Quinine is generally used in the form of one of its salts, such as the sulphate of quinine, or dihydrochloride of quinine. All are sparingly soluble in water, much more so when taken along with an acid.
Action Quinine is a powerful antiseptic (see ANTISEPTICS). Its best-known action is in checking the recurrence of attacks of MALARIA, as it destroys malarial parasites in the blood. In fevers it acts as an antipyretic (see ANTIPYRETICS).
Among its side-effects are ringing in the ears, temporary impairment of vision, and sometimes disturbance of kidney function leading to renal failure.
Uses The most important use of quinine is its original one in malaria, attacks of which it quickly cuts short or prevents altogether. It has been largely replaced by more e?ective and less toxic antimalarial drugs; however, development of malarial parasites resistant to newer drugs has revived the use of quinine. For intravenous injection, when this is necessary in cases of malaria, a soluble form of quinine, the dihydrochloride, is used. Quinine can also be given in combination with other antimalarial drugs on medical advice. The drug is sometimes used in the treatment of cramps.... quinine
Homonymous quadrantanopia is loss of vision in the same quarter of the ?eld in each EYE.... quadrantanopia
Habitat: A West Indian and South American tree, is imported from Jamaica, and the wood is obtainable in small, yellow chips.
Quassia wood is very commonly used as a bitter tonic and anthelmintic.Small cups known as "Bitter Cups" are sometimes made of the wood, and water standing in them soon acquires the medicinal properties of the wood. This water, or an infusion of 1 ounce of the chips in 1 pint of cold water is taken in wineglass doses as a remedy for indigestion and general debility of the digestive system. Quassia infusion is also given to children suffering from worms, in appropriate doses according to age. Midges, gnats, and other insect pests may be kept away by damping the hands and face with the liquid.The history of Quassia wood as an agent in non-poisonous herbal medicine is interesting. The curative properties of the wood were first brought to general notice through a negro slave named Quassy, whose people in his native country of Surinam, used it as a remedy for the various fevers to which they were subject. Quassy communicated his knowledge of the tree's virtues to Daniel Rolander, a Swede, who brought specimens to Europe in 1755.... quassiaSynonym: Vitis quadrangula Wall.
Family: Vitaceae.Habitat: Throughout the warmer parts of India, also cultivated in gardens.
English: Square Stalked Vine, Adamant Creeper.Ayurvedic: Asthisamhaara, Asthisamhrita. Asthi-samyojaka, Vajravalli, Chaturdhaaraa.Unani: Hadjod.Siddha/Tamil: Perandai.Action: The anabolic and steroidal principles of the aerial part showed a marked influence in the rate of fracture-healing. The drug exerts influence both on the organic and mineral phase of fracture-healing. Stem—alterative in scurvy (the plant is rich in vitamin C) and irregular menstruation.
The plant contains phytogenic steroid, ketosteroids, sitosterol, alpha- amyrin, alpha-ampyrone and tetra- cyclic triterpenoids. Phytogenic ste- riods showed bone healing properties. Coloside-A possesses smooth muscle relaxant effect. The total alcoholic extract of the plant neutralizes the anti- anabolic effect of the cortisone in healing of fractures. The aqueous extract of... cissus quadrangulaHabitat: Throughout India, in plains and low mountains.
Ayurvedic: Ashvakatri (non- classical).Folk: Baandar-Baashing (Maharashtra).Action: Pectoral, expectorant. anthelmintic. Used in the treatment of chest diseases, cough, hectic fever, dyspepsia, loss of appetite, chronic jaundice and cutaneous affections. Pounded fonds are used as poultice for swellings. Peeled rhizome with sugar is prescribed for urinary disorders and in spermatorrhoea.
Aqueous extracts possess antibacterial properties.... drynaria quercifoliaHabitat: Native of tropical America; grown in Indian gardens.
English: Giant Granadilla.Action: Fruit—edible; contains 64 mg/100 g ascorbic acid; narcotic when eaten in excess. Leaves, the peel and seeds of green fruit, and roots—cyanogenetic. Roots— poisonous.
The root contains an alkaloid Passiflora which is identical with harman from Passiflora incarnata.... passiflora quadrangularisHabitat: Warmer parts of India, cultivated as a vegetable.
Ayurvedic: Laghu-lonikaa.Siddha/Tamil: Siru Pasalai-keerai.Action: Similar to P. oleracea. Used in asthma, cough, urinary discharges, inflammations and ulcers. A poultice of the herb is applied to haemorrhoids and erysipelas.... portulaca quadrifida
The mental age is established by various tests, the most widely used of which are the Stanford-Binet Scale, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, and the Mill Hill Vocabulary Test.
