Pas Health Dictionary

A movement induced by someone other than the patient. Physiotherapists (see PHYSIOTHERAPY) manipulate joints by passive movement in order to retain and encourage function of a nerve or muscle that is not working normally because of injury or disease.... passive movement

A group of bacilli. They are essentially animal parasites (see PARASITE) that under certain conditions are transmitted to humans, and include the micro-organism responsible for PLAGUE and TULARAEMIA.... pasteurella

The process of heating foods to destroy disease-causing microorganisms, and to reduce the numbers of microorganisms responsible for fermentation and putrefaction.... pasteurization

These are the nose, pharynx or throat (the large cavity behind the nose and mouth), larynx, trachea or windpipe, and bronchi or bronchial tubes. On entering the nose, the air passes through a high narrow passage on each side, the outer wall of which has three projections (the nasal conchae). It then passes down into the pharynx where the food and air passages meet and cross. The larynx lies in front of the lower part of the pharynx and is the organ where the voice is produced (see VOICE AND SPEECH) by aid of the vocal cords. The opening between the cords is called the glottis, and shortly after passing this the air reaches the trachea or windpipe.

The windpipe leads into the chest and divides above the heart into two bronchi, one of which goes to each lung, in which it splits into ?ner and ?ner tubes (see LUNGS). The larynx is enclosed in two strong cartilages: the thyroid (of which the most projecting part, the Adam’s apple, is a prominent point on the front of the neck), and the cricoid (which can be felt as a hard ring about an inch below the thyroid). Beneath this, the trachea – which is sti?ened by rings of cartilage so that it is never closed, no matter what position the body is in – can be traced down until it disappears behind the breastbone.... air passages

(Linn.) Moench.

Family: Cruciferae; Brassicaceae.

Habitat: Throughout India as a weed in cultivated areas and waste places, particularly in the temperate regions up to an altitude of 4,200 m.

English: Shepherd's Purse, St. James's Wort.

Folk: Mumiri.

Action: The herb or its juice extracts are employed to check menorrhagia and haemorrhages from renal and genitourinary tract. Also used in diarrhoea and dysentery and as a diuretic.

Key application: In symptom-based treatment of mild menorrhagia and metrorrhagia. (German Commission E.) The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia reported antihaem- orrhagic action.

Aerial parts contain flavonoids, polypeptides, choline, acetylcholine, histamine and tyramine.

The extract of dried or green plant causes strong contraction of the small intestines and uterus of guinea pigs. A quarternary ammonium salt has been isolated from the herb which is reported to be responsible for its pharmacological activity.

Young leaves contain vitamin A (5,000 IU/100 g) and ascorbic acid (91 mg/100 g); among other constituents are hesperidin and rutin, which reduced permeability of blood vessel walls in white mice. A neoplasm inhibitory substance has been identified as fumaric acid. An inhibitory effect of the extracts of the herb on Ehrlich solid tumour in mice was found to be due to the fumaric acid.

Major constituent of the essential oil is camphor.... capsella bursa-pastoris

down the TRACHEA into the lungs, usually in the course of administering anaesthetics (see under ANAESTHESIA).

Eustachian catheters are small catheters that are passed along the ?oor of the nose into the Eustachian tube in order to in?ate the ear.

Nasal catheters are tubes passed through the nose into the stomach to feed a patient who cannot swallow – so-called nasal feeding.

Rectal catheters are passed into the RECTUM in order to introduce ?uid into the rectum.

Suprapubic catheters are passed into the bladder through an incision in the lower abdominal wall just above the pubis, either to allow urine to drain away from the bladder, or to wash out an infected bladder.

Ureteric catheters are small catheters that are passed up the ureter into the pelvis of the kidney, usually to determine the state of the kidney, either by obtaining a sample of urine direct from the kidney or to inject a radio-opaque substance preliminary to X-raying the kidney. (See PYELOGRAPHY.)

Urethral catheters are catheters that are passed along the urethra into the bladder, either to draw o? urine or to wash out the bladder.

