release of sugars to the body. A decoction of leaves and stems is drunk to ease vaginal bleeding.
The protein content of ragi is 813%, with P 250, Fe 7.6, thiamine 0.18— and riboflavin 0.1 mg/100 g. Ragi has high glycemic index value. It reduced plasma cholesterol, total serum cholesterol and LDL cholesterol by 9% each, and triglycerides by 15%, and increased HDL cholesterol, thus exhibited a sig- nificantbeneficial effect on plasma profile. The lipemic index for ragi is 55, taking isocaloric wheat-supplemented background diet (control) at 100.... eleusine coracanaHabitat: Australia, North America; throughout the warmer parts of the world. In India, in wet plains and low hills and pasture grounds.
English: Crowfoot Grass, Crab Grass.Ayurvedic: Nandimukha (var.).Folk: Nandiaa (Orissa), Mahaar Naachni (Maharashtra), Thippa Ragi (Tamil Nadu).Action: Used for biliary disorders. In Vietnamese traditional medicine, a decoction of the whole plant is used as stomachic, diuretic, febrifuge, and in sprains.
Aerial parts contain vitexin, 3-O- beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-sitosterol and its 6'-O-palmitoyl derivatives. of intoxication. Used for abdominal pains, nausea, bleeding nose. Fresh plants from Uttaranchal gave 0.4% essential oil having dehydroelsholtzia ketone 88.7% as the main constituent, followed by humulene 2.4% and caryophyllene 0.9% (the oil composition of the species which grow in Japan and Kashmir is different.)Plant contains linarin, apigenin and 7-O-glucosides of apigenin and lute- olin.The Japanese species, used for hangovers, gave compounds including tri- terpenoids, steroids and flavonoids.Elsholtzia blenda Benth., synonym Perilla elata D. Don, is also equated with Ban-Tulasi. Major constituent of the essential oil is geranyl acetate. Other constituents are p-cymene, sa- binene, borneol, geraniol, linalyl acetate, fernesol, limonene, linalool, cit- ronellol, thymol and nerolidol.... eleusine indicaElin, Elleen, Ellena, Ellene, Ellyn, Elynn, Elen, Ellin... ellen
Ellianne, Ellyanna, Ellianna, Ellyann, Elliann, Ellyan, Ellian... ellyanne
Ellecia, Ellice, Ellisha, Ellison, Elyce, Ellesse, Ellis... ellyce
Elminah, Elmeena, Elmeenah, Elmyna, Elmynah, Elmine, Elmyne, Elmeene, Elmeina, Elmeinah, Elmiena, Elmienah, Elmeana, Elmeanah... elmina
Eloise, Eloiza, Eloisee, Eloize, Eloizee... eloisa
Elpidah, Elpyda, Elpeeda, Elpieda, Elpeida, Elpeada, Espe, Elpydah, Elpeedah, Elpiedah, Elpeidah, Elpeadah... elpida
Elvera, Elvita, Elvyra, Elvirah, Elvyrah, Elwira... elvira
Habitat: The Himalayas and Assam up to 3,000 m, introduced into the Nilgiris (Tamil Nadu).
Ayurvedic: Ajagandhaa (controversial synonym).Folk: Ban-Tulasi, Bovai, Phoot- Kanda.Action: Carminative, stomachic, astringent. Leaf—diuretic, antipyretic. Neutralizes after effects... elsholtzia cristata
Habitat: The Deccan Peninsula, extending northwards to eastern Himalayas.
Folk: Patharchattaa, Dasmori. (Also known as Shat-muuli.)Action: Leaves—decoction prescribed in fever, also in venereal diseases. Root—used in mammary tumours and abscesseses, pneumonia and infantile diarrhoea. Plant infusion is used as a cough remedy for infants.... elytraria crenata
Habitat: Throughout India.
English: Embelia.Ayurvedic: Vidanga, Krmighna, Krmihara, Krmiripu, Chitratandula, Jantughna, Jantunaashana, Vella, Amogha.Unani: Baobarang, Barang Kaabuli.Siddha/Tamil: Vaayuvidangam.Action: Ascaricidal, anthelmintic, carminative, diuretic, astringent, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, febrifuge. Used in diseases of chest and skin. Active principles are found to be oestrogenic and weakly progestogenic. Root—bechic, antidiarrhoeal. Seed—spermicidal, oxytocic, diuretic. The plant is also used for its blood purifying properties. It is an ingredient in cough syrups, preparations for anaemia, genitourinary tract infections, diarrhoea and diseases of the liver.
Embelin, isolated from the berries, shows significant anti-implantation and post-coital antifertility activity. (Successful trials have been carried out at the National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi on human beings.) It is found to be a potential male antifer- tility agent. Spermatogenesis has been impaired and sperm count reduced to the level of infertility. The antisper- matogenic changes are found to be reversible without any toxic effects.Aqueous and EtOH extract of the fruit—anthelmintic against earthworms. Fruit powder (200 mg/kg), taken with curd on empty stomach, expelled tapeworm within 6-24 h. The treatment was also found effective in giardiasis. EtOH (50%) of the plant was found slightly active against E.coli. Di-salts of embelin—an- thelmintic. Amino salts exhibited less side effects than embelin. The effect of di-isobutyl amino derivatives lasted up to 10 h, also showed anti-inflammatory, hypotensive and antipyretic activities.Berries gave quinones—embelin, ra- panone, homoembelin, homorapnone and vilangin.Dosage: Fruit—5-10 g powder. (API Vol. I.)... embelia ribesHabitat: Throughout greater part of India.
Ayurvedic: Vidanga (allied species) Substitute for Embelia ribes.Folk: Baayabirang.Action: Fruit—antispasmodic, carminative, anthelmintic, antibacterial. Powdered fruit—used in dysentery. Plant—used in weak pulse rate.
EtOH (50%) extract of aerial parts exhibit slightly hypotensive activity. Stem contains embelin. See Embelia ribes.... embelia robustaEmberlyn, Emberlyne, Emberlynne, Emberline, Emberlin, Emberlinn, Emberlinne, Emberlen, Emberlenn, Emberlenne... emberlynn
Habitat: Native to tropical Southeast Asia; distributed throughout India; also planted in public parks.
English: Emblic, Indian gooseberry.Ayurvedic: Aaamalaki, Aaamalaka, Dhaatri, Kaayasthaa, Amoghaa, Amritaphala, Amla, Aaamalaa, Dhaatriphala, Vayasyaa, Vrshya, Shiva, Hattha.Unani: Aamalaa, Amlaj.Siddha/Tamil: Nellikkaai, Nelli.Action: Fruit—antianaemic, anabolic, antiemetic, bechic, astringent, antihaemorrhagic, antidiarrhoeal, diuretic, antidiabetic, carminative, antioxidant. Used in jaundice, dyspepsia, bacillary dysentery, eye trouble and as a gastrointestinal tonic. Juice with turmeric powder and honey is prescribed in diabetes insipidus. Seed—antibilious, antiasthmatic. Used in bronchitis. Bark—astringent. Leaf—juice is given in vomiting.
A decoction of powdered pericarp is prescribed for paptic ulcer.Key application: As an antacid. (Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia.).The fruit is an important source of vitamin C, minerals and amino acids. The edible fruit tissue contains protein concentration threefold and vitamin C (ascorbic acid) concentration 160-fold than those of apple. The fruit also contains considerably higher concentration of most minerals and amino acids than apple.The fruit gave cytokinine-like substances identified as zeatin, zeatin ribo- side and zeatin nucleotide; suspension culture gave phyllembin. Phyllem- bin exhibits CNS depressant and spasmolytic activity, potentiates action of adrenaline and hypnotic action of Nembutal.The leaves contain gallic acid (10.8 mg/g dry basis), besides ascorbic and music acid. The methanol extract of the leaves is found to be effective in rat paw inflammation.The bark contains tannin identified as mixed type of proanthocyanidin.The fruit contains superoxide dis- mutase 482.14 units/g fresh weight and exhibits antisenescent (anti-aging) activity. Fruit, juice, its sediment and residue are antioxidant due to gallic acid. EtOH (50%) extract—antiviral.Aqueous extract of the fruit increases cardiac glycogen level and decreases serum GOT, GPT and LDH in rats having induced myocardial necrosis.Preliminary evidence suggests that the fruit and its juice may lower serum cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides and phospholipids without affecting HDL levels and may have positive effect on atherosclerosis. (Eur J clin Nutr, 42, 1988, 939-944; PhytotherRes, 14, 2000, 592-595.)An aqueous extract of the fruit has been reported to provide protection against radiation-induced chromosomal damage in both pre-and postirradiation treatment. The fruit is reported to enhance natural killer cell activity and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity in mice bearing Dalton's lymphoma ascites tumour. The extract of the fruit and ascorbic acid prevented hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects induced by lead and aluminium. The toxicity could be counteracted to a great extent by the fruit extract than by an amount of ascorbic acid alone equivalent to that contained in fruits. (The fruit can be used as a dietary supplement to counteract prolonged exposure to metals in population in industrial areas.)The fruits are reported to activate trypsin (proteolytic enzyme) activity.The fruits can be used as coagulant in the treatment of water and can purify low turbidity water.The fruits can be consumed safely all round the year.Dosage: Fresh fruit—10-20 g; pulp juice—5-10 ml. (API Vol. I.)... emblica officinalisHabitat: Throughout India, ascending to 1,350 m in the hills.
Ayurvedic: Shash-shruti (non- classical).Unani: Hirankhuri.Folk: Sadamandi.Action: Plant—sudorific, febrifuge, antiseptic. Used in infantile tympanitis and bowel complaints. Root—antidiarrhoeal. Leaf—used for otitis media under medical supervision.
The aerial parts contain pyrrolizi- dine alkaloids, senkirkine and doro- nine. Presence of simiaral, beta-sitos- terol, stigmasterol, palmitic and tria- contannic acids is also reported.... emilia sonchifoliaEmilee, Emilie, Emilia, Emelia, Emileigh, Emeleigh, Emeli, Emelie, Emelee, Emiley, Emalei, Emilei, Emalee, Emalia, Emely, Emelye, Emele, Emere, Emera, Emmly, Emilea, Emileah... emily
Emmy, Emmajean, Emmalee, Emmi, Emmie, Emmaline, Emelina, Emeline, Emaline, Emmalyn, Emmeline, Em, Emiline, Emelyn, Emelin, Emlyn... emma
Uses They are used in various in?ammatory conditions such as eczema (see DERMATITIS), when the skin becomes hard, cracked, and painful. They may be used in the form of a dusting powder, an oil or an ointment.... emollients
Emmylinda, Emylynda, Emmilinda, Emmilynda, Emilinda, Emilynda... emylinda
Since the BSE epidemic in cattle developed in the UK in the 1980s, however, a new variant of CJD has been identi?ed and is believed to be the result of consumption of the meat of BSE-infected cattle. Studies in transgenic mice have con?rmed that BSE caused variant CJD. The new variant has affected younger people and may have a shorter incubation period. If this incubation period turns out to be the same as for the other types of CJD, however, it could be 2005– 2010 before the peak of this outbreak is reached. Over 148 people had died, or were dying, from variant CJD in the UK by the year 2005.
The appearance of BSE in cattle is believed to have been caused by a gene mutation (see GENETIC DISORDERS), although whether this mutation ?rst occurred in cattle or in some other animal remains uncertain. Although the ?rst case of BSE was o?cially reported in 1985, the ?rst cattle are thought to have been infected in the 1970s. BSE spread to epidemic proportions because cattle were fed meat and bone meal, made from the o?al of cattle suffering from or incubating the disease. Mother-to-calf transfer is another likely route of transmission, although meat and bone meal in cattle feed were the main cause of the epidemic. The epidemic reached its peak in 1992 when the incidence of newly diagnosed cases in cattle was 37,545.
A two-year UK government inquiry into the BSE epidemic concluded that BSE had caused a ‘harrowing fatal disease in humans’, and criticised o?cials for misleading the public over the risk to humans from BSE. Consequently, a compensation package for patients and relatives was made available. Meanwhile, a ban on the export of UK beef and restrictions on the type of meat and products made from beef that can be sold to the public were put in place. Although initially thought to be a problem primarily con?ned to the UK, several other countries – notably France, Germany, Spain, Switzerland and the United States – have also discovered BSE in their cattle.... encephalopathy (bse)
Aims and objects. To develop a coordinated scientific framework to assess phytopharmaceuticals. To promote acceptance of phytopharmaceuticals, especially within the therapy of general medical practitioners. To support and initiate clinical and experimental research in phytotherapy. To improve and extend the international accumulation of scientific and practical knowledge.
National associations represented.
Federal Republic of Germany: Gesellschaft fu?r Phytotherapie e.V.
The Netherlands: Nederlandse Vereniging voor Fytotherapie.
Belgium: Socie?te? Belge de Phytothe?rapie, Belgische Vereniging voor Phytotherapie. France: Institut Francais de Phytothe?rapie.
United Kingdom: British Herbal Medicine Association.
Switzerland: Schweizerische Medizinische Gesellschaft fu?r Phytotherapie.
The Scientific Committee, with two delegates from each member country, has embarked on a programme of compiling proposals for European monographs on the medicinal uses of plant drugs. This task is expected to take about ten years to complete.
In preparing monographs the Committee assesses information from published scientific literature together with national viewpoints as expressed by delegates or included in the results of national reviews. Leading researchers on specific plant drugs are invited to relevant meetings and their contributions substantially assist the Committee’s work. Draft monographs prepared by the Scientific Committee are circulated for appraisal and comment to an independent Board of Supervising Editors, which includes eminent academic experts in the field of phytotherapy.
The monographs are offered to regulatory authorities as a means of harmonising the medicinal uses of plant medicines within the EC and in a wider European context. Phytotherapy (Herbalism) makes an important contribution to European medicine. ... escop
Alfalfa tea freely.
Of value: Kelp, Irish Moss, Iceland Moss.
Diet. Vitamin A foods, carrots, bilberries, Cod Liver oil.
Supplements. Vitamin A, Beta-carotene. C (2g), E (400iu). B-complex, B2, Niacin, Zinc. ... eyes - night blindness
Eustachian catheters are small catheters that are passed along the ?oor of the nose into the Eustachian tube in order to in?ate the ear.
Nasal catheters are tubes passed through the nose into the stomach to feed a patient who cannot swallow – so-called nasal feeding.
Rectal catheters are passed into the RECTUM in order to introduce ?uid into the rectum.
Suprapubic catheters are passed into the bladder through an incision in the lower abdominal wall just above the pubis, either to allow urine to drain away from the bladder, or to wash out an infected bladder.
Ureteric catheters are small catheters that are passed up the ureter into the pelvis of the kidney, usually to determine the state of the kidney, either by obtaining a sample of urine direct from the kidney or to inject a radio-opaque substance preliminary to X-raying the kidney. (See PYELOGRAPHY.)
Urethral catheters are catheters that are passed along the urethra into the bladder, either to draw o? urine or to wash out the bladder.
It is these last three types of catheters that are most extensively used.... endotracheal catheters are used to pass
Engedie, Engedy, Engedey, Engedea, Engedeah, Engedee... engedi
Habitat: Hills of Bihar, West Bengal and Assam.
English: Marsh Herb, Water Cress.Ayurvedic: Hil-mochikaa.Folk: Harakuch.Action: Leaf—antibilious, laxative, demulcent, antidermatosis. Used in dyspepsia, diseases of the nervous system and cutaneous affections.
The plant is a good source of beta- carotene (3.7-4.2 mg/100 g fresh basis) which is lost during cooking. Used as a leafy vegetable.... enhydra fluctuansHabitat: Throughout India, from Punjab and Gangetic Plain to Kanyakumari up to 500 m.
English: Indian Gentian.Ayurvedic: Naagjhvaa, Maamajjaka, Naahi, Tikshnapatra.Unani: Naai, Naahi.Siddha/Tamil: Vellargu.Folk: Chhotaa Chirayataa.Action: Bitter tonic, carminative, blood purifier, antirheumatic, anti-inflammatory, antipsychotic, anthelmintic, cardiostimulant.
The plant is used as a substitute for Swertia chirayita, and is reported to be effective against malaria. The plant contains ophelic acid which is also present in chiretta as a hydrolytic product of chiratin. The root extract showed antimalarial activity both in vitro and in vivo.Whole plant gave alkaloids—gen- tianine, erythrocentaurin, enicoflavine and gentiocrucine; flavonoids—api- genin, genkwanin iso-vitaxin, swer- tisin, saponarin and 5-O-glucoside derivatives of sylwertisin and isoswer- tisin; glucosides—swertiamarin, a tri- terpene betulin. Swertisiode exhibited hypotensive activity.The plant extracts inhibited carrage- enan-induced oedema and its anti- inflammatory activity was found comparable to that of hydrocortisone.Enicostema verticellatum Blume, the smallar var. ofKiryaata, is also equated with Vellargu (Siddha/Tamil).Dosage: Whole plant—3-5 g powder; 50-100 ml decoction. (CCRAS.)... enicostemma littoraleEnrika, Enricka, Enryca, Enryka, Enrichetta, Enrichette, Enriqua, Enriqueta, Enriquetta... enrica
Habitat: Eastern Himalayas, hills of Bihar, Orissa and South India.
English: Garbee Bean, Mackay Bean, Elephant Creeper.Ayurvedic: Gil.Siddha/Tamil: Chillu, Vattavalli.Folk: Gil-gaachh.Action: Seed—carminative, anodyne, spasmolytic bechic, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, antiperiodic. Used in liver complaints, glandular swellings, debility, skin diseases. The seed, stems and bark are poisonous. A paste of the seeds is applied locally for inflammatory glandular swellings. The juice of wood and bark is used as an external application for ulcers. The leaves are reported to be free from the toxic saponins. After soaking in water and roasting toxic principles can be removed from the white kernels of the seeds.
The seeds gave saponins of entagenic acid; a triterpenoid glucoside entanin; beta-sitosterol, alpha-amyrin, querce- tin, gallic acid, cyamidin chloride, lu- peol and a saponin mixture which gave prosapogenin A. Entanin exhibits anti- tumour activity. It inhibits Walker 256 tumours in rats without deaths.Entadamide A (the sulphur-containing amide from the seed) is a 5-lipo-xygenase inhibitor and is found to be effective in the treatment of bronchial asthma. The bark is used for hair wash.Entagenic acid, a sapogenin of entada saponin IV, imparts antifungal activity to the bark.... entada scandensHealth has driven much of environmental policy since the work of Edwin Chadwick in the early 1840s. The ?rst British public-health act was introduced in 1848 to improve housing and sanitation with subsequent provision of puri?ed water, clean milk, food hygiene regulations, vaccinations and antibiotics. In the 21st century there are now many additional environmental factors that must be monitored, researched and controlled if risks to human health are to be well managed and the impact on human morbidity and mortality reduced.
Environmental impacts on health include:
noise
air pollution
water pollution
dust •odours
contaminated ground
loss of amenities
vermin
vibration
animal diseases
Environmental risk factors Many of the major determinants of health, disease and death are environmental risk factors. Some are natural hazards; others are generated by human activities. They may be directly harmful, as in the examples of exposure to toxic chemicals at work, pesticides, or air pollution from road transport, or to radon gas penetrating domestic properties. Environmental factors may also alter people’s susceptibility to disease: for example, the availability of su?cient food. In addition, they may operate by making unhealthy choices more likely, such as the availability and a?ord-ability of junk foods, alcohol, illegal drugs or tobacco.
Populations at risk Children are among the populations most sensitive to environmental health hazards. Their routine exposure to toxic chemicals in homes and communities can put their health at risk. Central to the ability to protect communities and families is the right of people to know about toxic substances. For many, the only source of environmental information is media reporting, which often leaves the public confused and frustrated. To bene?t from public access to information, increasingly via the Internet, people need basic environmental and health information, resources for interpreting, understanding and evaluating health risks, and familiarity with strategies for prevention or reduction of risk.
Risk assessment Environmental health experts rely on the principles of environmental toxicology and risk assessment to evaluate the environment and the potential effects on individual and community health. Key actions include:
identifying sources and routes of environmental exposure and recommending methods of reducing environmental health risks, such as exposure to heavy metals, solvents, pesticides, dioxins, etc.
assessing the risks of exposure-related health hazards.
alerting health professionals, the public, and the media to the levels of risk for particular potential hazards and the reasons for interventions.
ensuring that doctors and scientists explain the results of environmental monitoring studies – for example, the results of water ?uoridation in the UK to improve dental health.
National policies In the United Kingdom in 1996, an important step in linking environment and health was taken by a government-initiated joint consultation by the Departments of Health and Environment about adding ‘environment’ as a key area within the Health of the Nation strategy. The ?rst UK Minister of State for Public Health was appointed in 1997 with responsibilities for health promotion and public-health issues, both generally and within the NHS. These responsibilities include the implementation of the Health of the Nation strategy and its successor, Our Healthy Nation. The aim is to raise the priority given to human health throughout government departments, and to make health and environmental impact assessment a routine part of the making, implementing and assessing the impact of policies.