Average intelligence is represented by an IQ of 100, with a range of 85 to 115. For practical purposes it is taken that the intellectual level reached by the average 15-year-old is indistinguishable from that of an adult.... intelligence quotient (iq)
Habitat: Native to tropical America; grown as an ornamental.
English: Cypress Vine, Indian Pink.Ayurvedic: Kaamalataa.Siddha/Tamil: Kembumalligai, Mayirmanikkam.Folk: Sitaakesh.Action: Powdered root is given as a sternutatory. Pounded leaves are applied to bleeding piles.
The leaves and stems are reported to contain small amounts of alkaloids. Traces of hydrocyanic acid are present also in roots, stems and flowers.... ipomoea quamoclitQuedesh, Qadesha, Quedesha, Qadeshia, Quedeshia, Quedeshiya... qadesh
Qadirah, Qadyra, Qadyrah, Qadiria, Qadirra, Quadira, Quadyra, Qadeera, Qadeira, Qadeara... qadira
Habitat: Maharashtra, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan.
Action: Seeds—sedative.
The seeds contain ergoline alkaloids. The alkaloids are reported to produce vasoconstrictor, uterotonic, neurohor- monic, sympathicolytic and sedative effects.Plants of Merremia sp. are twiners and are used as diuretic, deobstruent, antirheumatic and alterative; the root is used as a mouthwash; leaves are used for burns, scalds and sores. M. vitifo- lia (Burm. F.) Hallier f. exhibits potent diuretic and antiseptic activity in strangury and urethral discharges. (Most of the twiners are known as Prasaarini in Indian medicine and are specific for rheumatic affections.)... merremia quinquefoliaHabitat: Garhwal, Himachal Pradesh and Kulu.
English: Quassia (substitute for P excelsa Lindtl).Ayurvedic: Bhurangi, Nimbi. (Clerodendrum serratum and its related species represent Bhaargi or Bhaarangi.)Folk: Nimatotaa.Action: Wood—a non-astringent bitter tonic and stomachic, amoe- bicidal, anthelmintic (used as enema), insect repellent. Used as a supporting medicine for temporary relief in cirrhosis of liver.
Many indole alkaloids of beta-car- boline, canthin-6-one and beta-carbo- line dimer type, have been isolated from the wood. These are reported to increase the blood flow rate in the intestine and stomach of rabbit; also exhibited antiviral activity on Herpes simplex virus.Nigaki lactone and methylnigaki- none, isolated from the wood, showed antigastric ulcer activity in rats. The extract of the wood is reported to prevent the secretion of gastric juice in a dose-dependent manner in rats. The extract also showed the same effects on rats having aspirin-induced gastric ulcer.Family: Scrophulariaceae.Habitat: The alpine Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim.
English: Picrorhiza.Ayurvedic: Katukaa, Katurohini, Kattarohini, Katuki, Katukikaa, Krishnabhedaa, Kaandaruhaa, Matsyashakalaa, Chakraangi, Shat- parvaa, Arishta, Ashokarohinya, Shakuldaani.Unani: Kutki, Kharbaq-e-Hindi.Siddha/Tamil: Kaduguragini.Action: Root—stomachic, antidiar- rhoeal, cholagogue, hepatoprotec- tive. Used in hepatitis, chronic dysentery, amoebiasis.
Key application: In jaundice, intermittent fever, dyspnoea and skin diseases. (The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia ofIndia.)The roots yield a glycosidal bitter principle, kutkin, found to be a mixture of two iridoid glycosides, picro- side I and kutkoside. Also obtained were D-mannitol, kutkiol, kutkisterol and a ketone (identical with apocynin).Kutkin exhibited hepatoprotective activity in CCl4-induced toxic rats.Picroliv, a standardized fraction from the alcoholic extract of the root and rhizome, containing 55-60% of a mixture of picroside I and kutkoside (1:15) showed dose-dependent protective activity on isolated hepatocytes in vitro against thiocetamide-induced hepatic damage in rat and was found to be more potent than Silymarin, a known hepatoprotective agent. Pi- croliv is reported to show protective effect against rifampicin-induced hep- atotoxicity in rats. It also exerts hy- polipidaemic effect in normal, triton- treated and cholesterol-fed rats.Kutkin, picroside I and kutkoside exhibit anti-inflammatory property.The phenolic glycoside, androsin, isolated from the plant, prevents allergen and platelet activating factor- induced bronchial obstruction in guinea-pigs in vitro.Cucurbitacin glycosides, isolated from the root, exhibit liver protective, tumour inhibitory and anti-inflammatory activity.Dosage: Root—1-3 g; 3-6 g as purgative. (CCRAS.)... picrasma quassioidesQuandah, Quannda, Quandia, Quandiah, Quandea, Quandeah... quanda
Habitat: West Coast, along back waters and evergreen forests from Maharashtra southwards to Trivandrum.
