Uses Zinc chloride is a powerful caustic and astringent which, combined with zinc sulphate, is used as an astringent mouthwash. Zinc sulphate is also used in the form of eyedrops in the treatment of certain forms of conjunctivitis (see under EYE, DISORDERS OF).
Zinc oxide, zinc stearate, and zinc carbonate are made up in dusting powders, in ointments, in paste bandages or suspended in water as lotions for the astringent action they exert upon abraded surfaces of the skin. Zinc and castor oil ointment of the British Pharmacopoeia is a well-tried treatment for nappy rash.
Zinc undecenoate is used as an ointment and as a dusting-powder in the treatment of RINGWORM.... zinc
Habitat: Throughout India and in the outer Himalayas up to 1,350 m.
English: Indian Jujube, Common Jujube.Ayurvedic: Badar, Kola.Unani: Ber.Siddha: Handai.Action: Fruits—wild var.: astringent, anodyne, cooling, stomachic, styptic. Ripe and dry cultivated var.: mild laxative, expectorant. Seeds—antidiarrhoeal. Kernels— antispasmodic, sedative, antiemetic. Leaves—astringent and diaphoretic. Stem bark—astringent, used in diarrhoea. Root bark—juice purgative, externally applied to rheumatic inflammations and gout. Leaves and twigs—paste applied to abscesses, boils and carbuncles and in strangury.
Leaves gave protopine and berberine; exhibited anticholinergic activity. Fruits gave cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP, Sisyphus saponins I, II and III; jujubo- side B and p-coumaroylates of alphi- tolic acid. Seeds gave saponins—juju- bosides A and B; the saponin yields the sapogenin—jujubogenin.A variety grown in Haryana (Naazu- ka) contains sugars 10.5% and ascorbic acid 205 mg/100 g.Dosage: Dried fruit pulp, devoid of seed—3-6 g; stem bark—3- 5 g powder, 10-20 g for decoction. (API, Vol. III.)... ziziphus jujubaHabitat: Native to Central America. Cultivated chiefly in Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal.
English: Sapota, Sapodilla Plum, Chicle.Unani: Sapotaa, Cheeku.Siddha/Tamil: Shimai eluppai.Action: Fruit—antibilious. Seed— diuretic. Fruit and bark—febrifuge.
The bark contains latex (20-25% of which consists of gutta-percha-like substance); also contains tannin (11.8%). The seeds contain quercitol.Chewing gum consists of approximately 20% chicle, plus sugar, corn syrup and flavourings.... achras zapotaHabitat: Common in plains as a hedge plant.
English: Ceylon Caper.Ayurvedic: Ahimsra (Himsraa and Ahimsra are synonyms). Vyaaghranakhi.Siddha/Tamil: Aathondai.Folk: Kareruaa.Action: Root bark—sedative, stomachic, anticholerin, diuretic febrifuge. Leaves—applied as poultice to piles, swellings, boils.
The plant contains a saponin and p- hydroxybenzoic, syringic, vanillic, fer- ulic and p-coumaric acids. The leaves contain beta-carotene. The leaves and seeds contain glucocapparin, alpha- amyrin, n-triacontane and a fixed oil.Aerial parts exhibited spasmolytic activity.... capparis zeylanicaHabitat: Western Ghats at low levels. Plantations of cinnamon are confined to Kerala State.
English: Cinnamon, Ceylon Cinnamon.Ayurvedic: Tvak, Daaruchini, Chochaa, Choncha, Varaanga, Utkata, Daarusitaa (bark).Unani: Daarchini (bark).Siddha/Tamil: Elavangappattai.Folk: Daalchini.Action: Bark—carminative, astringent, antispasmodic, expectorant, haemostatic, antiseptic. Leaf— antidiabetic. Ground cinnamon is used in diarrhoea and dysentery; for cramps of the stomach, gastric irritation; for checking nausea and vomiting; used externally in toothache, neuralgia and rheumatism. The bark is included in medicinal preparations for indigestion, flatulence, flu, mothwashes, gargles, herbal teas.
Key application: As antibacterial and fungistatic. Internally, for loss of appetite, dyspeptic complaints such as mild spastic conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, bloating and flatulence. (German Commission E, ESCOP.) Contraindicated in stomach and duodenal ulcers. (WHO.)The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia ofIn- dia indicated the use of dried mature leaves of Cinnamomum tamala and dried inner bark of C. zeylanicum in sinusitis.Cinnamaldehyde is the major constituent (74%) of the essential oil from bark.Major constituent of the leaf oil is eugenol (28-98%) and that of root- bark oil camphor (60%).Cinnamaldehyde is hypotensive, spasmolytic and increases peripheral blood flow; and it inhibits cyclooxy- genase and lipoxygenase enzymes of arachidonic acid metabolism.Cinnamaldehyde exhibits CNS stimulant effects at high doses. (Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 2007.)The bark oil and extracts exhibit antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities, and enhance trypsin activity.Eugenol content of the leaf oil is antiseptic and anaesthetic. It is not inter- changable with the bark oil.Root bark oil acts as a stimulant in amenorrhoea. The bark contains tannins (6.5%) consisting of tetrahydrox- yflavandiols; diterpenes, cinnzeylanin and cinnzeylanol.C. malabatrum (Burm. f.) Blume is equated with Jangali Daarchini.Dosage: Dried inner bark—1-3 g powder. (API Vol. I.)... cinnamomum zeylanicumHabitat: Throughout India, in moist and swampy places.