It is these last three types of catheters that are most extensively used.... endotracheal catheters are used to pass

O?cially known as Zinc and Salicylic Acid Paste, BP, this preparation is an old remedy for eczema (see DERMATITIS).... lassar’s paste

(French) Feminine form of Pascal; born on Easter

Pascaleh, Pascala, Pascaline, Pasclina, Pascalla, Pascalia, Pascha... pascale

(French) Born on Easter Paschasia, Pasua... pascasia

(African) A spiritual woman Paschell, Paschele, Paschelle, Paschela, Paschella... paschel

(French) A clever woman Pashe, Pasch, Pasche... pash

(Greek) Woman of the sea Pashah, Passha, Passhah... pasha

(Greek) In mythology, the wife of Minos and mother of the Minotaur Pasiphay, Pasiphai... pasiphae

(Greek) In mythology, the oldest of the Graces

Pasitheah, Pasithia, Pasithiya, Pasithee, Pasithi, Pasithie... pasithea

Linn.

Family: Passifloraceae.

Habitat: Native of tropical America; grown in Indian gardens.

English: Water-lemon, Jamaica Honey Suckle.

Action: Leaves—anthelmintic. Seeds—hypnodil. Fruit—edible. Plant—poisonous (the foliage produces hydrocyanic acid).

The fruit pulp contains pantothenic acid (1.55 mg/100 g); leaves contain 387 mg/100 g vitamin C.... passiflora laurifolia

Linn.

Family: Passifloraceae.

Habitat: Native of tropical America; grown in Indian gardens.

English: Giant Granadilla.

Action: Fruit—edible; contains 64 mg/100 g ascorbic acid; narcotic when eaten in excess. Leaves, the peel and seeds of green fruit, and roots—cyanogenetic. Roots— poisonous.

The root contains an alkaloid Passiflora which is identical with harman from Passiflora incarnata.... passiflora quadrangularis

Linn.

Family: Gramineae; Poaceae.

Habitat: Cultivated throughout India.

English: Kodo millet. Ayurvedic: Kodrava, Korduusha. Siddha/Tamil: Varagu. Folk: Kodo.

Action: Plant—used as a CNS drug for treating schizophrenia and psychoses.

The plant contains hentriacontanol, hentriacontanone and sitosterol. The grains have often been reported to cause poisoning in men and animals when used as a food; non-poisonous types have been reported from Tamil Nadu.... paspalum scrobiculatum

Sims.

Family: Passifloraceae.

Habitat: Native of Brazil; cultivated in Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh, in North India in Punjab and Himachal Pradesh.

English: Purple Granadilla, Passion Fruit.

Action: Juice from purple fruit— a good source of ascorbic acid (contains up to 75 mg/100 g), carotene and sugars.

The juice from the yellow variety (equated with Passiflora edulis f. flavi- carpa) contains lesser amounts of ascorbic acid and sugars.

The purple Passion fruit contains the C-glucoside, beta-ionyl-beta-D- glucopyranoside. A protease inhibitor (PEPI) has been isolated from the juice. PEPI inhibited trypsin and chy- motrypsin activities, but did not inhibit papain activity. The esters and terpenoids form the major part of fruit components. The terpenoids include a number of monoterpenes (including hydroxylated linalool derivatives), and monoterpene glycosides. Norter- penoid aglycones have also been found.

The yellow Passion fruit contains sulfur-containing volatiles, acetates, butanoates and hexanoates of 3-mer- captohexanol. The leaves contain C- glycosylflavonoids.... passiflora edulis

Linn.

Family: Passifloraceae.

Habitat: Native to America; found willd in Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.

English: Stinking Passion Flower.

Siddha/Tamil: Siru Ponaikalli.

Action: Leaves and roots—em- menagogue, antihysteric. Fruits— emetic. A decoction is used for biliousness and asthma (for expelling bile and cough).

The plant contains C-glycosides of apigenin and luteolin. Apigenin-8- C-glucoside has been detected in the plant.... passiflora foetida

Linn.

Family: Passifloraceae.

Habitat: Native of South-east America; grown in Indian gardens.

English: Wild Passion Flower, Maypop.

