Sodium chloride Health Dictionary

A metal, the salts of which are white, crystalline, and very soluble. The ?uids of the body contain naturally a considerable quantity of sodium chloride.

Sodium carbonate, commonly known as soda or washing soda, has a powerful softening action upon the tissues.

Sodium bicarbonate, or baking soda, is used as an antacid (see ANTACIDS) in relieving indigestion associated with increased acidity of the gastric secretion.

The citrate and the acetate of sodium are used as DIURETICS.... sodium

A drug of ?rst choice for the treatment of several forms of EPILEPSY, including primary generalised epilepsy, generalised absences and myoclonic seizures; it may also be tried in atypical absence, atonic and tonic seizures. Usually taken orally, the drug has shown promising initial results from controlled trials in partial epilepsy. It probably has similar e?cacy to CARBAMAZEPINE and PHENYTOIN SODIUM.

Sodium valproate has widespread metabolic effects and may have dose-related side-effects. There has been concern over severe hepatic or pancreatic toxicity, but such adverse effects are rare. Other adverse effects include digestive upsets, drowsiness, muscle incoordination and skin rashes. Rare reports have been given of behavioural disturbances, with occasional aggression. Initiation and withdrawal of treatment should always be slow. Patients should reduce their alcohol intake; any other drugs they are taking that are metabolised by the liver should be carefully monitored.... sodium valproate

See DOCUSATE SODIUM.... dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate

A faecal-softening agent used to treat constipation in old people. It can be given orally or as a rectal suppository.... docusate sodium

A ?ammable, colourless liquid that is extremely volatile, and rapidly produces freezing of a surface when sprayed upon it. Now occasionally used to deaden pain for small and short operations, ethyl chloride was once used as an inhalant general anaesthetic for brief operations, and to induce ANAESTHESIA in patients in whom the anaesthesia is subsequently to be maintained by some other anaesthetic such as nitrous oxide or ether.... ethyl chloride

A gold compound given by deep intramuscular injection in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS in children and adults. Known as a second-line or disease-modifying antirheumatoid drug, its therapeutic e?ect may take up to six months to achieve a full response. If this fails to happen, the drug should be stopped. If the patient responds, treatment may be continued at increasingly long intervals (up to four weeks) for as long as ?ve years. Gold treatment is particularly useful for palindromic arthritis in which the disease comes and goes.... sodium aurothiomalate

A disinfectant by virtue of the fact that it gives o? chlorine. For domestic use – as, for example, for sterilising baby feeding bottles – it is available in a variety of proprietary preparations.... sodium hypochlorite

An over-thecounter antacid drug used to relieve indigestion, heartburn, and pain caused by a peptic ulcer.

It often causes belching and abdominal discomfort.

Long-term use may cause swollen ankles, muscle cramps, tiredness, and nausea.... sodium bicarbonate

A drug given by inhaler to control mild asthma in children and allergic or exercise-induced asthma in adults; as a nasal spray to treat allergic rhinitis; in eye-drops for allergic conjunctivitis; and orally for food allergy.

Side effects include coughing and throat irritation on inhalation.... sodium cromoglicate

An older drug for the treatment of EPILEPSY. It is not now widely used, as it is di?cult to determine the precise dose to avoid ill-effects and long-term use leads to changes to the facial appearance. However, the drug is still used for the quick control of an apparently uncontrollable epileptic ?t, and after head injury or neurosurgery.... phenytoin sodium

Used in the prophylaxis of ASTHMA, it is administered by inhalation and can reduce the incidence of asthmatic attacks but is of no value in the treatment of an acute attack. It acts by preventing the release of pharmacological mediators of BRONCHOSPASM, particularly HISTAMINE, by stabilising mast-cell membranes. It is of particular use in patients whose asthma has an allergic basis; children over four may respond better than adults. It is less potent than inhaled steroids. The dose frequency is adjusted to the patient’s response but is usually administered by inhalation four times daily. Sodium cromoglycate is also used in the prophylaxis of allergic RHINITIS and to treat allergic conjunctivitis (see under EYE, DISORDERS OF).... sodium cromoglycate

An organic iodine salt that is radio-opaque and therefore used as a contrast medium to outline various organs in the body in X-ray ?lms (see XRAYS). It is given intravenously. Its main use is in PYELOGRAPHY – that is, in rendering the kidneys radio-opaque – but it is also used to outline the blood vessels (ANGIOGRAPHY) and the gall-bladder and bile ducts (CHOLANGIOGRAPHY).... sodium diatrizoate

An intravenous barbiturate whose main use is for inducing ANAESTHESIA, which it does rapidly and painlessly.... thiopentone sodium

See alendronic acid.... alendronate sodium

A widely used preservative in eye drops and products such as cosmetics and mouth washes.... benzalkonium chloride

See disodium etidronate.... etidronate sodium

A stimulant laxative drug used to treat constipation and to empty the bowel prior to procedures such as X-ray, endoscopy, and surgery on the intestines. Side effects may include abdominal cramps and diarrhoea. The drug should be avoided in cases of intestinal obstruction.... sodium picosulfate

a powerful antiperspirant used in the treatment of conditions associated with excessive sweating (see hyperhidrosis).... aluminium chloride hexahydrate

(colistin) an antibiotic given to treat Gram-negative infections resistant to other antimicrobials and by inhalation to treat pseudomonal infection in patients with cystic fibrosis. Colistin is a mixture of antimicrobial substances produced by a strain of the bacterium Bacillus polymyxa. Its most serious side-effects are nerve and kidney damage.... colistimethate sodium

see low-molecular-weight heparin.... dalteparin sodium

see low-molecular-weight heparin.... enoxaparin sodium

a water-soluble orange dye that glows with a brilliant green colour when blue light is shone on it. A dilute solution is used to detect defects in the surface of the cornea, since it stains areas where the *epithelium is not intact. In retinal *angiography it is injected into a vein and its circulation through the blood vessels of the retina is viewed and photographed by a special camera.... fluorescein sodium

see thyroxine.... levothyroxine sodium

see photodynamic therapy.... porfimer sodium

a salt of potassium used to prevent and treat potassium deficiency, especially during treatment with digoxin or anti-arrhythmic drugs. Some irritation in the digestive system may occur. Severe potassium deficiency may be treated by intravenous infusion.... potassium chloride

see ion channel.... sodium channel

a salt of sodium used to prevent tooth decay. Taken in excess by mouth, it may cause digestive upsets and large doses may cause fluorine poisoning. See also fluoridation.... sodium fluoride

an antibiotic used to treat penicillin-resistant infections caused by *Staphylococcus, including osteomyelitis. Common side-effects are nausea and vomiting. See also fusidic acid.... sodium fusidate

(caustic soda) a powerful alkali in widespread use as a cleaning agent. It attacks the skin, causing severe chemical burns that are best treated by washing the area with large quantities of water. When swallowed it causes burning of the mouth and throat, which should be treated by giving water, milk, or other fluid to dilute the stomach contents and by gastric lavage.... sodium hydroxide

a sodium salt used, with sodium thiosulphate, to treat cyanide poisoning. Both drugs may cause headache and flushing.... sodium nitrite

see low-molecular-weight heparin.... tinzaparin sodium

an *antimuscarinic drug indicated for the treatment of overactivity of the bladder *detrusor muscle with symptoms of urge incontinence, urgency, and frequency. The most common side-effects are dry mouth and constipation.... trospium chloride