Yellowing of the skin and other tissues caused by the presence of bile pigments... jaundice
Juniperus speciesDescription: Junipers, sometimes called cedars, are trees or shrubs with very small, scalelike leaves densely crowded around the branches. Each leaf is less than 1.2 centimeters long. All species have a distinct aroma resembling the well-known cedar. The berrylike cones are usually blue and covered with a whitish wax.Habitat and Distribution: Look for junipers in open, dry, sunny areas throughout North America and northern Europe. Some species are found in southeastern Europe, across Asia to Japan, and in the mountains of North Africa.Edible Parts: The berries and twigs are edible. Eat the berries raw or roast the seeds to use as a coffee substitute. Use dried and crushed berries as a seasoning for meat. Gather young twigs to make a tea.CAUTIONMany plants may be called cedars but are not related to junipers and may be harmful. Always look for the berrylike structures, needle leaves, and resinous, fragrant sap to be sure the plant you have is a juniper.... juniper
(Persian) Resembling the climbing plant with fragrant flowers Jaslyn, Jaslynn, Jasmeen, Jasmin, Jasmina, Jasminda, Jasmyn, Jasmyne, Jassamayn, Jazan, Jazmin, Jazmine, Jazmon, Jazmyn, Jazmyne, Jazzmin, Jazzmine, Jazzmon, Jazzmyn, Jazzmynn, Jasmyna, Jessamine, Jessamy, Jessamyn, Jasmeena, Jessimine, Jessimine... jasmine
Part of the small INTESTINE.... jejunum
The unit of energy in the International System of Units. The o?cial abbreviation is J. 4,186·8 J = 1 CALORIE (or kilocalorie). (See also BRITISH THERMAL UNIT (BTU); WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.)... joule
A sudden involuntary movement. The term is often used to describe the tendon re?exes.... jerk
See ARTHROPLASTY.... joint replacement
Jugular is a general name for any structure in the neck, but is especially applied to three large veins, the anterior, external and internal jugular veins, which convey blood from the head and neck regions to the interior of the chest.... jugular
(English) One who upholds moral rightness and fairness Justyce, Justiss, Justyss, Justis, Justus, Justise... justice
See REFLEX ACTION.... knee jerk
A surgical operation to replace a diseased – usually osteoarthritic – KNEE with an arti?cial (metal or plastic) implant which covers the worn cartilage. As much of the original joint as possible is retained. The operations, like hip replacements, are usually done on older people (there is some restriction of movement) and about 90 per cent are successful.... knee-joint replacement
The area where a motor NERVE ends close to the MUSCLE membrane so can initiate muscle contraction. The motor-nerve ending is separated from the motor end plate by the synaptic cleft which is only 50–70 nm wide. When a nerve impulse arrives at the motor-nerve ending, molecules of ACETYLCHOLINE are released which cross the synaptic cleft and attach to receptors on the motor end plate. This initiates depolarisation of the muscle which in turn initiates the process of contraction. Acetylcholinesterase (an ENZYME) rapidly breaks down the molecules of acetylcholine, thus ending their action and freeing the receptor in preparation for the next impulse.... neuromuscular junction
One of a pair of joints between each side of the SACRUM and each ILIUM. Strong ligaments between the ilium and the sacrum stabilise the joint, permitting little movement. Childbirth or strenuous sporting activities may strain the joint, causing pain in the lower part of the back and buttocks. Such strains may take a long time to mend; PHYSIOTHERAPY is the treatment. The joint(s) may become in?amed (see SACROILEITIS).... sacroiliac joint
A herbal remedy which has achieved popularity as a treatment for mild depression. It may, however, induce the production of enzymes (see ENZYME) that metabolise drugs, and several important interactions have been identi?ed which may result in unwanted side-effects, even when treatment with St John’s Wort is stopped.... st john’s wort
A joint that is repeatedly damaged by injuries that have gone unnoticed because of loss of sensation in the joint (see neuropathic joint).... charcot’s joint
An alternative name for a chigoe or sand flea.... jigger
One of 3 veins on each side of the neck that return deoxygenated blood from the head to the heart. The internal jugular, the largest of the 3 (internal, external, and anterior), arises at the base of the skull, travels down the neck alongside the carotid arteries, and passes behind the clavicle, where it joins the subclavian vein (the large vein that drains blood from the arms).... jugular vein
The joint between the mandible (lower jaw bone) and the skull.... temporomandibular joint
Pain and other symptoms affecting the head, jaw, and face, thought to result when the temporomandibular joints and the muscles and ligaments attached to them do not work together correctly. Causes include spasm of the chewing muscles, an incorrect bite (see malocclusion), jaw, head, or neck injuries, or osteoarthritis. Common symptoms include headaches, tenderness of the jaw muscles, and aching facial pain. Treatment involves correction of any underlying abnormality, analgesic drugs, and, in some cases, injection of corticosteroid drugs into the joint.... temporomandibular joint syndrome
(Sunchoke)
Nutritional Profile
Energy value (calories per serving): Low
Protein: Moderate
Fat: Low
Saturated fat: Low Cholesterol: None Carbohydrates: High Fiber: High
Sodium: Moderate
Major vitamin contribution: Folate, vitamin C
Major mineral contribution: Potassium
About the Nutrients in This Food
Jerusalem artichokes are the edible roots of a plant related to the American
sunflower. They store carbohydrates as inulin, a complex carbohydrate (starch) made of units of fruit sugar (fructose). Right after the Jerusalem artichoke is dug up, it tastes bland and starchy. After it has been stored for a while, the starches turn to sugars, so the artichoke tastes sweet. Jerusalem artichokes are high in fiber with the B vitamin folate, vitamin C, and iron.
One-half cup raw sliced Jerusalem artichoke has one gram dietary fiber, 10 mcg folate (2.5 percent of the adult R DA), 3 mcg vitamin C (4 percent of the R DA for a woman, 3 percent of the R DA for a man), and 2.5 mg iron (14 percent of the R DA for a woman, 32 percent of the R DA for a man).
The Most Nutritious Way to Serve This Food
Sliced and served raw in salads or cooked as a vegetable side dish.
Diets That May Restrict or Exclude This Food
Low-sodium diet
Buying This Food
Look for: Firm clean roots with no soft or bruised patches.
Storing This Food
Refrigerate Jerusalem artichokes in plastic bags, covered containers or the vegetable crisper to protect their moisture and keep them fresh.
Preparing This Food
When you slice a Jerusalem artichoke, you tear cell walls, releasing polyphenoloxidase, an enzyme that converts phenols to brown compounds that darken the flesh. You can slow the reaction (but not stop it completely) by painting the cut surface with a solution of lemon juice or vinegar and water.
What Happens When You Cook This Food
In cooking, the starch granules in the Jerusalem artichoke absorb water, swell, and eventu- ally rupture, softening the root and releasing the nutrients inside.
Adverse Effects Associated with This Food
Some people are unable to properly digest inulin, the carbohydrate in the Jerusalem arti- choke. For them, eating this tuber raw may cause painful gas. Cooking breaks down inulin and improves digestibility.... artichoke, jerusalem
See ARTHROPLASTY.... artificial joints
Colloquial term used by most Australians to refer to Chironex fleckeri, but which actually includes every species of the Class Cubozoa.... box-jellyfish
Named after a 19th-century French physician, this condition presents as a painless swelling and disorganisation of the joints resulting from damage to the pain ?bres that occurs in diabetic neuropathy (see DIABETES MELLITUS – Complications), LEPROSY, SYRINGOMYELIA and syphylitic infection of the spinal cord (see SYPHILIS).... charcot’s joint
See Morbakka.... fire jelly
The Australian colloquial term for Cyanea - also known as Lion’s Mane in many other countries.... hair jellyfish
Money, Love, Success, Happiness ... high john the conqueror
Ziziphus jujubaDescription: The common jujube is either a deciduous tree growing to a height of 12 meters or a large shrub, depending upon where it grows and how much water is available for growth. Its branches are usually spiny. Its reddish-brown to yellowish- green fruit is oblong to ovoid, 3 centimeters or less in diameter, smooth, and sweet in flavor, but has rather dry pulp around a comparatively large stone. Its flowers are green.Habitat and Distribution: The jujube is found in forested areas of temperate regions and in desert scrub and waste areas worldwide. It is common in many of the tropical and subtropical areas of the Old World. In Africa, it is found mainly bordering the Mediterranean. In Asia, it is especially common in the drier parts of India and China. The jujube is also found throughout the East Indies. It can be found bordering some desert areas.Edible Parts: The pulp, crushed in water, makes a refreshing beverage. If time permits, you can dry the ripe fruit in the sun like dates. Its fruits are high in vitamins A and C.... common jujube
A rapidly progressive, fatal, degenerative disease in humans caused by an abnormal PRION protein. There are three aetiological forms of CJD: sporadic, IATROGENIC, and inherited. Sporadic CJD occurs randomly in all countries and has an annual incidence of one per million. Iatrogenic CJD is caused by accidental exposure to human prions through medical and surgical procedures (and cannibalism in the case of the human prion disease known as kuru that occurs in a tribe in New Guinea, where it is called the trembling disease). Inherited or familial CJD accounts for 15 per cent of human prion disease and is caused by a MUTATION in the prion protein gene. In recent years a new variant of CJD has been identi?ed that is caused by BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY (BSE), called variant CJD. The incubation period for the acquired varieties ranges from four years to 40 years, with an average of 10–15 years. The symptoms of CJD are dementia, seizures, focal signs in the central nervous system, MYOCLONUS, and visual disturbances.
Abnormal prion proteins accumulate in the brain and the spinal cord, damaging neurones (see NEURON(E)) and producing small cavities. Diagnosis can be made by tonsil (see TONSILS) biopsy, although work is under way to develop a diagnostic blood test. Abnormal prion proteins are unusually resistant to inactivation by chemicals, heat, X-RAYS or ULTRAVIOLET RAYS (UVR). They are resistant to cellular degradation and can convert normal prion proteins into abnormal forms. Human prion diseases, along with scrapie in sheep and BSE in cattle, belong to a group of disorders known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Abnormal prion proteins can transfer from one animal species to another, and variant CJD has occurred as a result of consumption of meat from cattle infected with BSE.
From 1995 to 1999, a scienti?c study of tonsils and appendixes removed at operation suggested that the prevalence of prion carriage may be as high as 120 per million. It is not known what percentage of these might go on to develop disease.
One precaution is that, since 2003, all surgical instruments used in brain biopsies have had to be quarantined and disposable instruments are now used in tonsillectomy.
Measures have also been introduced to reduce the risk of transmission of CJD from transfusion of blood products.
In the past, CJD has also been acquired from intramuscular injections of human cadaveric pituitary-derived growth hormone and corneal transplantation.
The most common form of CJD remains the sporadic variety, although the eventual incidence of variant CJD may not be known for many years.... creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd)
(Hebrew) Resembling a she-goat of the wild Jaalah... jaala
(Hebrew) A gift from heaven Jantje... jaantje
(Hebrew) One who makes goods; a fabricator... jaasau
Pine tar soap, particularly from the Caribbean pine; used as an external treatment in home remedies.... jabón de cuaba
(American) Form of Jacinda, meaning “resembling the hyacinth” Jacee, Jacelyn, Jaci, Jacine, Jacy, Jaicee, Jaycee, Jacie, Jaycey, Jaycie, Jayci, J.C., Jacea, Jaycea... jacey
(Lour.) Raeusch.
Synonym: F. cataphracta Roxb.
Family: Flacourtiaceae.
Habitat: Bengal, Assam, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Eastern Ghats.
English: Puneala Plum.
Ayurvedic: Praachinaamalaka, Paaniyaamalaka. (Taalispatri (Hindi), Taalispatra (Gujarati), Taalisam (Malyalaam), Taalispatramu (Tel- ugu) are confusing synonyms of Paaniyaamalaka.)