Action: Flowering and fruiting dried herb—mild sedative, hypnotic, tranquilizer, hypotensive, vasodilator, antispasmodic, anodyne, anti-inflammatory,

Key application: In nervous restlessness, irritability and difficulty in falling asleep. (German Commission E, ESCOP, The British Herbal Compendium, The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia, WHO.) The British Herbal Compendium also indicated it in neuralgia, dysmenorrhoea, and nervous tachycardia.

The herb contains flavonoids (up to 2.5%), in particular C-glycosylflavones; cyanogenic glycoside, gynocardine.

The alkaloid harman has been isolated, but the presence of harmine, har- maline, harmol and harmalol has been disputed. The alkaloid and flavonoids are reported to have sedative activity in animals. Apigenin exhibits antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory activity.

Passion Flower was formerly approved as an OTC sedative in the USA, but it was taken off the market in 1978 because safety and effectiveness had not been proven. An animal study in 1977 suggested that apigenin binds to central benzodi-zepine receptors (possibly causing anxiolytic effects). (Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 2007.)

The drug is used in homoeopathic medicine for epilepsy.

The herb exhibits a motility-inhi- biting effect in animal experiments.

Passion Flower, used as an adjunct to clonidine, was superior to clonidine for mental symptoms of opiate withdrawal. (Sharon M. Herr.)... passiflora incarnata

(American) A sensual woman Pashon, Pashun, Pasyun, Passyun... passion

Peace, Sleep, Friendship ... passion flower

Health promotion and disease prevention initiatives which do not require the direct involvement of the individual (e.g. fluoridation programmes) are termed “passive”.... passive intervention

See OINTMENTS.... pastes

(Spanish) A shepherdess Pastore, Pastoria, Pastorea, Pastoriya... pastora

Oil Eucalyptus 1.16 per cent, Oil Peppermint 1.12 per cent, Menthol 0.1 per cent, Oil Juniper berry 0.067 per cent, Oil Wintergreen 0.047 per cent, and Oil Clove 0.0025 per cent. Respiratory obstruction and cough. (Lane’s, UK) ... olbas pastilles

Passionfruit Tea is known for its astringent and slightly sweet and fruity taste. It is typically made out of a black tea base that has been infused with the essence and flavor of passionfruit. The passionfruit (passiflora edulis) is native to northern and central South America. It can be recognized by its round to oval shape, having either yellow or dark purple color. It has a juicy interior, full with a lot of seeds. Passionfruit Tea is rich in antioxidants, amino acids, vitamins (B, C and E) and minerals (magnesium and potassium). How To Make Passionfruit Tea To brew Passionfruit Tea, you will have to place 1 teaspoon of loose-leaf tea or 1 passionfruit teabag in a cup of boiled water. Let the mix steep for about 3-4 minutes and then, pour the tea into your cup using a strainer to catch the leaves (if you are making tea out of leaves). You can sweeten the tea by adding honey or sugar. The best thing about this tea is that it can be drank either hot or cold. Passionfruit Tea Benefits

• Lowers the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.
• Provides relaxation.
• Improves digestion.
• Due to its antioxidant content, Passionfruit Tea may help lowering the risk of developing tumors and cancer.
• Strengthens the immune system.
• Fights skin and tissue damage.

Passionfruit Tea Side Effects Passionfruit Tea has not presented any severe side effects. However, it does have some possible side effects that should be taken into consideration when drinking any type of tea.

• Pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid drinking Passionfruit Tea.
• Passionfruit Tea may interact with the effects of some medications, so consult your doctor before drinking passionfruit tea.
• People with blood sugar problems should also avoid drinking Passionfruit Tea.

Passionfruit Tea makes an excellent fruit tea option. It can be drank either hot or cold, so it is ideal for both winter and summer! Just make sure you enjoy all its benefits!... passionfruit tea

A method of sterilising milk (see also MILK – Preparation of milk). In many parts of the world, pasteurisation has done away with milk-borne infections, of which the most serious is bovine TUBERCULOSIS, affecting the glands, bones and joints of children. Other infections conveyed by milk are SCARLET FEVER, DIPHTHERIA, ENTERIC FEVER (typhoid and paratyphoid), undulant fever (BRUCELLOSIS), and food poisoning (e.g. from CAMPYLOBACTER, or the toxins of the STAPHYLOCOCCUS).