Ayurvedic: Wrongly equated with Laangali. (Laangali is equated with Gloriosa superba Linn.) Known as Ish-languulia (West Bengal).Action: Leaves and paste— used for callous ulcers. Plant— antiprotozoal.... hydrolea zeylanica
Habitat: Throughout greater part of India.
Siddha/Tamil: Sithamutti, Mammat- ti, Peraamutti.Action: Plant—purgative, an- thelmintic, febrifuge.
The stem gave a saponin, pavo- phylline, and a keto-ester, methyl 19- ketotetracosanoate.... pavonia zeylanicaHabitat: Tropical parts of India including hills. Common in eastern Himalayas.
Unani: Jangali Ushbaa.Siddha/Tamil: Malai-thaamara.Action: Root—used in prescriptions for venereal diseases. Decoction, used for abscesses, boils, swellings and rheumatism; also for dysentery Used as a substitute for S. ornata.
Diosgenin is reported from the root and leaf.... smilax zeylanicaHabitat: Cultivated throughout India; wild in Eastern Himalaya.
English: Zedoary, Zerumbet.Ayurvedic: Karchuura, Draavida, Palaashi, Kachura, Gandhmuulaka, Shati.Unani: Zarambaad. Siddha/Tamil: Kichhilikkizhangu.Action: Carminative, stomaehie, gastrointestinal stimulant, diuretic, expectorant, demulcent, rubefacient. Used in flatulence and dyspepsia. Fresh root is used for checking lecorrhoeal discharge; also for blood purification. Zedoary's effect on digestive organs is similar to ginger but milder.
Along with other therapeutic applications, The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India indicated the use of the rhizome in goiter.The rhizomes are a source of Shoti Starch, used as a food for babies and convalescents, recovering from chronic stomatitis. It is cooling and demulcent.Zedoary, dried rhizomes, contains a number of terpenoids, including curcumene, curcumenone, curdione, curcumenol. Curzerenone, furanoger- menone, germacrone, germacrone epoxide; a volatile oil (1.0-1.5%) resembling ginger oil, and starch (50%).Zedoary is thought to stimulate bile production (due to sesquiterpene ke- tones) and gall bladder emptying (due to cucuminoid constituents).The sesquiterpenes, germacrone, germacrone epoxide, curzerenone and curcumenol showed CNS depressant properties. Curzerenone also showed a potent protective effect against induced lesions in rats. Both curz- erenone and curcumenol showed a moderate analgesic action.The terpenoid furanogermenone exhibits antiallergic activity. (Powdered zedoary, mixed with fructose, is used as an antiallergant in Japan.)Curcumenol and curdione are shown to possess tumour-inhibiting property. The rhizome is used in China for extradural haematomas and certain types of tumours. It has been reported in China that zedoary reduced cervical cancer and increased the effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy.The volatile oil of zedoary exhibits antimicrobial and antifungal activity. The antifungal constituent of the oil has been reported as methyl-p-methoxy- cinnamate.Dosage: Dried rhizome—1-3 g powder. (API Vol. IV.)... curcuma zedoariaHabitat: Persia and Afghanistan.
English: Zalil Larkspur.Ayurvedic: Sprikkaa. (Melilotus officinalis, known as Aspurka or Naakhunaa, is also equated with Sprikkaa.)Unani: Zarir, Zalil, Asbarg, Gul-Zalil (flower).Action: Diuretic, anodyne, anti- inflammatory, detergent. Used in jaundice, dropsy and diseases of the spleen. Ash—used externally on wounds and skin diseases.
The seeds contain norditerpenoid alkaloid, zaliline, besides anhweidel- phinine, browniine, desacetylnudi- cauline, lycoctonine, methyllycaconi- tine and nudicauline. The medicinal properties of the plant are attributed to desacetylnudicauline, methyllycaconi- tine and nudicauline.... delphinium zalilHabitat: Native to Malaysia; cultivated in South India for its edible fruit, in lower elevations of the Nilgiris and some parts of the West Coast.
English: Durian, Civet Fruit.Folk: DurioAction: Fruit—reduces lethality of alcohol. Leaves and roots—used in a prescriptions for fever. Leaves— used in medicinal bath during fever. Fruit-walls—used externally for skin diseases. Ashes of the skin— given after childbirth.