Unani: Taalisfar, Nabaq Hindi, Zarnab. In National Formulary of Unani Medicine, Zarnab, synonym Telispattar, is equated with F. catapracta, also with Cinnamonum tamala Nees. (Zarnab is also equated with Salix aegyptiaca Sprengel and Taalisfar with Rhododendron anthapogon D. Don or R. lipidotum by Unani scholars.)
Siddha/Tamil: Saralu, Vayangarai.
Folk: Paniyaalaa (Bihar).
Action: Leaves—astringent, antidiarrhoeal, stomachic. Used in chronic bronchitis. Fruit—used in affections of the liver. Bark and fruit—antibilious. Infusion of bark is used as a gargle. Fruits contain (dry basis) protein 3.9%; vitamin C 218, Ca 175, K 158, P 147, Fe 118, Mg 57 mg/100 g. The fruit stem bark and bark yielded a coumarin, ostruthin, and limonoids, jangomolide and limonin.
(Taalisha, Taalisam, Taalisapatri, Taalisapatra—all the synonyms are now equated with Abies spectabilis (D. Don) Spach., synonym A. webbiana Lindl., Pinus webbiana Wall.)... flacourtia jangomas
Hojicha tea is a type of Japanese green tea which is made from the sun-grown Japanese green tea known as
bancha, harvested from the tea plant later in the season.Hojicha tea is roasted in a porcelain pot over charcoal at a high temperature, fact that alters the leaf color from green to reddish-brown.
Hojicha tea has been certified as organic by the government of Japan.
Brewing Hojicha tea
There are many ways of preparing Hojicha tea, depending on each and other person’s taste. For example, shorter infusions of
Hojicha tea may produce a fresh flavor, while longer infusions are more developed and have a “nuttier” taste.
For starters, heat the the teapot with boiling water. The heat of the water is the one that brings out the aroma of
Hojicha tea, so it shouldn’t be boiled at more than 180°F (80 degrees Celsius). The next step is adding the tea inside the teapot, one tablespoon of tea for each serving, when the water has just boiled. Then, depending on the flavor that you want, let it steep between 30 - 90 seconds. In the end, pour the tea into a cup, making sure to use all the water in the teapot.
Hojicha tea is usually served after the evening meal or before bed since it has lower caffeine content than other green teas.
Components of Hojicha tea
The main components of
Hojicha tea are, like most green teas, tannin, caffeine, theanine (which is an amino acid) and Vitamin C. Hojicha tea is known for the low amounts of caffeine and tannin (less astringency), fact that makes the tea easier to drink in the evening and it is also more suitable for children and elders. Since it lacks in caffeine, some people even drinkHojicha tea to replace coffee, or before bed for a deep and calm sleep.
Hojicha tea benefits
Hojicha tea has a lot of health benefits, even though the same process that removes the caffeine also reduces the antioxidants. Due to the fact that Hojicha tea is actually a green tea, it basically presents the same benefits as any other green tea:
- Hojicha tea helps fighting against diseases caused by viruses or bacteria and strengthens the immune system.
- Hojicha tea helps protect against cardiovascular diseases, tumors and it’s also an important element when it comes to cancer prevention.
- Hojicha tea is a strong allied in the process of weight loss.
- Hojicha tea gives an overall well-being and helps you relax.
Hojicha tea side effects
Hojicha tea, because of the low caffeine, tannin and theanine content doesn’t actually present any particular side effects. However, being a green tea you should be aware of the following side effects that may appear if it is not consumed properly:
- You should not drinkHojicha tea when you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
- If you suffer from anemia or iron deficiency. According to some studies, green tea extract reduces the absorption of iron by 25%.
- It is advised not to drink green tea on an empty stomach since it could cause liver damage.
- Avoid green tea if you have kidney disorders or stomach ulcers.
All in all, try not to drink more than 6 cups a day of Hojicha green tea.
If you are a green tea drinker or if you just want to try a different tea taste, besides the herbal flavor that most green teas have, you should not miss
Hojicha tea. The components of Hojicha tea helps improve your immune system and, generally, keeps you healthy. It’s perfect for cold winter days!
... hojicha tea - a different japanese green tea
(Spanish) Resembling the hyacinth Jacenda, Jacenia, Jacenta, Jacindia, Jacinna, Jacinta, Jacinth, Jacintha, Jacinthe, Jacinthia, Jacynth, Jacyntha, Jacynthe, Jacynthia, Jakinda, Jakinta, Jaikinda, Jaekinda... jacinda
See EPILEPSY.... jacksonian epilepsy
(French) Feminine form of Jacques; the supplanter Jacalin, Jacalyn, Jacalynn, Jackalin, Jackalinne, Jackelyn, Jacketta, Jackette, Jacki, Jackie, Jacklin, Jacklyn, Jacklynne, Jackqueline, Jacky, Jaclin, Jaclyn, Jacolyn, Jacqi, Jacqlyn, Jacqualine, Jacqualyn, Jacquel, Jacquelean, Jacqueleen, Jacquelin, Jacquelina, Jacquella, Jacquelle, Jacquelyn, Jacquelyne, Jacquelynn, Jacquelynne, Jacquenetta, Jacquenette, Jacquetta, Jacquette, Jacqui, Jacquine, Jaculine, Jakleen, Jaklyn, Jaquelin, Jaqueline, Jaquelyn, Jaquelynn, Jaquith, Jaquenetta, Jaquetta... jacqueline
(Hebrew) One who is well-known Jadduah, Jadua, Jaduah... jaddua
(Spanish) Resembling the green gemstone Jada, Jadeana, Jadee, Jadine, Jadira, Jadrian, Jadrienne, Jady, Jaeda, Jaida, Jaide, Jayda, Jayde, Jaydee, Jadea, Jaydea... jade
(Hebrew / English) One who is thankful to God / form of Jade, meaning “resembling the green gemstone” Jadine, Jadyn, Jadon, Jayden, Jadyne, Jaydyn, Jaydon, Jaydine, Jadin, Jaydin, Jaidyn, Jaedan, Jaeden, Jaedin, Jaedon, Jaedyn, Jaidan, Jaidin, Jaidon, Jaidyn, Jaydan... jaden
(Polish) A princess; born into royalty Jadziah, Jadzea, Jadzeah, Jadziya, Jadziyah, Jadzya, Jadzyah... jadzia
(Hebrew) Resembling a mountain goat Jaella, Jaelle, Jayel, Jaela, Jaele, Jayil... jael
(Hebrew) Resembling an ostrich Jaena, Jaenia, Jaenea, Jaenne... jaen
(Hebrew) A beautiful woman Jaffah, Jafit, Jafita... jaffa
(Indian) Mother of nations Jaganmatrie, Jaganmatree, Jaganmata, Jaganmatria, Jaganmatrea... jaganmatri
(Indian) Of the awakening Jagratie, Jagraty, Jagratey, Jagratee, Jagratea... jagrati
Genipap (Genipa americana).Plant Part Used: Fruit.Dominican Medicinal Uses: Fruit: juice or cold water extract, for high blood pressure, infection, inflammation, kidney ailments, blood purification, diuretic, headache, vaginal infection, menopausal symptoms, menstrual disorders, prevention of cysts, fibroids and tumors.Safety: The fruit is widely consumed in tropical regions.Laboratory & Preclinical Data: Phytochemical: anti-tumor (identified active compounds in leaves and fruit).* See entry for Jagua in “Part 3: Dominican Medicinal Plant Profiles” of this book for more information, including references.... jagua
(African) One who has dignity Jahah... jaha
(Hebrew) Recognizing the importance of a union Jahathe, Jahatha... jahath
(Hebrew) The Lord’s vision Jahaziel, Jahazia, Jahazea, Jahazeah, Jahaziell, Jahazielle... jahaziah
(African) One who is widely known Jahiah, Jahea, Jaheah, Jahiya, Jahiyah... jahia
(Indian) Woman from the river Jahnavie, Janavi, Janavie, Jahnavee, Janavee, Jahnavea, Janavea, Jahnavy, Janavy, Jahnavey, Janavey... jahnavi
(African) One who is blessed with power and wealth Jahzarah, Jazara, Jazarra, Jazarah... jahzara
(Basque) Refers to the Nativity... jaione
In July 1997, participants at the Fourth International Conference on Health Promotion presented the Jakarta Declaration on Leading Health Promotion into the 21st Century. The Declaration identifies five priorities: promote social responsibility for health; increase investments for health development; consolidate and expand partnerships for health promotion; increase community capacity and empower the individual; and secure an infrastructure for health promotion.... jakarta declaration
(Native American) One who is crowned with laurel Jakaela, Jakaila... jakayla
(Hebrew) One who brings others together; the establisher Jakima, Jakimah, Jakime, Jakyma, Jakeema, Jakeima, Jakiema, Jakeama... jakim
(Arabic) Woman of clarity Jalah, Jalla, Jallah... jala
(Persian) Born of the rain... jaleh
(American) One who is calm; a healer Jaelan, Jaelin, Jaelon, Jailin, Jaillen, Jaillin, Jailon, Jalan, Jalin, Jalon, Jayelan, Jaylen, Jayelen, Jaylan, Jaylon, Jaylonn, Jalena, Jalina, Jalona, Jalana, Jailene, Jailyn, Jalene, Jalynn, Jalyn... jalen
(American) A noble woman Jaliah, Jalea, Jaleah... jalia
(English) A gift of God Jaliya, Jaleeya, Jaleeyah, Jalieya, Jaleyah, Jalieyah, Jaleya, Jaleaya... jaliyah
(French) A woman warrior Jamarie, Jamary, Jamarey, Jamaree, Jamarea... jamari
(Indian) From the sacred river Jamoona, Jamunah, Jamoonah, Jamouna, Jamounah... jamuna
(Arabic) Of the heart and soul... janan
(Hebrew) Feminine form of John; God is gracious
Jaina, Jaine, Jainee, Janey, Jana, Janae, Janaye, Jandy, Janeczka, Janeen, Janel, Janela, Janelba, Janella, Janelle, Janean, Janeane, Janee, Janene, Janerita, Janessa, Jayney, Jania, Janica, Janie, Janina, Janine, Janique, Janka, Janna, Jannel, Jannelle, Janney, Janny, Jany, Jayna, Jayne, Jaynell, Jayni, Jaynie, Jenda, Jenella, Jenelle, Jenica, Jeniece, Jeni, Jenie, Jensina, Jensine, Jess, Jinna, Jonella, Jonelle, Joni, Jonie, Jeena, Jiana, Jianna, Janecska, Jenina, Jenine, Jensen, Jaen, Jaena... jane
(American) Resembling the juniper Janeevah, Janyva, Janyvah, Janeava, Janeavah, Janeva, Janevah... janeeva
(Arabic) From the garden of heaven Jannate, Jannata, Jannatia, Jannatea, Jennet, Jenneta, Jennetia, Jennetea... jannat
(Hebrew) A quiet and calm child Janoa, Jonoah, Jonoa, Janowa, Janowah... janoah
(Latin) A winter child; born during the month of January Januarie, Januari, Januarey, Januaree, Januarea... january
A flavivirus, related to Murray Valley virus (see Australian Encephalitis). Rice paddybreeding Culicine mosquitoes, Culex tritaeniorhyehus, often transmit the disease. Mosquitoes are largely zoophilic. Occasionally Aedes spp and Anopholines implicated in transmission. Disease consists of prodrome, encephalitis and recovery (or death on average in 7%). Affects mostly children less than five years of age and leaves sequelae. A vaccination is available.... japanese encephalitis
(African) One who gives thanks to God Japerah, Japerra, Japiera, Japeira, Japyra ... japera
(Slavic) Daughter born in spring ... jara
Syrup; typically prepared one of two ways: 1. a strong aqueous decoction or infusion of a plant, reduced to a fraction of its original volume by boiling for an extended period of time and then thickened or sweetened with molasses (melaza), honey (miel de abeja) or sugar (azucar). 2. Jarabe can also be prepared with raw plant ingredients such as raw garlic (ajo), onion (cebolla, cebollín), aloe vera gel (sábila), fresh lemon juice (limón) and/or a sweetener (see above); administered orally by the spoonful.... jarabe
(Hebrew) A sweet and kind woman... jarah
(Indian) A birdlike woman Jaritah, Jareeta, Jareetah, Jaryta, Jarytah, Jarieta, Jarietah, Jareita, Jareitah, Jareata, Jareatah... jarita
(German) Having great intelligence Jarvinia, Jarviah, Jarvea, Jarveah, Jarviya, Jarvinea, Jarvina... jarvia
Jasmine tea is a Chinese tea made from jasmine flowers. This tea is one of the most popular teas in China, being a specialty for over 800 years. It is basically used as a green, white or oolong tea having a subtle sweet flavor.