High-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurisation consists of heating the milk at a temperature not less than 71·7 °C (161 °F) for at least 15 seconds, followed by immediate cooling to a temperature of not more than 10 °C (50 °F).

Low-temperature pasteurisation, or ‘holder’ process, consists in maintaining the milk for at least half an hour at a temperature between 63 and 65 °C (145–150 °F), followed by immediate cooling to a temperature of not more that 10 °C (50 °F). This has the e?ect of considerably reducing the number of bacteria contained in the milk, and of preventing the diseases conveyed by milk as referred to above.... pasteurisation

Linn.

Synonym: Peucedanum sativum Benth. & Hook. f.

Family: Umbelliferae; Apiaceae.

Habitat: Native to Europe; grows in cool climate in India. (Hollow Crown, Student and Large Guernsey are Indian horticultural varieties.)

English: Parsnip.

Action: Above ground parts— diuretic, carminative (eaten as a vegetable and salad), used for kidney disorders. Root—used for kidney disorders, fever and as a diuretic and analgesic.

The parsnip is a rich source of coumarins (1.7% dry weight). The coumarin fraction of the fruit extract inhibits growth of cancer cells (HeLa- S3)cultured in the dark. The fruit contains small amounts of photoactive furocoumarins which are phototoxic. (Severe dermatitis results after contact with the furocoumarin in the presence of light.) The fruit contains xantho- toxin (0.1%), imperatorin (0.17%) and bergapten (0.38%). Coumarin, pasti- nacin, isolated from the fruit, showed spasmolytic action.... pastinaca sativa

Involuntary inhalation of tobacco smoke by people who do not smoke. Passive smoking has been shown to increase the risks of chest and ear infections in children and of tobaccoinduced cancers in adults.... passive smoking

adj. the ethical distinction between actively doing something to a patient and simply allowing it to happen or failing to act (the acts and omissions doctrine). For instance, doctors should act to save life if possible, but when death is inevitable it is permissible to let it happen, although the prohibition against killing would not allow active intervention. See also dying.... active/passive

a process in which a drug administered by mouth is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and transported via the portal vein to the liver, where it is metabolized. As a result, in some cases only a small proportion of the active drug reaches the systemic circulation and its intended target tissue. First-pass metabolism can be bypassed by giving the drug via sublingual or buccal routes.... first-pass metabolism

n. the *SI unit of pressure, equal to 1 newton per square metre. Symbol: Pa.... pascal

particles that occur in the cells of skin rashes in patients with *cowpox or *smallpox; they are thought to be the virus particles. [E. Paschen (1860–1936), German pathologist]... paschen bodies

Linn. Family: Umbelliferae; Apiaceae.

Habitat: Native to Europe. English: Wild Parsnip. Unani: Shaqaaq-ul-Misri.

Action: Root—galactagogue, aphrodisiac, spermatogenetic. An important ingredient of Unani compounds for oligospermia, low sexual drive and debility. Shaqaaq-ul-Misri has also been equated with Trachydium lehmanni Benth. In Kashmir, Eryngium caeru- leum Bieb (Umbelliferae) and in Chak- rata, Polygonatum verticillatum All. (Liliaceae) are known as shaqaaqul (also Dudhaali). Polygonatum verticillatum rhizomes are used in Tibetan medicine for emaciation and senility. The dried rhizomes contain diosgenin.... pastinaca secacul

see psoriasis area severity index.... pasi

n. (in psychiatry) a *Schneiderian first-rank symptom in which a patient has the impression that his or her feelings or actions are those of another or others, usually an unknown outside power.... passivity

n. (in pharmacy) a medicinal preparation of a soft sticky consistency, which is applied externally.... paste

n. a medicinal preparation containing gelatine and glycerine, usually coated with sugar, that is dissolved in the mouth so that the medication is applied to the mouth or throat.... pastille