Ex- (exo-) Health Dictionary

Arising from the outside; the opposite of endogenous... exogenous

An outgrowth from a bone: it may be due to chronic in?ammation, constant pressure or tension on the bone, or tumour-formation. (See BONE, DISORDERS OF.)... exostosis

A toxin secreted by certain bacterial species or strains into the surrounding medium during growth. Often cause clinical features very specific to the disease (eg tetanus, diphtheria, cholera). Exotoxins secreted by enteric organisms often termed ‘enterotoxins’.... exotoxin

A gland that secretes its products through a duct to the surface of the body or of an organ. The sweat glands in the skin and the salivary glands in the mouth are examples. The secretion is set o? by a hormone (see HORMONES) or a NEUROTRANSMITTER.... exocrine gland

The term applied to a congenital HERNIA formed by the projection of abdominal organs through the UMBILICUS.... exomphalos

Exophthalmos, or PROPTOSIS, refers to forward displacement of the eyeball and must be distinguished from retraction of the eyelids, which causes an illusion of exophthalmos. Lid retraction usually results from activation of the autonomic nervous sytem. Exophthalmos is a more serious disorder caused by in?ammatory and in?ltrative changes in the retro-orbital tissues and is essentially a feature of Graves’ disease, though it has been described in chronic thyroiditis (see THYROID GLAND, DISEASES OF). Exophthalmos commonly starts shortly after the development of thyrotoxicosis but may occur months or even years after hyperthyroidism has been successfully treated. The degree of exophthalmos is not correlated with the severity of hyperthyroidism even when their onset is simultaneous. Some of the worst examples of endocrine exophthalmos occur in the euthyroid state and may appear in patients who have never had thyrotoxicosis; this disorder is named ophthalmic Graves’ disease. The exophthalmos of Graves’ disease is due to autoimmunity (see IMMUNITY). Antibodies to surface antigens on the eye muscles are produced and this causes an in?ammatory reaction in the muscle and retroorbital tissues.

Exophthalmos may also occur as a result of OEDEMA, injury, cavernous venous THROMBOSIS or a tumour at the back of the eye, pushing the eyeball forwards. In this situation it is always unilateral.... exophthalmos

Also known as a proptometer. An instrument used to measure the extent of protrusion of the eyeball – a development that occurs in certain disorders such as GOITRE, TUMOUR, OEDEMA, injuries, orbital in?ammation or cavernous venous thrombosis (a blood clot in the cavernous sinus in the base of the skull behind each eye). (See EXOPHTHALMOS.)... exophthalmometer

A term for a divergent squint.... exotropia

(Hebrew) Of the great deliverance Exodis, Exodas, Exodos, Exodys... exodus

Outward or external development from the germinal layer of a larval cestode.... exogenous budding

Benth.

Synonym: Ipomoea purga Hayne.

Family: Convolvulaceae.

Habitat: Native to Amercia. Grows in Southern and Eastern India.

English: Jalap.

Unani: Jalaapaa.

Action: Tuber—drastic hydr- agogue cathartic, acts briskly, causes watery evacuations. Overdoses produce hypercatharsis. Contraindicated in inflammatory conditions of the bowels. (The roots of Operculina turpethum synonym Ipomoea turpethum are used as a substitute for jalap.)... exogonium purga

Preferring to feed outdoors.... exophagic

Preferring to rest outdoors.... exophilic

Sometimes called Graves’ disease, this is a disorder in which there is overactivity of the thyroid gland, protrusion of the eyes, and other symptoms. (See HYPERTHYROIDISM.)... exopththalmic goitre

The physical symptoms often associated with Grave’s disease or thyrotoxicosis, with an inflamed, sometimes enlarged thyroid gland and, most noticeably, protruding eyes.... goiter, exophthalmic

n. see extraembryonic coelom.... exocoelom

n. an *enzyme that acts outside the cell that produced it. Examples of exoenzymes are the digestive enzymes.... exoenzyme

adj. describing those stages in the life cycle of the malarial parasite (see Plasmodium) that develop in the cells of the liver. Each parasite (*sporozoite) divides repeatedly to produce a schizont containing many merozoites.... exoerythrocytic

n. an enzyme (e.g. *trypsin) that takes part in the digestion of proteins by splitting off the terminal amino acids of a polypeptide chain. Compare endopeptidase. See also peptidase.... exopeptidase

n. a tendency to squint in which the eye, when covered, tends to turn outwards. The eye always straightens on removal of the cover. See also heterophoria.... exophoria

Linn.