How To Make Jasmine Tea
Brewing jasmine tea is not such a difficult process. First of all you will need to boil the water. Add 1 tablespoon of jasmine leaves into your teapot or infuser and pour the hot water over it. Cover it and let it steep for about 3 minutes, but no longer than 5 minutes because you may obtain a bitter taste. If you didn’t use an infuser, make sure you use a strainer when you pour the tea into your cup to catch the jasmine blooms. Since it already has a sweet, floral taste it is advised not to put any sweetener, but if you want you can add some sugar or honey.
Jasmine Tea Benefits
Jasmine tea is full of antioxidants that protect your body against the damage that free radicals can cause to your body cells.
Jasmine tea helps you lose weight thanks to the combination between caffeine and antioxidants. Also, this tea reduces fat and encourages cholesterol absorption.
Some studies revealed that jasmine tea may help prevent cancer.
Jasmine is also used for its calming effects in aromatherapy as an essential oil. Judging by this fact, drinking a cup of jasmine tea also provides you relaxation.
Jasmine Tea Side Effects
Over consumption may lead to certain side effects. For example, jasmine tea has caffeine content that heightens alertness and reduces sleepiness. Also, caffeine increases secretion of stress hormones, insomnia and dehydration so try not to drink too much jasmine tea. One or two cups of jasmine tea a day!
Needless to say, pregnant and breastfeeding woman are advised not to drink jasmine tea, also because of its caffeine content.
Enjoy this wonderful scented tea and all its benefits! Do not drink more than 2 cups of jasmine tea per day, this way making sure you won’t experience any of its side effects.... jasmine tea - a famous chinese scented tea
(Arabic) As precious as a jewel Jauherah, Jawahar, Jawahara, Jawaahar, Jawahare, Johari, Johara, Joharra, Joharie, Joharee... jauhera
(Hebrew) Feminine form of Javan; woman from Greece Javane, Javanna, Javanne, Javann... javana
Linn. var. grandiflorum (L.) Kobuski.
Synonym: J. grandiflorum Linn.
Family: Oleaceae.
Habitat: North-Western Himalayas and Persia; cultivated in Kumaon, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh; in gardens throughout India.
English: Spanish Jasmine.
Ayurvedic: Jaati, Jaatikaa, Jaatimalli, Pravaaljaati, Saumanasyaayani, Sumanaa, Chetikaa, Hriddgandhaa, Maalati, Chameli.
Unani: Yaasmin.
Siddha/Tamil: Manmadabanam, Mullai, Padar-malligai, Pichi, Malli
Folk: Chameli.
Action: Flowers—calming and sedative, CNS depressant, astringent and mild anaesthetic. A syrup prepared from the flowers is used for coughs, hoarsenesses and other disorders of the chest. Plant—diuretic, anthelmintic, emmenagogue; used for healing chronic ulcers and skin diseases. Oil—externally relaxing.
Indian oil sample gave benzyl acetate 26.3, benzyl benzoate 19.2, phytol 10.6, jasmone 8.5, methyl jasmonate 6.3, linalool 5.4, geranyl linalool 3.5, eugenol 2.9, isophytyl acetate 2.7, and isophytol 2.4%.The leaves gave ascorbic acid, an- thranilic acid and its glucoside, indole oxygenase, alkaloid jasminine and salicylic acid.The flowers contain pyridine and nicotinate derivatives; tested positive for indole.The flowers and leaf juice is used for treating tumours.
Dosage: Dried leaves—10-20 g powder for decoction (API, Vol. III.); Juice—10-20 ml. (CCRAS.).... jasminum officinale
(Linn.) Ait.
Family: Oleaceae.
Habitat: Cultivated throughout India, especially in Uttar Pradesh, on a large scale in Jaunpur, Kannauj, Ghazipur and Farrukhabad for its fragrant flowers.
English: Arabian Jasmine, Tuscan Jasmine, Double Jasmine.
Ayurvedic: Mallikaa, Madayanti, Madyantikaa, Nava-Mallikaa, Shita-bhiru, Vaarshiki.
Unani: Mograa.
Siddha: Malligai.
Folk: Belaa, Motiaabelaa; Mogaraa (Maharashtra).
Action: Root—emmenagogue, blood purifier. Flowers—lactifuge. Alcoholic extract—hypotensive. Leaves—antibacterial; used against indolent and breast tumours.
The leaves contain the secoiridoid glycosides, jasminin, quercitrin, iso- quercitrin, rutin, quercitrin-3-dirham- noglycoside, kaempferol-3-rhamno- glycoside, mannitol, alpha-amyrin, beta-sitosterol and an iridoid glyco- side, sambacin. The absolute contains several pyridine and nicotinate derivatives.
Dosage: Decoction—50-100 ml. (CCRAS.)... jasminum sambac
(Spanish) Feminine form of Xavier; owner of a new house; one who is bright Javierah, Javyera, Javyerah, Javeira, Javeirah... javiera
(American) Form of Jacinda, meaning “resembling the hyacinth” Jaxin, Jaxyne, Jaxeen, Jaxyn, Jaxeene, Jax, Jaxi, Jaxie, Jaxee, Jaxea... jaxine
(Hindi) A victorious woman; in Hinduism, one of the names of the wife of Shiva Jayah... jaya
(Arabic) Filled with goodness Jaydrah, Jadra, Jadrah, Jaidra, Jaedra... jaydra
(Arabic) One who is charitable Jaylah, Jaila, Jaela... jayla
(American) One who is promised; influenced by the style of music Jazelle, Jazzele, Jazzell, Jazele, Jazell, Jazzlyn, Jazette, Jazlyn, Jazlynn, Jazzalyn, Jazzy, Jazz, Jaslynn... jazzelle
(American) Form of Pearl, meaning “a precious gem of the sea” Jearla, Jearle, Jearlie, Jearly, Jearline, Jearlina, Jearlea, Jearli, Jearley, Jearlee, Jearleigh... jearl
(Hebrew) One who is greatly loved Jedidah, Jedyda, Jedydah, Jedeeda, Jedeedah, Jeddida, Jedieda, Jediedah, Jedeida, Jedeidah, Jedeada, Jedeadah... jedida
(Hebrew) One who praises God Jehalelel, Jahaleleil, Jehaleliel, Jehalelyl, Jehaleleal... jehaleleel
(Arabic) Resembling a beautiful flower; woman of the world Jihan, Jyhan... jehan
(Hebrew) An oath of the Lord Jehoshebah, Jehoshyba, Jehosheeba, Jehosheiba, Jehoshieba, Jehosheaba... jehosheba
(Hebrew) An able-bodied woman Jehucale, Jucal, Jehucala... jehucal
(Swahili) Born of the suffering father Jelah, Jella, Jellah... jela
(Hebrew) Our little dove; in the Bible, the eldest of Job’s daughters Jemimah, Jamina, Jeminah, Jemmimah, Jemmie, Jemmy, Jem, Jemmi, Jemmey, Jemmee, Jemmea... jemima
(Hebrew) One who is listened to Jeminah, Jemyna, Jemynah, Jemeena, Jemeenah, Jemeina, Jemeinah, Jemiena, Jemienah, Jemeana, Jemeanah... jemina
(Arabic) Our little bird Jenah... jena
(Egyptian) One who is thankful Jendayie, Jendayey, Jendayee, Jendaya, Jendayia, Jendayea... jendayi
(American) A champion Jeneile, Jeneel, Jeneele, Jeneal, Jeneale... jeneil
(Hebrew) Form of Genesis, meaning “of the beginning” Jenesis, Jennis, Jenesys... jenis
Edward Jenner was an English country practitioner (1749–1823). He had noticed that cowpox, which milkmaids caught from cattle, gave these women immunity from the scourge of SMALLPOX. In 1796 he transformed this observation into the medical technique of VACCINATION, innoculating a country boy with matter from the arm of a milkmaid infected with cowpox. Despite hostility from some doctors, Parliament voted him a grant of £10,000 for a society to promote vaccination and the technique spread worldwide, giving bene?t to an immense number of people.... jenner, edward
(Welsh) One who is fair; a beautiful girl
Jenefer, Jeni, Jenifer, Jeniffer, Jenn, Jennee, Jenni, Jennica, Jennie, Jenniver, Jenny, Jen, Jenalee, Jenalynn, Jenarae, Jeneen, Jenene, Jenetta, Jeni, Jenica, Jenice, Jeniece, Jenika, Jenise, Jenita, Jenna, Jennessa, Jenni, Jennie, Jennika, Jennilee, Jennilyn, Jennis, Jennita, Jennyann, Jennylee, Jinni, Jinny, Jenai, Jenae, Jenay, Jenalyn, Jenaya, Jenara, Jenibelle, Jennelle... jennifer
(English) One who comes home Jenskie, Jensky, Jenskey, Jenskee, Jenskea... jenski
(American) Form of Georgia, meaning “one who works the earth; a farmer” Jeorgia, Jeorja, Jorja, Jorjette, Jorgette, Jorjeta, Jorjetta, Jorgete, Jorjete, Jorgeta, Jorgetta... jeorjia
(American) A religious woman Jerah, Jerra, Jerrah... jera
(English) Form of Geraldine, meaning “one who rules with the spear” Jeraldeen, Jeraldene, Jeraldine, Jeralee, Jere, Jeri, Jerilene, Jerrie, Jerrileen, Jerroldeen, Jerry, Jeralyn, Jenralyn, Jerelyn, Jerilynn, Jerilyn, Jerrilyn, Jerrica... jeraldine
(Hebrew) Feminine form of Jeremiah; the Lord is exalted Jeremea, Jerimia, Jerimea, Jeree, Jeremee, Jeremie, Jeremiya... jeremia
(Slavic) One who is peaceful Jerenie, Jereny, Jereney, Jerenee... jereni
(Hebrew) God has witnessed Jeriele, Jeriela, Jerielle, Jeriell, Jeriella... jeriel
(French) Woman from Germany Jermainaa, Jermane, Jermayne, Jermina, Jermana, Jermayna, Jermaen, Jermaena... jermaine
(Hebrew) A faithful wife Jerushah, Jeruscha, Jarusha, Jaruscha... jerusha
(Arabic) As delicate as a flower Jesseniah, Jasenia, Jesenia, Jesenya, Jessenya, Jassenia, Jasenya, Jassenya... jessenia
(Welsh) Feminine form of Justin; one who is just and upright Jesstina, Jestine, Jestyna, Jesstyna, Jestyne, Jesstyne, Jesteena, Jessteena, Jesteene, Jessteene... jestina
(Spanish) Refers to the Virgin Mary Jesusah, Josune... jesusa
(Hebrew) Feminine form of Jetheth; a princess Jethethia, Jethethea, Jethethiya... jethetha
(Teutonic) Ruler of the house... jetje
(French) One who is playful; resembling a precious gem Jewell, Jewelle, Jewelyn, Jewelene, Jewelisa, Jule, Jewella, Juelline... jewel
(Hebrew) The Lord provides Jesreel, Jezreele, Jesreele, Jezreal, Jezreale, Jesreal, Jesreale... jezreel
(Lithuanian) A lively woman Jierah, Jyera, Jyerah, Jierra, Jyerra... jiera
(African) A self-learner Jifunzah, Jifoonza, Jifoonzah, Jifounza, Jifounzah... jifunza
(Indian) One who wants to learn Jigishah, Jigysha, Jigyshah... jigisha
(American) Resembling a young goat Jyles... jiles
(English) Form of Gillian, meaning “one who is youthful” Jilian, Jiliana, Jillaine, Jillan, Jillana, Jillane, Jillanne, Jillayne, Jillene, Jillesa, Jilliana, Jilliane, Jilliann, Jillianna, Jillianne, Jillyan, Jillyanna, Jillyanne, Jyllina... jillian
Colloquial term for Carybdea rastoni.... jimble
(Spanish) One who is heard Jimenah, Jymena, Jimeena, Jimyna, Jymeena, Jymyna... jimena
(Swahili) The named one Jinah... jina
(Welsh) Form of Genevieve, meaning “of the race of women; the white wave” Jinell, Jinele, Jinel, Jynelle, Jynell, Jynele, Jynel... jinelle
(American) Form of Giselle, meaning “of God’s promise; a hostage” Jisell, Jisele, Jisela, Jizelle, Joselle, Jisella, Jizella, Jozelle, Josella, Jozella... jiselle
(Indian) One who gives life Jivantah, Jevanta, Javanta, Jevantah, Javantah... jivanta
(Hebrew) Feminine form of Joachim; God will judge Joachima, Joaquina, Joaquine, Joaquima... joakima
(Hebrew) One who is persecuted Joby, Jobie, Jobi, Jobee, Jobina, Jobyna, Jobeena, Jobea... jobey
Healing, Wishes, Luck... jobs tears
(Greek) In mythology, the queen of Thebes who married her son Jocastah, Jokasta, Jokastah, Jockasta, Joccasta... jocasta
(German / Latin) From the tribe of Gauts / one who is cheerful, happy Jocelin, Jocelina, Jocelinda, Joceline, Jocelyne, Jocelynn, Jocelynne, Josalind, Josaline, Josalyn, Josalynn, Joscelin, Josceline, Joscelyn, Joselina, Joseline, Joselyn, Joselyne, Josiline, Josilyn, Joslin, Josline, Joslyn, Jossline, Josselyn, Josslyn, Jozlyn, Joss... jocelyn