The edible pulp of the fruit contains about 12% total sugars and an equal amount of starch; crude protein 2.8, fat 3.9, total carbohydrates 34.1, mineral matter 1.2%; carotene 20, vitamin C 25 mg/100 g.The seeds are edible like chestnuts after roasting.... durio zibethinusZafira, Zafyra, Zafyre, Zafire, Zafinah, Zafina, Zayfina, Zayfinah, Zafyna, Zafynah, Zafiera, Zafierah, Zafeira, Zafeirah, Zafiena, Zafienah, Zafeina, Zafeinah... zafirah
Habitat: The tropical forests of eastern Himalayas, Assam, Bengal, Bihar, Deccan Peninsula.
Ayurvedic: Dhanavalli (Kerala), Chhagul-bati (Bengal).Siddha/Tamil: Vathomkolli, Neen- davalli.Action: Astringent, antiinflammatory, vulnerary, anthelmintic. Used for colic, headache, inflammations, rheumatic pain, wounds and ulcers, intestinal worms, leprosy and skin diseases. Saps of stem—effective in onychia.... naravelia zeylanica
Habitat: Cultivated in gardens throughout India; also found wild in Peninsular India.
English: Ceylon Leadwort, Leadwort.Ayurvedic: Chitraka, Agni, Vahni, Jvalanaakhya, Krshaanu, Hutaasha, Dahana, Sikhi.Unani: Sheetraj Hindi. Siddha/Tamil: Chittramoolam.Action: Root—intestinal flora normalizer, stimulates digestive processes; used for dyspepsia. Root paste is applied in order to open abscesses; a paste prepared with milk, vinegar or salt and water, is used externally in leprosy and other obstinate skin diseases. A cold infusion is used for influenza and black-water fever.
Key application: In sprue, malabsorption syndrome, piles and inflammatory diseases of ano-rectum. (The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India.)The root yielded naphthoquinone derivatives, plumbagin being the most important active principle.The root extract, after processing for plumbagin enhancement, has been used in a number of drug formulations for liver ailments. Experimentally, plumbagin prevented the accumulation of triglycerides in liver and aorta and regressed atheromatous plaques and abdominal aorta. The chloroform extract of the root showed significant activity against pencillin-resistant (also non-pencillin resistant) strains of Neisseria gonorrhoea. (The root is used for treating sexually transmitted diseases in traditional Indian medicine.)In Siddha medicine, in Tamil Nadu, the plant is an ingredient in a number of drug formulations for treating cancers of the uterus, breast, lungs and oral cavity, in addition to haemorrhoids.Plumbagin is abortifacient, antiovu- latory; causes selective testicular lesions in dogs; in lower doses it behaves like a spindle poison, in higher concentration exhibits radiomimetic nu- cleotoxic and cytotoxic effects.Dosage: Detoxified root—1-2 g powder. (API, Vol. I.)... plumbago zeylanicaHabitat: Maharshtra, Mysore, Kerala, Orissa and Andaman Islands.
Siddha/Tamil: Marungi.Folk: Bhedas (Maharashtra).Action: Leaves and roots— vermifuge. Plant—stimulant, antirheumatic. (Berries—white, the size of a pea; edible.)
Among other members of the genus, S. arnottianum (Wight) Walp. and S. caryophyllatum (Linn.) Alston are distributed in South India, particularly in Western Ghats. The fruits are edible. Stem bark of all the species contain tannin, that of S. arnottianum up to 16%.... syzygium zeylanicumHabitat: Peninsular India, crossing into West Bengal.
Ayurvedic: Adah-pushpi (related species), Jhingi.Folk: Hetenuriyaa, Jalasirasa. Jinghini (Maharashtra).Action: Flower—sudorific, pectoral. Leaves—diuretic, emollient, demulcent. Root—applied to wounds as analgesic.
Seeds contain a toxic alkaloid supi- nine (1% dry seeds). Aqueous extracts of stems, leaves and fruits is very toxic to cockroaches.... trichodesma zeylanicumZaahida, Zahidah, Zaheeda, Zaheedah, Zaheida, Zaheidah, Zahieda, Zahiedah, Zahyda, Zahydah... zahida
Zahira, Zaheera, Zaheerah, Zahiera, Zahierah, Zaheira, Zaheirah, Zahyra, Zahyrah... zahirah
Zahrah, Zahraa, Zahre, Zahreh, Zahara, Zaharra, Zahera, Zahira, Zahyra, Zeehera, Zahria, Zahirra, Zaherra... zahra
Zahvalla, Zahvallah, Zahvalah, Zavala, Zavalah, Zavalla, Zavallah... zahvala
Zaibaa, Zaib, Zaibah, Zayba, Zaybah, Zaeba, Zaebah... zaiba
Zaidie, Zaidi, Zaidey, Zaidy, Zaydee, Zaydie, Zaydi, Zaydey, Zaydy, Zaidea, Zaydea, Zayda, Zaedi, Zaedie, Zaedy, Zaedey, Zaedee, Zaedea, Zaedeah... zaidee
Habitat: A perennial grass, cultivated chiefly in Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh., Punjab and the West Coast.