Global environmental risks The scope of many environmental threats to human health are international and cannot be regulated e?ectively on a local, regional or even national basis. One example is the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident, which led to a major release of radiation, the effects of which were felt in many countries. Some international action has already been taken to tackle global environmental problems, but governments should routinely measure the overall impacts of development on people and their environments and link with industry to reduce damage to the environment. For instance, the effects of global warming and pollution on health should be assessed within an ecological framework if communities are to respond e?ectively to potential new global threats to the environment.... environment and health
Eoland, Eolanda, Eolandia, Eolandea... eolande
Habitat: The drier regions of the temperate and alpine Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim from 2,350 to 5,350 m.
English: Ephedra (Ephedra sinica Stapf.)Ayurvedic: Soma, Soma-valli (substitute).Folk: Asmaaniyaa, Budaagur (Punjab); Tipat, Traani (Himalayan region).Action: Circulatory stimulant, bron- chodilator, vasodilator, antiallergic, antiasthmatic (usualy given with expectorants), diaphoretic. Not prescribed with antidepressants.
Key application: Ephedra sinica— in diseases of the respiratory tract and mild bronchospasms. Also in acute coryza, allergic rhinitis and sinusitis. (German Commission E.) In the treatment of nasal congestion due to hay fever, allergic rhinitis, acute coryza, cold, sinusitis and as abronchodilator. (WHO.)Contraindicated in anxiety, restlessness, high blood pressure, glucoma, impaired circulation of the cerebrum, adenoma of prostate with residual urine accumulation, pheochromocy- toma, thyrotoxicosis. (German Commission E.)Ephedra is official in the national pharmacopoeias of China, Japan and Germany. The herb is listed in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia. Only its isolated derivatives, ephedrine and ephedrine hydrochloride are official in Indian Pharmacopoeia.Ephedrine is toxic at more than 300 mg in 1 day (Francis Brinker.)Aerial parts yielded ephedrine and ephedroxane. Pseudoephedrine is the most active anti-inflammatory principle of Ephedra sp., it exhibited inhibitory action on a number of acute inflammations. Ephedroxane possesses a minor anti-inflammatory principle. Among the Indian species, Ephedra major, found in Lahul, contains over 2.56% alkaloids of which nearly three fourths is ephidrine. Ephedra gerardiana contains 1.22% total alkaloids and 0.68% ephedrine.On 30 December 2003, the FDA banned ephedra products in the US.... ephedra gerardianaEponah, Eponna, Eponia, Eponea, Eponnah, Eponiah, Eponeah... epona
Habitat: The Himalayas at high altitudes.
English: Field Horsetail.Ayurvedic: Ashwa-puchha (non- classical).Action: Haemostatic, haemopoietic, astringent, diuretic. Used for genitourinary affections (urethritis, enuresis, cystitis, prostatitis), internally as an antihaemorrhagic and externally as a styptic.
The ashes of the plant are beneficial in acidity of the stomach and dyspepsia.Key application: Internally in irrigation therapy for post-traumatic and static inflammation, and for bacterial infections and inflammation of the lower urinary tract and renal gravel.The British Herbal Compendium reported weak diuretic, haemostyptic, vulnerary and mild leukocytosis causing actions.The haemostatic substance has been shown to act orally, it has no effect on blood pressure and is not a vasoconstrictor.The herb contains 10-20% minerals, of which over 66% are silicic acids and silicates; alkaloids, including nicotine, palustrine and palustrinine; flavonoids, such as iso-quercitrin and equicertin; sterols, including cholesterol, isofucosterol, campesterol; a sa- ponin equisitonin, dimethyl-sulphone, thiaminase and aconitic acid. Diuretic action of the herb is attributed to its flavonoid and saponin constituents, Silicic acid strengthens connective tissue and helps in healing bones.... equisetum arvenseErantha, Eranth, Eranthia, Eranthea... eranthe
Erela, Erelia, Erelea, Ereliah, Ereleah... erelah
Erendirah, Erendiria, Erendirea, Erendyra, Erendyria, Erendyrea, Erendeera, Erendiera, Erendeira, Erendeara... erendira
Family: Compositae; Asteraceae.
Habitat: Punjab, Upper Gangetic Plain, Assam, Western Ghats and Western Himalayas.
English: Canadian Fleabane.Ayurvedic: Jaraayupriya, Makshikaa-visha, Palit (non- classical).Action: Astringent, haemostatic, antirheumatic, diuretic. Used for diarrhoea, kidney disorders, bronchitis and for bleeding piles, wounds, bruises. Essential oil— used in bronchial catarrh and cystitis.
The extracts of the plant gave ses- quiterpenes, beta-santalen, beta-hima- chalene, cuparene, alpha-curcumene, gamma-cadinene.The petroleum ether and ethanolic extracts of aerial parts exhibit significant anti-inflammatory activity.Aqueous extract of powdered plant produces fall in blood pressure, depresses the heart and increases respiration in animals.The essential oil, obtained from aerial parts in Japan, is found to contain 47 volatile compounds of which 91.0% are terpenoids. The leaves contain cumu- lene derivatives.For preparing plant extract as a drug, the volatile oil is removed from a hot aqueous extract and the residue is filtered and concentrated to 24% or 60% of dry matter content. The 6% dry matter extract contains flavones 0.83, tannins 0.52, reducing sugars 6.37 and total sugars 12.6%. The extract is anti- inflammatory, analgesic, bactericidal and fungicidal.... erigeron canadensisHabitat: Native to China; now cultivated mainly in Saharanpur, Dehradun, Muzaffarnagar, Meerut, Kanpur, Bareilly districts of Uttar Pradesh, Amritsar, Gurdaspur and Hoshiarpur districts of Punjab.
English: Loquat, Japanese Medlar.Ayurvedic: Lottaaka (non-classical).Unani: Lokaat.Siddha: Ilakotta, Nokkotta (Tamil).Action: Leaves—used in China and India for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and skin diseases. Fruit— sedative, antiemetic. Flower— expectorant.
The plant contains lipopolysaccha- rides (LPS), which exhibit antirheu- matic activity. LPS is also found useful for treating diabetes mellitus and lowering high cholesterol level. The ethanolic extract of the leaves showed anti-inflammatory activity on carra- geenan-induced oedema in rats and significant hypoglycaemic effect in normal rabbits like the standard drug tolbutamide. The sesquiterpene gly- coside and polyhydroxylated triterpe- noids showed a marked inhibition of glycosuria in genetically diabetic mice; also reduced blood glucose level in nor- moglycaemic rats. The hypoglycaemic effect is mediated through the release of insulin from pancreatic beta cells.The leaves gave ionone-derived gly- cosides and triterpenes. Maslinic and ursolic acids have also been isolated. Maslinic acid possesses significant anti-inflammatory activity. It also exhibits inhibitory effect on histamine- induced contraction in isolated ileum of guinea pig.Hot aqueous extract of the leaves showed hepatoprotective activity experimentally.The leaves yield an essential oil containing nerolidol (61-74%).The presence of an antifungal compound, eriobofuran, is also reported.The methanolic extract of the plant exhibits antioxidant and radical scavenging activity.... eriobotrya japonicaEriss, Erisse, Erys, Eryss, Erysse... eris
Ermah, Ermelinda, Ermalinda, Ermelinde, Ermalinde, Ermintrude, Ermyntrude... erma
Habitat: Cultivated in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Delhi and Madhya Pradesh.
English: Rocket-Salad.Ayurvedic: Tuvari, Tuvarikaa, Shveta-sursaa, Bhuutaghna, Darad- harsha, Siddaartha.Unani: Jirjeer, Taraamiraa.Folk: Safed Sarson.Action: Tender leaf—stimulant, stomachic, diuretic, antiscorbutic, rubefacient. Seed—vesicant, antibacterial.
Seeds and fresh plant gave glu- coerucin (4-methylthiobutyl glucosi- nolate); leaves yielded iso-rhamnetin- 3-glucoside and iso-rhamnetin. The volatile oil of the seeds contains isoth- iocyanate derivatives. The oil at 0.004 and 0.008 ml/kg exhibits diuretic activity. The ethanolic extract of the seeds is diuretic at 20 and 40 mg/kg Seeds are used to induce vomiting in place of ipecac.Crude juice of the plant inhibited E. coli, S. typhi and B. subttis.For eating purposes, the plant should be gathered before flowering; for medicinal use when in flower.... eruca sativaHabitat: Throughout the sub- Himalayan tract from Garhwal eastwards to Assam and Bengal, extending southwards to North Circars.
English: East Indian Rosebay.Ayurvedic: Nandivrksha, Tagar.Siddha/Tamil: Nandiyaavattam.Action: Topically anodyne; chewed for relief of toothache; administered as a vermicide. Various parts of the plant are used in the indigenous system of medicine for skin diseases and cancer.
The plant from Sri Lanka and Pakistan contains several indole alkaloids, including voacristine.Isovoacristic hydrochloride caused bradycardia in frogs and rabbits. The decoction of leaves exhibits antihypertensive and diuretic activity. Taberson- ine, reported in the flowers, showed hypotensive effect on anaesthetized cats.The most abundant alkaloids in stem cortex are tabernaemontanine, dregamine and 20-epi ervatamine.... ervataemia coronariaHabitat: Throughout India, common in Uttar Pradesh.
Ayurvedic: Ashoka-rohini (non- classical).Siddha/Tamil: Unamkodi.Action: Bark—anticholerin. Ripe fruit eaten in constipation. Pounded root prescribed internally in fever. Bark is used in cholera.
EtOH (50%) extract of aerial parts exhibit diuretic and hypotensive activity.... erycibe paniculataHabitat: Kashmir and Western Himalayas.
Folk: Pahaari Gaajar, Dudhali (Punjab), Saleli-misri.Action: Root—nervine, stimulant, haematinic, diuretic, diaphoretic, expectorant. Ash of the plant— antiseptic, anti-inflammatory (used in haemorrhoids).
Leaves and flowers contain d-man- nitol. Underground parts yield saponins.... eryngium caeruleumHabitat: Assam up to 1,700 m, found as a garden plant in Dehra Dun.
Folk: Brahma-Dhaniyaa, Jangali Gaajar (var.).Action: Root—stomachic. Plant— galactagogue, diuretic. Fresh leaves are used as a vegetable and flavouring agent.
Hot aqueous extract of the plant possesses anticonvulsant property. The ethanolic extract (50%) of aerial parts showed cardiovascular, diuretic and antistrychnine activity. The plant is CVS an CNS active and hypothermic.Sea Holly, found in sandy soils near the sea in Britain and Europe, is equated with Eryngium maritimum Linn.The root possesses diuretic and anti- inflammatory properties and is used for urinary tract infections (urethritis, cystitis, polyurea, renal colic, prostatic affections).The root gave coumarins, saponins, flavonoids, plant acids and polyphe- nolic acids. Saponins are haemolytic, rosmarinic acid is known for its anti- inflammatory activity.... eryngium foetidumErythia, Erythea, Eritheia, Erithia, Erithea... erytheia
Habitat: Sub-tropical and temperate regions.
Ayurvedic: Kiraat-tikta (related species), Yavatiktaa (related species) (A substitute for Swertia chirayita.)Folk: Khet-chiraayataa.Key application: Erythraea centaurium—in loss of appetite and peptic discomfort. (German Commission E.)... erythraea roxburghiiHabitat: Grown as an ornamental.
English: Indian Coral tree.Ayurvedic: Paaribhadra, Paarib- hadraka, Paarijaataka, Mandaara, Dadap. Kantaki-palaasha, Kant- kimshuka, Raktapushpa; Nimba- taru. (Erythrina suberosa Roxb. is also equated with Paaribhadra.)Siddha/Tamil: Kaliyanamurukkan.Folk: Farhad.Action: Leaf—cathartic, diuretic, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory. Applied externally for dispersing venereal buboes. Bark—antibilious, anthelmintic, febrifuge, astringent, expectorant. (E. variegata is an adulterant to the Ayurvedic drug Rohitaka.) Different parts of the plant are used as nervine sedative, antiepileptic, astringent, antiasthmatic and antiseptic. Bark is used in liver ailments, fever and rheumatism.
A number of tetracyclic alkaloids have been isolated from the plant.The alkaloids showed a muscle relaxant activity and increased the sedative effects of hexabarbital. The alkaloids extracted from the leaves are reported to have anti-inflammatory activity. Bark alkaloids are neuromus- cular blocking, smooth muscle relaxant, CNS depressant, hydrocholeretic and anticonvulsant. The bark contains 0.05% alkaloids.The root extracts exhibited antimicrobial activity in vitro against Staphy- lococcus aureus and Mycobacterium smegmatis.The seeds of many of the species of Erythrina contain alkaloids with curare-like activity. Clinical trials on biologically standardized beta-ery- throidine hydrochloride and dihydro- beta-erythroidine hydrochloride have shown promising results in the treatment of conditions involving certain types of muscular rigidity.Dosage: Stem bark—6-12 g powder; 12-24 g for decoction. (API Vol. II.)... erythrina indicaHabitat: Assam, Manipur, West Bengal and South India.
Ayurvedic: Muraa (controversial).Siddha/Tamil: Mullu-murukku.Action: Bark—antibilious, an- tirheumatic, febrifuge, antiasth- matic, antiepileptic, antileprotic. Flowers—antidote to poison. In Assam, the juice of the root bark is given to children in threadworm infection.
The plant gave tetracyclic alkaloids— (+)-erythraline and (+)-erythrinine.... erythrina strictaHabitat: Indigenus to Peru and Bolivia, introduced and experimentally cultivated in Assam, West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
English: Coca, Cocaine Plant.Siddha/Tamil: Sivadari.Action: Mydriatic and toxic. (Coca leaf extract, after removing cocaine, is used as a flavouring agent for soft drinks. Maximum use level: 0.055%.) Coca leaves contain a large number of alkaloids including cocaine, tropa- cocaine, cinnamoylcocaine, truxillines and benzoylecgonine. (alkaloid content varies from 0.5 to 1.5%). The bark and seeds also contain cocaine.
Coca is subject to restrictions in most countries.Not to be confused with Cocoa seed (Theobroma cacao.)... erythroxylum cocaHabitat: South India, up to 1,000 m.
English: Bastard Sandal, Red Cedar.Ayurvedic: Kattuchandanam (Kerala).Siddha/Tamil: Devadaram.Folk: Gandh-giri (Maharashtra).Action: Leaf—diaphoretic, stimulant, diuretic, stomachic. A decoction is used for malarial fever. Bark and wood—febrifuge.
The wood yields diterpenes, including monogynol, OH-ogynol, devada- rool; d-hibaene, its epoxide and an olefinic hydrocarbon.Biological activity of the plant is hypothermic and CNS active.... erythroxylum monogynumEssdey, Esdee, Esdea, Esdy, Esdey, Esdi, Esdie, Esday, Esdai, Esdae, Esdaye... esdey
Eshanah, Eshanna, Eshania, Eshanea, Eshannah, Eshaniah, Eshaneah... eshana
Esmerald, Esmeralde, Ezmeralda, Ezmerald, Ezmeralde, Emerald, Esmeraude, Ezmeraude, Esmerelda, Ezmerelda, Emeralda, Emeraude, Emelda, Esma... esmeralda
Etanah, Etanna, Etannah, Etania, Etanea, Ethana, Ethanah, Ethania, Ethanea, Ethanna... etana
Eteniah, Etenea, Eteneah, Eteniya, Eteniyah... etenia
Etheswithe, Etheswith, Etheswytha, Etheswyth, Etheswythe... etheswitha
The most common – Local Research Ethics Committees (LRECs) – have provided a monitoring system of research on humans since the late 1960s. Established by NHS health authorities, LRECs were primarily perceived as exercising authority over research carried out on NHS patients or on NHS premises or using NHS records. Their power and signi?cance, however, developed considerably in the 1980s and 90s when national and international guidance made approval by an ‘appropriately constituted’ ethics committee obligatory for any research project involving humans or human tissue. The work of LRECs is supplemented by so-called ‘independent’ ethics committees usually set up by pharmaceutical companies, and since 1997 by multicentre research ethics committees (MRECs). An MREC is responsible for considering all health-related research which will be conducted within ?ve or more locations. LRECs have become indispensable to the conduct of research, and are doubtless partly responsible for the lack of demand in the UK for legislation governing research. A plethora of guidelines is available, and LRECs which fail to comply with recognised standards could incur legal liability. They are increasingly governed by international standards of practice. In 1997, guidelines produced by the International Committee on Harmonisation of Good Clinical Practice (ICH-GCP) were introduced into the UK. These provide a uni?ed standard for research conducted in the European Union, Japan and United States to ensure the mutual acceptance of clinical data by the regulatory authorities in these countries.
Other categories of ethics committee include Ethics Advisory Committees, which debate dif?cult patient cases. Most are attached to specialised health facilities such as fertility clinics or children’s care facilities. The 1990s have seen a greatly increased interest in professional ethics and the establishment of many new ethics committees, including some like that of the National Council for Hospice and Specialist Palliative Care Services which cross professional boundaries. Guidance on professional and ethical standards is produced by these new bodies and by the well-established ethics committees of regulatory or representative bodies, such as the medical and nursing Royal Colleges, the General Medical Council, United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting, British Medical Association (see APPENDIX 8: PROFESSIONAL ORGANISATIONS) and bodies representing paramedics and professions supplementary to medicine. Their guidance ranges from general codes of practice to detailed analysis of single topics such as EUTHANASIA or surrogacy.
LRECs are now supervised by a central body
– COREC (www.corec.gov.org.uk).... ethics committees
Suppuration in the ethmoidal sinuses is sometimes responsible for in?ammation in neighbouring parts such as the eye.... ethmoid
Habitat: Native to Australia; now cultivated mainly at the hill-stations of India.
English: Blue-Gum tree, Australian Gum tree.Ayurvedic: Tilaparna, Tailaparna, Sugandhapatra, Haritaparna Neela- niryaasa, Tribhandi, Triputaa, Sar- alaa, Suvahaa, Rechani, Nishotraa.Unani: Neelgiri oil.Siddha/Tamil: Karpooramaram.Action: Essential oil from leaves— antiseptic, antibiotic, antiviral, antifungal, antispasmodic, decon- gestant, antiasthmatic, expectorant, antirheumatic, diaphoretic. Used in chronic, bronchitis, migraine, congestive headache, neuralgia and ague, as an inhalant or internal medicine. Root—purgative.
Key application: Leaf tea for catarrhs of the respiratory tract. Oil used externally for rheumatic complaints, contraindicated internally in inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, bile ducts, and in severe liver diseases. (German Commission E.) Oil—internally as adjuvant treatment of chronic obstructive respiratory complaints, including bronchitis and bronchial asthma, also for symptomatic relief of colds and catarrh of the upper respiratory tract; externally for symptomatic treatment of colds and rheumatic complaints. (ESCOP.) Leaf—antiseptic. (The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia.)E. globulus is the main commercial source of Eucalyptus leaf oil; yield is 2.12%; 1,8-cineole exceeds 70% (pharmaceutical grade oil requires a minimum cineole content of 70%).Several potent euglobals, having closely related acyl-phloroglucinol- monoterpene (or sesquiterpene) structures, are isolated from the leaves and flower buds. These compounds showed strong granulation-inhibiting activity and inhibition of TPA induced EBV (Epstein-Barr Virus) activation.Phloroglucin derivatives, isolated from leaves, showed better antiinflammatory activity than indomethacin.Natural antioxidants have also been isolated from the plant.Dosage: Leaf—50-100 ml infusion. (CCRAS.)... eucalyptus globulesEugena, Eugenie, Eugina, Eugyna, Eugynia, Eugynie, Eugeni, Evgenia, Eugenea, Eugeny, Eugeney, Eugenee... eugenia
Habitat: Native to South America; cultivated in gardens; now naturalized in some parts of In dia at medium elevations under sub-tropical conditions.
English: Pitaanga, Surinam Cherry.Action: Fruit—used as a source of carotenoids (225.9 mcg/g) and provitamin A (991 RE/100g). Leaves—diuretic, antirheumatic, antifebrile. Used for lowering blood pressure, blood cholesterol, uric acid level, also for reducing body weight. Essential oil— digestive, carminative.
The leaves gave flavonoids, querci- trin, quercetin, myricitrin and myrice- tin as major constituents.The bark contains 28.5% tannins.... eugenia unifloraHabitat: Many parts of North India. English: Baib grass, Sabai grass. Ayurvedic: Balvaja. Folk: Bhaabar.
Action: Diuretic. Used for treating lithiasis.
EtOH (50%) extract of the plant is sasmogenic.... eulaliopsis binataHabitat: Throughout greater part of India, mostly in the plains.