(Hebrew) God is her glory Jochebedaa, Jochebedia, Jochebedea... jochebed
(Latin) One who is gleeful and always joking Jocose, Jocosia, Jocosea... jocosa
(Hebrew) An ancestor of Christ... joda
(English) Form of Judith, meaning “woman from Judea” Jodey, Jodi, Jodie, Jodee, Jodea... jody
(Hebrew) Feminine form of Joel; Jehovah is God; God is willing Joela, Joelin, Joell, Joella, Joellen, Joelliane, Joellin, Joelly, Joellyn, Joely, Joelynn, Joetta, Jowella, Jowelle... joelle
A popular term for a loose body in a joint. It is found especially in the knee. (See JOINTS, DISEASES OF.)... joint-mouse
(English) Form of Georgina, meaning “one who works the earth; a farmer” Jorgeanne, Jorgelina, Jorjana, Jorjina, Jorjanna, Jorcina, Jorcyna, Jorceena, Jorciena, Jorceina, Jory... jorgina
(American) Loved by God Jorran, Jorren, Jorron, Jorrun... jorryn
(Norse) One who loves horses... jorunn
(Hebrew) Feminine form of Joseph; God will add Josefa, Josefena, Josefene, Josefina, Josefine, Josepha, Josephe, Josephene, Josephina, Josephyna, Josephyna, Josephyne, Josette, Josetta, Joxepa, Josebe, Jose, Josie, Josee, Jozsa, Josina... josephine
(American) One who likes to travel Journy, Journi, Journie, Journee, Journye, Journea... journey
(Spanish) Feminine form of Jovian; daughter of the sky Jeovana, Jeovanna, Jovanna, Jovena, Jovianne, Jovina, Jovita, Joviana... jovana
(Hebrew) God has remembered Jozachare, Jozachara, Jozacharia, Jozacharea... jozachar
(African) Born on a Monday Jubah, Jubba, Jubia, Jubea... juba
(Hebrew) One who is praised Jucika, Jucie, Jucee, Jucye, Jutka, Jucea, Jucey, Jucy... juci
(Arabic) Filled with goodness Judah... juda
(Hebrew) Woman from Judea Judithe, Juditha, Judeena, Judeana, Judyth, Judit, Judytha, Judita, Judite, Jutka, Jucika, Jutta, Judythe... judith
(Hebrew) Form of Judith, meaning “woman from Judea” Judee, Judey, Judi, Judie, Judye, Judea... judy
Means “juice of (plant name)”; look up the plant name which follows this description of the plant preparation used.... jugo de
‘Rheumatism’ is the colloquial term for nonspeci?c musculoskeletal symptoms arising in the joints, ligaments, tendons and muscles. ‘Arthritis’ describes a pathological musculoskeletal disorder. Most common are sprains of ligaments, strains of tendons and muscles,
BURSITIS, TENDINITIS and non-speci?c back pain (see BACKACHE).
Osteoarthritis (OA) rarely starts before 40, but by the age of 80 affects 80 per cent of the population. There are structural and functional changes in the articular cartilage, as well as changes in the collagenous matrix of tendons and ligaments. OA is not purely ‘wear and tear’; various sub-groups have a genetic component. Early OA may be precipitated by localised alteration in anatomy, such as a fracture or infection of a joint. Reactive new bone growth typically occurs, causing sclerosis (hardening) beneath the joint, and osteophytes – outgrowths of bone – are characteristic at the margins of the joint. The most common sites are the ?rst metatarsal (great toe), spinal facet joints, the knee, the base of the thumb and the terminal ?nger joints (Heberden’s nodes).
OA has a slow but variable course, with periods of pain and low-grade in?ammation. Acute in?ammation, common in the knee, may result from release of pyrophosphate crystals, causing pseudo-gout.
Urate gout results from crystallisation of URIC ACID in joints, against a background of hyperuricaemia. This high concentration of uric acid in the blood may result from genetic and environmental factors, such as excess dietary purines, alcohol or diuretic drugs.
In?ammatory arthritis is less common than OA, but potentially much more serious. Several types exist, including: SPONDYLARTHRITIS This affects younger men, chie?y involving spinal and leg joints. This may lead to in?ammation and eventual ossi?cation of the enthesis – that is, where the ligaments and tendons are inserted into the bone around joints. This may be associated with disorders in other parts of the body: skin in?ammation (PSORIASIS), bowel and genito-urinary in?ammation, sometimes resulting in infection of the organs (such as dysentery). The syndromes most clearly delineated are ankylosing spondylitis (see SPINE AND SPINAL CORD, DISEASES AND INJURIES OF), psoriatic or colitic spondylitis, and REITER’S SYNDROME. The diagnosis is made clinically and radiologically; no association has been found with autoantibodies (see AUTOANTIBODY). A particularly clear gene locus, HLA B27, has been identi?ed in ankylosing spondylitis. Psoriasis can be associated with a characteristic peripheral arthritis.
Systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (see AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS). RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) – see also main entry. The most common of these diseases. Acute in?ammation causes lymphoid synovitis, leading to erosion of the cartilage, associated joints and soft tissues. Fibrosis follows, causing deformity. Autoantibodies are common, particularly Rheumatoid Factor. A common complication of RA is Sjögren’s syndrome, when in?ammation of the mucosal glands may result in a dry mouth and eyes. SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE) and various overlap syndromes occur, such as systemic sclerosis and dermatomyositis. Autoantibodies against nuclear proteins such as DNA lead to deposits of immune complexes and VASCULITIS in various tissues, such as kidney, brain, skin and lungs. This may lead to various symptoms, and sometimes even to organ failure.
Infective arthritis includes: SEPTIC ARTHRITIS An uncommon but potentially fatal disease if not diagnosed and treated early with approriate antibiotics. Common causes are TUBERCLE bacilli and staphylococci (see STAPHYLOCOCCUS). Particularly at risk are the elderly and the immunologically vulnerable, such as those under treatment for cancer, or on CORTICOSTEROIDS or IMMUNOSUPPRESSANT drugs. RHEUMATIC FEVER Now rare in western countries. Resulting from an immunological reaction to a streptococcal infection, it is characterised by migratory arthritis, rash and cardiac involvement.
Other infections which may be associated with arthritis include rubella (German measles), parvovirus and LYME DISEASE.
Treatment Septic arthritis is the only type that can be cured using antibiotics, while the principles of treatment for the others are similar: to reduce risk factors (such as hyperuricaemia); to suppress in?ammation; to improve function with physiotherapy; and, in the event of joint failure, to perform surgical arthroplasty. NON-STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS (NSAIDS) include aspirin, paracetamol and many recently developed ones, such as the proprionic acid derivatives IBUPROFEN and naproxen, along with other drugs that have similar properties such as PIROXICAM. They all carry a risk of toxicity, such as renal dysfunction, or gastrointestinal irritation with haemorrhage. Stronger suppression of in?ammation requires corticosteroids and CYTOTOXIC drugs such as azathioprine or cyclophosphamide. Recent research promises more speci?c and less toxic anti-in?ammatory drugs, such as the monoclonal antibodies like in?iximab. An important treatment for some osteoarthritic joints is surgical replacement of the joints.... joints, diseases of
(Hebrew) Blessed by God Jokima, Jokym, Jokyme, Jokeem, Jokimia, Jokimea, Joka, Jokeam, Jokeame... jokim
(Greek) Resembling a violet flower Jola, Jolaine, Jolande, Jolanne, Jolanta, Jolantha, Jolandi, Jolanka, Jolanna, Jolana... jolan
(French) A pretty young woman Joly, Joely, Jolee, Joleigh, Joley, Joli, Joliet, Jolietta, Joliette, Jolea... jolie
(English) From the family of John Jonesy, Jonesi, Jonesie, Jonesee, Jonesey, Jonesea... jones
(Israeli) Resembling a little dove Joninah, Jonyna, Jonynah, Joneena, Joneenah, Jonine, Jonyne, Joneene, Jonati, Jonatie, Jonatee, Jonatey, Jonaty, Joneana, Joneanah... jonina
(English) Resembling the flower Jonquill, Jonquille, Jonquile, Jonquila, Jonquilla... jonquil
(Hebrew) Resembling an autumn rose Jora... jorah
(Norse) In mythology, goddess of the earth Jorde... jord
Linn.
Family: Juglandaceae.
Habitat: Native to Iran; now cultivated in Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh., Khasi Hills and the hills of Uttar Pradesh.
Ayurvedic: Akshoda, Akshoda- ka, Akshota, Shailbhava, Pilu, Karparaal, Vrantphala.
Unani: Akhrot.
Siddha/Tamil: Akrottu.
Action: Leaves and bark— alterative, laxative, antiseptic, mild hypoglycaemic, anti-inflammatory, antiscrofula, detergent. An infusion of leaves and bark is used for herpes, eczema and other cutaneous affections; externally to skin eruptions and ulcers. Volatile oil— antifungal, antimicrobial.
Key application (leaf) ? In mild, superficial inflammation of the skin and excessive perspiration of hands and feet. (German Commission E.). When English Walnuts (Juglans regia) are added to low fat diet, total cholesterol may be decreased by 412% and LDL by 8-16%. (Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 2007.)Walnut hull preparations are used for skin diseases and abscesses.Walnut is eaten as a dry fruit. Because of its resemblance to the brain, it was thought, according to the "doctrine of signatures", to be a good brain tonic. Walnuts are also eaten to lower the cholesterol levels.From the volatile oil of the leaves terpenoid substances (monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpene and triter- pene derivatives) and eugenol have been isolated. Fatty acids, including geranic acid; alpha-and beta-pinene, 1,8,cincole, limonene, beta-eudesmol and juglone are also important constituents of the volatile oil.The leaves contain napthoquinones, mainly juglone. The root bark gave 3, 3',-bis-juglone and oligomeric ju- glones. Unripe fruit husk also gave napthoquinones.The kernels of Indian walnuts contain 15.6% protein, 11% carbohydrates, 1.8% mineral matter (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, phosphorus, sulphur and chorine). Iodine (2.8 mcg/100 g), arsenic, zinc, cobalt and manganese are also reported. Kernels are also rich in vitamins of the B group, vitamin A (30 IU/100 g), and ascorbic acid (3 mg/100 g).The juice of unripe fruits showed significant thyroid hormone enhancing activity (prolonged use of such extract may cause serious side effect).White Walnut, Lemon Walnut, Butternut, Oilnut of the USA is equated with Juglans cineraria L. The inner bark gave napthoquinones, including juglone, juglandin, juglandic acid, tannins and an essential oil.Butternut is used as a dermatologi- cal and antihaemorrhoidal agent. Ju- glone exhibits antimicrobial, antipara- sitic and antineoplastic activities.