English: Niepa Bark tree.Siddha/Tamil: Nibam, Niepa, Karinjottei.Folk: Lokhandi (Maharashtra).Action: Bark—febrifuge; juice applied to skin diseases. An infusion of wood and bark is given as emmenagogue. Seed— emetic, purgative; used for bilious fevers. Seed oil—applied in rheumatism. Leaves— externally in erysipelas.
The bark contains the quassinoids, indaquassin, A, D, E and F; samader- ine B to E, dihydrosamaderine B, brucein D, soulameolide, cedronin and canthin-2, 6-dione.Brucin D showed activity against Walker's carcinoma. Samaderine E, isolated from the plant, exhibits anti- leukaemic activity.... quassia indicaQubila, Quibilah, Quabila, Quabyla, Qubyla, Qubilla, Qubylla... qubilah
Queridah, Queryda, Querydah, Querrida, Queridda, Querridda, Quereeda, Quereada... querida
Quianah, Quianna, Quiane, Quian, Quianne, Quianda, Quiani, Quianita, Quyanna, Quyana, Quyann, Quyanne, Quionna... quiana
Habitat: The Himalayas, from the Sutlej valley westwards and in Kashmir at altitudes of 9002,600 m.
English: Holly or Holm Oak.Ayurvedic: Maayaaphala (var.) (galls).Action: Leaves—antioxidant. Galls—contain 41% tannin. The bark contains 7-13%; leaves 2.1% tannin and 1.8% non-tannin.
The leaves contain alpha-tocopherol as main antioxidant. The mature leaves contain proanthocyanidins 3.3, and leucoanthocyanidins 3.4 mg/g (on dry matter basis).... quercus ilexHabitat: Kashmir and Western Himalayas up to Nepal at altitudes of1,000-2,400 m.
English: Grey Oak.Unani: Baloot.Folk: Shilaa Supaari (Kashmir), Phanat (Garhwal), Shiddar (Kashmir).Action: Acrons—diuretic, astringent. Used in indigestion and diarrhoea (after removing tannin and associated substances by the process of germination under earth). Also used in gonorrhoea.
The bark contains 6-23% of tannin. The stem bark contains friedelin, a tri- terpenoid, beta-sitosterol and a mixture of leucoanthocyanidins (including leucopelargonidin). Leaves contain flavonoids— quercetin, quercetin- 3-galacto-arabinoside.The kernels gave fatty acids, including palmitic, lignoceric and oleic.... quercus incanaHabitat: Indigenous to Greece, Syria and Iran. Yields oak galls.
English: Oak galls, Aleppo galls, Mecca galls.Ayurvedic: Maajuphalaka, Maayaaphala, Maayakku.Unani: Maazu. Maaphal.Siddha/Tamil: Maasikkaai.Action: Astringent. Bark and fruits—used for eczema and impetigo. Galls—used for diseases of gums and oral cavity (diluted with toothpowder or paste; also as a gargle in nasal catarrh and sore throat. An ointment (1 in 4 parts of vaseline) is applied externally in haemorrhoids. Also included in breast and vaginal firming creams. A decoction of galls is used as an enema in prolapus of rectum.
