Prevention is based on thorough inspection of meat in slaughterhouses; even cooking, unless the meat is in slices, is not an e?cient protection. Pigs should not be fed on unboiled garbage. Rats may be a source of sporadic outbreaks, as infected rats have been found near piggeries. The disease is widely distributed throughout the Americas, Asia, Africa and the Arctic. Sporadic cases and epidemics occur and outbreaks also appear in Europe, although rarely in Britain.
Treatment Thiabendazole or mebendazole are usually e?ective, while STEROID treatment helps patients with systemic illness and muscle tenderness.... trichinosis
DDT has thus had a wide use in medicine, public health, veterinary medicine, horticulture, and agriculture. Unfortunately, the indiscriminate use of DDT is potentially hazardous, and its use is now restricted or banned in several countries, including the United Kingdom.
The danger of DDT is that it enters the biological food chain with the result that animals at the end of the food chain such as birds or predators may build up lethal concentrations of the substance in their tissues.
In any case, an increasing number of species of insects were becoming resistant to DDT. Fortunately, newer insecticides have been introduced which are toxic to DDT-resistant insects, but there are doubts whether this supply of new insecticides can be maintained as insects develop resistance to them.... dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane
Habitat: Kashmir to Sikkim.
English: Water Crowfoot, Water Fennel.Ayurvedic: Kaandira (var.).Folk: Tohlab (Kashmir).Action: Herb—used in intermittent fevers, rheumatism and asthma.
Ranunculus muricatus Linn. (Punjab and Kashmir) is used in intermittent fevers, gout and asthma in Europe. The herb is rubefacient, vesicant and narcotic.... ranunculus trichophyllusHabitat: Coastal regions of Kerala and Karnataka.
Ayurvedic: Brahmadandi (related species).Folk: Uuntakataaraa.Action: Diuretic, bechic.... tricholepis angustifolia
Habitat: Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Peninsular India.
Ayurvedic: Brahmadandi.Action: Antiseptic (used in leucoderma), nervine tonic (used in seminal debility), urinary tract disinfectant. Root—bechic.
The plant contains betulin, spinas- terol, stigmasterol, stigma-7-enol and a triterpenoid—cycloart-23-en-3beta, 25-diol.... tricholepis glaberrimaHabitat: The greater part of India in the plains.
Ayurvedic: Adah-pushpi, Adho- mukha, Gandhapushpika, Andhaka.Siddha/Tamil: Kalhudaitumbai.Folk: Andhaahuli.Action: Herb—Diuretic, emollient, febrifuge. Leaf—depurative. Root— anti-inflammatory, astringent, antidysenteric. Pounded and applied to swelling of joints. Flower—sudorific and pectoral.
The seeds gave linoleic, linolenic, oleic, palmitic and stearic acids. Hex- acosane, ethylhexacosanoate, 21,24- hexacosadienoic acid ethylester have been isolated from the leaves.Dosage: Root—5-10 g paste. (CCRAS.)... trichodesma indicumHabitat: Peninsular India, crossing into West Bengal.
Ayurvedic: Adah-pushpi (related species), Jhingi.Folk: Hetenuriyaa, Jalasirasa. Jinghini (Maharashtra).Action: Flower—sudorific, pectoral. Leaves—diuretic, emollient, demulcent. Root—applied to wounds as analgesic.
Seeds contain a toxic alkaloid supi- nine (1% dry seeds). Aqueous extracts of stems, leaves and fruits is very toxic to cockroaches.... trichodesma zeylanicumHabitat: Cultivated throughout India particularly in South India.
English: Snake-Gourd.Ayurvedic: Dadhipushpi, Chichin- da, Shvetaraaji, Ahiphala.Siddha/Tamil: Pudal.Folk: Chichindaa, Chichendaa.Action: Root and seed—antibilious, vermifuge, antidiarrhoeal. Fruits— improve appetite, cure biliousness.