English: Vetiver, Khas.Ayurvedic: Ushira, Bahu-muulaka, Sugandhimuula, Jataamedaa, Indragupta, Nalada, Laamajjaka, Sevya, Samagandhaka, Jalavaasa, Virana, Aadhya.Unani: Cuscus, KhasSiddha: Vettiver, Vilamichaver.Action: Root—infusion used as refrigerant, febrifuge, diaphoretic; stimulant, stomachic, antispasmod- ic, emmenagogue, astringent, blood purifier. Used in fevers, colic, flatulence, vomiting, spermatorrhoea and strangury. Root oil—used in obstinate vomiting, colic and flatulence.
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia ofIn- dia recommend the root in dysuria.Major constituents of North Indian laevorotatory oil, (obtained from wild roots) are antipodal terpenoids, while those of South Indian dextrorotatory oils (obtained from cultivated roots) are sesquiterpene ketones and alcohols.The North India Khas oil contains large amounts of khusilal, other ses- quiterpenes include khusol, khusimol, khusitone, cadinene and laevojuneol. The South Indian Khas oil constituents are largely nootkatone, vestipiranes and substances of tricyclic zizaane structure. Khusilal is absent in typical dextrorotatory Khas oils.The oils from other producing countries are found to be dextrorotatory similar to that from South India.Dosage: Fibrous root—3-6 g for infusion. (API, Vol. III.)... vetiveria zizaniodesZail, Zaile, Zayle, Zayl, Zael, Zaele... zale
Zalinah, Zaleana, Zaleena, Zalena, Zalyna, Zaleen, Zaleene, Zalene, Zaline, Zalyne, Zaleane, Zaleina, Zaleinah, Zaliena, Zalienah... zalina
Zalishah, Zaleesha, Zaleeshah, Zalysha, Zalyshah, Zaleisha, Zaleishah, Zaliesha, Zalieshah, Zaleasha, Zaleashah... zalisha
Zalantah, Zaltanah, Zalanta, Zaltanna, Zaltannah... zaltana
Zamillah, Zamila, Zamilah, Zamylla, Zamyllah, Zamyla, Zamylah... zamilla
Zamurad, Zamurrada, Zamurada... zamurrad
Zannicka, Zanika, Zanicka, Zannyka, Zanyka... zannika
Habitat: Native to tropical and sub-tropical America; introduced into Indian gardens.
Action: Plant—toxic, insecticidal.
The leaves contain bilobetin, gink- getin and sciadopitysin, which have been isolated from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba Linn. (Ginkgo extract is used for cerebral insufficiency and for improving mental performance in geriatric patients.) Other flavone compounds include amentoflavone, sequoiaflavone and amentoflavone derivatives.... zantedeschia aethiopicaHabitat: The peninsular India, khasi hills of Meghalaya and the Andamans.
Ayurvedic: Chirpoti, Chirpotaa, Kuntali, Tiktaka.Siddha/Tamil: Penar-valli.Folk: Parpoti.Action: Fruits—cathartic, used for cough and asthma. Leaves— antispasmodic; topically applied to reduce inflammation and irritation. Plant—febrifuge.
Synonym: Richardia africana Kunth.Family: Araceae.Habitat: Cooler parts of Bihar and Orissa.
Action: Leaves—used as a poultice on sores, boils, wounds, burns, insect-bites and on painful parts of gout and rheumatism.
The plant contains an acrid juice which is poisonous and irritant; irritation is caused by raphides of calcium oxalate. A toxic principle has been reported from the inflorescence, spathe and flower stem. It produced effect in rabbits ranging from hypo-aesthesia to paralysis.The flowers contain cytokinin along with swertisin, swertiajaponin, cyani- din, peonidin and ferulic acid.Roasting and boiling appear to destroy the toxicity of leaves.... zanonia indicaHabitat: Sub-tropical Himalaya from Kumaon to Bhutan, and in Khasi hills.
Folk: Nepaali Dhaniyaa, Timur.Action: Plant—uses similar to Zanthoxylum armatum.
The fruit gave tambulin and tam- buletin. The stem bark contains lig- nans—sesamin, fargesin and eudes- min; triterpenoids—beta-amyrin and beta-amyrenone.The seeds are extensively used in the preparation of tooth powders.The essential oil from the seed (from Kanpur) contains d-linalool (37.6), di- pentene+phellandrene (47), citral (6), esters as methyl cinnamate (6.2%) and free acids. Seeds from Sikkim contain 50% d-linalool.... zanthoxylum acanthopodiumHabitat: Canada and North America.
English: Toothache tree, Prickly Ash.Action: Bark, berries—used internally and externaly to treat rheumatism and toothache; also for circulatory insufficiency and fevers.