Ayurvedic: Amrita, Sudhaa-muuli, Munjaataka (Salep var.) Saalam- misri (substitute). Munjaataka and Saalam-misri have been equated with Orchis latifolia Linn. of the same family.Action: Tubers—used in stamatitis, purulent cough and as a cardiac and nervine tonic. Also used in scrofulous diseases and dyscrasia. Used a substitute for Salep.... eulophia campestris
Habitat: Western Himalayas, Bengal and Western parts of Deccan Peninsula.
English: Salep (var.).Ayurvedic: Munjaataka (substitute), Saalam-misri (substitute).Action: Tubers—used as a substitute for Salep.... eulophia herbacea
Habitat: Tropical Himalayas from Nepal eastward to Assam, and in Deccan from Konkan southwards.
Ayurvedic: Baalakanda, Amarkan- da, Maalaakanda.Folk: Ambarkanda (Maharashtra).Action: Tubers—used for bronchitis, diseases due to vitiated blood, tumours, scrofulous glands. Also used as vermifuge.
The tubers yield two phenanthrene derivatives, eulophiol and nudol, along with n-hexacosyl alcohol and lupeol.... eulophia nudaHabitat: Pasture lands of Deccan from Konkan southwards.
English: Salep (var.).Folk: Sataavari (Maharashtra).Action: Tuber—used for scrofulous glands.... eulophia pratensis
Eunomiah, Eunomea, Eunomeah, Eunoma, Eunomah... eunomia
Habitat: Tropical Himalayas from Simla to Bhutan between 2,150 and 3,200 m, and in Assam.
English: Spindle Wood, Wahoo. (Euonymus atropurpureus, found in Eastern and Central USA and Canada, is equated with Wahoo and Spindle tree.Ayurvedic: Bhillotaka.Folk: Chopra, Mermahaul, Kunku, Barphali.Action: Cholagogue, laxative, diuretic, circulatory stimulant. Used for constipation, torpidity of liver, gall bladder disorders, jaundice and dyspepsia. Bark is used in diseases of the eye.
Key application: Bark—as laxative.(The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia.)The plant yielded triterpenes—epi- friedelinol, taraxerol, dulcitol, pris- timerin and tingenins A and B. Pris- timerin exhibited antitumour activity.Only bark and root bark is used medicinally. The seeds are poisonous.Toxic constituents of E. atropur- pureus are furan-a-carboxylic acid; d- phenyl-glucosone (sterol glucoside); euatroside; euatromonoside (steroid glycosides). (Francis Brinker.)... euonymus tingensHabitat: The temperate Himalayas up to 3,600 m and in Khasi Hills between 1,000 and 2,000 m.
English: Hemp Agrimony, Water Hemp, Hemp Eupatorium.Folk: Bundaar (Maharashtra), Tongollati (Assam).Action: Diuretic, cathartic, anti-tumoral. Used under strict medical supervision for blood impurities and tumours. Internal administration is not advised unless the hepatotoxic alkaloids are shown to be absent from the sample.
The herb contains volatile oil (about 0.5%); sesqiterpene lactones, the major one being eupatoriopicrin; flavonoids, pyrrolizidine alkaloids; immunoactive polysaccharides.Eupatoriopicrin has shown to be cy- tostatic as well as cytotoxic; it delayed transplanted tumour growth in mice in a dose-dependent manner.An aqueous extract of the plant exhibited anti-necrotic activity against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepato- toxicity in rats. The effect is attributed to the presence of flavonoids, rutoside, hyperoside and quercetin; phenolic acids, caffeic and chlorogenic; and not due to the presence of eupatoriopicrin.Acrylic acid and the lactic, malic and citric acids, present in the plant, also exhibited protective effect against acute toxicity induced by ethanol in mice.The polysaccharides have immuno- stimulatory activity and enhance phagocytosis in a number of immunolog- ical tests. The leaf oil is reported to exhibit fungicidal effect.A related species, Eupatorium odorum Linn., is known as Gondri in Ori- ssa.... eupatorium cannabinumHabitat: Western Himalayas from Garhwal, westwards to Kashmir.
Ayurvedic: Saatala, Saptalaa. (Substitute).Action: Purgative, emetic. Root— used in fistulous sores.
Prostratin, isolated from the roots of var. cornigeria Hook. f., was found to be pro-inflammatory.... euphorbia pilosaHabitat: Kashmir, above 2,350 m.
Ayurvedic: Hiyaavali, Svarnakshiri (also equated with Argemone mexicana L., Papaveraceae.), Kanchanakshiri, Pitadugdhaa, Katuparni.Folk: Hiravi (Kashmir). Titari (Himachal Pradesh).Action: Root—purgative. Latex— used in eruptions and other skin diseases.... euphorbia thomsoniana
Habitat: Native to Brazil; naturalized in many parts of India; grown in gardens of Maharashtra.
English: Ayapana Tea.Ayurvedic: Vishalyakarani, Ayaapaana.Siddha/Tamil: Ayapanai.Folk: Ayapani (Maharashtra).Action: Cardiac stimulant, laxative, emetic, expectorant, bechic, antiscorbutic, alterative. Used in ague, also in dyspepsia. Leaf— anticholerin, haemostatic.
The leaves contain ayapanin and ayapin, with pronounced haemostatic properties. The leaves also contain carotene and free vitamin C (25 mg/ 100 g); there is 100% increase in vitamin C content on frying the leaves in oil.A aqueous extract of dried leaves and shoots exhibits cardiac stimulant activity, increasing the force of the heartbeat but diminishing its frequency.The plant is comparable to chamo- mile (Anthemis sp.).... eupatorium triplinerveHabitat: The warmer regions of India; often cultivated for hedges.
English: Triangular Spurge.Ayurvedic: Snuhi (Substitute), Vajra-kantaka, VajratundiSiddha/Tamil: Chathurakkali.Folk: Tridhaari, Tidhaaraa Sehunda.Action: Latex—purgative. Applied on burns. Plant—used in dropsy, anasarca, sores, venereal sores, syphilis; also in dysentery, bronchitis, asthma. Root—anthelmintic. Fresh stems—used for skin sores and scabies. A decoction of stems is given in gout.
The stems yielded friedelan-3 alpha- ol and 3 beta-ol, taraxerol and taraxe- rone. The roots yielded taraxerol. Latex gave beta-amyrin, cycloartenol, euphol (70%) and alpha-euphorbol.... euphorbia antiquorumHabitat: Throughout India in the plains and low hills.
Ayurvedic: Saatalaa, Saptalaa, Sapralaa, Viduraa, Charmasaahvaa, Charmakashaa.Unani: Thuhar.Siddha/Tamil: Tillakada, Thusimul- lai.Folk: Titali.Action: Fruit—removes warts topically. Plant extract—cholinergic. The aerial parts are used as a vegetable for maintaining smooth and regular movement of bowels.
The alcoholic and aqueous extracts of aerial parts showed significant action on gastro-intestinal motility in rats. The activity is more pronounced in alcoholic extract than in aqueous extract.The extract of air-dried plant exhibits cholinergic action and direct stimulation of different muscle preparations. Plant gave euphorbol, surcose, glycosides, sterols and kaempferol.Dosage: Root—3-5 g powder. (CCRAS.)... euphorbia dracunculoidesHabitat: Throughout warmer regions of India.
English: Euphorbia, Australian Asthma Weed, Pill-bearing Spurge.Ayurvedic: Dudhi, Dudhikaa, Naagaarjuni, Vikshirini.Unani: Dudhi Khurd.Siddha/Tamil: Amman pachharisi.Action: Pectoral, antiasthmatic, antispasmodic. Used for asthma, laryngitis, chronic nasal and bronchial catarrh; diarrhoea, dysentery, intestinal parasitosis Also used in postnatal complaints, failure of lactation. Latex— vermifuge. Used in diseases of urinogenitory tract.
The herb contains several terpenes, anthocyanins, alcohols and steroids. Aerial parts also gave shikimic acid, choline, L-inositol and free sugars.Antiasthmatic activity is attributed to choline and shikimic acid. Shikimic acid and choline showed relaxant and contracting properties on guinea-pig ileum.The aqueous extract of the herb exhibited sedative, anxiolytic, analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities; exerted an inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation.Quercitrin is reported to be responsible for antidiarrhoeal activity.Methanolic extract of the leaves exhibits antibacterial and antifungal activities.Dimeric hydrolysable tannins, eu- phorbains, have been isolated from the plant.... euphorbia hirtaHabitat: Throughout warmer regions of India, up to 1,500 m in the Himalaya.
Ayurvedic: Dugdhikaa.Action: Plant—used in colic, diarrhoea and dysentery. Leaf— astringent, antidysenteric, antileuc- orrhoeic (also used in menorrhagia).
The plant contains taraxerol, oc- tacosanol, campesterol, stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol, quercetin, quercitrin, ellagic acid, rhamnetin-3-galactoside, rhmnetin-3-rhamnoside and kaempferol.... euphorbia hypericifoliaHabitat: Grown as a field and boundary fence and as curious on rockeries in gardens.
English: Holy Milk Hedge, Dog's Tongue.Ayurvedic: Snuhi, Samant-dugdhaa, Sehunda, Singhtunda, Snuk, Gudaa, Sudhaa, Vajra, Vajjri, Vajjradram, Thuuhar.Siddha/Tamil: Ielaikkali, Perumbu- kalli.Action: Latex—purgative, diuretic, antiasthmatic, expectorant, rube- facient. Used in ascites, polyuria, anasarca, chlorosis, tympanitis; externally on warts, cutaneous eruptions, scabies, unhealthy ulcers.
A succus compounded of equal parts of the juice and simple syrup is said to be used for giving relief in asthma.The triterpenoids, euphol, 24-meth- ylenecycloartenol, euphorbol hexa- cosonate, glut-5 (10)-en-1-one, glut-5- en-3 beta-yet-acetate, taraxerol, friede- lan-3 alpha-ol and -3 beta-ol have been reported from the plant.... euphorbia neriifoliaBuch.-Ham.
Family: Euphorbiaceae.
Habitat: Northern and central India, often planted in dry areas.Ayurvedic: Snuhi (substitute), Patra-Snuhi.Siddha/Tamil: Kalli, Naga-kalli.
Action: Latex—used for treating jaundice, dropsy, enlargement of liver and spleen; colic; syphilis, leprosy; applied to haemorrhoids. Coagulated latex is used for bronchitis. Leaf—juice is used as a purgative. Warmed in mustard oil, applied in cold and headache.The latex gave cycloart-25-en-3 beta-ol, and cyclolaudenol; stem contained cyclolaudenol and sitosterol; leaves gave sitosterol. (None of these triterpenes have been reported from E. neriifolia.) These triterpenes exhibited antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli.
... euphorbia nivuliaHabitat: Native to Morocco.
English: Euphorbium.Unani: Farfiyuun, Afarbiyuun.Action: A drastic purgative, irritant, vesicant and toxic, proinflammatory. Internal use of the drug has been abandoned.
Dried latex gave diterpene esters; derivatives of 12-deoxyphorbol, which are pro-inflammatory, tumour promoting and cause platelet aggregation; exhibit co-carcinogenic activity.... euphorbia resiniferaHabitat: Western Himalaya from Kumaon to Nepal.
Ayurvedic: Snuhi, Snuk, Sehunda, Gudaa (Substitutes.) (Adhogudaa of Ayurvedic medicine and Bana- muuli of folk medicine have been equated with Euphorbia acaulis Rox.)Unani: ThuuharFolk: Thor, Surai.Action: Latex—cathartic, anthelmintic.
The latex yield euphol, cycloeu- calenol, an inseparable mixture of four tetra-and four tri-esters of macrocyclic diterpene ingenol, octacosanol, tetra- cosanol, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, alpha-amyrin and campesterol. The plant gave ingenol.The latex is a valuable source of in- genol esters. Ingol is a macrocyclic diterpene and is of therapeutic interest due to its antileukemic properties. Fractionation of the latex gave ingol- 12-acetate and 8-tigloyl-12-acetate. The acylation of ingol-12-acetate yielded derivatives which inhibit the growth of the basophilic leukaemia cells in rats.... euphorbia royleanaEurybiah, Eurybea, Eurybeah, Euryba, Eurybah... eurybia
Habitat: Smaller var., equated with E. thymifolia, is found in tropical plains and low hills of India, ascending to 1,750 m. Bigger var., E. pilulifera/E. hirta Linn. is found in warmer parts of India from Punjab eastwards, and southwards to Kanyakumari.
Ayurvedic: Dudhi (smaller var.), Dugdhikaa, Naagaarjuni, Swaaduparni.Siddha/Tamil: Sittrapaladi.Action: Plant—antispasmodic, bronchodilator, antiasthmat- ic (used in bronchial asthma), galactagogue (also used for spermatorrhoea). Root—used in amenorrhoea. Latex—used in ringworm, dandruff. Leaf, seed and latex—purgative. A decoction of the plant, with honey, is given to treat haematuria.
Aerial parts gave epitaraxerol, n- hexacosanol, euphorbol, two derivatives of deoxyphorbol-OAC, 24-meth- ylene cycloartenol and quercetin galactoside. Co-carcinogenic activity is due to phorbol derivatives. The plant exhibits antimicrobial activity due to alkaloids.Dosage: Whole plant—10-20 g paste. (CCRAS.)Family: Euphorbiaceae.Habitat: Native to Africa; naturalized in the warmer parts of India.
English: Milk-Bush, Milk Hedge, Indian tree Spurge, Aveloz, Petroleum PlantAyurvedic: Saptalaa, Saatalaa.Siddha/Tamil: Tirukalli.Folk: Angulia-thuuhar.Action: Purgative, emetic, antiasthmatic, bechic. Used for whooping cough, asthma, dyspepsia, biliousness, jaundice, enlargement of spleen, leucorrhoea. Latex—applied externally on warts.
Used as a purgative and for rheumatism and neuralgia. Stem bark—used for gastralgia, colic, asthma.The latex contains an ingol ester besides triterpenoids, euphorbinol and cycloeuphordenol.Presence of a number of ingenol and phorbol esters (diterpenoids), and tri- terpenoids are reported from the plant. The stem gave hentriacontane, hentri- acontanol, beta-sitosterol, Me-ellagic and ellagic acids and kaempferol glu- coside.The latex is a weak tumour promoter.... euphorbia thymifoliaHabitat: South India, Assam and Bengal.
Ayurvedic: Aakshiki (non-classical).Siddha/Tamil: Puvatti, Shempuvan.Folk: Aashaphala (Bengal), Naag- lichi (Assam).Action: The aril of the fruit is used in prescriptions of Chinese traditional medicine for treating insomnia, neurosis, palpitation, amnesia and anaemia.
It has been found to ameliorate the impaired learning process in mice.An aqueous extract of the fruit pulp showed stimulating effect on superoxide dimutase activity in red blood cells of mice., indicating its possible use in delaying the aging process.The seeds contain antimutagens, amino-hydroxy-hexynoic acid, hypo- glycin A (which causes hypoglycaemia) and amino-hydroxy-heptynoic acid.... euphoria longanHabitat: The Temperate Himalaya from Kashmir to Sikkim, from 1,350 to 4,000 m.
English: Eyebright.Action: Plant—astringent, antiallergic, bechic, anticatarrhal.
Key application: Externally as lotions, eye-baths, poultices, for eye complaints associated with inflammatory conditions, and as a preventive measure against mucus of the eyes, "glued" and inflammed eyes. (Traditional uses mentioned by German Comission E.)Orally, Eyebright is used to treat allergies, common cold, bronchial conditions and sinusitis. Ophthalmic application is not recommended. Eye- bright has been used in a British herbal tobacco product, which was smoked for cold and chronic bronchial conditions.Aerial parts showed presence of phenol, carboxylic acid, flavones and methyl flavone derivatives. Plant gave quercetin glucoside, diosmetin, kaem- pferol, caffeic and ferulic acids, stig- masterol and beta-sitosterol. Iridoid glycosides, including aucubin, are also present. Tannins include both condensed and hydrolysable gallic acid type.... euphrasia simplexHabitat: Kashmir, Bihar, Rajasthan, Assam, Manipur, Tripura, Bengal and Uttar Pradesh, in lakes and ponds.
English: Gorgan Nut, Fox Nut.Ayurvedic: Makhaann, Paaniyapha- la, Padma-bijaabha, Ankalodya.Unani: Makhaanaa.Action: Seed—deobstruent, astringent, nervine tonic. Used in spermatorrhoea and sexual affections (restrains seminal gleet) and debility.
Edible parts of the seeds gave the following values: moisture 12.8, protein 9.7, fat 0.1, mineral matter 0.5, carbohydrates 76.9, calcium 0.02, and phosphorus 0.09%; iron 1.4 mg/100 g.... euryale feroxEvanah, Evanna, Evannah, Evania, Evanea, Evaniya, Evanee, Evani, Evanie, Evany, Evaney, Evin, Evyn, Evina, Evyna, Evinna, Evynna, Eavan, Eavana, Eavani, Eavanie, Eavanee, Evaneah... evana
Habitat: A weed of grassy lawns.
Ayurvedic: Aakhukarni, Muusaakarni (substitute for Merremia emarginata (Burm. f.) Hallier f., synonym Ipomoea reniformis Choisy).Folk: Muusaakaani, Chhinipatra (Bihar).Action: Weak sedative, anthelmintic.... evolvulus nummularius
Evon, Evonna, Evony, Evonie, Evoney, Evonee, Evoni, Evonea, Evoneah... evonne
Habitat: Throughout India, as a common weed in open and grassy places; ascending to 2,000 m in the Himalayas.
Ayurvedic: Shankapushpi (blue- flowered var., Convolvus pluricaulis: white-flowered var.)Unani: Shankhaahuli.Siddha/Tamil: Vishnukrandi (blue-flowered), Shivakrandi (white-flowered).Action: Brain tonic, an aid in conception, astringent, antidysen- teric. Leaf—antiasthmatic. Used in nervine affections (epilepsy, insanity, spermatorrhoea), and duodenal ulcers, also for uterine affections. Flowers—used for uterine bleeding and internal haemorrhages. A decoction of the herb is given as a blood purifier.
The plant contains alkaloid evolvine, beta-sitosterol, stearic, oleic, linoleic acids, pentatriacontane and triacon- tane. The alkaloid evolvine exhibited powerful stimulant activity on respiration and blood pressure (possibly analeptic).Aqueous extract of the petal showed antifungal property.... evolvulus alsinoidesHabitat: Upper Gangetic plains and tropical Himalaya, also in South India.
Ayurvedic: Ava-chiraayataa (bigger var. of chiraayataa).Folk: Titakhana, Uudakiraayita (Maharashtra).Action: Stomachic,febrifuge, antifungal, bitter tonic.
The leaves gave apigenin, luteolin, vanillic, p-hydroxybenzoic, protocate- chuic and p-coumaric acids.A related species. Exacum pedun- culatum L., found throughout India, ascending up to 1,000 m, is also used as a substitute for Swertia chirayita and Gentiana lutea. Pounded plant is applied externally in rheumatism and gout. It also gave luteolin, diosmetin and phenolic acids.... exacum bicolorHabitat: The coastal and tidal forests of India.
English: Blinding tree.Siddha/Tamil: Kampetti, Tillai, Agil, Ambala-vrksham.Folk: Gevaa, Huraa (Maharashtra). Gangawaa.Action: Latex—antileprotic. The latex blisters the skin and is reported to cause blindness if it enters the eye. The juice, boiled in oil, is applied in rheumatism, paralysis and leprosy.
The leaves are toxic and contain gallo tannins (0.616 mg/g dry weight). Fresh twigs and bark contain a piscici- dal component. The latex is biocidal.... excoecaria agallochaHabitat: Native to Amercia. Grows in Southern and Eastern India.
English: Jalap.Unani: Jalaapaa.Action: Tuber—drastic hydr- agogue cathartic, acts briskly, causes watery evacuations. Overdoses produce hypercatharsis. Contraindicated in inflammatory conditions of the bowels. (The roots of Operculina turpethum synonym Ipomoea turpethum are used as a substitute for jalap.)... exogonium purga
(2) Elimination of life or of a biological species.... extinction
(2) An extrinsic muscle is one whose origin is some way from the part of the body it acts upon
– for example, the muscles controlling the movement of the eyeball which are attached to the bony orbit in which the eye sits.... extrinsic
Habitat: Native to Central Asia; now grown as minor grain-crop in hilly regions of North India and the Nilgiris.
English: Buckwheat.Ayurvedic: Kotu.Folk: Kutu, Phaapar.Action: Used for treating fragile capillaries, chilbains and for strengthening varicose veins. Used at a supporting herb for treating high blood pressure. Rutin is obtained from fresh or dried leaves and flowers. (Rutin is used in a variety of haemorrhagic conditions.)