Dosage: Dried cotyledons—10-25 g (API, Vol. II.)... juglans regia
(Indian) Resembling a fragrant flower Jui... juhi
(French) Born during the month of June... juin
(African) One who is greatly loved Jujíe, Jujy, Jujey, Juj^ Jujea... juji
(Latin) One who is youthful; daughter of the sky
Jiulia, Joleta, Joletta, Jolette, Julaine, Julayna, Julee, Juleen, Julena, Juley, Juli, Juliaeta, Juliaetta, Juliana, Juliane, Juliann, Julianne, Julie, Julienne, Juliet, Julieta, Julietta, Juliette, Julina, Juline, Julinka, Juliska, Julissa, Julita, Julitta, Julyana, Julyanna, Julyet, Julyetta, Julyette, Julyne, Jooley, Joolie, Julisa, Julisha, Julyssa, Jolyon, Julcsa, Julene, Jules... julia
(Latin) Form of Julia, meaning “one who is youthful; daughter of the sky”; born during the month of July Julye... july
(Arabic) Resembling a silver pearl Jumana, Jumanna, Jumannah... jumanah
(African) A child who is loved by all... jumoke
See PATELLAR TENDINITIS.... jumper’s knee
(Latin) One who is youthful; born during the month of June Junae, Junel, Junelle, Junette, Junita, Junia... june
A school of ‘analytical psychology’, ?rst described by Carl Gustav Jung in 1913. It introduced the concepts of ‘introvert’ and ‘extrovert’ personalities, and developed the theory of the ‘collective unconscious’ with its archetypes of man’s basic psychic nature. In contrast with Freudian analysis (see FREUDIAN THEORY), in Jungian analysis the relationship between therapist and patient is less one-sided because the therapist is more willing to be active and to reveal information about him or herself. (See also PSYCHOANALYSIS.)... jungian analysis
Linn. var. saxatillis Palias.
Synonym: J. communis auct. non L.
Family: Pinaceae; Cupressaceae.
Habitat: Native to Europe and North America. Distributed in Western Himalayas from Kumaon westwards at 1,700-4,200 m.
English: Common Juniper.
Ayurvedic: Hapushaa, Havushaa, Haauber, Matsyagandha.
Unani: Abahal, Haauber, Hubb-ul- arar, Aarar.
Action: Berries—diuretic, urinary antiseptic, carminative, digestive, sudorific, anti-inflammatory, emmenagogue. Used for acute and chronic cystitis, renal suppression (scanty micturition), catarrh of the bladder, albuminuria, amenorrhoea, leucorrhoea. Aerial parts—abortifacient.
Key application: In dyspepsia. (German Commission E.) Juniper berry may increase glucose levels in diabetics. (ESCOP.) As a diuretic.(The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia.)The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India recommends the dried fruit in malabsorption syndrome.Animal studies have shown an increase in urine excretion as well as a direct effect on sooth muscle contraction. (German Commission E, ESCOP.)Con- traindicated in kidney disease. (Sharon M. Herr.)(In Kerala, Hapushaa and Mundi are considered to be synonyms; Syphaer- anthus indicus,Asteraceae, is used as Hapushaa.)The major constituents of the volatile oil are alpha-pinene, sabinene and alpha-terpinene. Methanolic extract of the plant gave several labdane diter- penoids and diterpenes. The leaves contain the biflavones, cupressufla- vone, amentoflavone, hinokiflavone, isocryptomerin and sciadopitysin. The berries also contain condensed tannins. Seeds gave haemagglutinin.Juniperus recurva Buch-Ham ex D. Don, syn. J. excelsa auct. non-Bieb. (temperate Himalaya from Kashmir to Bhutan) is known as Weeping Blue Juniper. J. macropoda Boiss. (the Himalaya from Nepal onwards) is known as Himalayan Indian Juniper. Both the species are used like J. communis var. saxatillis.The berries gave a diterpene ketone, sugrol, beta-sitosterol glucoside and 10-nonacosanol.Plant extract can be used in toothpastes and mouth-rinses to reduce dental plaque and bleeding.
Dosage: Dried fruit—2-6 g powder. (API, Vol. III.)... juniperus communis
(Latin) Feminine form of Justin; one who is just and upright Justa, Justeen, Justeene, Justene, Justie, Justina, Justinn, Justy, Justyna, Justyne, Justeena, Justyna, Justea... justine
(Latin) In mythology, goddess of fountains and springs Jutorna, Jutourna... juturna
(Latin) In mythology, goddess of youth... juventas
(African) The golden woman Jwahyr, Jwaheer, Jwahear... jwahir
(Indian) Born of the light Jyotika, Jyotis, Jyotie, Jyoty, Jyotey, Jyotee, Jyotea... jyoti
(Indian) Woman of the moonlight... jyotsna
A yellow liquid obtained by squeezing lime-fruit, Citrus limetta. In common with lemon-juice, it is a rich source of vitamin C (16·8–62·5 mg per 100 ml) and contains a large quantity of citric acid. It is used as a refreshing drink and as a preventive of, and remedy for, SCURVY. Lime-juice which has been boiled, or preserved for a prolonged period, loses its anti-scorbutic properties.... lime-juice
Previously called juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile chronic arthritis, this is a set of related conditions of unknown cause affecting children. Characteristically, the synovial membrane of a joint or joints becomes in?amed and swollen for at leat six weeks (and often very much longer – even years). About 1 in 10,000 children develop it each year, many of whom have certain HLA genetic markers, thought to be important in determining who gets the illness. In?ammatory CYTOKINES play a big part.
Clinical features There are various types. The oligoarthritic type involves 1–4 joints (usually knee or ankle) which become hot, swollen and painful. One complication is an in?ammation of the eyes – UVEITIS. The condition often ‘burns out’, but may reappear at any time, even years later.
The polyarthritic type is more like RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS in adults, and the child may have persistent symptoms leading to major joint deformity and crippling.
The systemic type, previously called Still’s disease, presents with a high fever and rash, enlarged liver, spleen and lymph nodes, and arthritis – although the latter may be mild. In some children the illness becomes recurrent; in others it dies down only to return as polyarthritis.
Complications These include uveitis, which can lead to loss of vision; a failure to thrive; osteoporosis (see under BONE, DISORDERS OF); joint deformity; and psychosocial diffculties.
Treatment This includes ANTIPYRETICS and ANALGESICS, including NON-STEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS (NSAIDS), intra-articular steroid injections, anti-tumour necrosis factor drugs and steroids.
Physiotherapy is vital, and children may need to wear splints or other orthotic devices to alleviate deformity and pain. Orthopaedic operative procedures may be necessary.... juvenile idiopathic arthritis (jia)
Health, Power, Protection, Strength, Love, Divination, Happiness... st.johns wort
See ERYTHEMA – Erythema multiforme.... stevens-johnson syndrome
DC.
Synonym: N. grandiflora DC.
Family: Valerianaceae.
Habitat: Alpine Himalayas, Kumaon, Sikkim and Bhutan.
English: Spikenard, Musk-root.
Ayurvedic: Maansi, Jataamaansi, Bhuutajataa, Tapaswini, Sulo- mashaa, Jatilaa, Naladaa.
Unani: Sumbul-e-Hindi, Sambul-ut- Teeb, Naardeen-e-Hindi, Baalchhar.
Siddha/Tamil: Sadamanchil.
Action: Used as a substitute for Valerian. Tranquilizer, sedative, hypotensive. Used for the treatment of epilepsy, hysteria, convulsive affections, palpitation of heart and in intestinal colic. A decoction of powdered roots is prescribed as a home remedy for high blood pressure. It is used in dysmenorrhoea for pain relief and smooth menstrual flow. It is used in hair oil for arresting hair loss and greying of hair.
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India recommends dry rhizomes in obstinate skin diseases, erysipelas, disturbed mental state and insomnia.The rhizome is rich in sesquiter- penoids. The crude drug gave an oil (yield 2.5% v/w), which contains d- nardostachone, valeranone and jata- mansone as the major ketonic sesqui- terpenes. The oil potentiated phenobarbital narcosis in rats, reduced brain serotonin content and decreased the conditioned avoidance performance in cats.Jatamansone was shown to exert tranquilizing effect in mice and monkeys. In rabbits, jatamansone was found to impair biosynthesis of serotonin in the brain leading to a reduction in brain level of 5-hydroxytrypta- mine. The degradation of serotonin was unaffected. The mode of action of jatamansone was thus in variance with that of reserpine which has direct action on the cell to liberate serotonin.On the other hand, the alcoholic extract of the roots of Indian Nard caused an overall increase in the levels of central monamines, 5-hydroxy indole acetic acid and the inhibitory amino acids, gamma-aminobutyric acid, norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin in rat brain.In a clinical trial on hyperkinetic children, jatamansone showed significant reduction in hyperactivity and improvement in restlessness and aggressiveness, almost at par with D- amphetamine.The volatile oil was found to be less active than quinidine in several tests. It did not counteract digitalis induced ventricular arrhythmias.Jatamansone semicarbazone, a sesquiterpene ketone, was found to possess antiestrogenic activity.N. jatamansi is also used in place of Muraa (Selinum tenuifolium Wall. ex DC.)
Dosage: Root—2-3 g powder; 5-10 g for infusion; 50-100 ml infusion. (API, Vol. I; CCRAS.)... nardostachys jatamansi
(Chinese) One who is elegant and graceful... xiu juan
St. John’s Wort Tea is an herb that makes serotonin (the happiness substance) to remain active in the brain for an extensive period of time. It is used today in the fight against depressions and sleep problems.
Description of St. John’s wort tea
St. John’s Wort Tea is a perennial plant that grows throughout North America, Europe, India, China and Brazil. It has bright yellow star-shaped flowers.
St. John Wort Tea is a renowned herb used as a natural anti-depressant all around the world.
The Greeks used to soak the plant into wine before drinking it to cast away evil spirits. Nowadays we see these dangerous spirits in serious headaches and acute depressions.
Benefits of St. John’s Wort Tea
St. John’s Wort Tea can be used as a treatment in mild to moderate depression according to British Medical Journal. In the herbalist’s pharmacy St. John Wort Tea was considered a very strong herbal sedative and it was used in accordance with the patient’s own suffering.
St John’s Wort tea has minimal or no effects beyond placebo in the treatment of major depression according to National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM). Recently scientists discovered that St. John’s Wort Tea has antiviral and antibacterial properties.
Risks of St. John’s Wort Tea
St. John’s Wort Tea shouldn’t be mixed with other antidepressants because they cancel each other. If you get an unexpected rash, a headache or even nausea you should call you doctor at once.
Side effects of John’s Wort Tea
The side effects that St. Jonh’s Wort Tea can have, similar to placebos, are: gastrointestinal symptoms, sedation, tiredness, confusion or dizziness. It can also increase a sensibility to light and to sunburns.
Preparation of St. John’e Wort Tea
You can find St. John’s Wort Tea in ready made tea bags and loose leaf teas. Put one teaspoon in a cup of boiling water, let it steep for almost 5 minutes, strain and serve preferably hot with honey or sugar.