The bark contains alkaloids gamma- fagarine, beta-fagarine, magnoflorine, laurifoline, nitidine, chelerythrine, tembetarine, candicine; coumarins include xanthyletine, xanthoxyletin and alloxanthyletin.Related species, found in India, give more or less similar pattern of chemical constituents and therapeutic activities. The bark of Z. armatum is used for cleaning teeth. The seeds of Z. acanthopodium are extensively used in the preparation of tooth-powders. The fruits of Z. budrunga and the root of Z. nitidum are prescribed for toothache.... zanthoxylum americanumHabitat: Jammu & Kashmir and Garhwal.
English: Toothache tree, Indian Prickly Ash.Ayurvedic: Tumburu (fruit). Tejabala, Tejaswani, Tejohva, Tejovati (stem bark).Unani: Faaghir, Kabaab-e- Khandaan.Siddha: Tejyovathi.Folk: Nepaali Dhaniyaa.Action: Stem bark—used in cough, dyspnoea, hiccup, stomatitis, rheumatism. (The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India.) Stems and thorns—hypoglycaemic. Bark— used for cleaning teeth, also for treating diarrhoea. Fruits, seeds, bark—carminative, antispasmodic, anthelmintic. Fruits and seeds— used as a tonic in fever, dyspepsia and skin diseases. Essential oil of the fruit—antibacterial, antifungal and deodorant. Used in tooth powders.
The essential oil from dried fruits contains linalool (64.1%), linalyl acetate, citral, geraniol methyl cinna- mate, limonene and sabinene.Dried bark and branches contain lignans—sesamin, fargesin, eudesmin; a lactone pulviatide; dictamine, 8- hydroxydictamine and gamma-faga- rine; magnoflorine and xanthoplanine. The root contains magnoflorine, xan- thoplanine, skimmianine, dictamine and gamma-fagarine. Seeds contain flavonoids tambulin and tambulol.Dosage: Stem bark—10-20g for decoction; fruit—3-4 g. (API, Vol. II; Vol. IV.)... zanthoxylum armatumZarah, Zarra, Zareh, Zari, Zarie, Zaree, Zarri, Zarrie, Zarry, Zary, Zaria, Zareya, Zarea, Zariya, Zarya, Zarria, Zayra, Zareah, Zarreah, Zarree... zara
Zarifah, Zaryfa, Zaryfah, Zareefa, Zareefah, Zariefa, Zariefah, Zareifa, Zareifah, Zareafa, Zareafah... zarifa
Habitat: Meghalaya, foothills of Assam and Peninsular India.
Ayurvedic: Tumburu (Kerala), Ashvaghra, Tejabala.Siddha/Tamil: Tratechai.Action: Fruits—used for diarrhoea, dyspepsia; asthma, bronchitis; rheumatism; diseases of the mouth and teeth. Pericarp—astringent, digestive, stimulant. Essential oil—disinfectant, used in infective dermatosis. Bark—cholinergic, diuretic, hypoglycaemic, spasmolytic. Root—emmenagogue, febrifuge.
The trunk-bark from Assam gave alkaloids—chelerythrine (0.014%), evodiamine (0.03%) and hydoxyevodi- amine (0.05%). The essential oil from the fruit contains l-sabinene, alpha- terpinene, beta-phellandrene, 1,4-cine- ole, decanal, octanal, terpinen-4-ol, dihydrocarveol, l-cryptone and cumi- naldehyde.The essential oil exhibits anti-inflammatory, anaesthetic and antago- nisic activity.Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC. (Bihar eastwards to Sikkim and Assam) is known as Tezmul in Assam. The root is used in toothache and stomachache.The plant is used as one of the ingredients in the preparation of pharmaceutical tablets given to drug addicts for the treatment of withdrawl symptoms.Methanolic extract of the roots gave nitidine, chelerythrine and isogari- dine. The extract showed antitumour property.Z. ovalifolium Wight (Eastern Himalayas, Meghalaya, the Western Ghats of South Kanara and Kerala) is known as Armadalu in Karnataka and Diang-shih in Meghalaya (Khasi Hills). The leaf contains diosmetin and the heartwood contains flavonoids of dihydrofisetin and cinnamaldehyde. The bark and fruit possess properties similar to other species of the genus.... zanthoxylum budrungaHabitat: The Himalayas from Garhwal to Bhutan at 1,8002,700 m, and in Khasi Hills at 1,2001,800 m.
Folk: Mezenga (Assam); Timur, Bhansi (Nepal).Action: Bark—stimulant, stomachic, sudorific; used in colic; also administered in fevers. Fruits— prescribed for dyspepsia, also for asthma, bronchitis, rheumatism and toothache.