Synonym: M. paniculata (Linn.) Jack.

Family: Rutaceae.

Habitat: Throughout India and Andaman Islands up to an altitude of1,500 m.

Siddha/Tamil: Konji.

Folk: Kaamini; Aanthil (Bihar).

Action: Leaves—astringent; used in diarrhoea and dysentery (sap, squeezed from leaves, is administered). Root—antipyretic.

The plant is rich in coumarins, car- bazole alkaloids and flavonoids. The leaves contain a number of coumarins, the major ones being murrangatin and phebalosin. Murrangatin, derived from the precursor phebalosin, is reported to possess antithyroid property. The root contains a bis-indole alkaloid, yuehchukene, with potent antiimplantation activity.

Mexolide (dimeric coumarin), isolated from the stem bark is antibacterial. The steam distillate of leaves exhibit antifungal and antibacterial activity.... murraya exotica

Abnormal protrusion of the eyeballs. May be a symptom of hyperthryroid states. A rare cause is a tumour at back of the eye. Abnormal exposure of the white of the eye, with double vision. Treatment. The underlying condition should be treated – overactive thyroid. Many cases arise from infection.

“Internal remedies should be carefully selected, because each case is different,” writes Margaret Wilkenloh, MD, Chicago (Ellingwood). “The best remedies to my mind are Echinacea, Pulsatilla, Skullcap and Hawthorn.” These are available as herbs, tablets, powders, liquid extracts or tinctures. Specimen combination: Liquid extracts: Echinacea 2; Pulsatilla half; Skullcap 1; Hawthorn 1. Mix. One to two 5ml teaspoons in water thrice daily. ... exophthalmus

(Graves’ disease) see thyrotoxicosis.... exophthalmic goitre

adj. describing growth outwards from an epithelial surface. Exophytic growth is characteristic of benign epithelial tumours but carcinomas may also have an exophytic growth component. Compare endophytic.... exophytic

n. outward osmotic flow. See also osmosis.... exosmosis

adj. describing a chemical reaction in which energy is released in the form of heat. Compare endothermic.... exothermic

adj. describing a disease occurring in a region of the world far from where it might be expected. Thus malaria and leishmaniasis are regarded as exotic when they are diagnosed in patients in Britain.... exotic

see exostosis.... hereditary multiple exostoses

Ocimum basilicum

FAMILY: Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

SYNONYMS: Sweet basil, Comoran basil (oil), Reunion basil (oil).

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Botanically classified as identical from the French basil, though it is a larger plant with a harsher odour and different constituents.

DISTRIBUTION: Mainly produced in the Comoro Islands, but it is also processed in Madagascar.

OTHER SPECIES: The exotic basil is a dramatically different chemotype to the French basil and probably a seperate sub-species (possibly a form of O. canum), although this has not been specified. Essential oils are also produced in Morocco, Egypt, South Africa, Brazil and Indonesia from various chemotypes of the East Indian or shrubby basil (O. gratissimum), which contain a high percentage of either thymol or eugenol. The hairy or hoary basil (O. canum), originating in East Africa and found in India and South America, is also used to extract oils rich in either methyl cinnamate or camphor, which are produced in West and East Africa, India, the West Indies and Indonesia. See also entry on French basil.

HERBAL/FOLK TRADITION: See French Basil.

ACTIONS: See Basil French.

EXTRACTION: Essential oil by steam distillation from the leaves and flowering tops.

CHARACTERISTICS: The Exotic type oil is yellow or pale green, with a slightly coarse sweet-herbaceous odour with a camphoraceous tinge. It’s scent does not compare with the ‘true’ sweet basil oil.

PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS: Mainly methyl chavicol (70–88 per cent), with small amounts of linalol, cineol, camphor, eugenol, limonene and citronellol.

SAFETY DATA: Methyl chavicol is moderately toxic and irritating to the skin: ‘the methyl chavicol content of Comoran basil is sufficient reason to discard it for therapeutic usage in favour of the French type.’6 There has also been some recent concern over the possible carcinogenic effects of methyl chavicol. Basil should be avoided during pregnancy.

AROMATHERAPY/HOME: USE None.

OTHER USE The oil is employed in high class fragrances, soaps and dental products; used extensively in major food categories especially meat products and savories.... basil, exotic