St. John Wort Tea is a great medicine for depressions, it offers you a sense of well being, brings more peace into your life and it relaxes your mind. Drink a cup of St. John wort tea and forget about your nightmares.... st. john`s wort tea
Quarterly publication of the National Herbalists Association of Australia. Australian medicinal plants, Government reports, case studies, books, plant abstracts. For subscription details and complimentary copy of the Journal contact: NHAA, PO Box 65, Kingsgrove NSW 2208, Australia. Tel: +61(02) 502 2938. Annual subscription (Aus) $40 (overseas applicants include $15 for air mail, otherwise sent by sea mail). ... australian journal of medical herbalism
Published six-monthly by the School of Phytotherapy (Herbal Medicine), edited by Hein Zeylstra. Scientific journal for the professional. Enquiries: School of Phytotherapy, Bucksteep Manor, Bodle Street Green, near Hailsham, East Sussex BN27 4RJ, UK. ... british journal of phytotherapy
Published three times a year by The National Institute of Medical Herbalists, 9 Palace Gate, Exeter, Devon, England EX1 1JA. Material of high quality on all subjects relevant to the practice of herbal medicine, creating a forum for sharing information and opinion about developments in the field, including scientific, professional and political issues of importance to the medical herbalist. ... european journal of herbal medicine
As expressed from fresh plants and used within 2-3 days or preserved with equal parts alcohol or glycerine. Use of home juicer suffices. Plantain, Horseradish, Marigold petals, Marshmallow leaves or root. ... juices
If you have joint pains it’s best to treat them as soon as possible in order to avoid further complications, such as arthritis.
Other than making your life a lot harder, joint pains may trigger other health complications such as bone cancer or even spinal cord issues.
Joint problems consist of localized pain in your member and the incapacity to walk or move your hands properly. If that is the case, you better talk to a doctor before shopping for remedies, in order to find out which affection you’re dealing with.
How a Tea for Joints Works
A Tea for Joints’ main goal is to trigger a positive response from your body and to trick it into directing all reconstructing agents to the affected areas.
These teas are well known for their curative properties, which spread from bringing relief in cases of stress, anxiety, headaches, migraines and even generalized pain.
Efficient Tea for Joints
In order to be efficient, a Tea for Joints needs to be one hundred percent safe (you may want to avoid other health complications) and to have a quick and positive effect on your body.
To be able to do that, a Tea for Joints has to contain an elevated level of nutrients, enzymes, volatile oils and minerals (iron, sodium, magnesium and manganese). If you don’t know which teas contain all the necessary constituents, here’s a list to choose from:
- Green Tea – can induce a state of calmness to both your articulations and bone system thanks to its substances. Scientists have shown that this Tea for Joints contains all the necessary ingredients that could sustain life, so you must have it in your medicine cabinet.
However, if you’re experiencing menstrual or menopausal symptoms, it’s best to avoid it at all costs: it may cause uterine contractions.
- Chamomile Tea – has soothing properties and it’s also good for a wide range of health complaints, from headaches to sore throats and even diabetes. It has a pleasant taste and a lovely smell. Not only that, but this tea is also one hundred percent safe, so you can drink as much as you want.
- Raspberry Leaf Tea – contains a high level of vitamin C, which will enhance your health and give you an energy boost. You can also use it for female reproductive problems, such as infertility or even menopause. Two cups of Raspberry Leaf Tea per day might work miracles on your health!
Tea for Joints Side Effects
When taken properly, these teas are generally safe. However, exceeding the number of cups may lead to a number of affections, such as upset stomach, skin rash, diarrhea and nausea.
If you’ve been taking one of these teas for a while and you’re experiencing some unusual reactions, ask for medical assistance immediately. Don’t take a Tea for Joints if you’re pregnant, breastfeeding, on blood thinners or anticoagulants.
The same advice if you’re preparing for a surgery (some of the active constituents might interfere with your anesthetic).
But if you have the green light from your doctor, choose a Tea for Joints that fits best your needs and enjoy its great health benefits!... tea for joints
A group of rheumatoid conditions of unknown causation with onset before 16 years. Girls more than boys. Still’s disease being the form presenting with enlargement of spleen and lymph nodes, high temperature with macular rash comes and goes. Children usually ‘grow out of it’ although stiffness may continue. Deformities possible. Tardy bone growth of the mandibles giving the face a birdlike look. May progress to rheumatoid arthritis (girls) or ankylosing spondylitis (boys). So strong is psychosomatic evidence that sociologists believe it to be a sequel to broken families, divorce or bereavement. Few patients appear to come from a balanced environment or happy home.
Treatment. BHP (1983) recommends: Meadowsweet, Balm of Gilead, Poke root, Bogbean, Hart’s Tongue fern, Mountain Grape.
Teas: Singly or in combination (equal parts): Chamomile, Bogbean, Nettles, Yarrow. 1-2 teaspoons to each cup boiling water; infuse 5-10 minutes. 1 cup thrice daily before meals.
Tablets/capsules. Blue Flag root, Dandelion root, Poke root, Prickly Ash bark.
Formula. White Poplar bark 2; Black Cohosh half; Poke root quarter; Valerian quarter; Liquorice quarter. Mix. Dose: Powders: 500mg (two 00 capsules or one-third teaspoon) (children 5-12 years: 250mg – one 00 capsule or one-sixth teaspoon). Liquid extracts: 1 teaspoon: (children 5-12: 3-10 drops). Tinctures: 2 teaspoons: (children 5-12: 5-20 drops).
Evening Primrose oil. Immune enhancer.
Topical. Hot poultice: Slippery Elm, Mullein or Lobelia.
Diet: Lacto vegetarian. Kelp. Comfrey tea. Molasses. Low fat.
General. Adequate rest, good nursing, gentle manipulation but no massage to inflamed joints. Natural lifestyle. Parental emotional support.
Oily fish. See entry. ... arthritis, juvenile, chronic
1567-1650. Apothecary to two kings; first James I. When Charles I came to the throne he was named Botanicus Regis Primarius. Books: Paradise in Sole Paradisus Terristris (1629). It was a pun on his name: Park-in-suns Earthly Paradise, and referred to as a ‘speaking garden’. Theatre of Plants (1640). Describes 3,800 plants. A herbal in every sense of the word; most comprehensive in the English language. ... parkinson, john
The joint that lies between the outer end of the clavicle (collarbone) and the acromion (the bony prominence at the top of the scapula (shoulderblade).... acromioclavicular joint
A type of joint found in the spine, formed by the bony knob (called a process) of one vertebra fitting into a hollow in the vertebra above. Facet joints allow a degree of movement between individual vertebrae, which gives the spine its flexibility.... facet joint
Well-known American herbal practitioner and writer. Books: School of Natural Healing (1976) – comprehensive herbal work commended to practitioners. Childhood Diseases (1976) Theory and practice of children’s herbal medicine. Dr Christopher had many spectacular results hit the headlines, including one of his ‘Walnut cures’. One of the worst cases of eczema reported in the United States Army was that of a soldier whose head was an eruptive mass. Known treatments were of no avail. Obtaining permission from the doctor concerned, he prepared his ‘Walnut Tincture’ by steeping Walnut shells in brandy for 3 weeks. Making a gauze cap to fit the man’s head, he gave instructions for it to be kept moist with the Tincture 24 hours a day. Much to the amazement of the Army doctors concerned, the soldier was completely cured within one week. ... christopher, john r.
Fish poison bark. Piscidia Erythrina L. German: Kornelbaum. French: Cornouiller. Spanish: Corniro. Italian: Corniola. Part used: root bark.
Constituents: piscidin, calcium oxalate, isoflavones, organic acids.
Action: sedative, antispasmodic, nerve relaxant, mild analgesic, hypnotic, antitussive, anti-inflammatory. Synergy: action resembles Wild Yam, Black Haw, Pulsatilla, Bryonia, Black Cohosh and Gelsemium regarding nerve symptoms.
Uses: Infantile hyperactivity, brain excitability, nervous instability, neuralgia, insomnia from excess coffee or mental activity, toothache, spasm of the womb, migraine.
Combines well with Valerian and Hops for over-excitability and sleeplessness. Preparations. Thrice daily.
Dried root bark. 2-4g or in decoction.
Liquid extract BPC 1934. (1:1 60 per cent alcohol). Dose: 2-8ml.
Tincture. 1 part to 5 parts alcohol (45 per cent). Dose: 5-15ml.
Tablets/capsules. The remedy is frequently combined with Valerian, Skullcap, Black Cohosh and Cayenne for nerve weakness and tension.
Not given in pregnancy or weak heart. ... jamaica dogwood
Preoccupation with the potential sexual infidelity of one’s partner. The sufferer, most often a man, becomes convinced that his partner is having an affair. Morbid jealousy is usually caused by a personality disorder, depression, or paranoia, but may also occur in those suffering from alcohol dependence or organic brain syndrome (see brain syndrome, organic).... jealousy, morbid
Peanut of the desert. Simmondsia chinensis. Part used: nut-bean. An animal fat (wax) substitute. Contains myristic acid. Once an important medicinal fruit among Southern Arizona Indians. Action: anti-oxidant, emollient, digestant, anti-inflammatory, detergent, anti-foaming agent, vulnerary for cuts and injuries, appetite-depressant, helps restore pH balance, tuberculostatic. The oil is not readily broken-down by the digestive juices, thus it more directly benefits the intestines.
Uses: Used by the native population for indigestion from a ‘cold’ stomach, for wounds that refuse to heal, and by the squaws for painless delivery. Internally, said to inhibit the spread of tuberculosis.
External: Mexican men still apply the oil to their eye-brows and hair for growth while their women use it to dress their braids and tresses. To the scalp the oil removes excess sebum, moistens dry skin and expels dandruff. Used for minor skin disorders, acne, sunburn, minor burns, chapped skin, nappy-rash, soft fingernails and facial blemishes.
Preparations: Nuts – eaten freely by Mexicans, their children and farm animals. Roasted to make coffee. Meal left over after oil extraction contains no less than 17 amino acids. With its 35 per cent protein Jojoba is a valuable nutrient. Oil is obtained from Mexican beans by cold pressing to ensure that properties provided by nature are not destroyed by chemical processing. It has now replaced some animal oils, especially whale oil (spermaceti) as a base for ointments, creams, bath oils, suntan lotions, and other cosmetic preparations. So successful it is as a substitute for whale oil that the sperm whale now has a new lease of life. It is both non-toxic and non-allergenic. May substitute Olive oil in salads. ... jojoba
See juvenile chronic arthritis.... juvenile arthritis
A raised, reddishbrown skin blemish which sometimes appears on the face or legs in early childhood (see naevus). Although they are usually harmless, an unsightly growth,or one suspected of being skin cancer, can be removed surgically.... melanoma, juvenile
The joint between each metatarsal bone and its adjoining toe bone (see phalanges). The metatarsophalangeal joint at the base of the big toe is commonly affected by gout and by hallux rigidus.... metatarsophalangeal joint
A greasy substance obtained from petroleum, also known as petrolatum or soft paraffin. The jelly is commonly used as an ointment base, a protective dressing, and an emollient.... petroleum jelly
Juniperus communis L. German: Wacholder. French: Genie?vre. Spanish: Junipero. Italian: Ginepro. Chinese: Kuli. Iranian: Abhala. Arabian: Habul hurer. Indian: Hanbera. Dried ripe berries. Keynotes: kidney and bladder.
Constituents: volatile oil, resin, grape sugar, diterpene acids, tannins, Vitamin C.
Action: urinary antiseptic, stimulating diuretic, digestive tonic, emmenagogue, parasiticide (externally), carminative, sudorific. The action of gin as a diuretic is due to oil expressed from the berries. Anti- diabetic (unconfirmed).
Uses: Cystitis, renal suppression (scanty micturition), catarrh of the bladder, proteinuria (albuminuria). Digestive weakness caused by poor secretion of gastric juices, flatulence. Aching muscles due to excess lactic acid. Amenorrhoea.
External. Aromatherapy for gout: lotion for joints. As an ingredient of massage oils for rheumatism and arthritis. Cirrhosis of the liver: upper abdominal massage.
Combination: Parsley Piert enhances action in bladder disorders. Combines well with Wild Carrot and Hydrangea for stone.
Preparations: Thrice daily, or as prescribed.
