Sub: From 2 Different Sources
Pre?x signifying under, near, or moderately.
prefix denoting 1. below; underlying. Examples: subcostal (below the ribs); sublingual (below the tongue); submandibular (below the mandible). 2. partial or slight.
Having characteristics of both acute and chronic. This is the state in a disease when most of the aches and pains have subsided and you are likely to overdo things and not completely recover. The chest cold that lingers for weeks as a stubborn cough is a subacute condition, as is the tendonitis that lingers because you won’t stop playing tennis long enough to completely heal.... subacute
Below the surface of the skin, but probably above the following term...well anyway, definitely lower than the TOP of the skin... subcutaneous
This is our turf, the period of time when a potential disease is still potential, and a functional imbalance or tendency has not caused any organic disruption. Years of poor digestion, heartburn, and systematic suppression of upper GI function by adrenalin stress have not become overt gastritis, ulcers, or IBS. You have symptoms of distress (subclinical) but no real, ripened clinical disease. Some medical authorities (usually administrative docs from the “spokesman” and “quack-patrol” ranks of industry, academia or agency) actually insist that there is no such thing as a subclinical condition...you are either SICK or NOT SICK and presumably well. Sort of like the mechanic saying that the car works or doesn’t work...four quarts low on oil, but it WORKS. Only when it is five quarts low and has a siezed-up engine is there a need for a mechanic.... subclinical
A haemorrhage into the subarachnoid space in the BRAIN. It is usually the result of rupture of an ANEURYSM on the CIRCLE OF WILLIS. Head injury or intense physical exercise occasionally cause subarachnoid haemorrhage; the diagnosis is con?rmed by CT scan or by identifying blood in the CEREBROSPINAL FLUID at LUMBAR PUNCTURE. Cerebral ANGIOGRAPHY will usually pinpoint the site of bleeding. Treatment is bed rest, life-support measures and procedures to reduce blood pressure; sometimes surgery is carried out but not usually until several weeks after the acute episode. About 30 per cent of patients recover fully, whilst some have residual disabilities such as EPILEPSY, mental deterioration or paralysis. About 50 per cent of those affected die.... subarachnoid haemorrhage
A state of being partially conscious, or the condition in which mental processes occur and outside objects and events are perceived with the mind nearly or quite unconscious of them. Such subconscious impressions or events may be forgotten at the time but may nevertheless exert a continued in?uence over the conscious mind, or may at a subsequent time come fully into consciousness. Much importance is attached to the in?uence of painful or unpleasant experiences which, although forgotten, continue to in?uence the mind; these may be a factor in the development of anxiety states. This injurious in?uence may be reduced when the subconscious impressions come fully into consciousness and are then remembered and clearly seen in their relative importance.... subconscious
The conversion of a solid substance into a vapour and its recondensation. The term is also used in a mental sense for the process of converting instinctive sexual desires to new aims and objects devoid of sexual signi?cance.... sublimation
A partial dislocation of a joint; the term is sometimes applied to a sprain.... subluxation
An ABSCESS that develops under the DIAPHRAGM, usually on the right side of the abdomen between the liver and the diaphragm. The cause may be an organ that has perforated – for instance, a peptic ulcer in the stomach or intestine. An abscess may also occur after an abdominal operation, usually when the bowel or stomach has been operated on. Antibiotics and sometimes surgery are the method of treatment.... subphrenic abscess
A compound on which an ENZYME acts: for instance, ribonucleic acid (RNA) is the substrate for ribonuclease (an enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of ribonucleic acid, a cellular compound involved in the synthesis of PROTEIN).... substrate
A degenerative condition of the SPINAL CORD which most commonly occurs as a complication of PERNICIOUS ANAEMIA. The motor and sensory nerves in the cord are damaged, causing spasticity of the limbs and an unsteady gait. Treatment is with vitamin B12 (see APPENDIX 5: VITAMINS).... subacute combined degeneration of the cord
A rare complication of MEASLES due to infection of the brain with the measles virus. It develops 2–18 years after the onset of the measles, and is characterised by mental deterioration leading on to CONVULSIONS, COMA and death. The annual incidence in Britain is about one per million of the childhood population. The risk of its developing is 5–25 times greater after measles than after measles vaccination (see MMR VACCINE; IMMUNISATION).... subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
The space between the arachnoid and the pia mater – two of the membranes covering the BRAIN. (See also MENINGES.)... subarachnoid space