Alkaloids, xanthoxyphyllin and corydine and a lactone 3,5-bis furan 2- one have been isolated from the roots. Stem bark gave zanoxyline and rhetsi- nine. Dried branches with bark gave lignans (sesamin, eudesmin and epi- eudesmin), fluoroquinolone alkaloid gamma-fagarine, triterpenoid lupeol, beta-sitosterol and syringaresinol.... zanthoxylum oxyphyllumZarinah, Zareena, Zareenah, Zarena, Zarinna, Zaryna, Zarynna, Zareana, Zareane, Zarene, Zareene, Zarinne, Zaryne, Zarienah, Zariena, Zareina, Zareinah... zarina
Zaritah, Zareeta, Zaritta, Zaryta, Zareata, Zarite, Zareete, Zaryte, Zareate, Zarieta, Zarietah, Zareita, Zareitah... zarita
Zashawne, Zashauna, Zashaune, Zashane, Zashayne, Zashaine, Zashaene, Zaseana, Zaseane, Zashona, Zashone... zashawna
Habitat: Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan. Imported into India.
English: Wild Thyme.Unani: Saatar Faarsi, Al-Saatar, Origanon.Action: Herb—stimulant, anti- inflammatory, anodyne, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, anthelmintic, antilithic. Detoxifies liver, stomach and intestines. Used for inflammatory conditions of the liver.
Essential oil contained phenols 69% (consisted mainly of carvacrol and traces of thymol) and nonphenols 31% (including p-cymene, cineol, borneol, zatarinol). Besides essential oil, the drug contains alkanes, beta-sitosterol, betulin, fatty acids and triterpenic ke- tones.... zataria multifloraZeale, Zeel, Zeele, Zeyl, Zeyle, Ziel, Ziele... zeal
Habitat: Throughout India ascending up to 2,100 m.
Siddha/Tamil: Pulivanji.Folk: Tarali. Gometi (Maharashtra). Banakakaraa (Punjab). Kudri (Bengal).Action: Root—used for dysuria and spermatorrhoea. Leaves— topically applied to skin inflammation.
The seed contains linolenic and oleic acids; the root gave columbin.... zehneria umbellataZeliah, Zelya, Zelie, Zele, Zelina, Zelinia... zelia
Zenavieve, Zeneve, Zeneveeve, Zenevie, Zenivee, Zenivieve, Zennie, Zenny, Zenovera, Zenoveva, Zenica, Zenna, Zenae, Zenaya, Zenowefa, Zinerva, Zinebra, Zinessa, Zinevra... zenevieva
Zepelina, Zeppeleana, Zepeleana, Zeppelyna, Zepelyna, Zeppeleina, Zepeleina, Zeppeliena, Zepeliena, Zeppeleena, Zepeleena... zeppelina
Zestah, Zestie, Zestee, Zesti, Zesty, Zestey, Zestea, Zesteah... zesta
Zinah, Zyna, Zynah, Zine, Zineh... zina
Habitat: Wild throughout India, also cultivated in tropical parts of India.
English: Cassumunar Ginger.Ayurvedic: Vanardraka, Peja, Peyu, Aardikaa, Shringaberikaa.Folk: Adarakhi, Bana-adarakhi.Action: Rhizome—carminative, stimulant, antispasmodic. Used for diarrhoea and colic.
The occurance of an active diastase in the rhizome has been reported.The enzyme resembles in its activity with alpha-amylase of Aspergillus oryzae. The rhizome gave an essential oil consisting of terpinen-4-ol (about 35%); other constituents are alpha- and beta-pinene, sabinene, myrcene, terpinene, limonene, p-cymene and terpinolene. The fresh rhizomes contain phenyl butenoic dimers, along with cyclohexane derivatives. Hex- ane extract of the rhizome contained (E)-4-(3'4'-dimethoxyphenyl)-but-3- en-l-ol, known as compound D. Compound D showed antispasmodic effect on guinea-pig ileum and tracheal smooth muscle, also a dose-related uterine relaxant effect in situ in non- pregnant rats; in pregnant rats the response varied with the period of pregnancy. Aqueous extract of the rhizome showed smooth muscle relaxant and anti-inflammatory activity Antioxi- dant activity was found to be more intense than that of known curcum- inoid antioxidants. It is attributed to cassumunin A.... zingiber cassumunarHabitat: Throughout India from the Himalayas, southwards. Cultivated in Asian tropics.
English: Zerumbet Ginger.Ayurvedic: Mahaabhari-vachaa (also equated with Alpinia galanga), Sthula-granthi (also equated with Alpinia speciosa). Source of Martinique Ginger, used as Shunthi in Indian medicine.Unani: Narkachoor, Zarambaad. (Curcuma caesia is also equated with Narkachoor.)Folk: Karrallamu (Telugu).Action: Rhizomes—used for cough, asthma; colic; intestinal worms, and in leprosy and skin diseases. Oil— antiseptic.