Tea: half-1 teaspoon crushed berries to each cup boiling water; infuse 30 minutes. Half-1 cup.
Tablets/capsules. 250mg. 1-2.
Tincture BHP (1983): 1 part to 5 parts 45 per cent alcohol. 1-2ml.
Basis of Martini and gin (gin and tonic).
Oil: 5-6 drops in honey after meals.
Aromatherapy. 3-6 drops in two teaspoons Almond oil or other base oil, for massage. Precaution. Not used internally without a break for every two weeks. Contra-indicated: pregnancy, Bright’s disease. ... juniper berries
A very rare, inherited condition in which polyps occur in the gastrointestinal tract and small, flat, brown spots appear on the lips and in the mouth. Occasionally the polyps bleed, or cause abdominal pain or intussusception. Tests include barium X-ray examination and endoscopy. Bleeding polyps may be removed.... peutz–jeghers syndrome
A rare, life-threatening form of erythema multiforme characterized by severe blisters and bleeding in the mucous membranes of the eyes, mouth, nose, and genitals.... stevens–johnson syndrome
A herbal remedy derived from the plant HYPERICUM PERFORTUM. Capsules or infusions taken orally are effective in treating mild depression. St. John’s wort is also used in creams for burns, wounds, and joint problems. However, St John’s wort interacts with a wide variety of other medications. People should not take a St John’s wort preparation without first consulting a doctor or pharmacist.... john’s wort
Soreness of the nipple caused by clothing rubbing against it, usually during sports such as jogging or long-distance running. Both men and women can be affected. Prevention is by applying petroleum jelly to the nipple before prolonged running.
joint The junction between 2 or more bones. Many joints are highly mobile, while others are fixed or allow only a small amount of movement.
Joints in the skull are fixed joints firmly secured by fibrous tissue. The bone surfaces of mobile joints are coated with smooth cartilage to reduce friction. The joint is sealed within a tough fibrous capsule lined with synovial membrane (see synovium), which produces a lubricating fluid. Each joint is surrounded by strong ligaments that support it and prevent excessive movement. Movement is controlled by muscles that are attached to bone by tendons on either side of the joint. Most mobile joints have at least one bursa nearby, which cushions a pressure point.
There are several types of mobile joint. The hinge joint is the simplest, allowing bending and straightening, as in the fingers. The knee and elbow joints are modified hinge joints that allow some rotation as well. Pivot joints, such as the joint between the 1st and 2nd vertebrae (see vertebra), allow rotation only. Ellipsoidal joints, such as the wrist, allow all types of movement except pivotal. Ball-and-socket joints include the hip and shoulder joints. These allow the widest range of movement (backwards or forwards, sideways, and rotation).
Common joint injuries include sprains, damage to the cartilage, torn ligaments, and tearing of the joint capsule.
Joint dislocation is usually caused by injury but is occasionally congenital.
A less severe injury may cause subluxation (partial dislocation).
Rarely, the bone ends are fractured, which may cause bleeding into the joint (haemarthrosis) or effusion (build-up of fluid in a joint) due to synovitis (inflammation of the joint lining).
Joints are commonly affected by arthritis.
Bursitis may occur as a result of local irritation or strain.... jogger’s nipple
Ideas put forward by the Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung (1875–1961). Jung theorized that certain ideas (called archetypes) inherited from experiences in a person’s distant past were present in his or her unconscious and controlled the way he or she viewed the world. Jung called these shared ideas the “collective unconscious”. He believed that each individual also had a “personal unconscious”, containing experiences from his or her life, but he regarded the collective unconscious as superior. Therapy was aimed at putting people in touch with this source of ideas, particularly through dream interpretation. Jung’s approach was also based on his theory of personality, which postulated 2 basic types: the extrovert and the introvert. One of these types dominates a person’s consciousness and the other must be brought into consciousness and reconciled with its opposite for the person to become a whole individual.... jungian theory
a deep tendon reflex elicited when the Achilles tendon is stretched and then struck with a tendon hammer. The normal response is reflex contraction of the calf muscles and plantar flexion of the ankle. The ankle jerk may be increased if the spinal cord is compressed above the level of the first sacral spinal nerve (which arises at the level of the second lumbar vertebra). If the nerve itself is cut or compressed the reflex is reduced or absent.... ankle jerk
(gliding joint) a form of *diarthrosis (freely movable joint) in which the bony surfaces slide over each other without angular or rotational movement. Examples are the joints of the carpus and tarsus.... arthrodic joint
see enarthrosis.... ball-and-socket joint
a protein of low molecular weight found in the urine of patients with multiple *myeloma and rarely in patients with *lymphoma, *leukaemia, and *Hodgkin’s disease. [H. Bence-Jones (1814–73), British physician]... bence-jones protein
a deep tendon reflex mediated by the fifth cervical *spinal nerve (C5). The examiner’s thumb or index finger is placed over the patient’s biceps tendon in the elbow crease and struck sharply with a tendon hammer; the normal response is a reflex contraction of the biceps and flexion of the elbow. The jerk is exaggerated in upper *motor neuron lesions, such as a stroke, and reduced or absent in lower motor neuron lesions, such as a disc herniation, peripheral nerve injury, or peripheral neuropathy (e.g. diabetes, alcoholism).... biceps jerk
A rare form of arthritis affecting children. Juvenile chronic arthritis occurs more often in girls, and usually develops between 2 and 4 years of age or around puberty. There are 3 main types. Still’s disease (systemic onset juvenile arthritis) starts with fever, rash, enlarged lymph nodes, abdominal pain, and weight loss. These symptoms last for a period of several weeks. Joint pain, swelling, and stiffness may develop after several months. Polyarticular juvenile arthritis causes pain, swelling, and stiffness in many joints. Pauciarticular juvenile arthritis affects 4 joints or fewer.
Possible complications include short stature, anaemia, pleurisy, pericarditis, and enlargement of the liver and spleen. Uveitis may develop, which, if untreated, may damage vision. Rarely, amyloidosis may occur or kidney failure may develop. Diagnosis is based on the symptoms, together with the results of X-rays and blood tests, and is only made if the condition lasts for longer than 3 months.
Treatment may include antirheumatic drugs, corticosteroid drugs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or aspirin. Splints may be worn to rest inflamed joints and to reduce the risk of deformities. Physiotherapy reduces the risk of muscle wasting and deformities.
The arthritis usually clears up after several years. However, in some children, the condition remains active into adult life.
– kala-azar A form of leishmaniasis that is spread by insects. Kala-azar occurs in parts of Africa, India, the Mediterranean, and South America.... juvenile chronic arthritis
prolonged jaundice lasting several weeks after birth in breast-fed babies for which no other cause can be found. It improves with time and is not an indication to stop breast-feeding.... breast-milk jaundice
a painless joint effusion in a child, usually in the knee, caused by inflammation of the synovial membranes due to congenital syphilis. [H. H. Clutton (1850–1909), British surgeon]... clutton’s joint
(CJD) a rapidly progressive rare neurological disease, a form of human *spongiform encephalopathy in which dementia progresses to death after a period of 3–12 months. There is no effective treatment. The causative agent is an abnormal *prion protein that accumulates in the brain and causes widespread destruction of tissue. CJD typically affects middle-aged to elderly people. Some 15% of cases are due to a form of the disease that is inherited as an autosomal *dominant trait but most cases are sporadic, susceptibility being genetically determined. A few cases of CJD are acquired: the agent is known to have been transmitted by tissue and organ transplantation and by human growth hormone injections, but the disease may take years to manifest itself. Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD) is the human form of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), which is most likely acquired by the ingestion of infected beef products. Patients are younger than those affected with sporadic CJD and present with psychiatric symptoms (e.g. depression, anxiety) and hypersensitivity to touch, which are followed after months by myoclonic jerks (see myoclonus) and dementia. [H. G. Creutzfeldt (1885–1964) and A. M. Jakob (1884–1931), German psychiatrists]... creutzfeldt–jakob disease
a *delusional belief that one’s partner is unfaithful when there is no reasonable evidence for this. It often occurs in the context of *alcoholism.... delusional jealousy
the liquid secreted by the *gastric glands of the stomach. Its main digestive constituents are hydrochloric acid, mucin, *rennin, and pepsinogen. The acid acts on pepsinogen to produce *pepsin, which functions best in an acid medium. The acidity of the stomach contents also kills unwanted bacteria and other organisms that have been ingested with the food. Gastric juice also contains *intrinsic factor, which is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12.... gastric juice
see arthrodic joint.... gliding joint
a collection of *paraganglion cells in close relation to the internal jugular vein at its origin at the base of the skull. It is a site of origin for *glomus tumours (see also paraganglioma).... glomus jugulare
see ginglymus.... hinge joint
see succus entericus.... intestinal juice
see epilepsy. [J. H. Jackson (1835–1911), British neurologist]... jacksonian march
a bluish or purplish coloration of the vagina: a possible indication of pregnancy. [J. M. Jacquemier (1806–79), French obstetrician]... jacquemier’s sign
n. restless tossing and turning of a person suffering from a severe disease, frequently one with a high fever.... jactitation
a card with text printed in type of different sizes, used for testing acuity of near vision. [E. R. Jaeger von Jastthal (1818–84), Austrian ophthalmologist]... jaeger test types
one of the manifestations of temporal lobe *epilepsy, in which there is a sudden feeling of unfamiliarity with everyday surroundings.... jamais vu
red spots on the palm of the hands caused by a bacterial infection of the heart (see endocarditis). [E. G. Janeway (1841–1911), US physician]... janeway lesions
(Herxheimer reaction) exacerbation of the symptoms of syphilis that may occur on starting antibiotic therapy for the disease. The effect is transient and requires no treatment. [A. Jarisch (1850–1902), Austrian dermatologist; K. Herxheimer (1861–1944), German dermatologist]... jarisch–herxheimer reaction
an abnormal reflex elicited by lightly placing the index finger across the chin of the patient and tapping it with a tendon hammer while the jaw hangs loosely open. A brisk upward movement of the jaw indicates an upper *motor neuron disorder above the brainstem.... jaw-jerk reflex
a religious movement important in medicine because of its biblical prohibition on using blood or blood products, even to save a life. Individual witnesses who undergo transfusion (even against their will or unknowingly) risk being seen by their community as defiled and damned for eternity. Physicians therefore may have to respond in critical circumstances to a competent adult’s decision to refuse treatment: there may be alternative nonbiological methods of treatment. An accident and emergency department should have a discussed and agreed policy, with senior staff available to help and counsel junior staff.... jehovah’s witnesses
(jejuno-) combining form denoting the jejunum.... jejun
see peptic ulcer; Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.... jejunal ulcer
n. surgical removal of part or the entirety of the jejunum.... jejunectomy
n. an operation in which part of the jejunum is joined to the distal ileum following the removal or bypass of diseased segments of small bowel. It was formerly used for the treatment of obesity but has been abandoned because of deleterious side-effects.... jejunoileostomy
n. a surgical operation in which the jejunum is brought through the abdominal wall as a *stoma. It may enable the insertion of a jejunal catheter for short-term infusion of nutrients or other substances. A feeding jejunostomy is a tube inserted into the jejunum using endoscopic or surgical techniques to allow the introduction of nutrients. This may be required when disease, previous surgery, or refractory vomiting prevents the placement of a *gastrostomy (PEG) tube. A percutaneous endoscopic gastrojejunostomy (PEG-J) is a jejunal extension that is applied to an existing PEG tube.... jejunostomy