Relating to the space between the strong outer layer of the MENINGES, the membranes which cover the BRAIN, and the arachnoid, which is the middle layer of the meninges. A subdural haemorrhage occurs when bleeding takes place into this space. The trapped blood forms a large blood clot or haematoma within the skull and this causes pressure on the underlying brain. Bleeding may occur slowly as the result of disease or suddenly as the result of injury. Headaches, confusion and drowsiness result, sometimes with paralysis. Medical attention is required urgently if a serious haematoma occurs soon after injury.... subdural
A term used to indicate that the womb (see UTERUS) has failed to undergo the usual involution, or decrease in size, which naturally takes place within one month after a child is born.... subinvolution
The layer of CONNECTIVE TISSUE that occurs under a MUCOUS MEMBRANE – for example, in the intestinal wall.... submucosa
A term meaning under the tongue. Drugs taken sublingually, either as tablets or spray, are rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream via the lining of the mouth. For example, nitrate tablets are given sublingually to provide rapid relief of an angina attack.... sublingual
An active ingredient that is intended to furnish pharmacological activity or other direct effect in diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment or prevention of diseases or to effect the structure or any function of the human body... drug substance
Generic drugs have been licensed as equivalent to brand name drugs. Generics are usually less expensive and they may be substituted by the dispenser.... generic drug substitution
Those which are obtained from animal or vegetable bodies, or which resemble in chemical composition those derived from this source. Organic chemistry has come to mean the chemistry of the carbon compounds.... organic substances
The name applied to a large artery and vein which pass to the upper arm between the collarbone and the ?rst rib.... subclavian
Without clinical manifestations: said of the early stages of, or slight degree of, an infection.... subclinical infection
Below the surface of the skin, and probably below the previous term, which should really be suprasubdermal...higher up than the muscles.... subdermal
(Indian) One who is beautiful; attractive... subha
(Hindi) In Hinduism, the sister of Krishna... subhadra
(Indian) A fortunate person... subhaga
(Hindi) An auspicious Apsara (heavenly nymph)... subhuja
(African) One who is patient Subirah, Subirra, Subyra, Subyrra, Subeera, Subeara, Subeira, Subiera... subira
A term applied to symptoms, and sensations, perceived only by the affected individual. For example, numbness is a purely subjective sensation, whilst the jerk given by the leg on tapping the tendon of the knee is an objective sign.... subjective
See “enrollee”.... subscriber
The area of a jellyfish under the bell.... subumbrella
See angiography.... digital subtraction angiography
Bleeding under the conjunctiva that is usually harmless and disappears in a few days without treatment.... subconjunctival haemorrhage
An operation to correct a deviated nasal septum.... submucous resection
The use of drugs or other substances for a purpose other than that which is normally recommended. Stimulant drugs, solvents, and glue, are all commonly abused. Problems may arise due to adverse effects or from the habit-forming potential of the substance. (See also drug abuse.)... substance abuse
the administration of insulin by continuous infusion into the subcutaneous tissue via a small pump worn under the clothing and connected to the skin by a tube and a fine needle. The insulin is delivered at a precalculated background rate, but patient-activated *boluses can be administered at meal times. This method is particularly appropriate (as an alternative to regular injections) for patients with repeated or unpredictable episodes of hypoglycaemia.... continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion
a radiological technique that enhances visualization of blood vessels (see angiography). A digitized image is taken before the contrast medium (a ‘mask’) is injected, and this is subtracted by computer from the images taken after contrast injection. Only the blood vessels remain on the image. The technique enables blood-vessel anatomy and blood supply to an organ to be demonstrated more clearly. The quality of the image is very dependent on the patient remaining still, since movement causes severe loss of image (movement *artifact). The technique can also be used in nuclear medicine using two different tracers to look for parathyroid gland tumours.... digital subtraction
the matrix of *connective tissue, in which various cells and fibres are embedded.... ground substance
a nutrient that has an additional pharmacological effect when added to feeds, which may improve clinical outcomes after surgery. Novel substrates include the amino acids glutamine, arginine, and ornithine and possibly some fatty acids.... novel substrate