The seed are commonly used in colic, choleraic diarrhoea and abdominal obstructions. Root decoction is used in rheumatic pains, lung diseases and typhoid; juice in urinary disorders. In China, used in pulmonary sepsis.The plant is used as a venous and capillary tonic, and for alleviating venous stasis and vericose veins.It is a potential source of rutin (yield 3-5%). The leaves and blossoms contain most of the rutin (80-90%).Quercetin caused significant decrease in ulcer index in acute gastric ulcer with respect to control group in rats. Quercetin, rutin or kaempferol inhibited, in dose-dependent manner, gastric damage produced by acidified- ethanol in rats.The plant also gave hyperoside and anthracene derivatives.Buckwheat is a good source of lysine and other amino acids. The flour is reported to repress exogenous hy- percholesterolemia and promotes accumulation of triglyceride in the liver of rats.Seed oil exhibits antimicrobial activity against Bacillus anthrasis, E.coli and Salmonella paratyphi.Whole plant, dried or green, can cause photosensitization.... fagopyrum esculentumThe principle of ?breoptics in medicine is that a light from a cold light source passes down a bundle of quartz ?bres in the endoscope to illuminate the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract or the bronchi. The re?ected light is returned to the observer’s eye via the image bundle which may contain up to 20,000 ?bres. The tip of the instrument can be angulated in both directions, and ?ngertip controls are provided for suction, air insu?ation and for water injection to clear the lens or the mucosa. The oesophagus, stomach and duodenum can be visualised; furthermore, visualisation of the pancreatic duct and direct endoscopic cannulation is now possible, as is visualisation of the bile duct. Fibreoptic colonoscopy can visualise the entire length of the colon and it is now possible to biopsy polyps or suspected carcinomas and to perform polypectomy.
The ?exible smaller ?breoptic bronchoscope has many advantages over the rigid tube, extending the range of view to all segmental bronchi and enabling biopsy of pulmonary parenchyma. Biopsy forceps can be directed well beyond the tip of the bronchoscope itself, and the more ?exible ?breoptic instrument causes less discomfort to the patient.
Fibreoptic laparoscopy is a valuable technique that allows the direct vizualisation of the abdominal contents: for example, the female pelvic organs, in order to detect the presence of suspected lesions (and, in certain cases, e?ect their subsequent removal); check on the development and position of the fetus; and test the patency of the Fallopian tubes.
(See also ENDOSCOPE; BRONCHOSCOPE; LARYNGOSCOPE; LAPAROSCOPE; COLONOSCOPE.)... fibreoptic endoscopy
Habitat: Outer range of Western Himalayas from Punjab to Kumaon.
Ayurvedic: Riddhi. (Tubers of Eulophia nuda Lindl. and Dioscorea bulbifera are also used as Riddhi.)Action: Nervine and cardiac tonic.... habenaria edgeworthii
Habitat: Central India and Western Peninsula.
Ayurvedic: Bhramar-chhalikaa, Ugragandhaa (a confusing synonym). Bhringa-vrksha (provisional synonym).Siddha/Tamil: Sagappu, Vellei Kadambu, Peranjoli.Folk: Bhaulan, Bhramarchhali, Bhuurkunda.Action: Bark—astringent, febrifuge, antiperiodic (especially for tertian ague).
The stem bark contains scopoletin and its apioglucoside, hymexelsin (yield 0.12%). The presence of glucose, fructose, galactose and several amino acids, alanine, arginine, cystine, glycine, leucine; besides fatty acids, beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol is also reported from the bark.Roots contain several quinones.... hymenodictyon excelsumHabitat: The Himalayas up to 1,200 m and in plains of India.
English: Trailing indigo.Ayurvedic: Vaasukaa.Siddha/Tamil: Cheppunerinjil.Folk: Hanumaan-buuti, Bhui-nila.Action: Juice of the plant— antiscorbutic, diuretic, alterative. The plant, boiled with oil, is applied to burns. A decoction is given in epilepsy and insanity.
The plant contains two unsaturat- ed hydrocarbons—indigoferin and en- neaphyllin. The seeds contain 37.8% protein, also yield lipids (4.4%) containing palmitic and oleic acid. The toxicity of the plant is attributed to a non-protein amino acid, indospicine (6-amidino-2-aminohexanoic acid). (Consumption of the plant produces a neurological syndrome, known as Birdsville disease, in horses. The toxic- ity is greatly reduced when the material is chopped and dried.)The aerial parts gave 3-nitropropa- noyl esters of D-glucose.... indigofera enneaphyllaHabitat: Throughout India.
Ayurvedic: Aakhukarni (related species), Sheetavalli (provisional synonym).Folk: Nikhari, Bhanwar (Punjab).Action: Antirheumatic, anticepha- lalgic, antiepileptic and antileprotic.
The plant is boiled in oil and used as an application for rheumatism, headache, epilepsy, fevers, ulcers, leprosy. The seeds are reported to contain a resin similar to that present in the seeds of Ipomoea nil.... ipomoea eriocarpaHabitat: Temperate Northwestern Himalaya at 1,500-2,700 m. and from Kashmir to Himachal Pradesh. Often grown in gardens.
Ayurvedic: Paarseeka Vachaa, Haimavati, Shveta Vachaa, Baalbach.Unani: Irsaa, Sosan, Iris.Folk: Marjal, Unarjal (Kashmir).Action: Used in diseases of the liver.
Aerial parts contain xanthone gly- cosides; C-glycoside of apigenin and phenolic acids. Roots contain ceryl alcohol.Natural irones, the main constituent of Orris oil, are obtained from different species of Iris. The laccases, obtained from Iris species and other plants are used in hair cosmetic preparations, as an oxidizing agent in oxidative hair dyes and permanent hair wave-setting compositions. The root extracts of Iris species are used in cosmetic preparations for the prevention of skin roughness and ageing.... iris ensataHabitat: Eastern Himalayas and Khasi Hills.
English: Rush, Matting Rush.Action: Pith—antilithic, discutient, diuretic, depurative, pectoral. Root—diuretic, especially in strangury.
The leaves gave flavonoids, lutcoline- 7-glucoside, diosmin and hesperidin; aerial parts gave phenolic constituents, effusol and juncusol. Juncusol is antimicrobial. A dihydrodibenzoxepin, isolated from the plant, showed cyto- toxic activity.... juncus effususHabitat: Deccan and Western Ghats, from Konkan southwards to Kerala at altitudes of 1,200-2,500 m.
Siddha: Nachinaar (Tamil).Folk: Raamethaa (Maharashtra).Action: Barkandleaves—poisonous. Plant—vesicant. Leaves are applied to swellings and contusions.
The stem bark and seeds contain a xanthone glycoside, lasioside and a biscoumarin, lasiocephatin.... lasiosiphon eriocephalusHabitat: Chota Nagpur, Orissa, Deccan, Karnataka, Anaimalai Hills and Western Ghats from Konkan southwards to Kerala.
English: Silverweed.Siddha/Tamil: Unnayangodi.Folk: Khedari, Bond vel (Maharashtra).Action: Leaves—a paste is applied externally in cough and quinsy.... lettsomia elliptica
Habitat: Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Bengal and Gujarat.
English: Bristly Luffa.Ayurvedic: Devadaali, Devataadaka, Jimuuta, Garaagari, Kothaphala.Siddha/Tamil: Panibira.Folk: Bandaal (Varanasi).Action: Fruit—purgative (intensely bitter and fibrous). An infusion is given in biliary and intestinal colic; also in nephritis and chronic bronchitis.
The fruit contains chrysoeriol and its glycosides as principal flavonoids. Seeds contain cucurbitacin B, triter- pene alcohols, and a saponin with olea- nolic acid as sapogenin.The alcoholic and ether extracts of the plant showed protection against CCl4-induced hepatic injury in rats. The aqueous extract of fruits is beneficial in jaundice as it significantly lowered serum bilirubin level in chlorpromazine-induced jaundice in rats and human patients. The ethano- lic extract (50%) of the plant exhibited hypoglycaemic activity.The yellow-flowered var. of De- vadaali (Eastern Himalayas, Sikkim, Bihar, Bengal) is equated with Luffa graveolens Roxb.Dosage: Fruit—1-3 g powder. (CCRAS.)... luffa echinataHabitat: The western part of Peninsular India, from Konkan southwards to Anaimalai and Travancore hills, up to an altitude of 1,000 m.
Ayurvedic: Lavanga-lataa (var.).Folk: Kokilaa (Bengal).Action: See Luvunga scandens.... luvunga eleutherandra
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... medical dictionaryHabitat: Cultivated in many parts of India.
English: Tomato, Love Apple.Unani: Tamaatar.Action: Mild aperient, blood purifier, cholagogue, digestive. Used in homoeopathy for treating rheumatic conditions, colds, chills, digestive disorders, diabetes, obesity, leucorrhoea, metrorrhagia.
Tomato is a powerful deobstruent. It promotes flow of bile; mildly laxative, especially when taken raw. Tomato stimulates torpid liver and kidneys and helps to wash away toxins. Tomato is recommended for diabetics. It is a major dietary source of carotenoid lycopene.Tomato juice inhibits carcinogenic N-nitrosocompound formation chiefly in the stomach. Most of the inhibition of formation of N-nitrosomorpholine by phenolic fraction of tomato juice was due to chlorogenic acids. The ascorbate fraction of the juice also contains compounds that inhibit ni- trosation.Consumption of tomato juice can significantly increase serum lycopene levels. (Decreased serum lycopene concentrations are associated with an increase risk of prostate cancer.) (Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 2007.)The alcoholic extract of tomato possesses CNS depressant and analgesic properties.... lycopersicon esculentumHabitat: Western Himalayas in Jammu and Kashmir, and Himachal Pradesh.
English: Gipsywort, Bugleweed.Folk: Gandam-gundu, Jalneem.Action: Cardioactive, diuretic, peripheral vasoconstrictor, sedative, narcotic, antihaemorrhagic, antitussive, thyrostatic.
Key application: In mild thyroid hyperfunction (contraindicated in thyroid hypofunction, enlargement of thyroid) with disturbances of vegetative nervous system; masto- dynia (tension and pain in breast). No simultaneous administration of thyroid preparations. Administration of Bugleweed preparations interferes with the administration of diagnostic procedures using radioactive isotopes. (German Commission E.)The leaves contain lithospermic acid. Plant contains luteolin-7-glucoside; ur- solic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, sinapic acid, ellagic acid and other derivatives of phenolic acid. The antioxidant activity of the plant is partially attributed to rosmarinic acid. Antigonadotropic activity of the leaf extract is attributed to phenolic precursors.Ethanol extract of the plant showed diverse effects on the pituitary, thyroid and gonadal glands of rats.A closely related species, Lycopus virginicus of Europe, exhibits anti- thyrotropic activity. It induces TSH repletion in hypothyroid rats and reduction of TSH levels in euthyroid rats. Antigonadotropic activity has been demonstrated in rats.... lycopus europaeusHabitat: Native to Brazil. Major crop in Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.
English: Manioc, Tapioca, Cassava.Siddha/Tamil: Maravalli kizhangu, Ezhalai kizhangu.Folk: Tapioca.Action: Staple food for poorer section of the population in many tropical countries. The starch is used for the manufacture of dextose, liquid glucose. The bitter variety is used for treating scabies and weeping skin.
The tuber is a good source of provitamin A carotenoids. It contains 0.1-3.0 mg/kg (fresh weight) of beta- carotene and 0.05-00.6 mg/kg (fresh weight) of lutein. The bitterness of the tuber is related to the cyanoglu- coside content which ranges from 320 to 1,100 mcg cyanide/g in very bitter tubers and from 27.5 to 77.5 mcg is non-bitter tubers. Boiling, crushing and sun-drying reduce bitterness and also cyanoglucoside content. The tannin equivalent content in the clones varies from 0.31 to 0.34% and saponin equivalent varies from 0.18 to 0.29%.Feeding tapioca significantly reduced the plasma cholesterol profile experimentally in cats and rats.... manihot esculentaHabitat: Orissa, Assam and Western Peninsula.
English: Iron Wood.Ayurvedic: Anjani.Siddha/Tamil: Kasai, Anjani.Folk: Yaalki, Lokhandi (Maharashtra).Action: Fruit and leaf—astringent. Leaf—antileucorrhoeic, spasmolytic, hypoglycaemic. A lotion prepared from the leaves is used in ophthalmia. Root—used in excessive menstrual discharge.
Aerial parts gave umbelactone, beta- amyrin, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, sitosterol and its glucoside.... memecylon eduleHabitat: Native to tropical America; naturalized in tropical and subtropical regions of India.
English: Sensitive-plant, Humble- Plant.Ayurvedic: Lajjaalu, Laajavanti, Namaskaari, Samangaa, Sankochini, Shamipatraa, Khadirkaa, Raktapaadi.Unani: Chhuimui, Sharmili, Laajwanti.Siddha/Tamil: Thottalsurungi.Action: Leaf—astringent, alterative, antiseptic, styptic, blood purifier. Used for diarrhoea, dysentery, haemophilic conditions, leuc- orrhoea, morbid conditions of vagina, piles, fistula, hydrocele and glandular swellings. Root—used in gravel and urinary complaints. A decoction is taken to relieve asthma.
The plant contains mimosine and turgorin. The periodic leaf movements exhibited by the plant are due to presence of derivatives of 4-O- (beta-D-glucopyranosyl-6'-sulphate)Family: Sapotaceae.Habitat: Cultivated in North India, Western Peninsula and South India.
English: Spanish-Cherry, West Indian Medlar, Bullet Wood.Ayurvedic: Bakula, Keshara, Simhakeshara, Sthiraa, Sthira- pushpa, Vishaarada, Dhanvi, Madhupushpa, Madhugandha, Chirpushpa, Maulsiri.Unani: Molsari.Siddha: Magilam.Action: Pulp of ripe fruit—astringent; used in chronic dysentery Flowers, fruit and bark—astringent. Bark—given for promoting fertility in women. Seeds—purgative. The leaves contain sterols, reducing sugars and tannins; roots, a steroidal saponin; stem bark, spinasterol and taraxerol; flowers, D-mannitol, beta-sitosterol and beta-sitosterol- D-glycoside; seeds, pentacyclic triterpene acids, mimusopic and mimusopsic acids.
Essential oil obtained from the plant is reported to be mycotoxic. Antimicrobial activity of the root extract has been reported. Saponins isolated from the seeds have been found to effect the cardiovascular activity in dogs and haemolytic activity in human beings. Spasmolytic activity in isolated ileum of guinea-pigs has also been recorded. Saponins from seeds also showed spermicidal activity.Dosage: Seed, bark—10-20 g paste; 50-100 ml decoction. (CCRAS.)... mimusops elengiA range of research investigations has developed within medical education. These apply to course monitoring, audit, development and validation, assessment methodologies and the application of educationally appropriate principles at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. Research is undertaken by medical educationalists whose backgrounds include teaching, social sciences and medicine and related health-care specialties, and who will hold a medical or general educational diploma, degree or other appropriate postgraduate quali?cation.
Development and validation for all courses are an important part of continuing accreditation processes. The relatively conservative courses at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels, including diplomas and postgraduate quali?cations awarded by the specialist medical royal colleges (responsible for standards of specialist education) and universities, have undergone a range of reassessment and rede?nition driven by the changing needs of the individual practitioner in the last decade. The stimuli to change aspects of medical training have come from the government through the former Chief Medical O?cer, Sir Kenneth Calman, and the introduction of new approaches to specialist training (the Calman programme), from the GENERAL MEDICAL COUNCIL (GMC) and its document Tomorrow’s Doctors, as well as from the profession itself through the activities of the British Medical Association and the medical royal colleges. The evolving expectations of the public in their perception of the requirements of a doctor, and changes in education of other groups of health professionals, have also led to pressures for changes.
Consequently, many new departments and units devoted to medical education within university medical schools, royal colleges and elsewhere within higher education have been established. These developments have built upon practice developed elsewhere in the world, particularly in North America, Australia and some European countries. Undergraduate education has seen application of new educational methods, including Problem-Based Learning (PBL) in Liverpool, Glasgow and Manchester; clinical and communications skills teaching; early patient contact; and the extensive adoption of Internet (World Wide Web) support and Computer-Aided Learning (CAL). In postgraduate education – driven by European directives and practices, changes in specialist training and the needs of community medicine – new courses have developed around the membership and fellowship examinations for the royal colleges. Examples of these changes driven by medical education expertise include the STEP course for the Royal College of Surgeons of England, and distance-learning courses for diplomas in primary care and rheumatology, as well as examples of good practice as adopted by the Royal College of General Practitioners.
Continuing Professional Development (CPD) and Continuing Medical Education (CME) are also important aspects of medical education now being developed in the United Kingdom, and are evolving to meet the needs of individuals at all stages of their careers.
Bodies closely involved in medical educational developments and their review include the General Medical Council, SCOPME (the Standing Committee on Postgraduate Medical Education), all the medical royal colleges and medical schools, and the British Medical Association through its Board of Medical Education. The National Health Service (NHS) is also involved in education and is a key to facilitation of CPD/CME as the major employer of doctors within the United Kingdom.
Several learned societies embrace medical education at all levels. These include ASME (the Association for the Study of Medical Education), MADEN (the Medical and Dental Education Network) and AMEE (the Association for Medical Education in Europe). Specialist journals are devoted to research reports relating to medical educational developments
(e.g. Academic Medicine, Health Care Education, Medical Education). The more general medical journals (e.g. British Medical Journal, New England Journal of Medicine, The Lancet, Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons) also carry articles on educational matters. Finally, the World Wide Web (WWW) is a valuable source of information relating to courses and course development and other aspects of modern medical education.
The UK government, which controls the number of students entering medical training, has recently increased the quota to take account of increasing demands for trained sta? from the NHS. More than 5,700 students – 3,300 women and 2,400 men – are now entering UK medical schools annually with nearly 28,600 at medical school in any one year, and an attrition rate of about 8–10 per cent. This loss may in part be due to the changes in university-funding arrangements. Students now pay all or part of their tuition fees, and this can result in medical graduates owing several thousand pounds when they qualify at the end of their ?ve-year basic quali?cation course. Doctors wishing to specialise need to do up to ?ve years (sometimes more) of salaried ‘hands-on’ training in house or registrar (intern) posts.
Though it may be a commonly held belief that most students enter medicine for humanitarian reasons rather than for the ?nancial rewards of a successful medical career, in developed nations the prospect of status and rewards is probably one incentive. However, the cost to students of medical education along with the widespread publicity in Britain about an under-resourced, seriously overstretched health service, with sta? working long hours and dealing with a rising number of disgruntled patients, may be affecting recruitment, since the number of applicants for medical school has dropped in the past year or so. Although there is still competition for places, planners need to bear this falling trend in mind.
Another factor to be considered for the future is the nature of the medical curriculum. In Britain and western Europe, the age structure of a probably declining population will become top-heavy with senior citizens. In the ?nancial interests of the countries affected, and in the personal interests of an ageing population, it would seem sensible to raise the pro?le of preventive medicine – traditionally rather a Cinderella subject – in medical education, thus enabling people to live healthier as well as longer lives. While learning about treatments is essential, the increasing specialisation and subspecialisation of medicine in order to provide expensive, high-technology care to a population, many of whom are suffering from preventable illnesses originating in part from self-indulgent lifestyles, seems insupportable economically, unsatisfactory for patients awaiting treatment, and not necessarily professionally ful?lling for health-care sta?. To change the mix of medical education would be a di?cult long-term task but should be worthwhile for providers and recipients of medical care.... medical education
Habitat: Throughout India and Andaman Islands up to an altitude of1,500 m.
Siddha/Tamil: Konji.Folk: Kaamini; Aanthil (Bihar).Action: Leaves—astringent; used in diarrhoea and dysentery (sap, squeezed from leaves, is administered). Root—antipyretic.
The plant is rich in coumarins, car- bazole alkaloids and flavonoids. The leaves contain a number of coumarins, the major ones being murrangatin and phebalosin. Murrangatin, derived from the precursor phebalosin, is reported to possess antithyroid property. The root contains a bis-indole alkaloid, yuehchukene, with potent antiimplantation activity.Mexolide (dimeric coumarin), isolated from the stem bark is antibacterial. The steam distillate of leaves exhibit antifungal and antibacterial activity.... murraya exoticaNICE – its Scottish equivalent is the Scottish Health Technology Assessment Centre – has three main functions:
appraisal of new and existing technologies.
development of clinical guidelines.
promotion of clinical audit and con?dential inquiries. Central to its task is public concern about ‘postcode prescribing’ – that is, di?erent availability of health care according to geography.
In 2003 the World Health Organisation appraised NICE. Amongst its recomendations were that there should be greater consistency in the methods used for appraisal and the way in which results and decisions were reported. WHO was concerned about the need for transparency about the con?ict between NICE’s use of manufacturers’ commercial evidence in con?dence, and believed there should be greater de?nition of justi?cation for ‘threshold’ levels for cost-e?ectiveness in the Centre’s judgement of what represents value for money.
In all, WHO was congratulatory – but questions remain about the practical value and imlementation of NICE guidelines.... national institute for clinical excellence (nice)
The age at which a child achieves full control of bladder function varies considerably. Such control is sometimes achieved in the second year, but much more commonly not until 2–3 years old. Some children do not normally achieve such control until the fourth, or even ?fth, year, so that paediatricians are reluctant to make this diagnosis before a child is aged six.