n. surgical incision of the jejunum.... jejunotomy
n. the point at which two or more bones are connected. The opposing surfaces of the two bones are lined with cartilaginous, fibrous, or soft (synovial) tissue. The three main classes of joint are *diarthrosis (freely movable), *amphiarthrosis (slightly movable), and *synarthrosis (immovable).... joint
n. the opinion of a clinician in the context of medical care. In spite of technical advances, few decisions in medicine are automatic. This is particularly true where there are critical differences of data interpretation, potential conflicts between individuals or family members, or moral and procedural dilemmas.... judgment
(JVP) the pressure in the internal jugular vein, which is an indirect measurement of *central venous pressure (CVP) in the right atrium. In clinical practice the JVP is estimated by visual inspection at the bedside with the patient reclining at 45 degrees.... jugular venous pressure
n. (in anatomy) a ridge or furrow that connects two parts of a bone.... jugum
(patellar tendinitis) a form of *tendinitis that is common in athletes and dancers. Repeated sudden contracture of the quadriceps muscle at take-off causes inflammation of the attachment of the patellar tendon to the lower end of the patella. Treatment includes rest, physiotherapy, and anti-inflammatory medication.... jumper’s knee
n. (in anatomy) the point at which two different tissues or structures are in contact. See also neuromuscular junction.... junction
(JE) (in dentistry) the stratified squamous *epithelium that is directly attached to the surface of a tooth; it has a protective function against periodontal diseases.... junctional epithelium
(JIA, Still’s disease) any one of a group of conditions characterized by inflammation of the joints lasting longer than 6 weeks and occurring before the age of 16. The causes are unknown but immunological and infective mechanisms are suspected. JIA can affect either four or fewer joints (pauciarticular JIA) or more than four (polyarticular JIA). There are two recognized types of pauciarticular JIA: type 1, which generally affects girls below the age of four; and type 2 (juvenile-onset spondylarthropathy), which generally affects boys over the age of nine. There are also two types of polyarticular JIA, depending on the presence or absence of a particular antibody in the blood. There is a great range of severity of these diseases. Treatment consists of pain management and prevention of subsequent deformity or limitation of movement (e.g. contractures). Long-term joint damage is prevented by use of medications similar to those used in rheumatoid arthritis.... juvenile idiopathic arthritis
see juvenile idiopathic arthritis.... juvenile-onset spondylarthropathy
see dermatosis.... juvenile plantar dermatosis
see polyp.... juvenile polyp
combining form denoting proximity to. Example: juxta-articular (near a joint).... juxta
(JGA) a microscopic structure within the kidney that is important in regulating blood pressure, body fluid, and electrolytes. It is situated in each nephron, between the afferent arteriole of the glomerulus and the returning distal convoluted tubule of the same nephron. The JGA consists of specialized cells within the distal tubule (the macula densa), which detect the amount of sodium chloride passing through the tubule and can secrete locally acting vasoconstrictor substances that act on the associated afferent arteriole to induce a reduction in filtration pressure (tubuloglomerular feedback). Modified cells within the afferent arterioles secrete *renin in response to a fall in perfusion pressure or feedback from the macula densa and form a central role in the renin-*angiotensin-aldosterone axis. Mesangial cells support and connect the macula densa and the specialized cells in the afferent arteriole and have sympathetic innervation, facilitating the renin response to sympathetic nervous stimulation.... juxtaglomerular apparatus
the study or practice of the legal aspects of medicine. See forensic medicine.... medical jurisprudence
see neuromuscular junction.... myoneural junction
(vomeronasal organ) a small blind sac in the wall of the nasal cavity. In humans it never develops properly and has no function, but in lower animals (e.g. snakes) it is one of the major organs of olfaction. [L. L. Jacobson (1783–1843), Danish anatomist]... organ of jacobson
the digestive juice secreted by the *pancreas. Its production is stimulated by hormones secreted by the duodenum, which in turn is stimulated by contact with food from the stomach. If the duodenum produces the hormone *secretin the pancreatic juice contains a large amount of sodium bicarbonate, which neutralizes the acidity of the stomach contents. Another hormone (see cholecystokinin) stimulates the production of a juice rich in digestive enzymes, including trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen (which are converted to *trypsin and *chymotrypsin in the duodenum), *amylase, *lipase, and *maltase.... pancreatic juice
a hereditary disorder in which the presence of multiple *polyps in the lining of the small intestine (intestinal *polyposis) is associated with pigmented areas (similar to freckles) around the lips, on the inside of the mouth, and on the palms and soles. The polyps can also occur in the colon and stomach. They may bleed, resulting in anaemia, or may cause obstruction of the bowel. Half of the patients develop malignant tumours (not necessarily of the bowel). [J. L. A. Peutz (1886–1957), Dutch physician; H. J. Jeghers (1904–90), US physician]... peutz–jeghers syndrome
see trochoid joint.... pivot joint
a form of *diarthrosis (freely movable joint) in which the articulating surfaces of the bones are reciprocally saddle-shaped. It occurs at the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.... saddle joint
a plaster of Paris cast shaped to fit around and support the backbone. It is used in cases where the vertebrae have been severely damaged by disease, such as tuberculosis. [L. A. Sayre (1820–1900), US surgeon]... sayre’s jacket
a metastatic tumour nodule in the umbilicus that originates from a tumour in the pelvis or abdomen, particularly ovarian and stomach cancer. [Sister Mary Joseph Dempsey (1856–1939), US nurse]... sister mary joseph nodule
a decision made by someone on behalf of a patient lacking capacity that is judged to reflect what the patient would have wanted had he or she had the mental capacity to decide for him- or herself. This judgment is best made by someone close to the patient who has a good knowledge of the patient’s beliefs, opinions, and character, provided that there are no potentially conflicting and partial interests at play. See also power of attorney; proxy decision.... substituted judgment
see diarthrosis.... synovial joint
a tendon reflex that acts at the level of the seventh cervical spinal nerve. With the elbow flexed and relaxed, the triceps tendon is struck just above the elbow, causing contraction of the triceps and extension of the elbow. This reflex is increased in upper *motor neuron lesions and absent in lower motor neuron lesions.... triceps jerk
(pivot joint) a form of *diarthrosis (freely movable joint) in which a bone moves round a central axis, allowing rotational movement. An example is the joint between the atlas and axis vertebrae.... trochoid joint
a judgment of the worth, desirability, acceptability, or merit of something, as distinct from a claim about fact or neutral description.... value judgment
(vCJD) see Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease.... variant creutzfeldt–jakob disease
the mesoderm tissue of the umbilical cord, which becomes converted to a loose jelly-like *mesenchyme surrounding the umbilical blood vessels.... wharton’s jelly
Pilocarpus jaborandi
FAMILY: Rutaceae
SYNONYMS: Pernambuco jaborandi, P. pennatifolius, iaborandi, jamborandi, arrudo do mato, arruda brava, jamguaraddi, juarandi.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A woody shrub up to 2 metres high with a smooth, greyish bark, large brownish-green leathery leaves containing big oil glands and reddish-purple flowers.
DISTRIBUTION: Native to Brazil; other species are found in Paraguay, Cuba, the West Indies and Central America.
OTHER SPECIES: There are many members of the Rutaceae and Piperaceae family known simply as jaborandi, such as Piper jaborandi. Others include maranham jaborandi (P. microphyllus), ceara jaborandi (P. trachylophus) and aracti jaborandi (P. spicatus).There is consequently some confusion about the exact botanical source of the oil.
HERBAL/FOLK TRADITION: Jaborandi induces salivation and most gland secretions; it was also used at one time to promote hair growth. ‘Useful in psoriasis, prurigo, deafness ... chronic catarrh, tonsillitis and particularly dropsy.’ .
ACTIONS: Antiseptic, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, galactagogue, stimulant (nerve).
EXTRACTION: Essential oil by steam distillation from the dried leaflets.
CHARACTERISTICS: An orange or yellow liquid with a sweet-herbaceous fruity odour.
PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS: Pilocarpine is the main active constituent; also isopilocarpine, pilocarpidine, methyl nonyl ketone, dipentene and other hydrocarbons.
SAFETY DATA: Oral toxin, skin irritant, abortifacient.
AROMATHERAPY/HOME: USE None.
OTHER USES: Various hypodermic solutions are prepared from pilocarpine: the crude oil is rarely used. Little used in perfumery or flavour work due to toxicity.... jaborandi
Accumulation of toxins (M,S,B):
Angelica, white birch, carrot seed, celery seed, coriander, cumin, sweet fennel, grapefruit, juniper, lovage, parsley.
Aches and pains (M,C,B):
Ambrette, star anise, aniseed, French basil, West Indian bay, cajeput, calamintha, camphor (white), chamomile (German & Roman), coriander, eucalyptus (blue gum & peppermint), silver fir, galbanum, ginger, immortelle, lavandin, lavender (spike & true), lemongrass, sweet marjoram, mastic, mint (peppermint & spearmint), niaouli, nutmeg, black pepper, pine (longleaf & Scotch), rosemary, sage (clary & Spanish), hemlock spruce, thyme, turmeric, turpentine, vetiver.
Arthritis (M,S,C,B):
Allspice, angelica, benzoin, white birch, cajeput, camphor (white), carrot seed, cedarwood (Atlas, Texas & Virginian), celery seed, chamomile (German & Roman), clove bud, coriander, eucalyptus (blue gum & peppermint), silver fir, ginger, guaiacwood, juniper, lemon, sweet marjoram, mastic, myrrh, nutmeg, parsley, black pepper, pine (longleaf & Scotch), rosemary, Spanish sage, thyme, tumeric, turpentine, vetiver, yarrow.
Cellulitis (M,S,B):
White birch, cypress, sweet fennel, geranium, grapefruit, juniper, lemon, parsley, rosemary, thyme.
Debility/poor muscle tone (M,S,B):
Allspice, ambrette, borneol, ginger, grapefruit, sweet marjoram, black pepper, pine (longleaf & Scotch), rosemary, Spanish sage.
Gout (M,S,B):
Angelica, French basil, benzoin, carrot seed, celery seed, coriander, guaiacwood, juniper, lovage, mastic, pine (longleaf & Scotch), rosemary, thyme, turpentine.
High blood pressure & hypertension (M,B,V):
cananga, garlic, true lavender, lemon, sweet marjoram, melissa, clary sage, yarrow, ylang ylang.
Muscular cramp & stiffness (M,C,B):
Allspice, ambrette, coriander, cypress, grapefruit, jasmine, lavandin, lavender (spike & true), sweet marjoram, black pepper, pine (longleaf & Scotch), rosemary, thyme, vetiver.
Obesity (M,B):
White birch, sweet fennel, juniper, lemon, mandarin, orange (bitter & sweet).
Oedema & water retention (M,B):
Angelica, white birch, carrot seed, cypress, sweet fennel, geranium, grapefruit, juniper, lavage, mandarin, orange (bitter & sweet), rosemary, Spanish sage.
Palpitations (M):
Neroli, orange (bitter & sweet), rose (cabbage & damask), ylang ylang.
Poor circulation & low blood pressure (M,B):
Ambrette, Peru balsam, West Indian bay, benzoin, white birch, borneol, cinnamon leaf, coriander, cumin, cypress, eucalyptus blue gum, galbanum, geranium, ginger, lemon, lemongrass, lovage, neroli, niaouli, nutmeg, black pepper, pine (longleaf & Scotch), rose (cabbage & damask), rosemary, Spanish sage, hemlock spruce, thyme, violet.
Rheumatism (M,C,B):
Allspice, angelica, star anise, aniseed, Peru balsam, French basil, West Indian bay, benzoin, white birch, borneol, cajeput, calamintha, camphor (white), carrot seed, cedarwood (Atlas, Texas & Virginian), celery seed, chamomile (German & Roman), cinnamon leaf, clove bud, coriander, cypress, eucalyptus (blue gum & peppermint), sweet fennel, silver fir, galbanum, ginger, immortelle, juniper, lavandin, lavender (spike & true), lemon, lovage, sweet marjoram, mastic, niaouli, nutmeg, parsley, black pepper, pine (longleaf & Scotch), rosemary, Spanish sage, hemlock spruce, thyme, turmeric, turpentine, vetiver, violet, yarrow.
Sprains & strains (C):
West Indian bay, borneol, camphor (white), chamomile (German & Roman), clove bud, eucalyptus (blue gum & peppermint), ginger, immortelle, jasmine, lavandin, lavender (spike & true), sweet marjoram, black pepper, pine (longleaf & Scotch), rosemary, thyme, turmeric, vetiver.... circulation, muscles and joints:
Health Encyclopedia