Key application: Quercus robur L. bark—externally, in inflammatory skin diseases; internally in nonspecific, acute diarrhoea, and local treatment of mild inflammation of the oral cavity and pharyngeal region, as well as of genital and anal area. (German Commission E.)The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia ofIn- dia recommends the gall in leucor- rhoea, dry and itching vagina; topically for dental inflammations.The fruits gave amentoflavone hex- amethyl ether, isocryptomerin and beta-sitosterol.The alcoholic extract of fruits showed 36% liver protection against carbon tetrachloride-induced toxicity at a dose of 800 mg/kg.The galls contain 50-70% gallo tannic acid, gallic acid 2-4%, ellagic acid, nyctanthic acid, rubric acid, besides sugars, starch, an essential oil and an- thocyanins. Galls were also found to contain beta-sitosterol, amentoflavone, hexamethyl ether and isocryptomerin.Quercus robur (English or European oak) is reported to be cultivated in Nil- giris. The bark contains 15-20% tannins consisting of phlobatannin, ellagi- tannins and gallic acid.The bark is contraindicated in cardiac insufficiency and hypertonia; externally on broken skin. (Sharon M. Herr.)Dosage: Gall—1-3 g powder. (API, Vol. IV.)... quercus infectoriaQuiese, Queise, Queis, Quiesse, Quiess... quies
Quinbey, Quinbi, Quinbie, Quinbee, Quinbea, Quynby, Quynbey, Quynbi, Quynbie, Quynbee, Quynbea... quinby
Quineviere, Quineverre, Quynevere, Quineveire... quinevere
Quinnlan, Quynlan, Qwinlan, Quinlane, Quinlania, Quinlanna, Quinlann, Quinlanne... quinlan
Habitat: Indigenous to Chile and Peru; introduced in India in Ootacamund.
English: Soap Bark, Quillaia Bark.Action: Bark—cutaneous stimulant. Its liquid extract is used as a lotion for certain skin diseases of the scalp, and in antiulcer preparations.
The detergent and medicinal properties of quillaia are due to the presence of haemolytic saponins (9-10%) of which quillaia-saponin (which yields glucuronic acid and quillaic acid, a sa- pogenin, on hydrolysis) is most important.Quillaja extracts caused marked swelling and haemorrhage in stomach and small intestines of mice after 24 hours.An isolated saponin (QS-21) from the bark shows evidence that it might augment both antibody and cell-mediated immune response, significantly increasing antibody levels. (Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 2007.)... quillaja saponariaQuintanah, Quinella, Quinta, Quintina, Quintanna, Quintann, Quintara, Quintona, Quintonice, Quyntana, Quyntanna, Quyntara, Quinela, Quynella, Quynela, Quinetta, Quinita, Quintia, Quyntina, Quyntilla, Quyntila... quintana
Quiritiss, Quiritisse, Quirytis, Quirytys, Quiritys, Quirityss... quiritis
Quiteri, Quitery, Quiterey, Quiteree, Quiterye, Quyterie, Quyteri, Quyteree, Quytery, Quyterey, Quyterye, Quiteria, Quyteria, Quita... quiterie
Habitat: Native to Java and Malaysia; cultivated in Indian gardens.
English: Rangoon Creeper.Ayurvedic: Rangoon-ki-Bel.Siddha/Tamil: Irangunmalli.Folk: Laal-chameli.Action: Fruits and seeds— anthelmintic (particularly against ascarites and soporific). Seeds— soporific. Ripe seeds are roasted and given in diarrhoea and fever. Macerated in oil, are applied to parasitic skin diseases. Leaves— decoction prescribed in abdominal pain.
The leaves and flowers gave rutin and pelargonidin-3-glucoside, quis- qualic acid, trigonelline, L-proline and L-asparagine.Quisqualic acid showed anthelmin- tic activity. Seeds gave arachidic, lino- leic, oleic, palmitic and stearic acids.... quisqualis indicaThe most common disorder of the quadriceps is a haematoma caused by a direct blow.... quadriceps muscle
Action: antispasmodic, analgesic (mild), blood purifier, circulatory stimulant, hormone regulator, nutritive.
Uses: Covers a wide range of female disorders: amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, menopause. Cramps. Hypothermia. Infertility. Sleeplessness, nerve debility, high blood pressure. Toxic shock syndrome.
Asthma. Hay fever. Osteoporosis. Anaemia; particularly in Asian women. To heighten resistance against disease. Avoid in pregnancy.
Preparations: Thrice daily.
Dried root. One heaped teaspoon in cup water gently simmered 20 minutes, dose: half a cup.
Liquid Extract (1:1) half-2ml (quarter to half a teaspoon).
Tincture (1:5) 4-6ml (1-1 and a half teaspoons).
Powder (4:1) quarter to half a gram.
Note: Referred to in the East as “female Ginseng”. Most popular “female” herb in the Far East. ... dong quai
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Quinolones are used in the treatment of a wide range of conditions, including urinary tract infections, acute diarrhoeal diseases (such as that caused by salmonella infections), and enteric fever. Their absorption is reduced by antacids containing magnesium and aluminium.
Quinolones should be used with caution in patients with epilepsy, during pregnancy and breast-feeding, and in children and adolescents. Side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, headache, sleep disorders, dizziness, rash, and blood disorders.... quinolone drugs