The approach consists essentially of reassurance and ?rm but kindly and understanding training. In most cases the use of a ‘star chart’ and a buzzer alarm which wakens the child should he or she start passing urine is helpful. Where there are relationship or social problems, these need to be considered in treating the child. The few who have urinary infection or irritable bladders may respond to drug tretament.
Those who do not respond may be helped by DDAVP, an analogue of a pituitary hormone, which reduces the amount of urine produced overnight. It is licensed for use for three months at a time. Some children prefer to reserve it for occasions such as sleeping away from home. The antidepressant imipramine can help some children but has to be used cautiously because of side-effects.
For help, contact www.eric.org.uk... nocturnal enuresis
Habitat: Native of Mediterranean region; cultivated in Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh.
English: Olive.Unani: Zaitoon.Action: Leaves and bark— febrifugal, astringent, diuretic, antihypertensive.
Oil—preparations are used for cho- langiitis, cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, icterus, flatulence, meteorism, lack of bacteria in the intestines. Demulcent and mild laxative. Externally used for wound dressing and for minor burns, psoriasis and pruritus. (Included among unapproved herbs by German Commission E.)Chemical investigations of two varieties—Ascotrinia and Ascolina— grown in Jammu region have shown that the characteristics of fruits and their oils are similar to those of European varieties.Leaves of Olea europaea gave iri- doid monoterpenes including oleu- ropein and oleuroside; triterpenes including oleanolic and maslinic acids; flavonoids including luteolin and api- genine derivatives. The oil contains glycerides of oleic acid about 70-80%, with smaller amounts of linoleic, palmitic and stearic acid glycerides.The leaves exhibited hypotensive, antiarrhythmic and spasmolytic activities in animal studies. The oil exhibited contraction of gallbladder due to raising of the cholecystokinin level in the plasma.India's requirements of olive oil are met by imports.... olea europaeaHabitat: Kashmir and Kumaon up to 1,000-1,500 m.
Unani: Ratanjot (equated with Onosma echioides Linn., according to National Formularly ofUnani Medicine).Action: Astringent and styptic. Root—bruised and used as application to eruptions. An ingredient of ointments for ulcers, scrofula, burns. Flowers—stimulant, cardiac tonic.
Ursolic acid and naphthoquinones, onosone A and B have been isolated from the root. Shikonin acetate is obtained from callus cultures of the plant.The species, distributed in western Himalayas, is Onosma echioides C. B. Clarke non Linn.; Onosma echioides Linn. is an European species. A variety of this species, var. kashmiricum Johnson, is found in Kashmir. Onosma hookeri C. B. Clarke occurs in Sikkim and Bhutan.Maharanga emodi (Wall.) DC., synonym Onosma emodi (Wall.) DC. (the Himalayas from Garhwal to Bhutan at altitudes of 3,500-4,000 m) is also known as Ratanjot and Shankhuli.(Ratanjot is used in a generic sense to cover a range of red dye-yielding roots, rather than the root of a single species. As many as 15 plant species belonging to four different families are known as Ratanjot; five of them do not yield red dye. General properties and colour reactions attributed to Ratanjot resemble Alkanet from Alkanna tinctoria Tausch.)... onosma echioidesHabitat: Bihar, Assam, Bengal and Tamil Nadu.
Ayurvedic: Sprkaa, Sprk.Action: Used as a substitute for Delphinium Zalil.... schizachyrium exile
Habitat: Northwestern Himalaya from Kashmir to Kumaon at 2,0003,000 m.
English: Himalayan Paeony.Unani: Ood Saleeb, Ood Gharqi, Phaavaaniaa.Folk: Root—used in nervous affections, uterine diseases, as a blood purifier. Flower—antidiarrhoeal. Seed—emetic, cathartic. Plant— CNS depressant, hypothermic, diuretic, anti-inflammatory.The root contains an essential oil, with salicylaldehyde as the chief component, a fixed oil, benzoic acid and sucrose. The plant gave Gallo tannin and glucogallin.... paeonia emodiHabitat: Native of Brazil; cultivated in Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh, in North India in Punjab and Himachal Pradesh.
English: Purple Granadilla, Passion Fruit.Action: Juice from purple fruit— a good source of ascorbic acid (contains up to 75 mg/100 g), carotene and sugars.
The juice from the yellow variety (equated with Passiflora edulis f. flavi- carpa) contains lesser amounts of ascorbic acid and sugars.The purple Passion fruit contains the C-glucoside, beta-ionyl-beta-D- glucopyranoside. A protease inhibitor (PEPI) has been isolated from the juice. PEPI inhibited trypsin and chy- motrypsin activities, but did not inhibit papain activity. The esters and terpenoids form the major part of fruit components. The terpenoids include a number of monoterpenes (including hydroxylated linalool derivatives), and monoterpene glycosides. Norter- penoid aglycones have also been found.The yellow Passion fruit contains sulfur-containing volatiles, acetates, butanoates and hexanoates of 3-mer- captohexanol. The leaves contain C- glycosylflavonoids.... passiflora edulisHabitat: Throughout India and hotter parts.
English: Hairknot Plant, Whitlow Plant.Ayurvedic: Uttamaarani, Vrischikaali, Vishaanikaa. Phala- kantaka. Ajashringi is a doubtful synonym.Siddha/Tamil: Utthaamani, Veli- paruthi.Folk: Utaran.Action: Plant—Uterine stimulant, tones up urinary bladder, stimulates gastric secretion, expectorant, emetic. Leaf—used for amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea; externally applied to carbuncles.
The plant gave betaine, a polypep- tide, hentriacontane, lupeol, alpha-and beta-amyrin, beta-sitosterol as major constituents. Seeds and stems gave car- denolides—calactin, calotropin, calo- tropagenin, uzarigenin and coroglau- cigenin.The plant extract exhibits stimulating action on uterine and other involuntary muscles. The extracts cause rise in arterial blood pressure, increase in movement and tone of urinary bladder, and stimulation of gastric secretions. An aqueous extract of the leaves shows antibacterial activity against E. coli and Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus.... pergularia extensaHabitat: Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhutan at 1,800-3,700 m, also Assam.
English: Indian Blue Pine, Bhutan Pine, Five-leaved Pine.Ayurvedic: Sarala (var.). Folk: Chillaa.Action: Uses similar to Pinus roxburghii.
The essential oil contains alpha-and beta-pinene as major constituents.... pinus excelsaIn autoimmune disorders, disease is due to damage wrought by circulating ANTIBODIES or sensitised lymphocytes (see LYMPHOCYTE). If the disease is due to circulating humoral antibodies, removal of these antibodies from the body should theoretically relieve the disorder. This is the principle on which plasma exchange was used in the management of autoimmune diseases due to circulating antibodies. Such disorders include Goodpasture’s syndrome, SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE) and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS. One of the problems in the use of plasma exchange in the treatment of such diseases is that the body responds to the removal of an antibody from the circulation by enhanced production of that antibody by the immune system. It is therefore necessary to suppress this homeostatic response with cytotoxic drugs such as AZATHIOPRINE. Nevertheless, remissions can be achieved in autoimmune diseases due to circulating antibodies by the process of plasma exchange.... plasma exchange
Habitat: Sub-alpine Himalayas, from Kashmir to Sikkim at altitudes of 3,300-5,200 m.; also cultivated in Assam.
English: Indian Rhubarb, Himalayan Rhubarb.Ayurvedic: Amlaparni, Pitamuuli, Gandhini Revatikaa. Revandachini (roots).Unani: Revandchini.Siddha/Tamil: Revalchinikattai, Nattirevaichini.Action: Purgative, astringent, aperient. Used for constipation and atonic dyspepsia. Not advised for patients suffering from gout, rheumatism, epilepsy. (When given internally, the root imparts a deep tinge to the urine.)
The root gave emodin, emodin- 3-monomethyl ether, chrysophanol, aloe-emodin, rhein. These occur free and as quinone, anthrone or dianthrone glycosides. The astringent principle consists of gallic acid together with small amounts of tannin. The drug also contain cinnamic and rhe- inolic acids, volatile oil, starch and calcium oxalate. Two major glyco- sidic active principles, sennoside A and B, are present along with free an- thraquinones.At low doses, the tannin exerts astringent effect and relieves diarrhoea; at higher doses anthraquinones stimulate laxative effect and relieve constipation. (Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 2007.)There are three main types of rhubarbs—Chinese, Indian or Himalayan, and Rhapontic.The Chinese rhubarb consists of the rhizomes and roots of Rheum palma- tum and R. officinale.The Indian rhubarb consists of dried rhizomes of R. emodi and R. web- bianum; rhizomes and roots of R. moorcroftianum and R. spiciforme are also reported to be mixed with the drug. R. rhaponticum is the Rhapontic rhubarb.Rheum moorcroftianum Royle (the Himalayas at altitudes of 3,0005,200 m., chiefly in Garhwal and Ku- maon) possesses properties similar to those of R. emodi and the roots are mixed with the latter.Rheum spiciforme Royle (drier ranges of Kumaon and Sikkim at altitudes of 2,700-4,800 m.) also possesses purgative properties. The rhizomes and roots are mixed up with Himalayan rhubarb.Rheum webbianum Royle (the western and central Himalayas at altitudes of 3,000-5,000 m.) is the source of Himalayan rhubarb.Rheum palmatum is esteemed as the best type of (Chinese) rhubarb. Two new stilbene glycosides, 4'-O- methylpiceid and rhapontin, isolated from the roots, exhibited moderate alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Anthraquinone glucoside, pul- matin, isolated from the roots, along with its congeners, chrysophanein and physcionin, showed cytotoxic activity against several types of carcinoma cells. Polysaccharides, isolated from the roots and rhizomes, contained lyx- ose, glucose, galactose, xylose, rham- nose, mannose and ribose.Dosage: Root—0.2-1.0 g powder. (CCRAS.)... rheum emodiHabitat: Punjab to Assam, extending southwards into the Western Ghats and Deccan.
English: Gach Strawberry.Folk: Hinsaalu, Anchhu. Gouri-phal (Kashmir), Tolu, Aselu (Nepal).Action: Root and young stem— administered in colic pain.
Extract of the leaves showed anti- convulsant activity against electrical- induced convulsions, potentiated hypnotic effect of pentobarbitone sodium and had positive inotropic and chronotropic effects. (Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol. 5.)... rubus ellipticusHabitat: Native of Baluchistan. (Used in Unani medicine.)
Unani: Kanochaa, Marv. Seeds— Tukhm Kanochaa, Tukhm Marv. (National Formulary of Unani Medicine equated Kanochaa with Phyllanthus maderaspatensis Linn.)Action: Used for colic and as an intestinal tonic, deobstruent and disinfectant. Roasted or processed seeds are prescribed in diarrhoea and dysentery.
Synonym: S. wightiana Wall. ex W. & A.Family: Caprifoliaceae.Habitat: Kashmir at 2,000-3,600 m.
English: Dwarf Elder.Unani: Khamaan Saghir, Khamaan- ul-Arzaa, (Nabli) Khamaan.Siddha/Tamil: Mushkiyaara (Punjab), Khamman, Ganhulaa.Action: Diuretic, expectorant. Used for kidney and bladder torpor.
Lipid fraction of drupes contains unsaturated fatty acids, sterols, aliphatic alcohols, triterpenic alcohols, alpha- and beta-amyrin; also anthocyanin pigments, phenolic acids. The root contains beta-sitosterol and alpha- amyrin. Aqueous extracts induced diuresis in rats and exhibited hypotensive activity in cats. The extract of flowering herb showed significant anti- ulcerogenic activity. cyanogenic glycosides; berries contain flavonoids, anthocyanins, vitamin A and C.Anti-inflammatory activity of the flowers has been attributed to ursolic acid. Elder flowers and peppermint is an old remedy for influenza in the Western herbal.The berry is used against influenza virus A and B. (J Alt Compliment Med, 1(4), 1995.)... sambucus ebulusHabitat: South India, in river beds.
Ayurvedic: Maachika (related species).Folk: Jhaau.Action: Galls—astringent. Leaves— decoction is given for treating enlarged spleen; also cough.... tamarix ericoides
Habitat: Europe, including Britain. The Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhutan, Assam, Western Ghats and Palni hills in South India.
English: Wood Sanicle.Action: Plant—astringent, alterative, vulnerary. Used in leucorrhoea, menorrhagia, bleeding piles; also in diarrhoea and dysentery. The herb is also employed as an ingredient of an ointment used for septic ulcers.
The herb contains saponins based on saniculogenins; allantoin; chlorogenic and rosmarinic acids. The flowers contain 3.1 and fruits 1.1% rosmarinic acid. The leaves contain 0.6% chlorogenic acid. The roots contain 23.1, leaves 12.8, flowers 6.0 and fruits 5.2% surcose. Rhizome contains chlorogeni acid 1.2 and sucrose 13.9%.... sanicula europaeaSex education in schools is regarded as an e?ective way of reducing teenaged pregnancy, especially when linked with contraceptive services. Several studies have shown that it does not cause an increase in sexual activity and may even delay the onset of sexual relationships and lessen the number of partners. Programmes taught by youth agencies may be even more e?ective than those taught in the classroom – possibly because teaching takes place in small groups of volunteer participants, and the programmes are tailored to their target populations. Despite improvements in sex education, the United Kingdom has the highest incidence of teenaged pregnancies in the European Community.
Sex education, including information about AIDS/HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), is compulsory in all state-maintained secondary schools in England and Wales. The National Curriculum includes only biological aspects of AIDS/HIV, STIs and human sexual behaviour.
All maintained schools must have a written statement of their policy, which is available to parents. The local education authority, governing body and headteacher should ensure that sex education encourages pupils to have due regard to moral considerations and the value of family life. Sex-education policies and practices are monitored by the O?ce for Standards in Education (OFSTED) and the O?ce of HM Chief Inspector of Schools (OHMCI) as part of school inspections.... sex education
Habitat: Native to tropical America; naturalized in India as a weed (met with in cultivated fields and gardens in Coimbatore).
English: White Horse-Nettle.Action: Plant—used as a poultice for sores and ulcers. The plant is a rich source of the steroidal alkaloid, solasodine. The fruit and leaves contain 3-4% (solasodine 3.2%) and 0.18% total alkaloids. Fruits also contain 0.55% diosgenin.
A related species S. khasianum (Assam, Sikkim, West Bengal, Orissa and the Nilgiris, ascending to an altitude of 1,600 m) is also a good source of solaso- dine. The fruits collected from Nilgiris contain 5.4% solasodine on dry weight basis.... solanum elaeagnifoliumHabitat: The tropical and subtropical India and the Andamans. Cultivated in South India. (for berries).
Folk: Chundai (Tami Nadu, Kerala); Rasagadimaanu (Andhra Pradesh); Sowdangigida, Kadusinde (Karnataka); Kutri (Maharashtra). Vidaari is a confusing synonym (used by The Wealth of India). (Vidaari is equated with Pureraria tuberosa.)Action: Roots—a decoction is prescribed for vertigo. Leaves— prescribed for vaginal discharges. Various plant parts are ground with warm water and applied externally to lessen inflammation, burning sensation and pain. The glycoalkaloid, solasonine is present in the leaves and fruits.... solanum erianthum
Habitat: Cultivated in the hills of North Bengal, Shillong and other hill stations, and in the Deccan, in Mysore.
English: New Zealand Spinach.Folk: Chikesoppu (Karnataka).Action: Used as a substitute for Spinacia oleracea, as a rich source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins A, B and C. Given in pulmonary and intestinal affections.
The shoots of the plant contain saponin, but the seeds do not. The saponin has low toxicity which disappears on boiling the leaves. A sample of the plant contained 1.2% oxalic acid, combined as calcium oxalate which is higher than found in common spinach. Losses of phosphorus and iron on cooking are also reported to be high.The roots, leaves and immature fruits gave positive reaction for the presence of alkaloids. Cerebroside has been synthesized.... tetragonia expansaHabitat: Kashmir and from Uttar Pradesh to Assam, in stagnant, fresh and brackish-water.
English: Elephant Grass, Bulrush, Indian Reed-Mace.Ayurvedic: Gundra, Gundraa, Gundraka, Potagala. (related species of T. australis.)Siddha/Tamil: Anai Korai, Chambu.Folk: Gondapateraa.Action: Rhizomes—astringent and diuretic; used for dysentery. Pollen—used for internal and external bleeding; uterine bleeding, blood in urine, nose bleeds.
The herb contains isorhamnetin, pentacosane and plant sterols.... typha elephantina– see APPENDIX 5: VITAMINS) which affects the brain and nervous system. It occurs in alcoholic individuals and in patients with persistent vomiting. As soon as the condition is diagnosed, it must be treated with large doses of thiamine. Unless the patient has developed symptoms of psychosis, the condition is usually reversible with treatment.... wernicke’s encephalopathy
A cup of Chamomile tea may sometimes alleviate the vomiting of cancer chemotherapy and radiation. ANTI-FATIGUE HERBS. Ginseng, Gotu Kola, Saw Palmetto, Kola. ... anti-emetics
Live yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is cultivated on the herbs: Angelica, Balm, Basil, Caraway, Chamomile, Cinnamon, Elder, Fennel, Horseradish, Hyssop, Lavender, Liquorice, Parsley, Peppermint, Sage and Thyme. ... biostrath elixir
Tea. Rosemary. 1 teaspoon to each cup boiling water; infuse 15 minutes; dose – half-1 cup thrice daily. Tea. Sage. 2 teaspoons to each cup boiling water; infuse 15 minutes; dose – half-1 cup thrice daily. Old hospital remedy: Epsom’s salts. ... breasts, milk excessive
Treatment: same as for NETTLE RASH. ... drug eruptions
Action: Astringent. Bitter. Anti-inflammatory. Cholagogue. Diuretic. Contains salicylates which have an aspirin-like effect. Young leaves increase the flow of urine. Popular in Scandinavia.
Uses: Rheumatism and gout (dried leaf tea). Sore mouth (gargle). Kidney and bladder complaints. Sluggish kidney function. ‘Heart’ oedema. Cellulitis due to retention of metabolic wastes.
Preparations: Tea: 1 teaspoon dried leaves to each cup boiling water; infuse 15 minutes. Strain. Wineglass thrice daily.
Methyl salicylate, a rheumatism remedy, obtained by distillation of the twigs. (A. Vogel) Birch tar oil. (Ointment) External use only (UK). ... birch, european
Gerard tea. Equal parts: Raspberry leaves, Lemon Balm leaves, Agrimony leaves. Mix. Made as ordinary tea: 2-3 teaspoons to small teapot; infuse few minutes. Drink freely.
Fenugreek tea: consume seeds as well as liquor.
Gentian root. 2 teaspoons to cup cold water left to steep overnight. Half-1 cup before meals.
Pollen..
Diet. Oatmeal porridge. Honey.
Supplements. Multivitamins, B-complex, B6, B12. ... breasts, nursing mother exhaustion
Rule 1. Members shall at all times conduct themselves in an honourable manner in their relations with their patients, the public, and with other members of the Institute.
The relationship between a medical herbalist and his or her patient is that of a professional with a client. The patient puts complete trust in the practitioner’s integrity and it is the duty of members not to abuse this trust in any way. Proper moral conduct must always be paramount in member’s relationships with patients. Members must act with consideration concerning fees and justification for treatment.
Rule 2. No member may advertise or allow his or her name to be advertised in any way, except in the form laid down by the Council of the Institute.
Any form of commercialism in the conduct of a herbal practice is unseemly and undesirable. Particular considerations govern commencement of practice, partnerships, assistantships, door plates, signs, letter headings, broadcasts, etc.
Rule 3. Members shall comply at all times with the requirements of the Code of Practice.
Rule 4. Members shall not give formal courses of instructions in the practice of herbal medicine without the approval of the Council of the Institute.
Rule 5. It is required that members apply the Code of Practice to all their professional activities.
Rule 6. Infringement of the Ethical Code renders members liable to disciplinary action with subsequent loss of privileges and benefits of the Institute. ... code of ethics
This pioneer and frontiersman was one of the first of the eclectic physicians to discover the remarkable versatility of Echinacea root. ... ellingwood
Tablets: traditional combination – Kola, Saw Palmetto, Damiana. Ginseng. Powders: equal parts Ginseng and Kola. Half a teaspoon.
Liquid Extracts: equal parts, Damiana, Saw Palmetto, Wild Yam. 30-60 drops in water thrice daily. Diet: porridge oats. Bee Pollen. Cayenne. Life Drops. ... energy – lack of
Alternatives. Teas. Betony, Burdock leaves, Bogbean, Chickweed, Clivers, Dandelion, Gotu Kola, Ground Ivy, Figwort, Red Clover, Violet, Yarrow.
Cold tea. Barberry bark: one heaped teaspoon to each teacup cold water; stand overnight, drink 1 cup morning and evening next day (most effective).
Tablets/capsules. Blue Flag root, Burdock, Devil’s Claw, Echinacea, Garlic, Poke root, Queen’s Delight, Red Clover, Seaweed and Sarsaparilla.