The rhizome contains several flavo- noid glycosides and curcumin.The oil of Zerumbet contains about 13% monoterpenes and several ses- quiterpenes of which humulene and zerumbone are major constituents. The major constituent of monoter- penes is camphene. Unlike the oil of Z. officinale, Zerumbet oil does not contain any methyl heptanone; instead, it contains camphor.Zerumbone inhibits the growth of Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Indian samples contain only 37.5% of zerumbone, while those from Fiji 58.7, Vietnam 72.3 and Tahiti 65.3%.... zingiber zerumbetZinia, Zinna, Zinya, Zeenia, Zynia, Zynya, Zinniah, Ziniah... zinnia
Zintkalah, Zintkalla, Zintkallah, Zyntkala, Zyntkalah, Zyntkallah, Zyntkalla... zintkala
Habitat: Native to Southeast Asia; now cultivated mainly in Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Maharashtra.
English: Ginger.Ayurvedic: Fresh rhizome— Aardraka, Aadrikaa, Shrngibera, shrngavera, Katubhadra. Dried rhi- zome—Shunthi, Naagara, Naagaraa, Naagaraka, Aushadha, Mahaushad- ha, Vishvaa, Vishvabheshaja, Vishvaaushadha.Unani: Fresh rhizome—Zanjabeel- e-Ratab, Al-Zanjabeel. Dried rhizome—zanjabeel, Zanjabeel-e- yaabis.Siddha: Fresh rhizome—Inji, Allam, Lokottai. Dried rhizome— chukku, Sunthi.Action: Rhizome—antiemetic, antiflatulent, hypocholesterolaemic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, expectorant, circulatory stimulant, diaphoretic, increases bioavailabil- ity of prescription drugs. Used for irritable bowel and diarrhoea, colds and influenza. Showed encouraging results in migraine and cluster headache (J Ethnophar- macol, 1990, 29, 267-273; Aust J Med Herbalism, 1995, 7/3, 6978; Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 2007.) The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India recommends dried rhizomes in dyspepsia, loss of appetite, tympanitis, anaemia, rheumatism, cough and dyspnoea; fresh rhizomes in constipation, colic, oedema and throat infections.
Key application: For dyspepsia and prevention of motion sickness (German Commission E); vomiting of pregnancy, anorexia, bronchitis and rheumatic complaints (The British Herbal Compendium); as a post-operative antiemetic. (ESCOP).The rhizome contains an essential oil containing monoterpenes, mainly geranial and neral; and sesquiterpenes, mainly beta-sesquiphellandrene, beta- bisabolene, ar-curcumene and alpha- zingiberene; pungent principles, consisting of gingerols, shogaols and related phenolic ketone derivatives. Other constituents include diarylheptenones, diterpenes, gingesulphonic acid and monoacyldigalactosyl glycerols.Gingerol and shogaol have been shown to suppress gastric contractions. Both fresh and dried rhizomes suppress gastric secretion and reduce vomiting. Gingerol and shogaol have gained importance due to their sedative, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, hypotensive and hepatopro- tective activities.Cardiotonic effects of ginger has been attributed to 6-and 8-shagaols and gingerols. (Antithrombotic effects remain unconfirmed.) Antimigraine effect is due to ginger's ability to decrease platelet aggregation. It also acts as a potent inhibitor of prostaglandins which enhance release of substance P from trigeminal fibers. (PDR, 2004.)Indian ginger is considered only second to Jamaican in quality.There are three main types of Indian ginger—Cochin ginger (light brown or yellowish grey; Calicut ginger from Malabar (orange or reddish brown, resembling African ginger) and Kolkata ginger (greyish brown to greyish blue).... zingiber officinaleZivah, Zivia, Ziv, Zeeva, Zivi, Zyva, Zivanka... ziva
Habitat: North-east India (as an aquatic grass). (It forms an important parat of the floating grass island in Logtak Lake, Manipur.) Cultivated in China.
English: Zizania.Action: Clums, rhizomes, grains— used in China against anaemia and fevers, also for heart, kidney and liver affections. The herb exhibits diuretic activity; leaves are rich in vitamin C (142 mg/100 g).... zizania caduciflora
Zezilia, Zizila, Zezila, Zyzilia, Zyzila... zizilia
Zohara, Zohera, Zoheret, Zohra, Zoharra, Zoharah, Zoharrah, Zoharr... zohar
Action: Fruit—cooling and astringent. Prescribed for bilious affections. Leaves—used in scabies and other skin diseases.
The root bark contains 12% of tannin and cyclopeptide alkaloids—num- mularines A, B and C, mucronine D and amphibine H. The leaves contain ascorbic acid. Nummularine M, R and S, besides frangufoline have been isolated from the stem bark. Num- mularine R and S showed antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria, while frangufoline was active against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The alkaloid fraction, obtained from the bark, showed significant analgesic activity.... ziziphus nummulariaHabitat: North India and both the Peninsulas.
English: Jackal Jujube.Ayurvedic: Laghu-badara, Shrgaala- badari.Siddha/Tamil: Soorai.Action: Fruits—stomachic. Root— given for hyperacidity and ascaris infection.