bleeding under the *aponeurosis of the scalp resulting from trauma to blood vessels crossing the space from the skull to the overlying scalp. It results from delivery by forceps or vacuum extraction. It is very uncommon but can be fatal. See also cephalhaematoma; chignon.... subaponeurotic haemorrhage
either of two arteries supplying blood to the neck and arms. The right subclavian artery branches from the innominate artery; the left subclavian arises directly from the aortic arch.... subclavian artery
adj. situated, performed, or occurring under the gums (gingivae), especially in the crevice between the gums and the basal part of the crowns of the teeth.... subgingival
n. that part of the *larynx that lies below the vocal folds.... subglottis
adj. underlying the inner layer (*intima) of a blood vessel: commonly used in vascular and interventional radiology. When a blood vessel is occluded with atheroma, a channel is created in the subintimal plane with a wire and the vessel is opened up by *angioplasty and/or *stent insertion.... subintimal
adj. subconscious: beneath the threshold of conscious perception.... subliminal
one of a pair of *salivary glands situated in the lower part of the mouth, one on either side of the tongue. The sublingual glands are the smallest salivary glands; each gland has about 20 ducts, most of which open into the mouth directly above the gland.... sublingual gland
(submaxillary gland) one of a pair of *salivary glands situated below the parotid glands. Their ducts (Wharton’s ducts) open in two papillae under the tongue, on either side of the frenulum.... submandibular gland
see submandibular gland.... submaxillary gland
(SMV) adj. denoting an X-ray view of the base of the skull.... submentovertical
the nonclinical, or recreational, use of pharmacologically active substances such that continued use results in adverse physiological or psychological effects (see dependence). Substances commonly misused include alcohol (see alcoholism), *amphetamines, *cannabis, *cocaine, *Ecstasy, *heroin, *lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and organic solvents (by inhalation), but also many prescribed medications, such as co-codamol, quetiapine, or pregabalin.... substance misuse
a decision made by someone on behalf of a patient lacking capacity that is judged to reflect what the patient would have wanted had he or she had the mental capacity to decide for him- or herself. This judgment is best made by someone close to the patient who has a good knowledge of the patient’s beliefs, opinions, and character, provided that there are no potentially conflicting and partial interests at play. See also power of attorney; proxy decision.... substituted judgment
n. 1. (in psychoanalysis) the replacement of one idea by another: a form of *defence mechanism. 2. (symptom substitution) (in psychology) the supposed process whereby removing one psychological symptom leads to another symptom appearing if the basic psychological cause has not been removed. It is controversial whether this happens. 3. the replacement of one addictive and dangerous drug with another that is better controlled and easier to manage, with the aim of harm reduction.... substitution
provision of a less harmful alternative to a drug or remedy that a patient has been receiving. It is used when the patient has become addicted to a drug or is placing too much reliance upon a particular remedy. An example is the replacement of heroin in an opioid-dependent patient with methadone.... substitution therapy
n. abnormal twitching or tremor of muscles, such as may occur in feverish conditions.... subsultus
a form of *malaria resulting from repeated infection by Plasmodium falciparum and characterized by continuous fever.... subtertian fever
a collection of grey matter, shaped like a biconvex lens, lying beneath the *thalamus and close to the *corpus striatum, to which it is connected by nerve tracts. It has connections with the cerebral cortex and several other nuclei nearby. Stimulation of this nucleus is now being used in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.... subthalamic nucleus
adj. almost complete or partial: applied, for example, to surgical procedures (e.g. subtotal *thyroidectomy) or to occlusion (usually of an artery).... subtotal
(Suzi) a method of assisting conception in cases of infertility caused by the inability of the spermatozoa to penetrate the barriers surrounding the ovum. Using *in vitro fertilization techniques, a small number of spermatozoa (no more than six) are injected through the *zona pellucida into the perivitelline space (which surrounds the egg membrane). If fertilization subsequently occurs, the blastocyst is implanted in the mother’s uterus.... subzonal insemination
a technique to image the parathyroid glands. Technetium is taken up only by the thyroid gland, but thallium is taken up by both the thyroid and parathyroid glands. *Digital subtraction of the two isotopes leaves an image of the parathyroid glands alone. It is an accurate technique (90%) for the identification of adenomas of the parathyroid glands secreting excess hormone.... thallium-technetium isotope subtraction imaging
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