Formula. Equal parts: Dandelion, Echinacea, Yellow Dock root. Dose – Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon). Liquid extracts: one 5ml teaspoon. Tinctures: two 5ml teaspoons. Thrice daily before meals.
Topical. Alternatives to corticosteroids. Tamus tincture or salve – see Black Bryony. Aloe Vera, Witch Hazel, Comfrey, Evening Primrose, Jojoba, Thuja. Bran bath.
Diet. See: DIET – SKIN DISEASES. ... dermatitis, exfoliative
Some eliminatives have a biochemical action on cell wastes and toxins, breaking them down preparatory to voiding from the body. Others stimulate organs of elimination to speed them on their journey: liver, kidneys, skin, bowel. This group will therefore include diuretics, hepatics, lymphatics, expectorants, diaphoretics or laxatives according to indications of the case. ... eliminative
An emetic treatment may be administered with good effect when the body is powerless to throw off toxic matter in a healing crisis (acute disease). Uneliminated by-products of carbohydrate and protein metabolism may obstruct the abdominal circulation and congest the tissues. A few days fast followed by emesis has resolved many an acute gastro-intestinal problem.
Requirements: towel, large bowl, strainer, and a bowl of cold water in which a container may be cooled should infusions be too hot.
Before emesis the bowels should be evacuated. A full bowel inhibits the emetic effect and absorbs fluid.
Prepare three one-pint infusions, in separate vessels; cover to prevent escape of essential oils. Infuse 15 minutes.
1. Catnep. 1oz to 1 pint boiling water.
2. Bayberry (or Composition). 1 heaped teaspoon, powder, to 1 pint boiling water.
3. Lobelia. Half an ounce to 1 pint boiling water. Proceed: (a) Drink a cup of Catnep tea (b) follow with a cup of Bayberry (or Composition) tea (c) drink a second cup of Catnep (d) drink a second cup of Bayberry (or Composition). Four cups will be taken at this point, all of which will stimulate mucous surfaces. (e) Follow with a cup of Lobelia tea (a relaxant). (f) Repeat the procedure. Vomiting usually occurs before 8 cups. Repeat the sequence as long as can be borne. About half the intake will be returned. Vomit will be found to be exceedingly viscous and ropy and a healthy sense of well-being can follow its exit from the body. After vomiting three times, or as much as tolerated, discontinue treatment and rest. ... emetic treatment
Symptoms. Stiffness and severe muscle pain.
Treatment. Formula. Echinacea 2; Burdock 1; Yarrow 1; Poke root quarter. Dose: Liquid Extracts: 1-2 teaspoons. Tinctures: 2-3 teaspoons. Powders: 750mg (three 00 capsules or half a teaspoon). Thrice daily. ... eosinophilic myalgia syndrome (ems)
Combination. Equal parts: Mugwort, Senna, Chamomile. 2 teaspoons to each cup boiling water; infuse 15 minutes. 1 cup morning and midday.
Papaya fruit. Contraceptive used to halt pregnancy. Papain, an enzyme in the tropical fruit, attacks progesterone, the hormone essential to pregnancy. ... emmenagogues
Alternatives. Teas: German Chamomile, Oats, Skullcap, Valerian, Gotu Kola. Tablets. Devil’s Claw, Ginseng, Pulsatilla, Mistletoe, Motherwort, Valerian. Gotu Kola: used extensively in traditional Indian medicine for mental ailments. Diet. Protein, Salt-free. Lacto-vegetarian.
Vitamins. B-complex, B1; B6; B12; Niacin, Folic Acid. C, E, F. Minerals. Dolomite. Zinc. ... emotional illness
3 heaped tablespoons of ground coffee (not Instant) to 2 pints (1 litre) water. Bring to boil. Simmer 20 minutes. Strain when warm. Inject one or more pints according to tolerance. “Coffee retention enemas may be given at frequent intervals where well-tolerated, with no side effects.” (Mayo Clinic) (JAMA 245, 591, 1981) ... enema, coffee
Constituents: Alkaloids – ephedrine, pseudoephedrine.
Action: brain, heart and circulatory stimulant, antasthmatic, bronchodilator, anti-allergic, vasodilator, hypertensive, diaphoretic. Dilates vessels of the heart causing a rise in blood pressure. Cough sedative. Febrifuge, antispasmodic. The essential oil has antibacterial and antiviral properties.
Uses: Practitioner’s first choice for asthma. Bronchitis, breathlessness, whooping cough. Used for such chest conditions for over a millennia in Chinese medicine.
Allergies: hay fever, irritative skin rashes. Low blood pressure. Hypothermia. Bed-wetting. Myasthenia gravis BHP (1983). Chinese Barefoot doctors inject the tea into nostrils for hay fever.
Usually given with expectorants: Liquorice, Lobelia, Senega, Sundew. “Combines well with Lobelia and Skunk Cabbage for bronchitis; and with Horsetail for frequency of urine.” (Fletcher Hyde) Contra-indications: hypertension, coronary thrombosis, thyrotoxicosis, glaucoma. Not given with anti- depressants (MAO inhibitors).
Preparations: Thrice daily. Average dose: 15-60mg.
Tea. Quarter to half a teaspoon herb to cup water simmered gently 5 minutes. Half a cup. Liquid extract. BHP (1983) 1:1 in 45 per cent alcohol. Dose: 15-45 drops (1-3ml). Tincture BHP (1983) 1 part to 4 parts 45 per cent alcohol. Dose: 6-8ml.
Ephedrine. Maximum dose: 30mg. Maximum daily dose 60mg.
Store in airtight container out of the light. Pharmacy only medicine. Practitioners only. ... ephedra
To increase elimination through the skin. As it has a drying effect should not be taken by those with irritative skin disorders. Follow with moisturising lotion next morning. Also not taken in the presence of high blood pressure. ... epsom salt bath
Symptoms: low blood pressure, skin lesions, toxaemia, collapse.
Treatment. Same as for ERYTHEMA NODOSUM. Local antipruritics to relieve irritation. ... erythema multiform
EFA deficiency may be caused by alcohol, particularly Omega-6. Deficiencies may be responsible for a wide range of symptoms from foul-smelling perspiration to psoriasis, pre-menstrual tension and colic. EFAs are precursors of prostaglandin formation.
EFAs are present in oily fish and reduce the adhesion of platelets and the risk of heart disease. They reduce blood cholesterol and increase HDLs.
Common sources: cold pressed seeds, pulses, nuts and nut oils. Evening Primrose oil (15-20 drops daily). The best known source is Cod Liver oil (1-8 teaspoons daily); (children 1 teaspoon daily to strengthen immune system against infection); bottled oil preferred before capsules. To increase palatability pour oil into honey jar half filled with orange or other fruit juice, shake well and drink from the jar.
Margarines, salad dressings, cooking and other refined vegetable oils inhibit complete absorption of EFAs and should be avoided. EFAs require the presence of adequate supply of Vitamins A, B, C, D, E and minerals Calcium, Iron, Magnesium and Selenium. ... essential fatty acids (efa)
Oils used in Phytotherapy: Almond, English Chamomile, Aniseed, Bergamot, Black Pepper, Buchu, Camphor, Cedarwood, Cloves, Coriander, Cypress, Eucalyptus, Geranium, Juniper, Lavender (French), Lavender (English), Lavender (Spanish), Lemon, Marjoram, Orange (sweet), Patchouli, Peppermint, Pine (Scots), Rosemary, Sage, Sandalwood, Thyme, Spearmint, St John’s Wort, Turpentine, Ylang Ylang.
Most oils are obtained by steam distillation. Being highly concentrated, internal use is by a few drops, diluted. About 30-40 are used medicinally; each having its own specific healing properties. Some are convenient as inhalants; a few drops on a tissue for relief of catarrh, colds, etc. Fragrant burners and electronic diffusers are available for vapour-inhalation. Bring to boil 2 pints water; allow to stand 3-4 minutes; sprinkle on the surface 5-10 drops Eucalyptus oil and with towel over head, inhale steam, 5-10 minutes.
Examples: (a) equal parts dilute oils of Thyme and Hypericum (acute middle ear inflammation) 3-4 drops injected into ear 2-3 times daily. (b) 10 drops oil Marjoram in bath water for cramp. Eucalyptus is a useful antibacterial; Cinnamon (anti-inflammatory), Juniper (urinary antiseptic), Orange blossom (anti- depressant), Lavender (sedative).
Essential oils should never be used neat, except as prescribed by a suitably qualified practitioner. While aromatherapists do not prescribe internally, Dr Paul Belaiche, one of France’s leading experts on essential oils, advises oral medication at a maximum daily dosage of 12 drops according to the oil. He advises drops on the tongue, on activated charcoal, in capsule form using a suitable excipient or vegetable oil, or mixed with a little honey. Anal injection has proved successful, (8-10 drops in 10ml vegetable oil) or suppositories made from 200-300mg (8-10 drops) essential oil to 2 grams of base per suppository. Oils should never be allowed to touch the eyes.
Capsules of Garlic oil may be inserted into the rectum for worms or prostate disorder. OR: 10 drops oil mixed with 10ml vegetable oil and injected with the aid of a pipette. Dilute oil of Thyme is used as a massage-rub for chest infections. Oil of Cloves is not only an antiseptic but an analgesic to assuage moderate dental pain. Volatile oils reflexly stimulate the medulla through the olfactory nerve, thus promoting appetite and flow of saliva. All stimulate production of white blood cells and thereby support the immune system.
Oils not used: Basil, Bitter Almonds, Boldo, Calamus, Horseradish, Mugwort, Mustard, Pennyroyal, Rue, Sassafras, Savin, Tansy, Thuja, Wormseed.
Oils not used in pregnancy: Bay, Buchu, Chamomile, Clary Sage, Cinnamon, Clove, Fennel, Hyssop, Juniper, Marjoram, Myrrh, Peppermint, Rose, Rosemary, Sage, Thyme. All other oils – half the normal amount.
Tea: 2-3 drops, selected oil, on teabag makes 3 cups tea.
Inhalant: 10 drops on tissue, or same amount in hot water to inhale steam.
Bath water: add: 10-15 drops.
Compress: 10-15 drops in half a cup (75ml) milk or water. Soak suitable material and apply.
Massage: 6 drops in two teaspoons ‘carrier’ vegetable oil (Almond, Peanut, Olive, etc).
Fragrant oils replace hospital smell.
Essential oil suppliers: Butterbur and Sage, 101 Highgrove Street, Reading RG1 5EJ. Also: Shirley Price Aromatherapy, Wesley House, Stockwell Road, Hinckley, Leics LE10 1RD. ... essential oils
Alternatives. Plantain, Ginkgo. Teas, tablets, etc.
Topical. Cold compress: Witch Hazel.
Supplements. Daily. Vitamins C (500mg); E (400iu). Beta-carotene. Palming. ... eyes – pain
Tea. Equal parts: Clivers, Wild Carrot, Yarrow. Mix. 1 heaped teaspoon to each cup boiling water; infuse 15 minutes. Half-1 cup 2-3 times daily.
Topical. Soak cotton wool pads with Witch Hazel Distilled Extract and place over the closed eyelids for ten minutes, once or more daily. ... eyes – pouches under
Diet. Low salt, low fat. High fibre. Dandelion coffee.
Supplements. Evening Primrose, one 500mg capsule morning and evening. Vitamin B-complex. Brewer’s yeast, 2 teaspoons. Zinc, 15mg. ... eyes - shadows under
Action. Anticoagulant, nutritive, demulcent, anti-eczema. Reduces blood clotting time, which is of value for thrombosis. A precursor of Prostaglandin E1 which inhibits abnormal cell proliferation and reduces blood pressure. Reduces serum cholesterol levels. Externally: to protect moisture balance of the skin.
Use s. Stops platelet-clumping. Dilates coronary arteries and removes obstructions. Intermittent claudication. Raynaud’s disease. Said to slow down the progress of multiple sclerosis. Pre-menstrual tension and breast pain. Said to arrest rheumatoid arthritis in moderate cases. Prevention of liver damage. Dry scaly skin disorders; eczema, acne (with zinc). Soft brittle finger nails. Abnormal tear production. Hyperactive children. Mental depression. Diabetic retinitis. To allay the ageing process. Alleviates hangovers. Alcohol habit. Pruritus. Combined with Vitamin E which acts as a protective antioxidant. Trials have shown that the oil has significantly improved sensory function: muscle weakness, arm tendon reflex and numbness – which signs may be reversed in diabetes.
Preparations: “Efamol” 500: comprising 500mg Evening Primrose oil; 10mg natural Vitamin E. 4-6 capsules daily depending on requirement, for 6-8 weeks.
To maintain EFA and GLA levels. “Efamol” 250: comprising 250mg Evening Primrose oil; 200mg Safflower oil; 50mg Linseed oil; 10mg Vitamin E. 3-4 capsules daily, regularly.
Vitamins B6 and C; and minerals Magnesium and Zinc assist its action. Features in a wide range of cosmetic products as a moisturiser.
Poultice: leaves and flowers for abscesses, boils, etc.
Not given in epilepsy. ... evening primrose
Alternatives: tablets, capsules, tinctures, extracts etc. Alfalfa, Primrose flowers, Ginseng, Vervain, Skullcap, Valerian, Passiflora, Ginkgo, Siberian Ginseng, Hops.
Powders, Liquid Extracts, Tinctures. Formula. Equal parts: Skullcap, Valerian, Mistletoe. Doses. Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon). Liquid Extracts: 1 teaspoon. Tinctures: 2 teaspoons. In water thrice daily.
On retiring. Cup Passion flower tea. (1-2 teaspoons to cup boiling water) ... examinations jitters
Alternatives. Teas. Gotu Kola, Ginseng, Sage, Oat husks, Wood Betony, Hyssop, Agrimony, Wormwood, Angustura, Hops, Chamomile, Hibiscus flower, Hawthorn blossoms.
Gentian. 1 teaspoon to each cup cold water; allow to steep overnight. Half-1 cup before meals.
Tablets or capsules. Iceland Moss, Alfalfa, Gentian, Siberian Ginseng, Damiana, Pollen.
Life Drops. See entry.
Tinctures. Equal parts: Siberian Ginseng and Hawthorn – one 5ml teaspoon in water thrice daily. Aromatherapy. Oil Rosemary massage. 6 drops in 2 teaspoons Almond oil or other vegetable oil.
Diet. Oats (porridge, etc). Emphasis on protein. Bee pollen. Honey.
Nutrients. Vitamins A, Vitamin B12, B-complex, Folic acid, C, D. Chromium, Molasses (iron), Manganese, Zinc. Kelp for minerals. Biostrath.
Note: ME (Myalgic encephalomyelitis) is the end result of nervous exhaustion. Specific treatment on the heart, with adequate sleep and rest have proved of benefit. ... exhaustion
Fennel eye compress. Steep teabag in cold water and apply.
Chickweed Lotion. Take a handful of Chickweed, wash well, crush with a rolling pin, infuse in two cups boiling water until cool. Use as a compress or in an eye bath two or more times daily.
Supplements. Daily. Vitamin A 7500iu. Vitamin B2 10mg. Vitamin C 1g. Vitamin E 400iu. Zinc.
Palming. Bilberries.
If persistent, consult eye specialist. ... eyes – sore
Formula. Fringe Tree bark 2ml; Black root 7ml; Echinacea 4ml; Distilled water to 4oz (120ml). Dose: teaspoon every two hours. (W.H. Black MD, Tecumseh, Oklahoma, USA)
Hypertrophy. Equal parts: tinctures Goldenseal and Fringe Tree. 15-60 drops in water before meals and at bedtime.
Diet. Low fat. Artichokes, Dandelion coffee, lecithin.
Supplements. Vitamin B6. ... liver enlargement
“Internal remedies should be carefully selected, because each case is different,” writes Margaret Wilkenloh, MD, Chicago (Ellingwood). “The best remedies to my mind are Echinacea, Pulsatilla, Skullcap and Hawthorn.” These are available as herbs, tablets, powders, liquid extracts or tinctures. Specimen combination: Liquid extracts: Echinacea 2; Pulsatilla half; Skullcap 1; Hawthorn 1. Mix. One to two 5ml teaspoons in water thrice daily. ... exophthalmus
Described as “seems as if my head was bursting, with a flash of light”. Reaction is one of fear and violent heart beat. Attacks unrelated to alcohol or excitement of the previous evening. No circulatory changes in the brain or cerebrospinal fluid are known to cause such a symptom.
Treatment. Cup of one of the following teas at bedtime: Buckwheat, Yarrow, Hawthorn flowers, Skullcap, Oats. Morning and evening: one 500mg Evening Primrose capsule; one 400iu Vitamin E capsule.
Diet: low-salt. Cholesterol-rich foods should be kept to a minimum. ... exploding head synrome (ehs)
Symptoms: blinking, watering, acute discomfort. Sensation of grit in the eye does not always imply foreign body, but symptoms of conjunctivitis or keratitis. Automatic blinking is sometimes enough to clear offending object.
Treatment. External. Evert lid and remove. Swab out with dilute Witch Hazel on cotton wool. Inject one drop Castor oil, (also good for scratched cornea), Aloe Vera gel or juice. Fenugreek seed puree. Juice of Houseleek and dairy cream.
Difficult case. Removal of particles of iron or dust, apply mucilage of Slippery Elm powder to eye – patient lying on his back, a second person injecting it into corner of eye, the patient moving eye in opposite direction. Safe and healing. Clean eye and bathe with warm milk.
Referral to consultant ophthalmologist. ... eyes – foreign body
A study carried out at Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, has shown that those who use extended-wear soft contact lenses are more likely to develop microbial keratitis than users of other lenses.
Treatment. Internal: Powders, Tinctures or Liquid Extracts. Combine Echinacea 2; Blue Flag 1; Goldenseal 1. Doses: Powders: 500mg (one-third teaspoon or two 00 capsules). Liquid Extracts 30-60 drops.
Tinctures: 1-2 teaspoons. In water, or honey.
Comfrey. To promote epithelial regeneration. Potential benefit far outweighs possible risk.
Evening Primrose capsules.
Topical. Alternatives. (1) Goldenseal Eye Lotion: 1 part Goldenseal root macerated in 40 parts distilled extract of Witch Hazel 2-3 days. Strain. 5-10 drops in eyebath half filled with warm water; douche. Wipe eyelids. (2) Aloe Vera juice or gel. (3) Moisten Chamomile teabag with warm water and fix over eye for styes, etc. (4) Bathe with Periwinkle minor tea: 2 teaspoons to cup boiling water allowed to cool and strain. (5) Elderflower water. The above to relieve pain, redness and gritty sensation. (6) Evening Primrose lotion. (7) Raw carrot compress to ripen stye. Nasturtium seed compress.
Supplements. Daily. Vitamin A 7500iu, Vitamin B2 10mg, Vitamin C 3g, Vitamin E 400iu, Zinc 15mg. Referral to consultant ophthalmologist. ... eyes – infection
A preliminary therapeutic trial in patients with ageing macular degeneration or diabetic retinopathy showed that supplementation with Beta-carotene, Vitamin C, Vitamin E and Selenium halted the progression of degenerative changes and in some cases even brought some improvement. (Age and Ageing 1991, 20(1) 60-9). Bilberries.
Referral to a consultant ophthalmologist. ... eyes - macular degeneration
It usually begins in infancy but may flare up during adolescence and adulthood.
The cause is unknown, but people with atopy are more susceptible.... atopic eczema
Services of a qualified optician should be sought after limits of the Bate’s Method of eyesight training have been reached.
Alternatives. Tablets/capsules. Ginseng. Gotu Kola.
Powders. Mix. Parts: Gentian 2; Dandelion 1; pinch Cayenne. Dose: 500mg, (two 00 capsules or one- third teaspoon) thrice daily. (To build-up good general health)
Cider Vinegar. 2 teaspoons to tumbler water; sips during the day.
Topical. Teas. Any one: Eyebright, Fennel, German Chamomile, Plantain, Rue. 1 teaspoon to each cup boiling water; infuse 15 minutes, strain, half fill eyebath and use as a douche.
Diet. Low salt. High fibre. Bilberries.
Supplements. Daily. Vitamin A, 7500iu. Beta-carotene. B-complex. Vitamin C, 100mg. Vitamin E, 100iu. Zinc.
Supportive. Palming. Bate’s exercises. ... eyes – sight deterioration
Topical. Soak cotton wool pads with Distilled Extract Witch Hazel and apply to eyelids for 5-10 minutes. Potato. Apply slices of raw potato, or potato poultice.
Teabag. Moisten Chamomile or Fennel teabag with cold water and apply.
Cucumber, fresh. Apply slices to closed eyes.
Supplements. Vitamin A 7500iu. Vitamin B2 10mg. Vitamin E 100iu. Vitamin C 1g. Zinc 15mg.
Bates Method eye exercises. Palming.
EYES – VISUAL DISORDERS. May be due to strain, ageing, hereditary. Poor sight may be related to poor food.