Alpha-, beta-, gamma-carotenes, cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein, hen- triacontane, ceryl alcohol, quercetin, alpha-amyrin, taraxerone, oxalic acid, surcose, and beta-sitosterol have been isolated from the fruit. The seed gave kaempferol, its 3-O-glucoside and quercetin.The plant gave cucurbita-5,24- dienol, 24-ethylcholesta-7-enol, 24- ethylcholesta-7, 22-dienol.... trichosanthes anguinaHabitat: Throughout India, in moist places.
Ayurvedic: Indravaaruni (red var.), Vishaalaa, Mahaakaala, Mahendra-vaaruni.Folk: Mahkaar, Maakaal, Laal Indraayana, Kondal.Action: Same as that of Citrullus colocynthis. The fruits are poisonous. The seed extract show haemagglutinating activity. Fruit— cathartic, antiasthmatic (the fruit is smoked in asthma and lung diseases), anti-inflammatory (used for rheumatic affections, weakness of limbs, dental diseases, hemicrania).
The root gave tetrahydroxypenta- cyclic triterpenoid, trichotetrol. Cy- clotrichosantol and cycloeucalenol have been isolated from the leaves.... trichosanthes bracteataHabitat: Foot hills of the Himalayas from Garhwal to Sikkim and in north-eastern India, up to 500 m.
Ayurvedic: Vidaari (var.), Bhuumi- kushmaanda, Patola (related species.).Folk: Bhui-kumhraa.Action: Tuber—dried powder given in enlarged spleen and liver; applied externally on leprous ulcers.
Used in prescriptions for haemor- rhagic diseases and in spermatopoietic tonics. Aerial parts—diuretic.The seeds yield 23.3% (dry basis) a fatty oil containing 32.3% of punicic acid.... trichosanthes cordataHabitat: Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
Ayurvedic: Patoli (related species of Patola).Siddha/Tamil: Kombu Pudalai.Action: Herb—bitter tonic, febrifuge. Root—purgative. Fruit— used as dentifrice.... trichosanthes nervifolia
Habitat: Found throughout India in scrub-jungles and waste places.
Ayurvedic: Amritaphala, Vana- Patota, Tikta-Patoli.Siddha: Kattu Pey Pudal.Action: Bitter fruits—blood purifier (used in the treatment of skin diseases); germicidal; appetizer, laxative (used in bilious disorders); hepatoprotective. Root and seed—anthelmintic, antifebrile. Whole plant—antipyretic. Root— cathartic. Leaves—used externally in alopecia.
Cucurbitacin B has been isolated from the fruits.The root tuber contains glycoproteins and beta-trichosanthin.The leaves gave luteolin-7-glucoside, kaempferol, 3,7-dirhamnoside and 3- glucoside-7-rhamnoside, cucurbita- cins B and E, oleanolic acid, beta- sitosterol and its D-glucoside. The seed oil showed the presence of puni- cic acid; oleic, linoleic, eleostearic, palmitic, stearic and arachidic acids. Meso-inositol was found to be present in the plant.... trichosanthes cucumerinaHabitat: Warmer regions of India, particularly in Uttar Pradesh. Bihar, West Bengal and Assam.
English: Patol, Pointed Gourd.Ayurvedic: Patola, Kulaka, Raa- jiphala, Karkashchhada, Karkasha, Bijagarbha.Unani: Parwal.Siddha: Kommu Patolia.Action: Aerial parts—hypogly- caemic. Fruits—juice of unripe fruits used in spermatorrhoea. Leaves—febrifuge; prescribed as a diet in enlargement of liver and spleen; piles and fistula. Root— cathartic, febrifuge.
The fruits contain free amino acids, nicotinic acid, riboflavin, vitamin C, thiamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine. Mature plant and root gave cucurbita-5, 24-dienol. Colocynthin, trichosan- thin, hentriacontane have been isolated from the root.Fatty acids from the seeds comprise elaeostearic, linoleic, oleic and saturated acids.The whole fruit and pulp produced significant hypocholesterolaemic, hy- potriglyceridaemic and hyper-phos- pholipidaemic effects in normal and midly diabetic human subjects.Extracts of seeds exhibit haemagglu- nating activity.Dosage: Leaf—10-2 ml juice. (CCRAS.)... trichosanthes dioica