Stem bark and root bark contain cy- clopeptide alkaloids—zizyphines A, B, C, D, E, F and G, and zizyphinine. The bark contains 12% tannin.Aerial parts exhibit diuretic and hy- potensive activity.... ziziphus oenopliaAction: Bark—astringent, an- tidiarrhoeal. Flowers—used in prescriptions for menorrhagia. Stem and fruit—hypotensive.
The bark contains vanillic acid, be- tulin, betulinic acid, kaempferol, quer- cetin, myricetin, apigenin and apige- nin-7-O-glucoside. The bark also contains several N-formyl cyclopeptide alkaloids.The triterpene saponins isolated from the bark showed CNS depressant, tranquilizing and analgesic activity in albino rats and produced no hepato- toxicity. The cyclopeptide alkaloids of the plant show antibacterial as well as antifungal activity.... ziziphus rugosaHabitat: Gujarat, Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu and Kerala at low elevations.
English: Jagged Jujube.Siddha/Tamil: Karakattam.Action: Leaf—depurative; employed to purify blood and as an alterative in chronic venereal affections.
Habitat: Lac host in Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Punjab.
Ayurvedic: Ghontaa, Ghonta-Phala. (Rangeeni lac is recovered from the tree.)Siddha: Kottei. Kombarakku (lac).Action: Astringent.
Fruit contains catechol-type tannins (8-12%), bark contains 7.2% tannins.Alcoholic extract of the bark possesses anti-nociceptive, anti-convul- sant and anti-inflammatory properties. The plant contains alkaloids, am- phibine H and nummularine K. Both the alkaloids showed significant antimicrobial activity.Host plant of Laccifer sp. (L. indicola Kapur, synonym L. indica Misra and L. jhansiensis Misra) is Z. mauri- tiana Lam. in Bihar and Jhansi (Uttar Pradesh). Lac is styptic, used in hae- matemesis; promotes tissue regeneration and wound healing. Applied to carries and diseased dentition.... ziziphus trinerviaZorka, Zorcka, Zorkah, Zorckah, Zorke... zore
Habitat: Throughout plains of India, ascending up to 1,200 m in Kumaon.
Folk: Samraapani (Gujarat), Dupatiyaa.Action: Herb—used for the treatment of dysentery. Root— given to induce sleep.
The herb, collected at the flowering stage from Mumbai, contained silica 3.87, calcium 1.02, magnesium 1.00, potassium 0.53, phosphorus 0.18%; iodine content 0.026-00.049 ppm (dry- matter basis).... zornia diphyllaHabitat: West Asia. Recorded from Maharashtra.
Action: Herb—used for cough and bowel disorders.
The fruits and roots yield a mixture of coumarin lactones, 1.5% and 3.2% respectively; these include two isomeric dihydrofurocoumarins—zosimin and deltonin. On saponification, zosimin yielded a hydroxyacetone called zosi- mol and cis-2,3-dimethyl acrylic acid. It showed antitumour activity against Ehrlich ascites cells in vitro.Herbal cheese is prepared from the fresh leaves and stems in Turkey.... zosima orientalisZubaidah, Zubayda, Zubaydah, Zubaeda, Zubaedah... zubaida
Zul, Zulay, Zulae, Zulai, Zulah, Zulla, Zullah... zula
Zuleikah, Zulaykha, Zeleeka, Zulekha, Zuleyka... zuleika
Zurie, Zurey, Zuria, Zuriaa, Zury, Zuree, Zurya, Zurisha, Zurea, Zureah... zuri
Zuwenah, Zwena, Zwenah, Zuwenna, Zuwennah, Zuwyna, Zuwynah... zuwena
Habitat: Arid and sandy tracts of Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat.
Folk: Alethi (Punjab), Lunio, Lunwaa (Rajasthan).Action: Leaves and seeds—an infusion is applied to the eyes in ophthalmia and glucoma. Seeds— anthelmintic.
An acylated glycoside was isolated from aerial parts. Isorhamnetin, its 3-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O- rutinoside, sitosterol glucoside and quinovic acid-3 alpha-L-rhamnoside were present in the herb.An infusion of the leaves acts as a skin cleanser. The plant contains free ascorbic acid. The leaves and fruits contain kaempferol; quercetin (0.10 mg/g dry weight) is present in fruits.... zygophyllum simplexZyliah, Zylea, Zyleah, Zilia, Zylina, Zyline, Zylin, Zylyn, Zylyna, Zilina, Ziline, Zilyna, Zilin... zylia
Action. Diuretic, immune-stimulant, tonic. Kidney regulator.
Uses: Mild kidney disorders, menopause, irritability, hyperactivity. Recovery after hysterectomy. ... nu zhen zi
The tumours are cancerous, but of a slow-growing type.
If possible, they are removed surgically.
Proton pump inhibitor drugs are given to treat the ulcers.... zollinger–ellison syndrome