Symptoms. Sensitivity to light, near or far sight deficient, squint.
Treatment. Attention to general condition, circulation and nervous system. Ginseng, Garlic, Kelp, Bilberries, Cider vinegar.
Diet. See: DIET — GENERAL.
Supplementation. Vitamins A, B-complex, B2 (10mg daily), C (500mg daily), D, E (100iu daily). Zinc. General: Refer to a qualified optician. Palming. ... eyes – tired
It seems that this common bacteria, in some unknown way, receives a booster by taking on viral DNA. Lungs, liver and stomach may be attacked, while red blood cells are disrupted and their haemoglobin released. Among other conditions caused by streptococcus is the bright red rash of scarlet fever, sinusitis, meningitis and rheumatic fever. Flesh-eater disease may take just twenty hours to kill a man (“galloping gangrene”).
Symptoms. High temperature – body hot, hands and feet freezing cold. ‘Strep’ sore throat (pharyngitis). Bright red skin rash. Pains in arms and legs as if straining a muscle.
Treatment. The disease is resistant to penicillin. Frequent hot lemon drinks well-laced with honey. Tinctures. Echinacea 2; Goldenseal 1; Myrrh half. Dose: 10-20 drops in dessertspoon water or honey, hourly, acute cases.
Treatment by or in liaison with medical practitioner or infectious diseases specialist. ... flesh-eating disease
While cure is not possible, atheroma may be arrested by a cup of herbal tea: Hawthorn blossoms, Motherwort, Horsetail: single or in combination. 1-2 teaspoons to each cup boiling water; infuse 5-15 minutes; 1-2 cups daily.
Formula. Hawthorn 2; Ginkgo 2; Horsetail 1; Ginger quarter. Dose. Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon). Liquid extracts: 1 teaspoon. Tinctures: 2 teaspoons. Twice daily: morning and evening in water or honey.
Diet. See: DIET – HEART AND CIRCULATION. Few grains of Cayenne pepper as seasoning on food once daily.
Stop smoking. ... heart – degeneration, in the elderly
(1) Arises from the exertions of professional athletes. Extra strain enlarges the heart and calls for compensation. Other causes: high blood pressure and diseased valves.
(2) From anaemia, thyroid disorder, or extra strain demanded by fever. Thin walls always lead to heart weakness, robbing the organ of its maximum power.
Treatment. When compensation is delayed cardiac supportives include Bugleweed (American) to increase force of contractions of the heart and reduce the rate BHP (1983).
Right ventricular enlargement – Stone root.
Left ventricular enlargement – Lily of the Valley.
Both remedies have the advantage of being diuretics, thus aiding elimination of excess fluids.
Diet. See: DIET – HEART AND CIRCULATION. ... heart – enlargement
Alternatives. Teas: Balm, Motherwort, Hawthorn flowers or leaves. Tablets: Hawthorn, Motherwort, Mistletoe, Valerian.
Tincture Lily of the Valley: 8-15 drops when necessary.
Broom: Spartiol drops. (Klein) 20 drops thrice daily.
Broom decoction. 1oz to 1 pint water gently simmered 10 minutes. 1 cup morning and evening. ... heart – extra beats
Anyone may administer a herbal product to a human being, except by injection. Under Section 12 of the Medicines Act 1968, any remedy may be sold or supplied which only specifies the plant and the process. The remedy shall be called by no other name. This applies to the process producing the remedy consisting only of drying, crushing and comminuting. It must be sold without any written recommendation for use.
Those who have a manufacturer’s licence, or who notify the Enforcement Authority (the Secretary of State and the Pharmaceutical Society) can sell dried, crushed or comminuted herbs which have also been subjected to certain other limited processes (tablet-making, etc) but not those herbs contained in the Schedule to the Medicines (Retail Sale or Supply of Herbal Remedies) Order 1977 (SI 1977 No.2130).
This Schedule has three parts.
Part 1 contains substances that may only be sold by retail at registered pharmacies under the supervision of a pharmacist.
Part 2 refers to remedies that can be sold only in a registered pharmacy. There is, however, an important exception, as follows.
Part 3 contains a list of considered toxic herbs. A practitioner can prescribe all remedies that a shopkeeper can sell. He may also prescribe and sell remedies on Part 3 of the Schedule which a shopkeeper cannot. Such supply must be in premises closed to the public and subject to a clear and accurate indication of maximum dosage and strength. These remedies are as follows:... licencing of herbal remedies – exemptions from
Strength: “One part by volume of liquid is equal to 1 part by weight of herb.” Thus, one ounce of fluid is equal to one ounce of crude material. For instance, 1oz Stone root liquid extract would have the same therapeutic potency as 1oz Stone root.
In the making of liquid extracts there is often a loss of valuable volatile constituents which is believed to reduce efficacy of a plant. For this reason tinctures are becoming popular among practitioners. Dosage of L.E.s may vary from 5 to 60 drops according to the plant. For instance, the maximum dosage of Goldenseal is 15, Black Cohosh 30, and Yarrow 60 drops. A general average would appear to be 15-60 drops, though a practitioner would be more specific. The bottle should be shaken vigorously before use to remix any natural sediment.
One millilitre = 15 drops. One teaspoonful = 5ml (5 millilitres) or 75 drops liquid medicine. For liquid medicines, always use medicine glass graduated in millilitres, or standard dropper. ... liquid extract (l. e.)
ECHINACEA ANGUSTIFOLIA, used in herbal medicine. Echinachea is believed to boost the immune system and therefore increase the body’s resistance to bacterial, viral, and fungal infections.... echinachea
In those early days almost all herbs were collected locally and extracts made on the premises for the queues of patients which formed outside until ten o’clock at night. Today crude material comes from abroad for manufacture into their many preparations: Lobelia syrup, Compound Barberry bark, Composition Essence, Skullcap Herb Compound, Heart Tonic, etc. Ginseng, a supposed modern discovery, has been handled by Napier’s for over a century. ... napier’s of edinburgh
animals, diseases from See zoonosis. anisometropia Unequal focusing power in the 2 eyes, usually due to a difference in size and/or shape of the eyes, that causes visual discomfort. For example, one eye may be normal and the other affected by myopia (shortsightedness), hypermetropia (longsightedness), or astigmatism (uneven curvature of the cornea). Glasses or contact lenses correct the problem in most cases. ankle joint The hinge joint between the foot and the leg. The talus (uppermost bone in the foot) fits between the 2 bony protuberances formed by the lower ends of the tibia (the shinbone) and the fibula (the outer bone of the lower leg). Strong ligaments on either side of the ankle joint give it support. The ankle allows for up-anddown movement of the foot.
An ankle sprain is one of the most
common injuries.
It is usually caused by twisting the foot over on to its outside edge, causing overstretching and bruising of the ligaments.
Violent twisting of the ankle can cause a combined fracture and dislocation known as Pott’s fracture.... animal experimentation
Different types of barium X-ray examination are used to investigate different parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Barium swallow involves drinking a barium solution and is used to investigate the oesophagus. A barium meal is carried out to look at the lower oesophagus, stomach, and duodenum. Barium followthrough is used to investigate disorders of the small intestine; X-rays are taken at intervals as the barium reaches the intestine. A barium enema is used to investigate disorders of the large intestine and rectum; barium is introduced though a tube inserted in the rectum. Barium remaining in the intestine may cause constipation. Therefore, it is important to have a high-fibre diet and drink plenty of water after a barium examination, until all the barium has passed through.... barium x-ray examinations
and other changes that might be an indication of early breast cancer. To carry out self-examination, the breasts should be checked in a mirror for any dimpling of the skin or changes in the nipples or breast size and shape. Then, with one arm behind the head, and using small circular movements, the breast should be gently but firmly pressed. The entire breast, armpit area, and nipple should be examined. Regular self-examination helps a woman to become familiar with the appearance and feel of her breasts; any changes should be reported to a doctor without delay.... breast self-examination
In yoga, deep rhythmic breathing is used to achieve a state of relaxation. During childbirth, breathing exercises relax the mother and also help to control contractions and reduce pain. (See also physiotherapy.)... breathing exercises
Cervical erosion may be present from birth. Other causes include injury to the cervix during labour and long-term use of oral contraceptives. The condition is often detected during a routine cervical smear test.
Only women who have symptoms need treatment.
Abnormal tissue may be destroyed using cauterization, cryosurgery, diathermy, or laser treatment.... cervical erosion
(See also immunoassay.)... elisa test
During a routine dental examination, the dentist uses a metal instrument to
probe for dental cavities, chipped teeth, or fillings. Dental X-rays are sometimes carried out to check for problems that may not be visible. Dentists also check how well the upper and lower teeth come together. Regular examinations in children enable the monitoring of the replacement of primary teeth by permanent, or secondary, teeth. Referral for orthodontic treatment may be made. dental extraction See tooth extraction. dental X-ray An image of the teeth and jaws that provides information for detecting, diagnosing, and treating conditions that can threaten oral and general health. There are 3 types of dental X-ray: periapical X-ray, bite-wing X-ray, and panoramic X-ray.
Periapical X-rays are taken using X-ray film held behind the teeth. They give detailed images of whole teeth and the surrounding tissues. They show unerupted or impacted teeth, root fractures, abscesses, cysts, and tumours, and can help diagnose some skeletal diseases. Bite-wing X-rays show the crowns of the teeth and can detect areas of decay and changes in bone due to periodontal disease. Panoramic X-rays show all the teeth and surrounding structures on one large film. They can show unerupted or impacted teeth, cysts, jaw fractures, or tumours. The amount of radiation received from dental X-rays is extremely small. However, dental X-rays should be avoided during pregnancy.... dental examination
Approaching sounds appear higher in pitch (frequency) than sounds that are moving away.
This is because the wavelengths of the sound from an approaching source are progressively foreshortened, whereas the wavelengths from a receding source are stretched.
The Doppler effect is used in ultrasound scanning techniques.
An emitter sends out pulses of ultrasound (inaudible highfrequency sound) of a specific frequency.
When these pulses bounce off a moving object (blood flowing through a blood vessel, for example), the frequency of the echoes is changed from that of the emitted sound.
A sensor detects the frequency changes and converts the data into useful information (about how fast the blood flows, for example).
Doppler ultrasound techniques are also used to monitor fetal heartbeat, to detect air bubbles in dialysis and heart–lung machines, and to measure blood pressure.... doppler effect
Most commonly, perforation occurs as a result of the build-up of pus in the middle ear due to acute otitis media. Perforation may also be associated with cholesteatoma. Another cause is injury, for example from insertion of an object into the ear, a loud noise, barotrauma, or a fracture to the base of the skull.
Diagnosis is confirmed by examination of the ear (see ear, examination of).
Hearing tests may also be performed.
Analgesic drugs may relieve any pain and antibiotic drugs may be prescribed to treat or prevent infection.
Most perforations heal quickly.
If the perforation has failed to heal after 6 months, myringoplasty may be needed.... eardrum, perforated
To view the ear canal and eardrum, an otoscope may be used. To obtain images of the middle and inner ears, X-rays, CT scanning, or MRI may be carried out. Hearing and balance can be assessed by means of hearing tests or caloric tests. Electronystagmography assesses balance by watching eye movements when water is inserted into the ear. ear, foreign body in Foreign bodies can easily enter the ear canal. Children often insert objects into their ears, and insects may crawl or fly in. Objects in the ear must be removed by a doctor. This can be done by syringing of the ear or by using fine-toothed forceps. Insects can sometimes be floated out with olive oil or lukewarm water.... ear, examination of
Rarely, ingredients such as preservatives may result in sensitization.... emulsifying ointment
Ectopic beats can occur in a heart that is otherwise normal and may cause no symptoms. Multiple ectopic beats can cause palpitations. After a myocardial infarction, multiple ectopic beats are a sign of damaged heart muscle. Multiple ectopic beats may lead to ventricular fibrillation, a rapid uncoordinated heartbeat that may be fatal.
Multiple ectopic beats that are causing palpitations, or that occur after a myocardial infarction, are often treated with an antiarrhythmic drug. (See also arrhythmia, cardiac.)... ectopic heartbeat
Pain and inflammation may be relieved by analgesic drugs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and injections of corticosteroid drugs.
Swelling usually reduces with rest, firm bandaging, icepacks, and keeping the affected joint raised.
In some cases, the fluid is drawn out with a needle and syringe.... effusion, joint
The diagnosis is confirmed by cardiac catheterization.
Once Eisenmenger complex has developed, surgical correction of the original defect will not help.
Drug treatment may control symptoms.... eisenmenger complex
In premature ejaculation, emission of semen occurs before or almost immediately following penetration. Premature ejaculation is the most common sexual problem in men, and is often due to over-stimulation or anxiety about sexual performance. If the problem occurs frequently, sexual counselling and techniques for delaying ejaculation may help (see sex therapy).
Inhibited ejaculation is a rare condition in which erection is normal, or even prolonged, but ejaculation is abnormally delayed or fails to occur. The problem may be psychological in origin, in which case counselling may help, or it may be a complication of a disorder such as diabetes mellitus or alcohol dependence. In some cases, inhibited ejaculation occurs as a side effect of particular drugs, such as some antihypertensive and antidepressant drugs.
In retrograde ejaculation, the valve at the base of the bladder, which normally closes during ejaculation, stays open. As a result, ejaculate is forced back into the bladder. Retrograde ejaculation may occur as a result of a neurological disease, after surgery on the bladder or prostatectomy. There is no treatment, but intercourse with a full bladder can sometimes result in normal ejaculation. (See also azoospermia; psychosexual dysfunction; sexual problems.)... ejaculation, disorders of
There have been no major outbreaks since the 1920s, but rare sporadic cases still occur.
Many people who survived the initial illness during the major epidemics developed post-encephalitic Parkinson’s disease.... encephalitis lethargica
These glands include the thyroid gland, pancreas, testes, ovaries, and adrenal glands.
Their hormones are responsible for numerous bodily processes, including growth, metabolism, sexual development and function, and response to stress.
Any increase or decrease in the production of a specific hormone interferes with the process it controls.
To prevent under- or overproduction, hormone secretion from many endocrine glands is regulated by the pituitary gland, which is in turn influenced by the hypothalamus in the brain according to a feedback mechanism.... endocrine system
All except the mildest electric shocks may result in unconsciousness. Alternating current (AC) is more dangerous than direct current (DC) because it causes sustained muscle contractions, which may prevent the victim from letting go of the source of the current. A current as small as 0.1 of an amp passing through the heart can cause a fatal arrhythmia. The same current passing through the brainstem may cause the heart to stop beating and breathing to cease. Larger currents, generated by high voltages, may cause charring of tissues, especially where the current enters and exits the body. ... electrical injury
There are many forms of energy, including light, sound, heat, chemical, electrical, and kinetic, and most of them play a role in the body. For instance, the retina converts light energy to electrical nerve impulses, making vision possible. Muscles use chemical energy obtained from food to produce kinetic energy, movement, and heat.
Energy is measured in units called calories and joules.
Because these units are extremely small, more practical units used in dietetics are the kilocalorie (kcal, 1,000 calories), and kilojoule (kJ, 1,000 joules).
Carbohydrates and proteins provide 4 kcal per gramme (g), fats provide 9 kcal per g (see metabolism).
In general, the energy liberated from the breakdown of food is stored as chemical energy in ATP molecules.
The energy in these molecules is then available for processes that consume energy, such as muscle contraction.... energy
Energy is needed to maintain the heartbeat, lung function, and constant body temperature. The rate at which these processes use energy is called the basal metabolic rate (BMR). Any form of movement increases energy expenditure above the BMR. A person’s energy requirement increases during periods of growth and during pregnancy and lactation. When more energy is ingested as food than is used, the surplus is stored and there is usually a gain in weight. When less energy is consumed than is spent, weight is usually lost as the stores are used up. (See also nutrition; obesity.)... energy requirements
Small cysts are common in men over 40 and need no treatment.
Rarely, they become tender or enlarge and cause discomfort, in which case surgical removal may be necessary.... epididymal cyst
The inflammation is caused by infection. Often, there is no obvious source of infection, but sometimes the cause is a bacterial urinary tract infection that has spread via the vas deferens to the epididymis. Treatment is with antibiotic drugs. If there is an underlying urinary tract infection, its cause will be investigated. (See also orchitis.)... epididymo-orchitis
An ergometer makes continuous recordings, both during and after activity, of heart-rate and rhythm (using an ECG), blood pressure, rate of breathing, and volume of oxygen taken in from the air.... ergometer
outer surfaces of the front teeth is most frequently caused by excessive intake of fruit juices and carbonated drinks. Erosion of the inner surfaces of the molars may be a result of the regurgitation of stomach acid, as occurs in people suffering from acid reflux or bulimia. (See also caries, dental.)... erosion, dental
The condition is most common in elderly women.
Dryness and itching can often be relieved by an emollient.
The redness fades in time but may not disappear.... erythema ab igne
Deciduous teeth (milk teeth) usually begin to appear at about 6 months of age. All 20 deciduous teeth have usually erupted by 3 years (see teething).
Permanent teeth (also known as secondary teeth) usually begin to appear at about 6 years of age. The first permanent molars erupt towards the back of the mouth and appear in addition to the deciduous teeth. The eruption of permanent teeth nearer the front of the mouth is preceded by reabsorption of the roots of the deciduous teeth, which become loose and detach. Eventually, permanent teeth replace all the deciduous ones. Wisdom teeth (the backmost, or 3rd, molars) usually erupt between ages 17 and 21, but, in some people, they never appear.... eruption of teeth
A symmetrical rash of red, often itchy spots erupts on the limbs and sometimes on the face and the rest of the body. The spots may blister or form raised, pale-centred weals, called target lesions. Those affected may have a fever, sore throat, headache, and/or diarrhoea. In a severe form of erythema multiforme, known as Stevens–Johnson syndrome, the mucous membranes of the mouth, eyes, and genitals are affected and become ulcerated.
Corticosteroid drugs may be given to reduce the inflammation. People with Stevens–Johnson syndrome are also given analgesic drugs and may need intensive care.... erythema multiforme
In synthetic form, estradiol is used to treat symptoms and complications of the menopause (see hormone replacement therapy) and to stimulate sexual development in female hypogonadism.... estradiol
Etretinate can cause liver damage and a rise in blood fats.
The drug should not be taken during pregnancy because of the risk of damage to the fetus.... etretinate
The technique is used to check the functioning of various sensory systems (such as sight, hearing, or touch). The information obtained can be used to reveal abnormalities caused by inflammation, pressure from a tumour, or other disorders, and to help confirm a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.... evoked responses
Exercise is usually carried out when coronary artery disease is suspected.
It involves raising the heart rate by exercising, usually on a treadmill with an adjustable gradient or an exercise bicycle, and recording the heart’s electrical activity for analysis.... exercise ecg
There is a widespread rash with severe flaking of the skin, which results in increased loss of water and protein from the surface of the body.
Protein loss may cause oedema and muscle wasting.
Further possible complications include heart failure and infection.
The treatment and outlook depend on the cause.... exfoliative dermatitis
Most examinations include palpation, by which the doctor examines relevant parts of the body for signs such as swelling, tenderness, or enlargement of organs. In some cases, percussion of the chest, or other parts of the body, may be performed by tapping with the fingers and then listening to the sound produced. Auscultation may be used to listen to blood flow through arteries and sounds made by the heart and lungs. The doctor may take the pulse or blood pressure, examine the eyes and ears, and assess the strength and coordination of the muscles.... examination, physical
It may be needed if the woman’s breasts are overfull (see engorgement).
A woman may want to express milk so that it can be given to the baby in her absence, or so that an infant unable to feed at the breast, due to prematurity, for example, can benefit from breast milk.
Milk can be expressed by hand or with a breast pump.... expressing milk
Usually, there are also other defects, such as epispadias in males and failure of the pubic bones to join at the front.
Surgical treatment involves reconstructing the bladder and closing the abdominal wall.
If the bladder is very small, it is removed and the urine diverted (see urinary diversion).... exstrophy of the bladder
For most extractions, local anaesthesia is used (see anaesthesia, dental). Teeth are usually extracted with dental forceps, which grasp the root of the tooth. In difficult extractions, some gum and bone may also need to be removed from around the tooth.... extraction, dental
Growth in an abnormal direction may be due to injury to the lid or, more commonly, to infection.
Severe blepharitis may destroy the roots of the lashes.
Trachoma, an infection in which the lid is distorted by scarring, may lead to trichiasis.
With age, the lashes become finer and fewer.... eyelashes, disorders of
CT scanning or MRI confirms the diagnosis.
Surgical treatment consists of craniotomy, draining the blood clot, and clipping the ruptured blood vessel.... extradural haemorrhage
An eye examination usually begins with inspection of the external appearance of the eyes, lids, and surrounding skin. A check of eye movements is usually performed and the examiner looks for squint. A check of the visual acuity in each eye using a Snellen chart follows. Refraction testing (using lenses of different strengths) may be performed to determine what glasses or contact lenses, if any, may be needed. A test of the visual fields may be performed, especially in suspected cases of glaucoma or neurological conditions. Colour vision may be checked because loss of colour perception is an indication of certain disorders of the retina or optic nerve. To check for abrasions or ulcers, the conjunctiva and cornea may be stained with fluorescein. Applanation tonometry is an essential test for glaucoma.
The ophthalmoscope is an instrument used to examine the inside of the eye, particularly the retina. The slit-lamp microscope, with its illumination and lens magnification, allows examination of the conjunctiva, cornea, front chamber of the eye, iris, and lens. For a full view of the lens and the structures behind it, the pupil must be widely dilated with eye-drops.... eye, examination of
Broken bones (see fracture) are a common complication of falls, especially in women. Not only do women have more falls, they are also more likely to suffer fractures because their bone strength may be reduced due to osteoporosis. A fall, or the fear of falling, can also have adverse psychological effects on an elderly person, who may become reluctant to leave the home.
Falls may be prevented by taking common-sense measures such as ensuring that handrails are secure, good lighting is available, suitable footwear is worn, and floor coverings and wiring are safe.... falls in the elderly
Surgery is needed to fix the epiphysis into its correct position and is usually completely successful.
In some cases, the other hip may also need to be stabilized.... femoral epiphysis, slipped
Many erosions result from ingestion of alcohol, iron tablets, or aspirin.
The physical stress of serious illness, such as kidney failure, or of burns may bring on an erosion.
Often there are no symptoms, but erosions may bleed, causing vomiting of blood or blood in the faeces.
Persistent loss of blood may lead to anaemia.
Gastric erosions are diagnosed by gastroscopy.
They usually heal in a few days when they are treated with antacid drugs and ulcer-healing drugs.... gastric erosion
It may also be caused by vitamin deficiency, injury, or infection of a primary tooth that interferes with enamel maturation.... hypoplasia, enamel
The most common cause of toxic epidermal necrolysis is an adverse reaction to a drug, particularly a barbiturate, sulphonamide, or penicillin. The condition usually clears up when the drug is discontinued. Intravenous fluid replacement is sometimes necessary.... necrolysis, toxic epidermal
Some of these gene defects are harmless, but others are severe enough to result in death or physical or mental handicap. Examples include Tay–Sachs disease, phenylketonuria, Hurler’s syndrome, and Lesch–Nyhan syndrome. Collectively, inborn errors of metabolism affect around 1 child in 5,000.
Symptoms are usually present at or soon after birth. They may include unexplained illness or failure to thrive, developmental delay, floppiness, persistent vomiting, or seizures.
Routine tests are performed on newborn babies for some genetic disorders, such as phenylketonuria.
Treatment is not needed for some inborn errors of metabolism. For others, avoidance of a specific environmental factor may be sufficient. In some cases, the missing enzyme or the protein that it produces can be manufactured using genetic engineering techniques, or a vitamin supplement can help compensate for the defective enzyme. If the enzyme is made in blood cells, a bone marrow transplant may provide a cure.
People with a child or a close relative who is affected may benefit from genetic counselling before planning a pregnancy.... metabolism, inborn errors of
The scheme is aimed at reducing the risks of infections, such as HIV and hepatitis, transmitted by the sharing of contaminated needles.... needle exchange
Nuclear energy is released in certain natural processes, including the spontaneous decay of radioactive substances such as uranium ores, and the nuclear reactions that power the sun. It is also what powers nuclear reactors.... nuclear energy
The emission is produced only by a normally functioning ear and is recorded in a test to detect impaired hearing.... otoacoustic emission
After examination of the external genitalia, a speculum is inserted into the vagina to allow a clear view of the cervix.
A cervical smear test may be performed.
The doctor inserts 2 fingers into the vagina and, with the other hand, feels the abdomen to evaluate the position and size of the uterus and the ovaries and to detect any tenderness or swelling.... pelvic examination
These muscles and ligaments support the uterus, vagina, bladder, urethra, and rectum. Performing the exercises may help to prevent prolapse of the uterus (see uterus, prolapse of) and urinary stress incontinence (see incontinence, urinary). They may also help women who find achieving orgasm difficult.
The pelvic floor muscles are those that tighten when urine flow is stopped midstream. The exercises involve stopping and starting urine flow several times by contracting and relaxing the muscles. Ideally, they should be performed for 5 minutes every hour throughout the day. They can be done standing, sitting, or lying down, by imagining that urine is being passed, contracting and holding the muscles for 10 seconds, and then slowly releasing them, repeating 5–10 times as often as possible.... pelvic floor exercises
Diagnosis is confirmed by chest X-ray.
Some fluid may be removed with a needle and syringe and examined to find the cause.
A biopsy of the pleura may also be needed.
The underlying cause is treated and fluid may be drained off to relieve breathing problems.... pleural effusion
A current of sufficient size and duration can cause loss of consciousness, cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest, burns, and tissue damage.
(See also electrical injury.)... shock, electric
Prostate enlargement is detected by a rectal examination.
Tests may include a blood test, ultrasound scanning, urography, and a recording of the strength of urine flow.
Mild cases do not require treatment, but more severe ones usually require prostatectomy.
Alternatively, drug treatment with alpha-blocker drugs or androgen drugs may be given.... prostate, enlarged
Exposure to sunlight can affect the eyes, causing irritation of the conjunctiva, actinic keratopathy, or pterygium.
Good sunglasses help to prevent eye problems.... sunlight, adverse effects of
Causes include psychiatric problems, which may cause a person to drink compulsively; diabetes mellitus; disorders of the kidney known as salt-losing states; and central diabetes insipidus. Any person who passes large quantities of urine should consult a doctor.... urination, excessive
The vacuum extraction instrument consists of a suction cup connected to a vacuum bottle. The suction cup is placed on the baby’s head in the birth canal, and the vacuum machine sucks the baby’s scalp into the cup. The obstetrician draws the baby out of the mother’s vagina by gently pulling on the cup with each uterine contraction.
The baby is born with a swelling on the scalp, but this disappears after a few days, usually without treatment.... vacuum extraction
Ventricular ectopic beats may be detected on an ECG.
If there are frequent abnormal beats that cause symptoms, or beats that arise from more than 1 site in the ventricles, treatment with an antiarrhythmic drug may be required.... ventricular ectopic beat
The tumours are cancerous, but of a slow-growing type.
If possible, they are removed surgically.
Proton pump inhibitor drugs are given to treat the ulcers.... zollinger–ellison syndrome
EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) see edetate.... edrophonium
EEG (electroencephalogram) see electroencephalography.... eecp
A chronic condition, endomyocardial fibrosis, is seen in Black Africans: the cause is unknown.... endomyocarditis
EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) see omega-3 fatty acids.... eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis
HSE website: provides guidance on a wide range of health and safety topics... health and safety executive
HEE website... health education england
Healthwatch England website... healthwatch england
Guidance on good medical practice from the website of the General Medical Council... medical ethics
Full text of the document... nhs constitution for england
NHS England website... nhs england
A detailed guide to publication ethics from COPE... publication ethics
Public Health England website... public health england
FAMILY: Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
SYNONYMS: Sweet basil, Comoran basil (oil), Reunion basil (oil).
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Botanically classified as identical from the French basil, though it is a larger plant with a harsher odour and different constituents.
DISTRIBUTION: Mainly produced in the Comoro Islands, but it is also processed in Madagascar.
OTHER SPECIES: The exotic basil is a dramatically different chemotype to the French basil and probably a seperate sub-species (possibly a form of O. canum), although this has not been specified. Essential oils are also produced in Morocco, Egypt, South Africa, Brazil and Indonesia from various chemotypes of the East Indian or shrubby basil (O. gratissimum), which contain a high percentage of either thymol or eugenol. The hairy or hoary basil (O. canum), originating in East Africa and found in India and South America, is also used to extract oils rich in either methyl cinnamate or camphor, which are produced in West and East Africa, India, the West Indies and Indonesia. See also entry on French basil.
HERBAL/FOLK TRADITION: See French Basil.
ACTIONS: See Basil French.
EXTRACTION: Essential oil by steam distillation from the leaves and flowering tops.
CHARACTERISTICS: The Exotic type oil is yellow or pale green, with a slightly coarse sweet-herbaceous odour with a camphoraceous tinge. It’s scent does not compare with the ‘true’ sweet basil oil.
PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS: Mainly methyl chavicol (70–88 per cent), with small amounts of linalol, cineol, camphor, eugenol, limonene and citronellol.
SAFETY DATA: Methyl chavicol is moderately toxic and irritating to the skin: ‘the methyl chavicol content of Comoran basil is sufficient reason to discard it for therapeutic usage in favour of the French type.’6 There has also been some recent concern over the possible carcinogenic effects of methyl chavicol. Basil should be avoided during pregnancy.
AROMATHERAPY/HOME: USE None.
OTHER USE The oil is employed in high class fragrances, soaps and dental products; used extensively in major food categories especially meat products and savories.... basil, exotic
FAMILY: Burseraceae
SYNONYMS: C. commune, Manila elemi, elemi gum, elemi resin, elemi (oleoresin).
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A tropical tree up to 30 metres high which yields a resinous pathological exudation with a green pungent odour. Although it is called a gum, it is almost entirely made up of resin and essential oil.
DISTRIBUTION: Native to the Philippine Islands and the Moluccas, where it is also cultivated. Distillation of the oil takes place at source.
OTHER SPECIES: There are several other species of Canarium which grow wild or are cultivated in the Philippines, which also yield a ‘gum’. It is also closely related to the trees yielding myrrh, frankincense and opopanax.
HERBAL/FOLK TRADITION: The gum or oleoresin is used locally for skin care, respiratory complaints and as a general stimulant. Elemi was one of the aromatics used by the ancient Egyptians for the embalming process.
ACTIONS: Antiseptic, balsamic, cicatrisant, expectorant, fortifying, regulatory, stimulant, stomachic, tonic.
EXTRACTION: Essential oil by steam distillation from the gum. (A resinoid and resin absolute are also produced in small quantities.)
CHARACTERISTICS: A colourless to pale yellow liquid with a light, fresh, balsamic-spicy, lemonlike odour. It blends well with myrrh, frankincense, labdanum, rosemary, lavender, lavandin, sage, cinnamon and other spices.
PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS: The gum contains about 10–25 per cent essential oil of mainly phellandrene, dipentene, elemol, elemicin, terpineol, carvone and terpinolene among others.
SAFETY DATA: Non-toxic, non-irritant, non-sensitizing.
AROMATHERAPY/HOME: USE
Skin care: Aged skin, infected cuts and wounds, inflammations, rejuvenation, wrinkles – signifies drying and ‘preservation’..
Respiratory system: Bronchitis, catarrhal conditions, unproductive coughs.
Nervous system: Nervous exhaustion and stress-related conditions.
OTHER USES: Resinoid and oil are used primarily as fixatives but also as fragrance components in soaps, detergents, cosmetics and perfumes. Occasionally used as a flavouring ingredient in food products, alcoholic and soft drinks.... elemi
FAMILY: Myrtaceae
SYNONYMS: Gum tree, southern blue gum, Tasmanian blue gum, fever tree, stringy bark.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A beautiful, tall, evergreen tree, up to 90 metres high. The young trees have bluish-green oval leaves while the mature trees develop long, narrow, yellowish leaves, creamy-white flowers and a smooth, pale grey bark often covered in a white powder.
DISTRIBUTION: Native to Tasmania and Australia. Mainly cultivated in Spain and Portugal, also Brazil, California, Russia and China. Very little of this oil now comes from its native countries.
OTHER SPECIES: There are over 700 different species of eucalyptus, of which at least 500 produce a type of essential oil. Many have been extracted simply for experimental purposes, and research is still being carried out with regard to the different constituents of each oil. In general, they can be divided into three categories. 1. The medicinal oils containing large amounts of cineol (or eucalyptol), such as the blue gum, but increasingly the blue malee (E. polybractea), the narrow-leaved peppermint (E. radiata var. australiana) and the gully gum (E. smithii). 2. The industrial oils containing mainly piperitone and phellandrene, such as the peppermint eucalyptus (E. piperita), grey peppermint (E. radiata var. phellandra) and increasingly the broad-leaved peppermint (E. dives var. Type). 3. The perfumery oils containing mainly citronellal, such as the lemon-scented eucalyptus (E. citriodora). See also Botanical Classification section.
HERBAL/FOLK TRADITION: A traditional household remedy in Australia, the leaves and oil are especially used for respiratory ailments such as bronchitis and croup, and the dried leaves are smoked like tobacco for asthma. It is also used for feverish conditions (malaria, typhoid, cholera, etc.) and skin problems like burns, ulcers and wounds. Aqueous extracts are used for aching joints, bacterial dysentery, ringworms, tuberculosis, etc. and employed for similar reasons in western and eastern medicine. The wood is also used for timber production in Spain.
ACTIONS: Analgesic, antineuralgic, antirheumatic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antiviral, balsamic, cicatrisant, decongestant, deodorant, depurative, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, hypoglycaemic, parasiticide, prophylactic, rubefacient, stimulant, vermifuge, vulnerary.
EXTRACTION: Essential oil by steam distillation from the fresh or partially dried leaves and young twigs.
CHARACTERISTICS: A colourless mobile liquid (yellows on ageing), with a somewhat harsh camphoraceous odour and woody-sweet undertone. It blends well with thyme, rosemary, lavender, marjoram, pine, cedarwood and lemon. (The narrow-leaved eucalyptus (E. radiata var. australiana) is often used in preference to the blue gum in aromatherapy work, being rich in cineol but with a sweeter and less harsh odour.)
PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS: Cineol (70–85 per cent), pinene, limonene, cymene, phellandrene, terpinene, aromadendrene, among others.
SAFETY DATA: Externally non-toxic, non-irritant (in dilution), non-sensitizing. ‘When taken internally eucalyptus oil is toxic and as little as 3.5ml has been reported as fatal’..
AROMATHERAPY/HOME: USE
Skin Care: Burns, blisters, cuts, herpes, insect bites, insect repellent, lice, skin infections, wounds.
Circulation Muscles And Joints: Muscular aches and pains, poor circulation, rheumatoid arthritis, sprains, etc.
Respiratory System: Asthma, bronchitis, catarrh, coughs, sinusitis, throat infections.
Genito-Urinary System: Cystitis, leucorrhoea.
Immune System: Chickenpox, colds, epidemics, ’flu, measles.
Nervous System: Debility, headaches, neuralgia.
OTHER USES: The oil and cineol are largely employed in the preparation of liniments, inhalants, cough syrups, ointments, toothpaste and as pharmaceutical flavourings also used in veterinary practise and dentistry. Used as a fragrance component in soaps, detergents and toiletries – little used in perfumes. Used for the isolation of cineol and employed as a flavour ingredient in most major food categories.... eucalyptus, blue gum
FAMILY: Myrtaceae
SYNONYMS: Broad-leaf peppermint, blue peppermint, menthol-scented gum.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A robust, medium-sized eucalyptus tree, with a short trunk, spreading branches and fibrous grey bark. The young leaves are blue and heart-shaped, the mature leaves are very aromatic, thick and tapering at both ends.
DISTRIBUTION: Native to Tasmania and Australia, especially New South Wales and Victoria. Oil is also produced in South Africa.
OTHER SPECIES: There are two types of broad-leaved peppermint although they look identical – one is rich in cineol (E. dives var. C.) and one is rich in ‘piperitone’ (E. dives var. Type). It is also similar to the peppermint eucalyptus (E. piperita) and the grey or narrow-leaved peppermint (E. radiata var. phellandra). See also entry on Eucalyptus, blue gum and Botanical Classification section.
HERBAL/FOLK TRADITION: The aborigines used the burning leaves in the form of a fumigation for the relief of fever; ‘heat went out of sick man and into fire’.
ACTIONS: See Eucalyptus, blue gum.
EXTRACTION: Essential oil by steam distillation from the leaves and twigs.
CHARACTERISTICS: A colourless or pale yellow mobile liquid with a fresh, camphoraceous, spicy-minty odour.
PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS: Piperitone (40–50 per cent), phellandrene (20–30 per cent), camphene, cymene, terpinene and thujene, among others. It is sold as Grades A, B or C according to the exact balance of constituents.
SAFETY DATA: Non-toxic, non-irritant (in dilution), non-sensitizing. Eucalyptus oil is toxic if taken internally (see entry on eucalyptus blue gum).
AROMATHERAPY/HOME: USE
Skin Care: Cuts, sores, ulcers etc.
Circulation muscles and joints: Arthritis, muscular aches and pains, rheumatism, sports injuries, sprains, etc.
Respiratory System: Asthma, bronchitis, catarrh, coughs, throat and mouth infections, etc.
Immune System: Colds, fevers, ’flu, infectious illness, e.g. measles.
Nervous System: Headaches, nervous exhaustion, neuralgia, sciatica.
OTHER USES: Little used medicinally these days except in deodorants, disinfectants, mouthwashes, gargles and in veterinary practice. ‘Piperitone’ rich oils are used in solvents. Employed for the manufacture of thymol and menthol (from piperitone).
EUCALYPTUS, ... eucalyptus, broad-leaved peppermint
Amenorrhoea/lack of menstruation (M,B):
French basil, carrot seed, celery seed, cinnamon leaf, dill, sweet fennel, hops, hyssop, juniper, laurel, lovage, sweet marjoram, myrrh, parsley, rose (cabbage & damask), sage (clary & Spanish), tarragon, yarrow.
Dysmenorrhoea/cramp, painful or difficult menstruation (M,C,B):
Melissa, French basil, carrot seed, chamomile (German & Roman), cypress, frankincense, hops, jasmine, juniper, lavandin, lavender (spike & true), lovage, sweet marjoram, rose (cabbage & damask), rosemary, sage (clary & Spanish), tarragon, yarrow.
Cystitis (C,B,D):
Canadian balsam, copaiba balsam, bergamot, cedarwood (Atlas, Texas & Virginian), celery seed, chamomile (German & Roman), cubebs, eucalyptus blue gum, frankincense, juniper, lavandin, lavender (spike & true), lovage, mastic, niaouli, parsley, Scotch pine, sandalwood, tea tree, thyme, turpentine, yarrow.
Frigidity (M,S,B,V):
Cassie, cinnamon leaf, jasmine, neroli, nutmeg, parsley, patchouli, black pepper, cabbage rose, rosewood, clary sage, sandalwood, ylang ylang.
Lack of nursing milk (M):
Celery seed, dill, sweet fennel, hops.
Labour pain & childbirth aid (M,C,B):
Cinnamon leaf, jasmine, true lavender, nutmeg, parsley, rose (cabbage & damask), clary sage.
Leucorrhoea/white discharge from the vagina (B,D):
Bergamot, cedarwood (Atlas, Texas & Virginian), cinnamon leaf, cubebs, eucalyptus blue gum, frankincense, hyssop, lavandin, lavender (spike & true), sweet marjoram, mastic, myrrh, rosemary, clary sage, sandalwood, tea tree, turpentine.
Menopausal problems (M,B,V):
Cypress, sweet fennel, geranium, jasmine, rose (cabbage & damask).
Menorrhagia/excessive menstruation (M,B):
Chamomile (German & Roman), cypress, rose (cabbage & damask).
Premenstrual tension/PMT (M,B,V):
Carrot seed, chamomile (German & Roman), geranium, true lavender, sweet marjoram, neroli, tarragon.
Pruritis/itching (D):
Bergamot, Atlas cedarwood, juniper, lavender, myrrh, tea tree.
Sexual overactivity (M,B):
Hops, sweet marjoram.
Thrush/candida (B,D):
Bergamot, geranium, myrrh, tea tree.
Urethritis (B,D):
Bergamot, cubebs, mastic, tea tree, turpentine.
Immune System
Chickenpox (C,S,B):
Bergamot, chamomile (German & Roman), eucalyptus (blue gum & lemon), true lavender, tea tree.
Colds/’flu (M,B,V,I):
Angelica, star anise, aniseed, copaiba balsam, Peru balsam, French basil, West Indian bay, bergamot, borneol, cabreuva, cajeput, camphor (white), caraway, cinnamon leaf, citronella, clove bud, coriander, eucalyptus (blue gum, lemon & peppermint), silver fir, frankincense, ginger, grapefruit, immortelle, juniper, laurel, lemon, lime, sweet marjoram, mastic, mint (peppermint & spearmint), myrtle, niaouli, orange (bitter & sweet), pine (longleaf & Scotch), rosemary, rosewood, Spanish sage, hemlock spruce, tea tree, thyme, turpentine, yarrow.
Fever (C,B):
French basil, bergamot, borneol, camphor (white), eucalyptus (blue gum, lemon & peppermint), silver fir, ginger, immortelle, juniper, lemon, lemongrass, lime, mint (peppermint & spearmint), myrtle, niaouli, rosemary, rosewood, Spanish sage, hemlock spruce, tea tree, thyme, yarrow.
Measles (S,B,I,V):
Bergamot, eucalyptus blue gum, lavender (spike & true), tea tree.... genito-urinary and endocrine systems